2015

IAS,PSC,SSC,RAILWAY,SI

IMPROVE YOUR
MIND POWER
J.S.BHADORIA

tho foKku
GG
G

tho foKku] foKku dh og kk[kk gSa] ftlds varxZr tho /kkfj;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA tho foKku dk tud vjLrq
dks dgk tkrk gSA Biology dk loZizFke iz;ksx teZuh ds ySekdZ vkSj Vsohjsul us 1801 esa fd;k FkkA
Biology dh nks 'kk[kk,sa gSa &
1- tUrq foKku
2- ouLifr foKku
fFk;kssLVl us viuh iqLrd Historian planterum esa fd;k Fkk blesa mUgksaus 500 fdLe ds ikS/kkssa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k gSA blfy,
bUgsa ouLifr foKku dk tud dgk tkrk gSA
vjLrq us viuh iqLrd Historia Animalium esa 500 izdkj ds tUrqvksa dk v/;;u fd;k gSA blfy, vjLrq dks Father of
Zoology dgk tkrk gSA bUgsa Father Of Biology Hkh dgrs gSA
tUrqvksa ds oSKkfud oxhZdj.k dk igyk iz;kl xzhd nkkZfud vjLrq us fd;k FkkA 384&322 BC bUgksaus lEiw.kZ tUrq txr dks
nks cM+s lewgksa esa ckVkA
A ,ukbek & bu tUrqvksa esa yky jDr dk vHkko gksrk gSA
tSls & Liat] lhysLVVs l] eksyLdk] vkFkksZiksM+k
B bukbek & bu tUrqvksa esa yky jDr ik;k tkrk gSA bls iqUk% nks lewgksa ckaVk x;k gSA
vaMt Ovi Parous %& eNfy;k] i{kh] liZ] exj vkfnA
tjk;qt Vivi Parous cPps nsus okys %& dqkk] xk;] euq"; vkfnA
daxk: viokn Lo:i v.Mtjk;qt Ovo vivi Parous
egRoiw.kZ rF;

ofxZdh Classification dk lcls NksVk lewg tkfr Species gSA

,slk e ftlesa oxhZdj.kTaxonomy ds fofHkUu inksa dks e ls j[kk tkrk gSA mls oxhZdh dk inkuqe Heirchey dgrs
gSA ftleas ek% tkfr] oak] dqy] x.k] oxZ] la?k vkSj txr 'kkfey gSA
tSls & euq"; dk oxhZdj.k
txr Kingdom &
Animaila
la?k Phylum
&
Chordata
oxZ Class &
mammalia
x.k Order &
Primate
dqy Family
&
Homonidae
oak Genus
&
Homo
tkfr Species &
Sapience
tSo fodkl dk izFke fl)kar kal ds oSKkfud ySekdZ us viuh iqLrd ^^fQykWLQh twykWfxd** 1809 esa fn;k FkkA bl okn
(Theory) dks ySekdZ okn ;k vaxksa ds mi;ksx vuqi;ksx dk fl)kar ;k mikftZr y{k.kksa dh oakk xfr dk fl)kar Theory of
Inheritance of Acquired characters dgrs gSA

ySekdZ us vius okn dk lR;kiu liksaZ esa iSjksa ds foyqIr gksus vkSj ftjkQ esa yach xnZu vkSj vxyh Vkxkas ds yacs gksu s vkSj

MkfCkZu baXyS.M ds oSKkfud Fks ftUgksaus viuh tkfr dh iqLrd ^tkfr;ksa dh mifk*Origin of Species 1859 esa viuk fl)kar
fn;kA ft;s MkfZCkZuokn ;k izkd`frd oj.kokn Theory of Natural Selection dgrs gSA
oSKkfud gcZV LisUlj us bls ;ksX;re dh mke thfork Survival of fittest dgkA
:l ds tho foKkuh vksiSfju us viuh iqLrd thou dh mRifk Origin of life esa crk;k fd loZizFke i`Foh ij thou dh
mRifk yxHkx 4 vjc o"kZ igys izksVhjkstksbd dYi izhdsfEc;u dky esa leqnzh ty esa gqbZ FkhA
ok;jl dks ltho o futhZo ds chp dh la;ksth dM+h Connecting link dgrs gSA
e-education(delhi)

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fgIikssVl us ekuo jksxksa ij loZizFke ys[k fy[ks blfy, bUgsa fpfdRlk foKku dk tud dgk tkrk gSA Father

of medical

science

tho/kkfj;ksa dk oxhZdj.k & tho/kkfj;ksa dks 5 txr esa Kingdom oxhZr fd;k x;k gSaA
1 Monera & bl txr ds lHkh thoks esa dsUnzd foghu izkSdSfj;ksfVd dksfkdk gksrh gS rFkk ;s ,d dkskh; tho gksrs gSA blds varxZr
Bacteria thok.kq uhy&gfjr kSoky Blue green Algae vkrs gSA
2 Protesta & ;s ,d dkskh; tho dsUnz okyh eukaryotic dksfkdk gksrh gSA blesa Amoeba, paramecium, euglena,
plasmodium etc.

3 Plants ikni & ;s cgqdkskh; ikS/ks gksrs gSA ftuesa izdkk lays"k.k Photosynthesis gksrk gSA Eg, algae, mosses & lHkh
izdkj ds isM+ ikS/ks blesa vkrs gSA
4 Fungi dod & blesa os eukaryotic vkSj ijiksf"kr Heterotrophic tho/kkjh lfEefyr fd;s x;s gSa ftuesa chlorophyll &
chloroplast ugh ik;k tkrk gSA blfy, ;s izdkk & lys"k.k Cell Wall ugh djrs gSA ;s ijthoh ;k e`rksIkthoh Parasite or
saprophytic gksrs gSA budh dksfkdk fHkkh dkbfVu dh cuh gksrh gSA
5 Anima lea & ;s cgqdks'kh; eukaryotic miHkksDrk tho gksrs gSA budks esVktksvk Hkh dgrs gSA tSLks & Hydra, Jelly Fish,
Starfish ljh l`Ik Reptiles Amphibians, i{kh] rFkk Mammals
dqN thoksa ds oSKkfud uke &
Homosapiels
Ekuq";
Frog

Rana - Tigrina
Fails - domestic

fcYyh Cat
Canis famniliaris
dqkk Dog
Musca Domestica
eD[kh Housefly
Mangifera Indica
vke Mango
Oryzasativa
pkoy Rice
Triticum aestivam
xsgw Wheet
dksf'kdk Cell & dksfkdk lHkh thoks dh lajpukRed ,oa izdk;kZRed bdkbZ (Structural and functional unit) gSA dksfkdk dh [kkst
jkscVZ gqd us 1665 esa dh FkhA
dksfkdk fl)kar 1838 esa 'ykbMu vkSj 'oku us fn;k FkkA bls igys Robert Brown us 1831 esa dksfkdk ds Nucleus dh [kkst
dh FkhA ekuo kjhj esa yxHkx 5000 vjc dksfkdk;sa gksrh gSA lkekU; dksfkdk dh eki 30&50 Micron gksrh gSA tks blesa tho/kkjh
inkFkZ gksrk gS] mls Protoplasm dgrs gSA
dksf'kdk ds izdkj & jpuk ds vk/kkj ij dksfkdk;sa nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1- Prokaryotic cell
2- Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell izkSdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk esa dsaUnzd f>Yyh Nucleus membrane ugh ik;h tkrh gSA buesa dksfkdk foHkktu ugha
gksrk gSA 'olu ;a= IykTek f>Yyh Membrane esa gksrk gSA ;s thok.kq vkSj uhy&gfjr kSoky esa ik;h tkrh gSA
Eukaryotic cell & ;g cell esa dsUnzd f>Yyh ls f?kjk jgrk gSA buesa dksfkdk foHkktu gksrk gSA buesa 'olu ra= Mitochondria esa
gksrk gSA ;s lHkh tUrqvks vkSj ikS/ksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA lcls NksVh cell Micoplama, Gallisepticum(PPLO) dh gksrh gS vkSj lcls
cM+h dksfkdk 'kqrqjeqxZ Ostrich ds v.Ms dh gksrh gSA

1
-

2
-

ikni vkSj tUrq dksfkdk esa vUrj

ikni dksf'kdk Plant cell
tUrq dksf'kdk Animal cell
blesa dksfkdk fHkkh ik;h 1- tUrq dksfkdk esa
tkrh gS tks eq[; :i ls
dksfkdk fHkkh ugh
lSY;qykst dh cuh gksrh
ik;h tkrh gS cfYd
gSA
dksfkdk ls f?kjh jgrh
gSA
ikS/kksa esa gfjr yod 2- tUrq
esa
Chlorophyll
ik;k
Chlorophyll ugha

e-education(delhi)

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tkrk Gsa
ik;s tkrs gSA
3 iknd
dksfkdk
esa 3- tUrq dksfkdk esa ikl
- Centro some ugha
ds dsanzd ds ikl
ik;h tkrh tks dksfkdk
Centrosome
ik;h
foHkktu esa dk;Z djrh gSA
tkrh gSA
4 iknd
dksfkdk
esa 4- tUrq dksfkdk esa
- Lysosome ugha ik;s tkrs
Lysosome ik;s tkrs
gSA
gSA
5 vf/kdka'k ikni dksfkdk esa 5- vf/kdkak
tUrq
- rkjd dsUnz (Centriole)
dksfkdkvksa
esa
ugha gksrs gSA
Centriole gksrs gSA
dksf kdk ds eq[; Hkkx &

1- dksfkdk fHkfk Cell wall & lSy oky dsoy ikni dksfkdkvksa esa gh ik;h tkrh gSA ;g futhZo inkFkZ dh cuh gksrh gSA 'kSoky
vkSj gjs ikS/ks dh fHkfk ls cuh gksrh gSA thok.kq vkSj dod dh dksfkdk fHkfk Carbohydrat dh cuh gksrh gSA
Cell dksfkdk fHkfk dk eq[; dk;Z Cell Membrane & cytoplasm dks ckgj ls lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA
2- dksfkdk f>Yyh Cell Membrane & izR;sd dh ckgjh ijr dksfkdk f>Yyh gksrh gSA ;s Fats & protein dh cuh gksrh gS
3- dsaUnzd Nucles & bldh [kkst Robert Brown us 1831 esa dh FkhA ;g dksfkdk ds e/; esa gksrk gSA ;g xksykdkj ;k
v.Mkdkj gksrk gSA ;g lHkh dksfkdkvksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk fu;a=.k dsanz gSA
dsad ds dbZ Hkkx gS %&
I dsanzd dyk Plasma Membrane & ;g dsnzd dks ?ksjus okyh nks lrgksa dh cuh f>Yyh gSA izR;sd lrg izksVhu vkSj olk dh
cuh gksrh gSA dksfkdk dyk esa NksVs&NksVs Nsn gksrs gSA bu fNnzks }kjk dksfkdk nzo Cytoplasm vkSj dsnzd nzo ds chp inkFkksaZ dk
vknku iznku gksrk gSaA
II dsnzd nzo Nucleo plasm & ;g vanj dk tho nzo potoplasm gSA blesa Protein and nucleic acid ik;s tkrs gSA
III dsad tky & blesa Chromatin ds eksVs d.k ik;s tkrs gSA ksesfVu ds /kkxk ij DNA vuqokafkd d.kksa dks ys tkus dk dk;Z
djrs gSA 1953 esa okVlu vkSj fd us DNA dk Mcy gSfyDl ekMy fn;k Fkk fn;k FkkA blds fy, mUgsa 1962 esa Noble prize
feyk FkkA
IV dksfkdk o Cytoplasm & Nucleus ds vfrfjDr dksfkdk dk ks"k Hkkx Cytoplasm gSA ;s dsnzd ds pkjks vkSj dksfkdk
fHkfk ds chp esa ik;k tkus okyk tho nzo gSA
V ekbVksdkfUM;k Mitoclondria & bls dksfkdk dk kfDr dsU Power house of cell dgk tkrk gSA ekbVksdkfUM;k dh [kkst
1886 esa vYVesu us dh FkhA ekbVksdkfUM;k esa ATP curs gSA
ekbVksdkfUM;k ds Enzyme }kjk dksfkdk 'olu gksrk gS] ftlls tkZ iSnk gksrh gSA ;gk Hkkstu dk laiw.kZ vkWDlhMsku gksrk
gSA ftls dksfkdk dks cgqr vf/kd tkZ izkIr gksrh gSA
Mitochondria Bacteria & Blue green Algae dks NksM+dj lHkh ikS/kks vkSj izkf.k;ksa dh dksfkdk esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Mitochondria esa DNA, RNA, Ribosomes ik;s tkrs gSA
VI Golgi Body xksYthdk; & bldks fMDVhvkslkse Hkh dgrs gSAa bldh [kkst 1898 esa Golgi us dh FkhA
;s flQZ Eukaryotic cells esa ik;k tkrk gSA bldks lcls igys mYyw dh dksf kdk esa ns[kk x;k FkkA ;g piVh Flat
f>Yyh;ksa dh ,d lajpuk gksrh gA bldk eq[; dk;Z Cell wall and cell plate dk fuekZ.k djuk gksrk gSA
VII Lysosome & Lysosome xksykdkj dh f>Yyh ls cuh lajpuk (Structure) gksrh gSAA blesa 36 izdkj ds Enzyme ik;s tkrs
gSA bldk eq[; dk;Z var% dkskh; ikpu Intracellular Digestion gSA blfy, bldks ikpu FkSyh Hkh dgrs gSA dHkh&dHkh Hkkstu dh
deh ds dkj.k ;s dksfkdkvksa dks [kkus yxrk gS] blhfy, bls vkRegR;k dh FkSyh Suicidal bag of cell dgk tkrk gSA Lysosome,
cell Division ds Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA ;s dksfkdk ds vanj vkus okys Bacteria dks Hkh u"V dj nsrs gSA
Lysosome vLoLFk dksfkdkvksa ;k e`r dksfkdkvksa dks u"V dj nsrs gSA Lysosome dh [kkst D. Duve us 1849 esa dh
FkhA
Chromosome & budks lcls igys xq.klw= gkQesLVj us VkbfMdSfUk;k ikS/ks dh ijkx ekr` dksfkdk Polen Mother Cell esa
ns[kk FkkA
e-education(delhi)

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okYMs;j us 1888 esa bls xq.klw= uke fn;k FkkA Chromosome es Gene ik;s tkrs gSA ekuo esa 23 tksM+ ksekslksEl ik;s
tkrs gSA canj esa 21 tksM+ ik;s tkrs gSA
Ribosome & bldh [kkst G.E Palade us 1955 esa dh FkhA ;s DyksjksIykLV] ekbVksdksfM;k vkSj lk;VksIykLe esa ik, tkrs gSaA budk
eq[; dk;Z Protein dk Synthesis lays"k.k djuk gSA blhfy, bls Protein dh Factory dgk tkrk gS A
Cantro some & bldh [kkst T. Bovery us 1888 esa dh FkhA bldk eq[; dk;Z dksfkdk foHkktu es enn djuk gSA
Chloroplast & ;g gjs jx dk inkFkZ gksrk gS] tks dsoy Plant cells esa ik;k tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ikS/ks izdkk&lays"k.k dh
f;k }kjk Hkkstu cukrs gSA blesa Magnesium rRo ik;k tkrk gSA ifk;ksa dk jax ihyk gksus dk dkj.k muesa dSjksfVu dk fuekZ.k
gksuk gSA

Chromosome esa His tone Protein ik;h tkrh gSA tks

{kkjh; Alkelytic izd`fr dh gksrh gSA

xq.klw= ij thUl js[kh; e Lenier esa ik;s tkrs gSA

D.N.A esa ik;h tkus okyh Sugar De Oxy Ribose sugar

gksrh gSA

D.N.A dh fuekZ.kdkjh bdkbZ (Formating unit) gksrh gSA tks

rhu RkRoksa ls feydj curh gSA {kkj Base] 'kdZjk Sugar o
QkWLQksfjd vEy

D.N.A. eas 4 izdkj ds ukbVkstu {kkj gksrs gS Adenine,

Guanine, Cytosine & Thymine

tcfd R.N.A esa Fkkbehu ds LFkku ;wjsfly ik;k tkrk gSA

iz;ksxkkyk esa D.N.A dk d`f=e lays"k.k Artificial
Synthesis Dr. gjxksfoUn [kqjkuk us fd;k FkkA ftlds fy, bUgs

1968 esa ukscy iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA

thu 'kCn tksgsUlu us 1909 esa fn;k FkkA tcfd thu dks es.My us Factor ;k Determine dgk FkkA
R.N.A. rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1 M- R.N.A eSlsUtjs %& ;g lcls yEck R.N.A. gSA ;s 900&1500 Nucleotide ls feydj curk gSA bls D. RNA Hkh dgrs gSA
2 T-R.N.A
(T- Transfer) %& ;g lcls NksVk R.N.A gSa ;s 75&80 Nucleotide ls curk gSA bldk thou dky lcls
vf/kd gksrk gSA
3 R-R.N.A
(R- Ribosomal) %& ;s rhus izdkj ds R.N.A esa lcls T;knk 80% gksrk gS vkSj ;g izksVhu lays"k.k esa
lh; :i ls Hkkx ysrs gSA
Nucleic acid dh [kkst oSKkfud sMfjd dsfUnz; nzo fekj us dh dsUnzh; nzo 1869 esa blesa D.N.A o R.N.A nksuksa gksrs gSA
bls lu~ 1899 esa vYVEkSu us N. Acid uke fn;k FkkA
D.N.A lHkh tUrq dksfkdkvksa] cSDVhfj;k dkssfdkvksa] IykfLVM Plant cells esa ik;k tkrk gS vkSj ekbVksdksfUM;k esa ik;k tkrk gSA
tcfd R.N.A eq[;r% Plant Virus ikni fo"kk.kq es gksrk gSA
D.N.A dk eq[; dk;Z vkuqoafkd y{k.kksa Hereditory Characters dks ,d ihM+h ls nwljh ihM+h esa ys tkuk gSA
R.N.A dk eq[; dk;Z izksVhu fuekZ.k gSA ysfdu Plant Virus esa R.N.A. vuqokafkd inkFkZ dk dke djrk gSA
Mitosis le lw=h dksfkdk foHkktu ,slk dksfkdk foHkktu Cell Division gSA ftlesa ,d iSr`d dksfkdk Parental cells ds
foHkktu ls nks iq=h dksfkdk Daughter cells cuh gS ftuesa xq.klw=ksa dh la[;k iSr`d dksfkdk esa cjkcj gksrh gSA
;g lelw=h dksfkdk foHkktu Body Cells vkSj dSUlj Cells esa ik;k tkrk gS rFkk blh dksfkdk foHkktu ls tUrq dksfkdkvksa esa
o`f) gksrh gS rFkk 'kjhj dh VwV&QwV dh ejEer gksrh gSaA bldh [kkst ysfeax us dh FkhA
v)Z lw=h Miosis foHkktu ,slk Cell Division gSA ftlesa ,d iSr`d dksfkdk foHkktu ls 4 iq=h dksfkdk curh gS ftuesa xq.klw=ksa
dh la[;k iSr`d dksfkdk ls vk/kh gksrh gSA
;g dksfkdk foHkktu ySafxd dksfkdkvksa Sex Cells) esa gksrk gSA tSls & 'kqk.kq Sperm o v.Mk.kq Ovum
bldh [kkst QkeZj ewjs us dhA

e-education(delhi)

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euq"; esa xq.k lw=ksa dh la[;k 23 tksM+s ;k 46 fpEikth esa 48 ;k 24 tksM+s o canj esa 21 tksM+s gksrs gSA

lcls de xq.klw= 1 tksM+s ,LdsfVl esa gksrs gSA o lcls vf/kd jsfM;kssysfj;k vkWyksdsUFkk 800 tksM+s ;k 1600 Chromosome gksrs
gSA
euq"; esa 22 tksM+h nSfgd xq.klw= (Auto somes) tcfd 23ok tksM+h fyax Sex xq.klw= cromosome gksrk gSA
iq:"k esa x, y ds :i esa chromosome esa rFkk L=h esa x, x ds :i esa Chromosome gksrs gSA
fo"kk.kq Virus & Virus dh [kkst 1892 esa jf'k;u Scientist bokuksoLdh us dh FkhA ;g lcls igys rackdw dh ikh esa dh FkhA
,d lw{e ijthoh vkSj vdksfkdh; Noncellular d.k gS] tks jksxks dks QSykrk gSA Virus dks ltho vkSj futhZo
dh chp dh dM+h ekuk tkrk gSA
futhZo gksus ds y{k.k &
1- fo"kk.kq ds jos fLVy cukdj futhZo inkFkZ ds leku cksry esa j[kdj lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA
2- fo"kk.kq esa iks"k.k] olu o`f) mRltZu vkSj mikip; ugh gksrk gSA
ltho gksus ds y{k.k &
1- fdlh thfor dksfkdk esa igqprs gh ;g lf; gks tkrs gSa] vkSj Enzymes dk la'ys"k.k djus yxrs gSA
2- fo"kk.kq esa izksVhu flUFksfll dks izsfjr dj tho dksfkdk }kjk izkVs hu dk dop cukus dh {kerk gksrh gSA
fo"kk.kq dh lajpuk Structure of virus & Virus dks dsoy E- Microscope ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA izR;sd Virus ds pkjks vksj
izksVhu dh ,d [kksy gksrh gSa] ftls dSiflM dgrs gSA dSiflM ds vanj Nucleic Acid, DNA & RNA gksrk gSA ;g vuqokafkdh
okgd ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSA eaxy xzg ij ikni fo"kk.kq esa Nucleic Acid RNA vkSj tarq fo"kk.kq esa Nucleic Acid DNA gksrk
gSA
fo"kk.kq ds izdkj & fo"kk.kq 3 izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1 Plant Virus & ikni fo"kk.kq esa Nucleic vEy RNA gksrk gSA TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)
Virus

YMV (Yellow Mosaic virus)

2 Animal Virus & buesa Nucleic Acid, DNA
HIV Virus

gksrk gS ysfdu dHkh & dHkh RNA Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA tSls &

Influenza Virus,

3 Bacteriophase virus & ;s dsoy thok.kq ds ij gh fuHkZj djrs gSA ;s Bacteria dks [kRe djrs gSA buesa DNA ik;k tkrk gSA
;s ikuh dks lM+us ls jksdrs gSA ;s Blue- Green Algae dks lkQ djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSA
fo"kk.kqvksa ls gksus okys jksx &
1 ekuo esa gksus okys jksx & AIDS, chiken Pox, Bird Flue, H1N1, H1N5, bl jksx esa ekuo 'kjhj dh jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk
lekIr gks tkrh gSA
(II) Measles
Yellow fever - ;s

ePNjksa ds dkVus ls gksrk gSa Arbo Virus }kjk gksrk gSA

III pspd Small Pox &
IV Herpes & blls 'kjhj ij QQksys iM+ tkrs gSA
V Polio & uoZl flLVe izHkkfor gksrk gSA
VI Influenza & blls 'olu ra= izHkkfor gksrk gSA Ortho-mixo Virus
VII Mumps xylqvk &
VIII Trachoma & ;s vk[kksa esa gksrk gS] blls vk[kksa esa lwtu vk tkrh gSA
2 i'kqvksa esa gksus okys jksx &
I Foot & Mouth Dresses eqgidk vkSj [kqjidk & ;s lwvj esa lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA
II Rabies & ikxy dqkksa ds dkVus ls
Bacteria ^^thok.kq**

bldh [kkst loZizFke ,.Vksuhoku Leeuwenhock us 1683 esa dh FkhA

. cSDVhfj;k dh [kkst nkarksa ds [kqjpu Scrap ls dh x;h FkhA
e-education(delhi)

Page 6

. jkcVZ dksp us loZizFke 1881 thok.kqvkssa dk f=e lao/kZu fd;k Fkk vkSj Anthrax vkSj Tuberculosis ds thok.kqvksa dks vyx
fd;k Fkk] ftlds fy, bUgsa 1905 esa Noble Prize feykA
. Bacteria ,ddksfkdh; lw{e izkSdSfj;ksfVd gksrs gSA
. Bacteria lfiZy vkdkj vkSj xksy M.Msuqek vkdkj ds gksrs gSA ;s Virus ls cM+s gksrs gSA
. Bacteria esa Mitochondria ugha gksrkA 'olu dk;Z meso some djrk gSA
. BCG Vhdk TB dh jksdFkke ds fy, yxk;k tkrk gS bldh [kkst dkyZ esaV us 1862 esa dh FkhA
. ywbZ ikpj us Rabies dk Vhdk [kkstkA
thok.kq ds ykHk &
1- Hkwfe dh moZjrk c<+krs gSA Rhizobium uked thok.kq ny guh Qlyksa ysX;wfeuslh dh tM+ esa ik;k tkrk gSA
2- lM+s&xys e`r voks"kksa dk {k; Decay djrs gSA
3- nw/k ls ngh cukus esa Lactobacilus Bacteria dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA
4- twV] iVlu vkSj lu dks lM+k nsrs gS] ftlls jskk fudyrk gSA
5- nokb;k cukus esa Antibiotics
thok.kq ls gksus okys jksx &

Vh- ch-
Leprosy dq"B jksx

Tuberculosis

Tetanus
Diphtheria
Cholera gStk

Pneumonia fueksfu;k
Typhoid
Whooping cough dkyh

Plague Iysx

Gonorrhea vfrlkj
Dysentery
Syphilis
Lichens %& ykbdsu

[kkalh

ykbdsu
dod Fungi vkSj kSoky Algae nksuksa ls feydj curh gSA ykbdsu ,d Loiks"kh] la;qDr lg
thoh Symbiotic tho gSA
. ykbdsu dk vfo"dkj rqyklus us fd;k FkkA
. ykbdsu dh lajpuk dk v/;;u loZizFke D.Beury Mh- csjh us fd;k FkkA
ekuo 'kjhj ds ra= &
1 Respiratory System %& izR;sd tho dks thfor jgus ds fy, Oxygen dh vko;drk iM+rh gS D;ksafd Oxygen gh dkcZfud
HkksT; inkFkksaZ ds vkDlhdj.k ;k fo?kVu djds tkZ iznku djrs gSA HkksT; inkFkkasZ ds vkDlhdj.k dh bl izf;k dk olu dgrs gSA
vkaDlhtu ds varxZzg.k Inspiration djus dk dk;Z olu ra= djrh gSA olu ra= }kjk kjhj dh izR;sd dksfkdk Oxygen izkIr
djrh gSA ekuo es Lungs ds }kjk Gasses dk vknku iznku gksrk gS rFkk jDr vkSj dksfkdk ds e/; Gasses dk exchange
olu ds varxZr vkrk gSA
ekuo esa Respiration ds fy, Oxygen xSlksa dh vko;drk gSA jDr esa ik;s tkus okys Hemoglobin ds }kjk Oxygen
dk Transfer gksrk gSA
Hemoglobin, Oxygen ls f;k djds Oxy hemoglobin cukrk gSA ;g Oxy hemoglobin, Blood circulation ds }kjk
kjhj dh fofHkUu dkfkdkvksa esa igqp tkrk gSA
. Hemoglobin Violet Color cSaxuh dk gksrk gS] tcdh Oxy hemoglobin pednkj yky jax dk gksrk gSA
. dkcZu&MkbZ&vkDlkbM xSl dk ifjogu IykTek esa eq[; :i ls Bicarbonate ion ds :i esa gksrk gSA
. euq"; esa lkal ysus dh nj 12&15@feuV gksrh gSA
. eNfy;ksa esa olu Gills ds }kjk gksrk gSA

e-education(delhi)

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. eSa<+d esa olu Skin ds }kjk gksrk g fNidyh] i{kh esa Lungs ds }kjk gksrk gSa
gSA
. fVM~Ms] eD[kh] vkfn esa okaluyh ls gksrk gSA

Mammals, Reptiles

esa

lungs

}kjk gksrk

mRltZu ra= Excretory System gkfudkjd vifk"V inkFkZ dh vf/kd ek=k dks 'kjhj ls ckgj fudkyus dh f;k dks mRltZu dgrs
gSA lHkh thoksa dh dksfkdkvksa esa Protein, Fats, Carbohydrates ds Oxidation ls Carbon- di Oxide, Water & Ammonia
tSls vif'k"V inkFkZ Waste Matrial curs gSA budks 'kjhj ls fudkyuk vko;d gksrk gSA bl inkFkksaZ dks mRlthZ inkFkZ dgrs gSA
ekuo ds mRltZu ra= ds vax & Excretory Organs of the Human body
1 o`Dd Kidney & ekuo esa ,d tksM+h fdMuh ik;h tkrh gSA tks Blood Circulation :f/kj ifjlapj.k ls mRlthZ inkFkksaZ dks
gVkus dk dk;Z djrh gS tSls & Urea dks gVkrk gSA
fdMuh lse ds cht Bean Shape ds vkdkj tSlh gksrh gSA otu ^140gm* gksrk gSA
izR;sd Kidney esa NksVh ufydk,sa gksrh gSa] ftUgssa Nephron dgrs gSA
Nephrons fdMuh dh Functioal unit dk;kZREkd bdkbZ gSA
fdMuh esa :f/kj Blood ls Nudj Urine vyx gks tkrk gSA
. ew= dk jax ihyk jax Hemoglobin ds vi?kVu ls cus Urocrome uked Pigment ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
. ,d lkekU; O;fDr esa 24 Hrs. esa 1-5 Liter Urine curk gSA
. Urine dh PH Value 6-0 rd gksrh gSA
. Urine esa Urea dh ek=k 2% gksrh gSa] 96% ikuh gksrk gSA
Functions of kidney &
1- fdMuh Blood esa Ammonia dks Urea esa cnyrk gSA
2- fdMuh Blood esa PH Value dks Control djrk gSA
3- fdMuh dqN iks"kd rRoksa ds vf/kks"k Surplus Hkkx tSls 'kdZjk Amino Acid dks fudkyrk gSA
4Skin & Ropk esa aik;h tkus okyh Losn xzafFk;ksa ls ilhuk
ckgj fuydrk gSA
5if{k;kas] dhVks] ljhl`iksa esa mRltZu vkgkj uky ls gksrk gSA
6fdMuh esa iFkjh Kidney Stone dk fuekZ.k dSfYk;e
vkWDlysV ds d.kksa ds bdV~Bk gksus ls gksrk gSA

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raf=dk ra= Nevous System & raf=dk ra= 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa vkSj vaxks dh f;kvksa dk fu;eu djrk gSA Lru/kkjh
Mammals ds raf=dk ra= ds vanj efLr"d Brain vkSj es:jTtw Spiral cord vkrs gSA
ekuo esa nks izdkj dh f;k,sa gksrh gSA
1 ,sfPNd f;k,sa Voluntary Actions
2 vuSfPNd f;k,sa Involuntary Actions
,sfPNd f;k,sa efLr"d }kjk fu;af=r gksrh gS tcdh vuSfPNd f;k,sa Spinal card }kjk fu;af=r gksrh gSaA
vuSfPNd f;k,sa tSls iyd >iduk] vka[k ls vkalw vkuk] vkx ds <sj ls iSj ihNs [khp ysuk vkfnA
efLr"d Brain & efLr"d iwjs 'kjhj vkSj rf=dk ra= dks fu;af=r djrk gSA blds rhu Hkkx gksrs gS A
1 vxz efLr"d Fore brain
2 e/; efLr"d Mid brain
3 ip efLr"d Hind brain
euq"; ds Brain dk vkSlr Hkkj 1400 xzke gksrk gSA
Brain ds pkjksa vksj esfuutht uked f>Yyh Membrain gksrh gSA blesa rhu layers gksrs gSA
vxz efLr"d & ;g efLr"d dk lcls vxyk Hkkx gS ;s efLr"d dk 2@3 Hkkx gksrk gSA blesa lsjhcze ik;k tkrk gSA
Cerebrum Memory, Concise sense will power, intelligence dk dsanz gksrk gSA
Kkusfnz;ksa ls izkIr izsj.kkvksa dk blls foys"k.k ,oa leUo; gksrk gSA blhds Hkkx Thalamus ds }kjk nnZ] B.Mk vkSj xeZ dks
igpkuus dk dk;Z gksrk gSA
e/; efLr"d & ;s efLr"d ds chp es fLFkr gksrk gSA ;gk ls n`f"V Vision vkSj Jo.k kfDRk Heaing ij fu;af=r gksrk gSA
Ikkp efLr"d & bles ik;s tkus okys Cerebellum 'kjhj dk larqyu cuk;s j[krk gSA
Spinal Cord & izfrorhZ Reflexactions f;kvksa dk fu;a=.k gksrk gSA euq"; esa 31 tksM+h Spinal Nerve (es:jTtw) raf=dk, ik;h
tkrh gS vkSj 12 tksM+h dikyh; sfu;y raf=dk,a gksrh gSA
raf=dk;sa dksfkdk Nerves Cell & raf=dk rd dh bdkbZ dks Neurons dks rf=dk dksfkdk dgrs gSA Neurons efLr"d dks lansk
ys tkus vkSj efLr"d ls lansk xzg.k djus dk dk;Z djrs gSA
Kkusafnz;k Sense Organs & Kkuasfnz;k 5 izdkj dh gksrh gSA
e-education(delhi)

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1 us= & us= xksykdkj gksrs gSA us= ds lgk;d vaxksa esa Hkksag eyebrow] iyds eyelash] us= yseyk Conjuctiva] vJq
midj.k Instrument vk[kksa dks b/kj & m/kj ?kqekus ds fy, 6 muscles gksrh gSA iydksa ds e/; dksuksa eas fLFkr vJq okfguh
Lacrimal ducts ls vklw fudyrs gSA vklw vk[kkas dks ue vkSj fpduk cukrk gSA Infection ls cpkrk gSA ckgjh d.kksa Bacteria
etc ls j{kk djrs gSA vklw Antiseptic dk dk;Z Hkh djrs gSA
us= esa Cornea, Retina, Pupil izeq[k gSA Retina vk[k ds lcls vanj jgrk gSA blh ij fdlh oLrq dk izfrfcEc curk gSA bl ij
oLrq dk okLrfod ysfdu mYVk izfrfcEc curk gSA ysfdu efLr"d mYVs izfrfcac dks Lo;a lh/kk djds le> ysrk gSA ekuo ns[kus es a
nkbZ Right vk[k 65% ckbZ Left vk[k dk 32% rFkk 3% nksauksa vk[kksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSa
2 dku Ear &/ofu rjaxks dks Sound waves Recieve djus ds lkFk 'kjhj ds larqyu dks Hkh cuk;s j[krk gSA dku ds rhu
Hkkx gksrs gSA
12-

Pinna (External Ear)

Middle ear

3Internal ear vkarfjd d.kZ

e/; d.kZ esa rhu gM~Mh;k ik;h tkrh gS & Maleus, Incus, stapes.
Stapes ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls NksVh gM~Mh gSA dkuksa ds lquus dk
dk;Z eq[; :i ls Internal ear ds dksfDy;k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

3 Ropk Skin & fLdu ds }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh laonukvksa dks

xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA fLdu esa vyx&vyx izdkj dh laosnukvksa ds

fy, Ropk dh eksVkbZ 5&6 Mm. gksrh gSA

Presnee nkc vyx&vyx izdkj ds laxzkgd vax gksrs gSA tSls & Presure ds fy, iSfluh df.kdk Pacinian corpuels Li'kZ ds
fy, LikZ df.kdk Tectile Corpsues lnhZ ds fy, ksl cYo Krause Belbe rki ds fy, golgi - Mazzoni and Ruffini Ropk
ekuo 'kjhj dk lcls cM+k vax Organ gsSA
4 ukd Nose & fdlh Hkh oLrq dks law?kus ds fy, ukd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lwa?kus ds fy, ukad esa vkYQsDVh cells gksrh gSA
5 thHk Tongue & thHk ds }kjk fofHkUu [kk| oLrqvksa dk Lokn fy;k tkrk gSA thHk ij yxHkx 10000 Lokn df.kdk,sa Test
buds gksrh gS thHk dk vkxs dk Hkkx ehBk] uedhu] ihNs dk Hkkx dM+ok fdukjs dk Hkkx [kV~Bs dk vuqH ko djrk gS vkSj e/; Hkkx
fdlh izdkj ds Lokn dk vuqHko ugh djrkA

Important Facts

ekuo 'kjhj esa lcls cM+h dksfkdk Neuron cell gksrh gSA
'kjhj esa lcls de Regeneration iqu:n~Hkou dh {kerk Brain cell vkSj lcls T;knk iqu:n~Hkou {kerk Liver esa gksrh gSA
efLr"d dk Hkkj iwjs kjhj ds Hkkj ds 3% gksrk gSA
;fn ge 'olu ds }kjk O2 ysrs gS mldk 20% efLr"d mi;ksx djrk gS vkSj tks [kkuk [kk;k tkrk gS mldk Hkh yxHkx 20 %
Calory tkZ dsoy efLr"d mi;ksx djrk gSA
ifjLkapj.k ra= Circulatory System & 'kjhj dh izR;sd dksfkdk dks vko;d inkFkksaZ vkSj O2 dks igWaqpkus rFkk Co2 dks 'kjhj
ls ckgj fudkyus ds fy, 'kjhj esa ifjlapj.k ra= gksrk gSA euq"; esa inkFkksaZ dk LFkkukarj.k :f/kj }kjk gksrk gSA ifjlapj.k ra = dk
[kkst William harvey us dh FkhA ekuo essa jDr ifjlapj.k n; }kjk gksrk gSA
n; ds }kjk Blood dh Pumping dh tkrh gSA
laiw.kZ n; pkj d{kksa esa caVk jgrk gSA Right Auricle, Right Ventricals, left Auricle, Left Ventricals fuy;
'kjhj esa f'kjk;sa vkSj /kefu;ksa Veins & Arteries :f/kj okfgdk,sa Blood Vessels gksrh gSA /kefu;k vf/kd xgjk;h esa fLFkr
gksrh gSA /kefu;k 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks n; ls 'kq) jDr ys tkus dk dk;Z djrh gSaA dsoy iYeksujh /keuh NksM+dj tcfd
f'kjk, vkq) jDr dks 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls n; rd ys tkus dk dk;Z djrh gSA dosy iYeksujh fkjk dks NksM+dj
Arteries veins dh vis{kk vf/kd pkS<+h gksrh gSA
n; dk nka;k Hkkx v'kq) jDr ds lapj.k esa dk;Z djrk gS rFkk cka;k Hkkx 'kq) jDr ds ysu nsu ls lacaf/kr jgrk gSa
,d LoLFk euq"; dk n; 1 feuV esa 72 ckj /kM+drk gSA

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n; ,d /kM+du esa yxHkx 70ML. :f/kj iEi djrk gSA

if{k;ksa vkSj Lru/kkfj;ksa eSesYl esa 'kq) jDr cgrk gSA tcdh eNyh] ljhl`i jsIVkbYl] mHk;pj esa vkq) jDr cgrk gSA
fofHkUu thoksa ds n; esa Chambers dh la[;k & eNfy;ksa esa nks] mHk;pjksa esa 3] Reptiles esa 3 1 2 , Mammals, Birds,
Crocodiles esa 4 gksrs gSA
jDr Blood & :f/kj yky] xk<+k] Lokn esa uedhu rFkk vikjnkhZ gksrk gSA 'kjhj esa :f/kj dh ek=k 'kjhj ds Hkkjr dk 7% gksrh
gSA ,d LoLFk euq"; esa jDr dh ek=k 5&6 yhVj gksrh gSA jDRk dk PH eku 7-4 gksrk gSA
jDr ,d rjy la;ksth rd gSA ;s nks Hkkxksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA
1- IykTek
2- :f/kj df.kdk,sa Blood Corpuseles
IykTek & Blood dk rjy Hkkx Plasma gksrk gSA Blood dk 55&60% Hkkx IykTek gksrk gSA

IykTek ikuh vkSj Bksl inkFkksaZ ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA

IykTek esa ikuh yxHkx 90&92% rd gksrk gS vkSj Bksl dh ek=k 8&10% rd gksrh gSA

Bksl inkFkZ nks izdkj ds gksrs gS &

1- dkcZfud
2- vdkcZfud

IykTek esa Antibodies ik;s tkrs gSA IykTek ds dkcZfud inkFkksaZ esa eq[; :i ls Protein ik;s tkrs gSA tcfd vdkcZfud inkFkZ
esa Na, K & Mg etc ds yo.k ik;s tkrs gSA ;s yo.k Plasma ds vEyh; izHkko dks nwj dj mls gYdk {kkjh; cukrs gSA
IykTek esa ik;s tkus okys izeq[k inkFkZ %&
1 izksVhu %& IykTek esa Fibrinogen, Albumin, Globulin, Prothromlion gSA bu lHkh izksVhu dk fuekZ.k Liver esa gksrk gSA
Fibrinogen, Prothrombin :f/kj ds teus esa lgk;d gksrs gSA

Abumin, Globulin IykTek esa ikuh dks cuk;s j[krs gSA

2 gkeksZUl & IykTek esa var% lzzkoh xzafFk;ksa endocrine glands }kjk lzkfor gkeksZUl ik;s tkrs gSA
3 ,Utkbe Enzyme %& IykTek esa Distase, Lypase, Protease enzymes ik;s t krs gSA
4 izfrtked inkFkZ Anticogulent & IykTek esa Hiparin uked izfrtked inkFkZ ik;k tkrk gSA tks&:f/kj ifjlapj.k ds le;
:f/kj dks okfgfu;ksa Vessels esa teus ugh nsrk gSA
5 mRlthZ inkFkZ Excreatory Products & IykTek esa ;wfj;k] ;wfjd vEy] veksfu;k] vehuks vEy vkfn mRlthZ inkFkZ ik;s tkrs
gSA
6 xSl Gases & O2, Co2 Gases ?kqyh gqbZ voLFkk esa IykTek esa ik;h tkrh gSA
:f/kj df.kdk,sa %& ;s :f/kj dk 40&45 izfrkr gksrk gSA bl Hkkx dks Haematochrite gheSVksfV dgrs gSA jDr esa rhu izdkj dh
jDr df.kdk;sa ik;h tkrh gSA
1 yky jDr df.kdk;sa RBC &

bls Erythrocytes Hkh dgrs gSA

yky jDr df.kdk,sa lEiw.kZ Blood Corpusels dk 90 izfrkr gksrh gSa

;s dsoy dks:dh izkf.k;ksa Vertebrates esa gh ik;h tkrh gSA

RBC esa Haemoglobin uked izksVhu ik;h tkrh gSA

Haemoglobin esa yksg rRo ik;k tkrk gSA Haemoglobin dh deh ls ,uhfe;k jksx gks tkrk gSA

RBC, O2 dks Lungs QsaQM+kas ls rd Tissue rd ys tkrh gSA

,d RBC dk thou dky euq"; esa 120 fnu gksrk gSA

RBCs dk fuekZ.k vfLFkeTtk Bone Marrow esa gksrk gSA

Iyhgk Spleen frYyh dks RBC dk dfczLrku dgk tkrk gSA detksj RBC ;gk ij lekIr gks tkrk gSA

ek ds xHkZ ls RBC Liver & Spleen ;r vkSj Iyhgk esa curs gSA

RBC dh la[;k iq:"kksa esa 1 Cobic feeh- esa 5 fefy;u 50 yk[k tcfd fL=;ksa esa 4-5 fefy;u vkSj fkkqvksa esa 6 fefy;u
gksrh gSA
Iyhgk dks RBC dk dfczLrku Graveyard dgrsa gS rFkk bls 'kjhj dk CYkM cSad Hkh dgrs gSA
2 White Blood Carpuscles 'osr :f/kj df.kdk,sa & bUgsa Leucocytes Hkh dgrs gSA euq"; esas WBC dh la[;k 5000&9000 rd
gksrh gSA

e-education(delhi)

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WBC 'kjhj esa izfrj{kk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA budk thou dky 7&13 fnu gksrk gSA
WBC dk fuekZ.k Bonemarrow vkSj dHkh Lymphnode vkSj dHkh&dHkh Spleen & Liver esa Hkh gksrk gSA
budh la[;k c<+ tkus ij Y;wdfs e;k Blood cancer jksx gks tkrk gSA
WBC esa Lymphocyte, Leukocyte Monocyte, Basophills, Eosinophils inkFkZ ik;s tkrs gSA
WBC dh dqy la[;k dk 20&40 izfrkr rd Lymphocytes gksrs gSA ;s kjhj dh izfrjks/kh vkSj izfrj{kh
Antibodies dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA
RBC vkSj WBC dk vuqikr 600 % 1 gksrk gSA

{kerk ds fy,

:f/kj ifVdk;sa &

budks Thrombocytes dgrs gSA
;s Lru/kkjh thoksa ds jDr esa ik;s tkrs gSA budh la[;k 2&5 lakh@?ku mm. :f/kj esa gksrh gSA
budk thou dky yxHkx 1 lIrkg gksrk gSA ;s jDr dk FkDdk cukus esa enn djrs gSA blls fudyus okyk inkFkZ
Thromboplastin jDr dk FkDdk tekus eas Hkkx ysrk gSA
jDr esa ik;s tkus okys fofHkUu ?kVd Components of Blood&
1 Haemoglobin
yM+dksa esa 14&16 Gm@cc vkSj
Female 12&14Gm@cc gksrk gSA
2 Glucose
70&120 mg/100 CC
3 Urea
18&40 mg/100 cc
4 Cholestrol
140&200 mg/100 cc
jDr dk FkDdk tekus esa lgk;d rRo &
Bloods Plateletes

12345-

jDr ds

Thromboplastin
Prothrombin
Calcium
fibrinogen
vitamin-k
dk;Z Functions of Blood

jDr ds }kjk ikskd inkFkksaZ] mRlthZ inkFkksaZ vkSj gkeksZUl dk ifjogu gksrk gsA
Haemoglobin dh lgk;rk ls jDr esa O2 feydj 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa rd igqprk gSA
WBC jksx & izfrjks/kd dk dk;Z djrs gSA
:f/kj 'kjhj ds rki dks fu;af=r djrk gS vkSj 'kjhj esa "ek dk leku forj.k djrk gSA
n; heart
n; ds pkjksa vksj dh f>Yyh Pericardium gksrh gsSaA
n; esa nk;sa vkfyUn esa Right Aurical esa SA node gksrk gSA ftls Pacemaker ;k n; dk n; dgrs gSA
n; ds dk;Z djus dh nks voLFkk;sa gSA 1- ladqpu Systole %& blesa nksuksa Venticle fldqM+rs gS vkSj 2- vuqf'kfFkyu
diastole blesa nksuksa Ventricle QSyrs gS vkSj Auricle ls CyM izkIr djrs gSA
n; ds Systole vkSj Diastole dks n; dh /kM+du dgrs gSA ftlesa 0-8 lsd.M dk le; yxrk gSA
euq"; esa vknkZ jDr nkc 120 Systole vkSj 80 Diastole gksrk gSA ftls 120@80 MMHg ls nkkZrs gSA
n; dh /kM+du dk xzkfQ; fu:i.k Graphical Representation ECG dgykrk gSA
dsoy iyeksujh fkjk Vein ,slh fkjk gS ftleas 'kq) jDr cgrk gS tcfd dsoy Iyeksujh /keuh Artery ,slh /keuh gS ftlesa
vkq) jDr cgrk gSA
/keuh
Artery esa dikV Valve ugha ik;s tkrs tcfd fkjkvksa Veins
esa ik;s tkrs gSA

e-education(delhi)

&

Page 12

jDr lewg Blood Group

dh [kkst Karl land steaner us dh Fkh 1902 esa dh FkhA bUgksaus Antigen & Antibodies ds vk/kkj ij
jDr dks pkj lewg esa foHkkftr fd;k FkkA
1 A 2 B 3 AB 4 O
Hkkjrh;ksa esa lcls T;knk B vkSj O Blood Group okys O;fDr gksrs gSa] vkSj lcls de AB, Blood group okys gksrs gSA
Antigen izfrtu & Antigen ,d izdkj dk Protein gksrk gSa] tks RBC dh dksfkdk dyk Cell esa ik;k tkrk gS vkSj bls
Agglutinogens Hkh dgk tkrk gS] ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gS& A&B
Antibodies izfrj{kh & Blood ds IykTek ls mifLFkr Protein inkFkkssaZ dks Antibodies dgk tkrk gSA ;s Hkh nks izdkj ds gksrs gS &
Blood group

A&B

Blood Group
A
B
AB

Antigen
A
B
AB

Antibodies
b
a

&

(Absent)

& (Absent)
dks loZnkrk Universal Donar dgk tkrk gSA
AB dks loZxzkgh Universal Recipient dgrs gSA
Rh - factor bldh [kkst Karl land steaner vkSj ohuj us 1940 esa dh FkhA bls lcls igys fjll canj ds Blood esa [kkstk x;k
FkkA blh otg ls bls Rh Factor uke fn;k x;kA euq";ksa dh dqy tulaa[;k esa 85 izfrkr esa ;g mifLFkr jgrk gSA ftu yksxksa ds
Blood esa Rh - factor mifLFkr jgrk gSa] mls Rh+ vkSj ftuesa Rh-factor ugha gksrk gSa] mUgsa Rh- dgrs gSA
jDr nkc Blood pressure & n; ds ladqpu ls /kefu;ksa Arteries dh nhokjksa ij iM+us okyk nkc :f/kj nkc dgykrk gSA bl
nkc dh ladqpu nkc Systolic Pressure dgrs gSA
blds Bhd foijhr Dystolic Presure gksrk gSA ,d lkekU; O;fDRk esa Systolic Pressure 120 vkSj Dystolic Pressure
80 gksrk gSA 120@80
jDr nkc dks fLQXukseSuksehVj ls ukik tkrk gSA
dadky ra= Skelton System %& 'kjhj dk <akpk gf;ksa ls cuk gksrk gSA lHkh gf;ksa ,d&nwljs ls tqM+h jgrh gSA gf;ksa ds ij
ekalisfk;k gksrh gSA
ekuo 'kjhj esa 206 gf;ksa gksrh gS] tcdh cPpksa esa 300 gksrh gSA
gf;ksa esa 50% ty vkSj 50% Bksl ik;k tkrk gSA
gf;ksa esa Phosphorus vkSj calcium ik;k tkrk gSA
'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dh gf;k &
1 [kksiM+h & euq"; dh [kksiM+h esa 29 gf;k gksrh gSA psgjs esa 14 gf;k gksrh gSA
2 d'ks:d n.M Vertebrae colun & blesa 33 gf;k gksrh gSA
3 ilfy;ksa esa & 12 tksM+h gksrh gSA
4 iSjksa esa & 60 gf;k gksrh gSA
5 gkFkksa esa & 60 gf;k gksrh gSA
ab

jDr lewg
jDr lewg

Note

egRoiw.kZ rF; %&

gM~Mh dks cukus okyh dksfkdk Osteocyte dgykrh gSA

gM~Mh ds pkjksa vksj dk vkoj.k Periosteum dgykrk gSA
gM~Mh esa vkslhu izksVhu gksrh gSA

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nks isfk;ksa ;k nks gfM~M;ksa dks tksM+us okyh /kkxs uqek jpuk Ligament dgykrh gSA tcfd iskh dk gM~Mh ls tksM+us okyh /kkxs uqek
jpuk Tendon dgykrh gSA MTB Muscle Tendon bore
euq"; dh xnZu ftl Vertebe ij l/kh jgrh gSA mls Atlas dgrs gSA
ekuo kjhj easa lcls cM+h gh tk?k Thigh dh Femar gksrh gS vkSj lcls NksVh gh dku dh LVsiht gksrh gSA
eksVh vkSj yach gfM~M;kas eas ,d [kks[kyh xqgk Hollow cavity ik;h tkrh gSA ftls eTtk xqgk Merrow Cavity dgrs gSA bl
xqgk esa ,d tSyh ds leku inkFkZ ik;k tkrk gSA ftls Bone merrow vfLFk eTtk dgrs gSA
vfLFk eTtk gfM~M;ksa ds fljksa ij yky vkSj chp esa ihyh gksrh gS ftlesa ek% RBC vkSj WBC curh gSA
e/;d.kZ esa rhu vfLFk;k ik;h tkrh gS ftudk e bl izdkj gS
eSfy;l & bUdl & LVsihl MIS
ekWliskh r= Muscular syster %&

ekWlisfk;k rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1A
dadkyh; isfk;k keletoh muscle & ;s izpyu
Locomotion esa lgk;rk djrh gSA budh la[;k 400 gksrh
gSA ;s ,sfPNd Voluntary izd`fr dh gksrh gSA

B
vuSfPNd Involuntary muscleus & ;s 'kjhj ds
vkarfjd Hkkxksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSa tSls & vkgkjuky Alimentary
canal dh eklisfk;k
C n;h Cardiac eklisfk;ka & ;s Heart esa gksrh gS] tks
vUkSfPNd gksrh gSA bues thouHkj ladqpu gksrk jgrk gSA
2'kjhj dh lcls cM+h Muscle - clutius maximus gS] tks
hipregion dwYgs esa ik;h tkrh gSA
3lcls yach o NksVh eklisfk;ka ek% Femoralis tk?k
Thigh esa o Stapedial dku esa gksrh gSA
4'kjhj dh lcls 'kfDrkkyh ekWliskh tcM+s dh ekWliskh

Jawmuscle gS] tks dqy 297 fdxzk- otu mBk ldrh gSA
5- ekuo 'kjhj esa Muscles dh dqy la[;k 639 gksrh gSA
6- eklisfk;ksa esa Actina o myosin izksVhu gksrh gSA
7- ekWlisfk;ksa esa ladqpukhyrk Contractability Myofibris ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
8- eklisfk;ksa esa ek;ksXyksfcu ik;k tkrk gS] ftl dkj.k budk jax yky gksrk gsSA
var Jkoh ra= Endocime System %& HORMONE gkeksZsu ,d fof'k"V ;kSfxd gksrk gSa tks var% Jkoh xzafFk;ksa }kjk Jskfor gksrk gSA
tks 'kjhj ds ,d Hkkx ls fudydj :f/kj }kjk kjhj ds fofHkUUk Hkkxksa esa igqprk gSA gkeksZu eq[;r% amino Acid, Steroids &
Catecholemine dsVkdSyksehUl gksrs gSA
xazfFk;ksa ds izdkj %& xzafFk;k rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1 endorine gland & ;s ufydk foghu Ductless Glands gksrh gSA blesa fudyus okys inkFkZ dks Harmone dgrs gSA
1- Pitutary gland ih;w"k xzaFkh
2- Thyroid glands voVq xzaFkh
3- Adrenal glands vf/ko`od xzaFkh
2 Exocrine Gland ck Jkoh xzaFkh & 'kjhj dh ,slh xzafFk;k ftuds }kjk lzkfor nzo dks fofHkUu vaxksa rd ys tkus ds fy,
okfgfu;k Ducts gksrh gS] mUgsa ck Jkoh xazfFk;k dgrs gSA buls Enzyme dk lzko Secretion gksrk gSA
tSls & nqX/k xzafFk] vJq xzafFk Losn xzafFk
3 Maxed Glands fefJr xzafFk;ka & dqN xazfFk;k var Jkoh vkSj ck Jkoh nksuksa izdkjksa dh gksrh gSA buls Enzyme vkSj
Hormone nksuks dk Jko gksrk gSA
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tSls & vXukk; Pancreas

izeq[k xzafFk;k
1 Pituitary Glands & ;s efLr"d esa gksrh gS bls Master Gland ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA blls o`f) gkeksZu fudyrk gSA bl
gkeksZu dk uke Somatotropic Harmone gksrk gSA bldh vf/kdrk ls GigahtismcPpksa gks tkrk gS] Acromegaly cM+ksa esa gksrk
gSA bldh deh ls Midgets Disease gks tkrh gSA CkPpksa esa rFkk cM+ksa esa bldh deh ls Simmonds disease gks tkrh gSA
ih;q"k xzafFk ls Oxytocin Hormone Hkh fudyrk gSA Oxytocin Hormone nqX/k lzo.k esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
Note %& Animals ls nw/k fudkyus ds fy, Oxytocin dk batsaD'ku fn;k tkrk gSA
ih;w"k xzaFkh 'kjhj dh lcls NksVh var%Jkoh Endocrine xzUFkh gSA
Thyroid Gland voVq xzafFk & ;g xzafFk xys esa gksrh gSA blls Thyroxin Hormone fudyrk gSa] ftlesa Iodine vf/kd ek=k esa
jgrk gSA
;g lcls cM+h var% Jkfo xzafFk Endocrine Gland gSA
Thyroxin Harmone euq"; dh lHkh mik;p;h f;kvksa Matobolic Activities dh fu;af=r djrk gSaA blhfy, bls var% lzkoh
xzafFk dk Pace maker dgk tkrk gSA
Thyroid
Gland n; dh /kM+du dks izHkkfor dj 'kjhj ds rkieku dks
fu;af=r djrk
gSA Thyroxin gkeksZu dh deh ls Goiter Disease gks tkrh gSA
esa

Goite

tkrh gSA
Thyroxin

n;

/kM+du

Parathyroid

blls
o`f) vkSj nakrksa
Calcitonin
Adrenal

xzafFk nks Hkkxksa esa

Fkk;jkbM xzafFk ds vkdkj esa o`f) gks tkrh gS] ftlls xnZu Qwy
dh vf/kdrk ls 'kjhj esa detksjh gksus yxrh gS vkSj
c<+ tkrh gSA
Hormone

Glands & ;s xyss esa Thryroid xzafFk ds Bhd ihNs gksrh

Parathormone & Calcitonin gkeksZu fudyrs gSA ;s gf;ksa

gSA
dh

ds fuekZ.k dk fu;a=.k djrk gSA

Hormone CyM esa Calcium dh ek=k dk fu;a=.k djrk gSA
Glands & ;g Kidney ds ij vf/ko`Dd xzafFk gksrh gS] ;s
cVh gksrh gSA

1- Cortex
2- Medulla

dksVsZDl ls rhu
gkjeksUl fudyrs gSA
1 XywdksdksVhZdk;M~l
Glucocorticoids& ;g gkekZsu Carbohy drate, Protein, fats
dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
2
Mineralocorticoids & ;s 'kjhj esa [kftu yo.kkas dh ek=k dks
fu;af=r djrk gS]
ftlls Potassiun, Sodium & Chloride ion rFkk ty dh ek=k
larqfyr cuh jgrh gSA
3 Adrenal sex Hormones & blesa Male esa Enderogen vkSj Female esa Estrogen gksrk gSA
efgykvksa esa bl gkjeksu dh deh ls pgjs ij cky c<+us yxrs gSA
Medulla ls fudyus okys gkekZsu & Epinephrine & Norepinephrine ;s gkjeksu ks/k] Hk;] ekufld ruko dh voLFkk esa cgqr
vf/kd lzkfor gksus yxrs gSa ;s fny dh /kM+du n; LiUnu dh xfr dks c<+k nsrs gSA
Note & Adrenal ls fudyus okys Hormones dks ^yM+ks vkSj mM+ks* Fight & Flight ;k] thouj{kd gkjeksu] ;k baejtsalh gkjeksu
dgk tkrk gSA
hymus Glands & ;g xzfUFk o{k LFky Chest esa n; ds vkxs fLFkr gksrh gSA o`)koLFkk esa ;s yqIr gks tkrh gSA blls
Thymocine & Thinine Hormone fudyrs gSA
;g gkjeksu 'kjhj esa izfrj{kh dksfkdk, cukus esa lgk;d gksrs gSA ;s 'kjhj esa Antibody cukdj 'kjhj dh lqj{kk ra=
LFkkfir djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSA
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Pancreas vXukk;&

;g euq"; esa vkekk; Stomach ds ihNs fLFkr xzfUFk gksrh gSA

;g yxHkx 20lseh- yEch gksrh gSA
;g ,d fefJr xzfUFk gSa Mixed Gland
;g vralzkoh vkSj cklzkoh nksukas izdkj dh xzfUFk gSA blls ikpu ls lacaf/kr Enzyme vXukk; jl vkSj Xywdkst ls lacaf/kr
gkjeksu fudyrs gSA Pancreas ls fudyus okys bUlwfyu Insulin Hormone 'kDdj ds mik;p; dks fu;af=r djrk gSA bldh
deh ls jDr esa 'kDdj dh ek=k ?kV tkrh gSa] ftlls e/kqesg jksx gks tkrk gSA
bUlwfyu Xywdkst dks Glycogen esa cny nsrk gSA
tuu xzfUFk;k Gonalts
1 v.Mkk; xzafFk Ovary gland & ;g fL=;ksa esa ik;h tkrh gS] blls rhu gkjeksu fudyrs gSA
1- Estrogen & bls ukjh fodkl gkeksZu Feminine omone Hkh dgrs gSA bl gkjeksu ds dkj.k ;qok voLFkk esa fL=;ksa esa f}rh;d
ysaSfxd y{k.kksa Secondary sexual characters) dk fodkl gksrk gSA bl Hormone dh deh ls iztuu {kerk de gks tkrh gSA
2- Progestrone & ;s Lru o`f) vkSj nqX/k xzfUFk;ksa dks lh; djrk gSA
& bls izsxusalh gkeksZu dgrs gSA

3-

Relaxine Hormone & bldk fuekZ.k

Uterine cervix dks pkSM+k dj nsrk gSA

cPps ds tUe ls igys gksrk gSA ;g gkjeksu cPps ds tUe ds le; xHkkZk; xzhok
rkdh cPpk vklkuh ls iSnk gks ldsA
Testes Glands o`"k.k xzfUFk & ;g uj tuu vax gSa] blls Androjens/Testosterone gkjeksu fudyrk gSA ;g esy esa f}rh;d
ySafxad y{k.k Secondory Sexual Charcters dks fodflr djrk gSA tSls & nk<+h ewN dk vkukA vkokt dk Hkkjh gksuk] ekWalisfk;ksa dk
fodkl vkfnA
Digestive System ikpu ra= & ra= ekuo kjhj dks thfor jgus ds fy, Hkkstu vko;d jgrk gSA mlds fy, Hkkstu dks ipkuk
vko;d jgrk gSA Hksktu dk ikpu 'kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxks esa pj.k c) rjhds ls gksrk gSA
Mouth eq[k & Hkkstu dks lcls igys eqg es j[kk tkrk gSa] thHk eq[k esa vk;s oLrq dk Lokn p[krh gS] nkarks ds }kjk Hkkstu dks
pck;k tkrk gSA euq"; esa dqy 32 nkar gksrs gS] nw/k ds nkar 20 gksrs gSSA nkar ds ijh Hkkx esa Enamel dh ,d pedhyh ijr p<+h
gksrh gSA Enamel 'kjhj dk lcls dBksj Hkkx gksrk gSA ewg esa ykj ls fudyus okyk Tyline Enzyme Hkkstu dh yqXnh cukrk gSA
dkcksZgkbMsV dks ipkrk gSA vkSj ykblkstkbe ,Utkbe Hkkstu ds gkfudkj cSDVhfj;k dks u"V djrk gSA blds ckn Hkkstu xzkl
uyh }kjk Oesophagus gksdj Hkkstu vekk; esa igqprk gSa vkekk; dh nhokj esa tBj xzfUFk;k Gastric ik;h tkrh gS] ftlls
tBj jl Jastric Juice fudyrk gSA
vekk; dk vkdkj Mask ds leku gksrk gS tks Hksktu dh ek=k ds vuqlkj QSy ldrk gS vkSj fldqM+ ldrk gSA tBj jl
ikpd jl gksrk gSa] ftlesa Hcl acid, Pepsin, Renin Enzymes ik;s tkrs gS Hcl Acid lw{e thokas dks u"V djrk gS vkSj Pepsin
Enzymes ls Protein dk ikpu gksrk gS] Ranin nw/k dks ipkus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
Intestine vkr & vkars nks gksrh gSA
1- Small intestine
2- Large intestine
Small intestine Hkkstu ra= dk ;g lcls cM+k Hkkx gSa] bldh dqy yackbZ 6-5 ehVj

gksrh gSA blds nks Hkkx gksrs gSA

1 xzg.kh Duodenum
2 bfy;e Illium
Duodenum %& xzg.kh 25 lseh- yEch U vkdkj dh ufydk gksrh gSA xzg.kh vkSj
vekk; ds eksM+ ds chp vXukk; ik;k tkrk gSA xzg.kh esa vkdj fik uyh Bile
Duct [kqyrh gSA
xzg.kh ls fudyus okyk nzo Hkkstu ds vifjofrZr LVkpZ dks kDdj esa cnyrk
gSA
Illium %& NksVh vkar dk fiNyk Hkkx Illium 30lseh- yEck gksrk gSA bldh nhokjksa ls
vkarfjd jl Intestinal juice fudyrk gSa] ;g {kkjh; gksrk gSA bl vkarfjd jl ls
vusd Enzyme fudyrs gSA
tSls & Maltase, Sucrase, Lipase erepsin
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Hkkstu dk vf/kdkak ikpu NksVh vkar esa gh gks tkrk gSA vkSj ;g ips gq, Hksktu dk vokks"k.k djrh gSA blds ckn Hkkstu
cM+h vkar esa igqprk gSA
cM+h vkar & ;g Bacteria Hkkstu dks ey esa cny nsrk gSA cM+h vkar nks Hkkxksa esa cVh gksrh gSA Colon & Rectum
lcls cM+h xzfUFk & ;r Liver
Pancrease vXukk; & ;g ekuo 'kjhj dh nwljh lcls cM+h xzfUFk gSa ;g Hkkstu ds ikpu esa lgk;d gksrh gSA bl xzfUFk dk dk;Z
ikpd jl vkSj bUlwfyu mRiUu djuk gSA tks euq"; ds 'kjhj esa 'kDdj dh ek=k dk fu;a=.k djrk gSA vXuk'k; jl eas 5 Enzyme
gksrs gSA
1 Amylase Enzyme & ,ek;ysl Enzyme Starch dks Xywdksl vkSj DVksl esa cnyrk gSA
2 Maltase Enzyme & ;s ekYVksl dks Glucose essa cnyrk gSA
3 Trypsin Enzyme & ;s Protein dk ikpu djrk gSA
4 Lypase Enzyme & ;s olk dk ikpu djrk gSA
;r Liver & ;g ekuo kjhj dh lcls cM+h Gland gSA bldk otu 1-5&2 fdxzk- rd gksrk gSA blds fupys Hkkx esa uk'kikrh ds
vkdkj dh ,d NksVh lh FkSyh gksrh gSA ftls fikk'k; Gall bladder dgrs gSA Liver }kjk lzkfor fik jl Bile Juice bl FkSyh
esa bdB~Bk gksrk gSA fik jl ihys] gjs] jax dk {kkjh; Alkelytic nzo gksrk gSA bldk Ph eku 7 gksrk gSA fik jl esa dksbZ
Enzyme ugha gksrk gSa ysfdu ;g vkar esa mifLFkr Enzymes dh f;k dks rhoz dj nsrk gSA yhoj Carbohydrate, Fats, Protein
ds mikip; esa lh; Hkkx ysrk gSA
yhoj Heparin dks fudkyrk gSa] tks Blood dks 'kjhj ds vUnj teus ls jksdrk gSa yhoj Vitamin A dk la'ys"k.k rFkk
Vitamine A,C,D dks lapfjr djrh gSA

yhoj Uria dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA yhoj Blood ds Temperature dk Control djrk gSA

Bile Juice esa fik o.kZd Pigment ik;k tkrk gSA jDr esa bldh ek=k c<+ tkus ij ihfy;k jksx Jauindies gks tkrk gSA

nw/k esa dSlhu izksVhu ik;k tkrk gSA

Note & jSfuu nw/k esa ?kqyu'khy izksVhu dSlhu dks Calcium Paracacenate esa cnydj nw/k dks ngh esa cnyrk gSA
iks"k.k Nutrition & 'kjhj esa fofHkUu tSfod f;kvksa ds fy, tkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ftls ge Hkkstu ds :i easa fy, x;s
inkFkksaZ ds }kjk izkIr djrs gS] bls iks"k.k dgrs gSA
&% iks"k.k ds izdkj Types of Nutrition %&
1- Lo iks"k.k Autotrophic
2- ij iks"k.k Heterotropic
Hkkstu dh izfr vkSj mls mi;ksx djus ds vk/kkj ij tUrqvkas esa rhu izdkj ds iks"k.k ik;s tkrs gSA
1 iw.kZ Hkskth iks"k.k Holozoic Nurition & bl izdkj ds iks"k.k esa tUrq Hksktu dks fuxyrk gS] mlds ckn Hkkstu dk ikpu vksSj
vo'kks"k.k djrk gSA iw.kZ Hkksth iks"k.k Hkh pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1- 'kkdkgkjh Vegetarian
2- eklkgkjh Carnivorous
3- lokZgkjh Ornivorous
4- vi?kVd Scavanger
Omnivorous bl izdkj ds tUrq iks/kksa ,oa mlds vU; mRiknks dks Hkkstu ds :i esa xzg.k djrs gSA
Carnivorous & bl izdkj ds tUrq nwljs tUrqvksa dk fkdkj dj Hksktu ds :i esa xzg.k djrs gSA
tSls & ykseM+h] ksj] ck?k] phrk !
Ornivorous & bl lewg esa oks tUrq vkrs gSA tks ikS/kksa vkSj tUrqvksa nksuks dks vius Hkkstu ds :i esa xzg.k djrs gSA
Scavanger & blesa os tho tUrq vkrs gS tks e`r tUrqvksa dks Hksktu ds :i esa [kk ysrs gS rks mls Scavansers dgrs gSA
tSls & phy] phVh] fx)
2 ijthoh iks"k.k Parasitic Nurtition & bl izdkj ds isk"k.k esa ,d tUrq nwljs tUrq ls iks"k.k xzg.k djrk gSA ;s Hkh nks izdkj ds
gksrs gSA
1- ck ijthoh Externl Parasites
2- var% ijthoh Internal Parasites
1 ck ijthoh & ck ijthoh iks"kd ds 'kjhj ds ckgj jgdj iks"k.k xzg.k djrs gSA
tSl & [kVey] twa vkfnA
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2 vkarfjd ijthoh & ;s iks"kd ds 'kjhj ds vanj jgdj Hkkstu izkIr djrs gSA
tSls & xksyd`eh Round worm] Qhrkd`eh Tape worm
3 e`rksithoh iks"k.k Saprothytic & bl izdkj ds iks"k.k esa tUrq lM+s&xys futhZo inkFkksZ ls fudys rjy dkcZfud inkFkksZ
Organic matter dks Hkkstu ds :i es xzg.k djrs gSA
tSls & ukyh ds dhM+s] dqdjeqkk Fungi] QQwanA
ikskd rRo Nutritional elements & Hkkstu esa 6 izdkj ds isk"kd rRo 'kkfey gksrs gSA
1- dkcksZgkbMsV
2- olk
3- izksVhu
4- [kfut
5- ty
6- foVkfeu
dkcksZgkbMsV & dkcksZgkbMsV~l tkZ dk Jksr gksrs gSA dkcksZgkbMsV ds }kjk 'kjhj dh tkZ dh vko;drk dh 50&75 izfrkr ek=k dh
iwfrZ dh tkrh gSA Carbohydrate, Glucose, Starch, Sucrose, Maltose etc. ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA Carbohydrate, Wheet,
Rice, Potato, Maize, Sugarcane, 'kyte] 'kDdj] ekl] dsyk vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
,d xzke Xywdkst ds iw.kZ vkaDlhdj.k ls 4-2 fdyks dSyksjh tkZ izkIr gksrh gSA
dkcksZgkbMsV 'kjhj dks tkZ iznku djrs gSA Nucleic Acids dk fuekZ.k buds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
dkcksgkbMsV 'kjhj esa tkZ ds lafpr L=ksr gSA
olk & ;g 'kjhj esa tkZ ds lafpr L=ksr ds :i esa gksrk gSA olk ty esa iw.kZr% v?kqyukhy gksrk gS] ijUrq DyksjksQkeZ] cSUthu]
isVksfy;e vkfn dkcZfud foyk;dksa esa ?kqyukhy gksrs gSa ouLifr ?kh] rsy] eD[ku] ?kh] nw/k] iuhj] ekal vkfn olk ds izeq[k L=ksr gSA
1 xzke olk yxHkx 9-3 fdyks dSyksjh tkZ iznku djrk gSA
olk [kk| inkFkksaZ es Lokn mRiUu djrs gSA
olk dh deh ls Ropk :[kh gks tkrh gS vkSj otu esa deh vkrh gSA bldh vf/kdrk ls 'kjhj LFkwy eksVks gks tkrk gSA n;
jksx vkSj jDr pki c<+us yxrk gSA
foVkfeu A,D,E ds clk esa ?kqydj 'kjhj es ifjogu djrs gSA
izksVhu Protein %& izksVhu 'kCn lcls igys 1938 esa Berzellius }kjk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA NksVh bdkb;ksa ls cus gkssrs gS ftUgsa
Amino Acid dgk tkrk gS
ekuo 'kjhj dk yxHkx 15 izfrkr Hkkx izksVhu ls cuk gksrk gSA euq"; ds 'kjhj esa 20 izdkj ds izksVhu dh vko;drk gksrh
gS] ftuesa ls 10 dk lays"k.k Synthesis 'kjhj Lo;a djrk gSA Hksktu esa ge bUgsa Amino Acid ds :i esa ysrs gSA
izksVhu gekjs 'kjhj dk izeq[k ?kVd gSa] ;s 'kjhj dh dksfkdkvksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ;s 'kkjhfjd o`f) esa lgk;d gksrs gSA
izksVhu o`f) esa lgk;d gksrs gSA izksVhu {kfrxzLr mkdksa Damaged tisues dh ejEer djrs gSA
izksVhu dh deh ls ekl isfk;ka detksj gks tkrh gS] 'kkjhfjd fodkl :d tkrk gSA jksx izfrjks/kd Disease Resistance
{kerk de gks tkrh gSA izksVhu dh deh ls cPpksa esa Kwashiorkar vkSj Marasmus jksx gks tkrk gSA
lcls vf/kd izksVhu 43izfrkr Soyabeen esa ik;k tkrk gSA blds vykok ;g nkysa vukt] ewaxQyh] nw/k] iuhj] ngh] v.Mk vkfn
esa ik;k tkrk gSA
[kfut Minerals %& [kfut inkFkZ lw{e ek=k esa fofHkUu tSfod f;kvksa ds fy, vko;d gksrk gSA ;s vdkcZfud ;kSfxd gksrs gsA tks
Hkkstu dsk Lokfn"V cukrs gSA gekjs 'kjhj esa yxHkx 20 [kfut yo.k ik;s tkrs gSA ;s 'kjhj dks jksxksa ls cpkrs gSA Calcium,
Phosphorus, Sodium, Magnesiun Iodine, Iron, Chlorine, etc vkfn izeq[k [kfut gSA
[kfut yo.k] nw/k] ekal] gjh&lfCt;k] eNyh] Qy vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
izeq[k [kfut %& Calciun gfM~M;ksa vkSj nkarks dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA n; dh /kM+du dks lapkfyr djrk gSa] Pulse dks lgh j[krk gSa]
Enzyme ds L=kfor gksus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA jDr dk FkDdk Blood cloting cukus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
nw/k vkSj mlesa cuh gqbZ oLrqvksa gjh iksnkj lfCt;k rFkk pkoy dks NksM+dj cktjk] jkxh] eDdk vkfn vuktksa esa ik;k tkrk
gSA
bldh deh ls gfM~M;ksa dks fuekZ.k ugh gksrk vkSj nkar tYnh VwV tkrs gSA

%& Phosphorus Calcium ds lkFk gfM~M;ksa vkSj nkarksa dks n`<+rk iznku djrk gSA ;s
esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gSA

Phosphorus

Digestion

e-education(delhi)

Fats & Carbohydrates

ds

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Blood esa bldh mifLFkfr ls 'kkjhfjd vEy {kkj larqfyr jgrk gSA ;s nw/k] iuhj] v.Ms dk ihyk Hkkx] ekal] eNyh] nky]
esok vkSj lHkh vuktksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Iron yksgk %& yksg rRo 'kjhj ds fy, cgqr t:jh gksrk gSA yksgk RBC esa Haemoglobin cuus ds fy, vko;d gksrk gSA
Blood esa Iron dh deh ls Anemia gks tkrh gSA yksgk lso esa gjh lfCt;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA v.Ms dk ihys Hkkx] lso] dsys] xqM+
vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Iodin & vk;ksfMu dh deh ls Goirte jksx gks tkrk gSA vk;ksMhu ued esa] leqnzh eNyh] iksnkj gjh lfCt;ksa] leqnzh ouLifr esa ik;k
tkrk gSA
Sodium (Na) & ;s CyM izskj dks Control djus esa] ekal isfk;ksa dk ladqpu djus esa] ikuh dk larqyu cuk, j[krk gSA ;s ued]
ekl] eNyh] nw/k] v.Mk esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Potassium (K) & ;s n; dh /kM+du dks lgh rjhds ls lapkfyr djrk gSA ;s ekal] eNyh] vukt] Qy vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
5 foVkfeu Vitamin & foVkfeu 'kjhj esa lw{e ek=k esa ik;k tkrk gSA foVkfeu gesa tkZ iznku ugha djrs gSA ysfdu bldh deh
ls dbZ jksx gks tkrs gSA foVkfeu dk fuekZ.k gekjh 'kjhj dh dksfkdkvksa }kjk ugha gks ldrk gS] ysfdu bldh iwfrZ [kkus ds }kjk gks
ldrh gSA ysfdu Vitamin D & K ekuo ds 'kjhj ds vanj fufeZr gksrs gSA Vitamin lHkh mikip;h f;kvksa dks fu;af=r djrs gSA
Vitamin dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa ckVk tk ldrk gSA
1- ty esa ?kqyukhy Water soluble & B & C Vitamin
2- olk Fat esa ?kqyukhy & A,D,E,K Vitamin
Vitamin A & bldk oSKkfud uke Retinol gksrk gSA Vitamin A dh deh ls jrksa/kh Night Blidness gks tkrk gSA bldks
Nyctlopia dgrs gSA 'olu r= vkSj peZ jksx Skin Disease Hkh bldh deh ls gksrk gSA
;s vke] iihrk] nw/k] v.Ms dh tjnh] eNyh ds rsy vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Vitamin B & lewg es 11 izdkj ds foVkfeuks dk lewg gSA
1 Vitmin B1 & bldk jlk;fud uke Thymine gksrk gS bldh deh ls Beri-Beri jksx gks tkrk gSA ;s xsgw] pkoy] [kehj] xktj]
ewxQyh] v.Mk vkSj lfCt;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Vitamin B2 %& bldk oSKkfud uke Riboflevin gksrk gSA bldh deh ls 'kjhj ds Hkkj es deh vkrh gSA ;s ekal] gjh lfCt;k nw/k
vkSj v.Ms esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Vitamin B3 & bldh deh ls cky lQsn gks tkrs gS cqf) dk fodkl ugha gksrk] ;s ekl] nw/k] ewxQyh] xUuk] VekVj vkfn esa ik;k
tkrk gSA
Vitamin B5 & bldh deh ls iSykxzk Ropk dk nkn Palaagra jksx gks tkrk gSA ablls Skin esa nkn gks tkrh gS ;s vkyw] ekal]
ewxQyh] iksnkj gjh lfCt;ksa] VekVj vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Vitamin B6 & bldh deh ls 'kkjhfjd o`f) esa :dkoV vkrh gS vkSj O;fDr Anaemia jksx ls xzflr gks tkrk gSA ;s gjh lfCt;k]
ekl] vkSj ;r esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Vitamin B7 &
bldh deh ls ydok] kjhj esa nnZ vkSj ckyksa dk fxjuk vkfn leL;k,sa vkrh gSA ;s ekl] v.Mk ;r vkSj nw/k]
vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Vitamin B12 & ;g RBC ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vko;d gskrh gSA bldh deh ls Anaemia Disease gks tkrk gSA ekal] nw/k Liver
vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;s lfCt;ksa esa ugh ik;k tkrk gSA bl foVkfeu esa dksckYV ik;k tkrk gSaA
Folic Acid VSjksby XywVsfed & bldh deh ls Anaemia jksx gks tkrk gS
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid & bldh deh ls Scurvy disease gks tkrh gSA bl jksxh esa elwM+s detkssj gks tkr gSA ;s [kV~Vs Qyksa]
vadqfjr pus] vkaoyk] larjk vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA Vitamin C ?kkoksa dks 'kh?kz Hkjus esa enn djrk gSA
Vitamin D Calciferol & bldh deh ls cPpks esa Rickets gks tkrk gSA cM+kas esa Osteomalacia vkLVh;ks esysfk;k gks tkrk gSA
Vitamin D lw;Z ds izdkk] v.Ms dh tnhZ] eNyh dk rsy] nw/k vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Note & lw;Z ls fudyus okyh UV-Ray Ropk esa mifLFkr dks Vitamin - D eas ifjofrZr dj nsrk gssSA
Vitamin E Tocopherol & bls iztuu Reproductive foVkfeu Hkh dgrs gSA bldh deh ls O;fdr uiqald Infertile gks tkrk
gSA fL=;ksa esa cka>iu vk tkrk gSA foVkfeu bZ dks Beauty vitamin Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g Ropk dks lqanj vkSj LoLFk cukus esa
enn djrk gSA ;s vadqfjr nkus xsgw] puk] eVj gjh lfCt;ksa] dikl ds cht ds rsy esa ik;k tkrk gSA
Vitamin - K Pheloquinone & bldh deh ls jDr dk FkDdk ugh terk gSA bls gheksfQfyd Hkh dgrs gSA ;s gjh lfCt;k] xsgw]
VekVj] ekl eNyh esa ik;k tkrk gSA

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ty Water & 'kjhj ds Hkkj dk yxHkx 70% ty dk gksrk gSA ty 'kjhj dh lHkh dksfkdkvksa dk egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA ,d LoLFk
O;fDr dks yxHkx 4&5 yhVj ikuh ihuk pkfg,A ty ekuo 'kjhj ds rki dks ilhuk vkSj ok"iu Vaporization }kjk fu;af=r
djrk gSA
cSDVhfj;k }kjk gksus okys jksx%&
1 Titnus /kuq"k Vadkj & ;g Beassilus tetani cSlhyl VsVuh Bacteria ds dkj.k gksrk gSA bl jksx ds Bacteria T;knkrkj
tax yxs yksgs ij vkSj ?kksMs+ dh yhn Faecus ij ik;k tkrk gSA bl jksx ls 'kjhj esa vdM+u gksus yxrh gSA tcM+s can gks tkrss gSA
Penicillin Injection yxkus ls
ATS Injection Anti toxide serum rhu ckj yxokuk pkfg;sA
cPpksa dks igys ls DPT dk Vhdk yxok ysus ls bl jksx ls j{kk gksrh gSA
2 gStk Cholera & ;s Vibrio cholerae bacteria ls QSyrk gSA ;s efD[k;ksa }kjk QSyrk gSA bl jksx esa yxkrkj nLr vkSj
mfYV;k gksrh gSA ftlls jksxh ds 'kjhj esa ty dh deh gks tkrh gS vkSj jDr dk lapkj /khek iM+ tkrk gSA
Treament & gStk dk Vhdk yxokuk pkfg,] ikuh dks mcky dj ihuk pkfg,] lkQ lqFkjk Hkkstu djuk pkfg, vkSj ihus ds ikuh dks
Tropical cbloride lime (TCL) vFkok Chlorogen ls ikuh dks 'kksf/kr djuk pkfg,A
3 vkar Toj Typhoid & bls vkar dk cq[kkj ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g jksx ikuh dh xanxh ls QSyrk gSA bleas jksxh dks
Spleen Iyhgk c<+ tkrh gSA blesa jksxh Chloromycetin vkS"k/kh Antibiotic nok nsuh pkfg,A bl jksx ls cpko ds fy;s Hkkstu
dks efD[k;ksa ls cpkuk pkfg,A ;s Solmonella typhosa bacteria ls gksrk gSA
4 risfnd jksx@;{kek@{k;jksx Tuberculosis & ;g ,d laked jksx gSA ;s Mycobectirium tuberculosis ls QSyrk gSA
bl Bacteri dh [kkst 1882 es Robert Koch us dh FkhA jksfx;ksa dks ckj&ckj [kkalh ds lkFk dQ vkSj Blood fudyrk gSa]
lhus es nnZ] lkal ysus esa dfBukbZ] gYdk cq[kkj cuk jgrk gS] otu de gksus yxrk gSA
bl jksx ds bykt ds fy, Stremptomycin dk injection fn;k tkrk gS vkSj PAS Para amino salycilic Acid vkSj
Isoniazide fn;k tkrk gSA cPPkksa dks B.C.G yxk;k tkrk gSA
foyhflu] MkWa- foey dqekj us esagnh ds ikksa ls [kksth gSA

Bacillus Pestis & bldk lae.k pwgks ij ik;s tkus okys Fleas fiLlqvksa ls gksrk gS D;ksafd fiLlqvksa ds 'kjhj esa
Plague dk bl fcekjh esa jksxh dks cgqr rst Hkq[kkj vkrk gSA 'kjhj ij fxyfV;k fudy vkrh gSA Sulphadrugs vkSj
Streptomycin nokvksa dk mi;ksx Plgue jksx ds mipkj ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA pwgksa dks Hkxkus ds fy, Zinc Phosphate ;k BHC
dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
6 dkyh [kkalh Whooping cough & ;s Haemophilous Pertusis ls QSyrk gSA bl jksx dk izlkj gok }kjk gksrk gSa] bls dqdj
[kkalh Hkh dgrs gS] blesa yxkrkj [kkalh vkrh jgrh gSA bl jksx ds mipkj ds fy, D.P.T dk Vhdk yxk;k tkrk gSA
7 Pneumonia & ;s fMIyksdksdl u;weksuh Diplococcus Pneumonie Bacteria ls gksrk gSA bl jksx esa QsaQM+k izHkkfor gksrk gS]
QsaQM+ks esa lwtu vk tkrh gS] jksxh dks rst Hkq[kkj rFkk lakl ysus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA blesa jksfx;ksa dks B.M ls cpkrs gS rFkk
Antiboitics nh tkrh gSA
8 Diptheria & ;s dksjhuks cSSDVhfj;e fMIFkhfj;kbZ cSDVhfj;k Coryne Bacterium Dipheriae }kjk QSyrh gSA Diptheria ds
Bacteria vf/kdkakr% xans Qy] ikuh rFkk vU; [kk| inkFkksaZ ij ik;s tkrs gSA T;knkrj ;s 3&5 lky rd ds cPpksa dks gksrk gSA bl
jksx esa lkal ufy;ksa esa tkyh cu tkrh gS] ftlls lkal ysus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS] ftlls jksxh dh e`R;w gks tkrh gSA blesa cPpksa dks
D.P.T. dk Vhdk yxk;k tkrk gSA jksxh dh ukd vkSj ewg dks KMnO4 ds ?kksy ls /kks nuk pkfg,A
dq"B jksx leprosy &;s Mycrobacterium Leprae Bacteria d }kjk QSyrk gSA ;g ,d laked jksx gSA bl jksx ls rdks dk
vi{k; Dioluecy Tisue 'kjhj ij pdks Spots fn[kkbZ nsus yxrs gSA 'kjhj ds ftu LFkkuksa ij ;g jksx gksrk gS] ogk
laosnukhyrk Sehstivity lekIr gks tkrh gS vkSj LikZ dk vuqHko ugha gksrk gSA blds fy, Multi-Duig-Tretment M.D.T
nokvksa dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA M.D.T esa 3 nok;sa nh tkrh gSA
1- Msilksu
2- DyksQkthfuu
3- fjQsfelhu
Syphlis & ;s Vsiksusek iSfYkMe Teponama pallidum ls gksrk gSA ;s 'kjhj ds xqIrkaxksa Sex organs esa gksus okyk jksx gSA blesa
Penicillin dk Injection fn;k tkrk gSA
Plague

e-education(delhi)

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lwtkd Gonorrhee & ;s Hkh xqIr vaxks esa gksrk gSa] blesa fL=;kas esa cka>iu dh fLFkr gks tkrh gSA blds Treatmint esa Antibiotic
Medicine dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Virus
1 AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome & ;s HIV Humman Immuno Virus ls QSyrk gSA AIDS jksx ;kSsu lac/a kksa
ds dkj.k] u'khys inkFkZ ds vf/kd lsou djus ls] nwf"kr jDr p<kus ls QSyrk gSA AIDS jksx esa jksxh dh jksx&izfrjks/kd {kerk lekIr
gks tkrh gSA jksxh dk 'kjhj txg&txg Qwy tkrk gSA Blood Circulation vO;ofLFkr gks tkrk gSA AIDS dk igyk jksxh 1981 esa
dSyhQksfuZ;k esa ik;k x;k Fkk vkSj 1982 esa bls AIDS uke fn;k x;kA blds fy, Elissa Test gksrk gSA blesa AZT Azido
Thymidne nokvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
2 pspd Small-Pox & pspd ,d laked jksx gS bl jksx dk Virus 'kjhj esa rsth ls QSyrk gSA pspd ds jksxh dks igys rst
cq[kkj vkrk gSA fQj 'kjhj ij yky nkus fudy vkrs gSA ;s nkus igys psgjs ij] ckn esa iwjs 'kjhj ij fudyrs gSA tks ckn esa lQsn
QQksys ds :i esa cny tkrs gSA lw[kus ij ;s nkus 'kjhj ij fukku NwV tkrs gSA
3 NksVh ekrk Chicken-Pox & ;g jksx Hkh pspd dh rjg cgqr gh laked gksrs gSA ;s jksxh dh 'okl ;k Nhdks ls izlkfjr gksrk
gSA blesa Hkh 'kjhj ij fifkdk;s ihys&ihys nkus fudy tkrh gSA bl jksx ls cpus ds fy, pspd ds Vhds yxkuk pkfg, rFkk lQkbZ
ij foks"k /;ku nsuk pkfg,A
xylwvk Mumpes & ;g Virus }kjk gksrk gSA Virus dk izlkj jksxh dh ykj ls gksrk gSA ;g ,d laked chekjh gSA ,d nks
fnu cq[kkj jgus ds ckn dku ds uhps fLFkr Parathyroid Gland esa lwtu vk tkrh gSA blds mipkj ds fy, ued ds ikuh dh
lQkbZ vkSj Teramycin ds Injection yxkuk pkfg,A
[kljk Measles & ;g ekSjcyh okbjl Morbeli Virus ls QSyrk gSA ;g ,d laked jksx gSa] ;s fo'ks"k :i ls NksVs cPpksa dks
vf/kd jksx dk vkjaHk gksrk gS] ckn essa 'kjhj ij yky nkus fudy tkrs gS vkSj vk[ks yky gks tkrh gSA
Trachoma & bl jksx esa vka[k dh dksjfu;k esa o`f) gks tkrh gS] vk[k yky gks tkrh gSa] vk[k esa nnZ cuk jgrk gS] vk[kksa ls ikuh
vkrk gS vkSj n`f"V detksj gks tkrh gSA bl jksx ls cpus ds fy, Penicillin & Chloromycein dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
Conjuctivitis us= nkg & ;g vk[kksa esa gksus okyk jksx gSa] vk[ksa yky gks tkrh gS vkSj il fudyrk gSA vk[ks lwt tkrh gSA blds
mipkj ds fy, vk[kksa dks dbZ ckj /kksuk pkfg,A Peniclihin, Chloromcytin vka[kksa esa Mkyuk pkfg,A
Jaundice ihfy;k & ;s Liver esa gksus okyk jksx gSA blesa Blood esa fik i.kZd Bile Pigment vf/kd] Ropk ihyh gks tkrh gS
vkSj iskko dk jax Hkh ihyk gks tkrk gSA frYyh dh Spleen dk;Z {kerk ?kV tkrh gSA blesa jksxh dks vkjke djuk pkfg,A
Rabies Hydrophobia & ;g ikxy dqks] HksfM+;s ;k ykseM+h ds dkVus ls gksrk gSA canj ds dkVus ls Hkh gksrk gSa] blls CNS
Central Nervous System izHkkfor gksrk gSA ;g jksx ykblk okbjl VkbZi&1 Lyssa Virus Type-1 ds }kjk gksrk gS] tks fd
dqks ds dkVs tkus ij dqks dh ykj ds }kjk euq"; ds [kwu esa izosk djrk gSA blesa O;fDr ikxy gks tkrk gSA dqks tSlh vkokt
fudkyrk gS vkSj jksxh dks ty ls Hk; mRiUu gksrk gSA bl jksx ds bykt ds fy, Antirabies Vhdk yxokuk pkfg,A bl Vhds dh
[kkst Louis Pastuer us dh FkhA ?kkoksa dks 'kq) dkcskZfud ,flM ;k ukbfVd ,flM ls /kks ysuk pkfg,A
1 Asthma & ;g ,d laked jksx gS] blls QsQM+s izHkkfor gksrs gSA blesa lakl ysus esa jksxh dks dfBukbZ gksrh gSA blesa jksx ds
bykt ds fy, MsjhQkbuhy] VsMky] ,Msufyu vkfn nokvksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
2 Athletes Foot & ;g jkssx VkbdksQkbVksu Qaxl ls gksrk gSa bl jksx dk jksxk.kw iSj dh Ropk ls QVus] dVus ls gksrk gA
3 nkn Ringworm & ;g jksx Hkh VkbdksQkbVksu Qaxl ls gksrk gSA bl jksx esa Ropk ij yky jax ds xksys iM+ tkrs gSA ;g ,d
laked jksx gSA jksxh dks fMVksy dh cwan ikuh esa feykdj ugkuk pkfg,A
4 [kkt Scabies & bl jksx dk dkjd ,dsjl Ldscht gSA abl jksx esa Ropk esa [kqtyh eprh gS vkSj Ropk ij lQsn nkx gks tkrs
gSA
5 xatkiu Baldness & ;g jksx Vhfu;kdsihfVal dod Fungus ls QSyrk gSA bl jksx esa flj ds ckyksa dh xzafFk;ksa dodksa
ds }kjk [kRe gks tkrh gSA ftlls flj ds cky VwVus yxrs gS vkSj O;fDr xatk gks tkrk gSA
1 Maleria & eysfj;k Plasmodium uked izksVkstksvk ls gksrk gSA ;g Female Anopheles ePNj ds dkVus ls gksrk gSA bl jksx
esa B.M ds lkFk cq[kkj vkrk gSA RBC u"V gks tkrs gSA dHkh&dHkh frYyh Spleen Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA blds mipkj ds fy, dqusSu]
Chloroquinine, Premaquinine vkfn vkS"kf/k;k nh tkrh gSA xSacqfl;k fQ'k dks rkykcksa esa NksM+us ls ePNjksa dk fu;a=.k gksrk gSA

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2 ik;fj;k %& ;g elwM+s esa gksus okyk jksx gSA ;s Antamoeba-Gingivalis Protoza ls gksrk gSA ik;fj;k esa elwM+s ls il vkSj [kwu
vkrk gS] nkarks dh tM+ks esa ?kko gks tkrk gS vkSj ewg esa nqxZU/k vkrh gSA nkar <hys gksdj fxj tkrs gSA ik;fj;k ds bykt ds fy, [kkus
esa Vitamin-C i;kZIr ek=k esa gksuk pkfg,A
3 funzk jksx Sleeping Sickness & ;s jksx Trypanosoma Protoza ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ;s Tse-Tse eD[kh ds dkVus ls gksrk gSA
bl jksx esa uhan cgqr vkrh gS vkSj cq[kkj Hkh vkrk gSA
4 Dysentry %& iSfpl Entamoeba Histolytica ijthoh cM+h vkar ds vxys Hkkx Colon esa gksrk gSA blesa jksxh dks nLr yxrs
gS] [kkuk ugh iprk vkSj Hkw[k ugha yxrh gSA iSfpl ds bykt ds fy, ,aVhdksuky] vk;MksQkeZ] esDlkQkse vkfn nokvksa dk mi;ksx
djuk pkfg,A
5 dkyktkj Kalazar & ;s Leishmania Donovani Protozoa ls QSyrk gSA ;s jsr esa jgus okyh eD[kh ckyw eD[kh Sandfly
ds dkaVus ls gksrk gSa blesa jksxh dks rst cq[kkj vkrk gSA
&% Helmihthas ls QSyus okys jksx %&
1 vfrlkj Diarrhoea & ;s Ascaris-Lumbricod ds }kjk gksrk gSA ;s ?kjsyq eD[kh }kjk izlkfjr gksrk gSA ;g ijthoh vkrksa
esa ?kko dj nsrk gS] ftlls izksVhu dks ipkus okyk ,Utk;e fVfIlu u"V gks tkrk gS vkSj Hksktu Bhd ls ugha iprk gSA blesa isV esa
annZ vkSj mYVh gksrh gSA bl jksx ds bykt ds fy, Tetra Chloride vkSj Teta chloro Ethleyne dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
2 gkFkh ikao Filariasis & ;s Waucheria Bancrofti, D;wySDl ePNj ds dkVus ls QSyrk gS] bl jksx esa jksxh ds iSj] gkFkks vkSj
'kjhj ds vU; Hkkxksa es lwtu vk tkrh gSAA iSj lwt dj gkFkh dh rjg gks tkrk gSA bl jksx ds bykt ds fy, Hetragen vkS"k/kh
ysuk pkfg, vkSj DohySDl eD[kh dks ekjus ds fy, Diethyl carbamazine dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

e/kqesg Diabetics %& ;s iSUhvkl dh [kjkch ds dkj.k gksrk gSA Pancreas esa tc i;kZIr ek=k esa Insulin ugha curk gSA rc
e/kqesg jksx gks tkrk gSA CyM esa mifLFkr Glucose bUlqfyu }kjk iprk gS vkSj tc Insulin dh deh gksrh gS rks Glocose,
Urine }kjk fudyus yxrk gS] ftlls jksxh dks i;kZIr ek=k esa tkZ ugha feyrhA blesa vf/kd Hkw[k] ewg esa lw[kkiu] vf/kd I;kl
vkSj tYnh&tYnh iskkc vkrh gSA Diabetics ds jksfx;ksa dks feBkbZ;ka] vkyw] lkcwnkus] pkoy vkfn vf/kd Carbohydrate okys inkFkZ
de ls de [kkuk pkfg,A jksfx;ksa dks Insulin ds Injection ysrs jguk pkfg,A bUlqfyu ikqvksa] HksM+ks] lwvj vkfn ds isfU;kt ls
izkIr fd;k tkrk gSa A
dsalj %& dsalj jksx esa dksfkdk foHkktu rhoz xfr vkSj vuf;fer gksrk gSA ftlls V~;wej] curk gSA jsfM;ks,fDVo inkFkksaZ ls gM~Mh;ksa
dk dSUlj] vf/kd /kqeziku ls QSQM+ks dk dsalj] fofdj.k ls Ropk dsalj gksrk gSA Blood dsalj dks Leukamia dgrs gSA dsalj ds
mipkj ds fy, ,.Vhck;ksfVDl] ,YdksykSbMl ds iz;ksx ls jsfM;ks Fksjsih ystj fdj.kksa ls ltZjh djds fd;k tkrk gSA
Diplopia %& ;g jksx vk[kksa dh ekalisfk;ksa ds isSjkyk;fll ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ;g ukhyh nckvksa o ,Ydksgy ds lsou ls gksrk gSA
fexhZ Epilepsy vIlekj %& ;g efLr"d ds vakrfjd jksxksa ds dkj.k gksrk gSA tc jksxh dks nkSjk vkrk gSA rc eqg ls >kx fudyrk
gSA
,ythZ Allergy %& dqN oLrqvksa tSls& /kwy] xehZ] lnhZ ikS/ks ;k tUrq dqN fo'ks"k O;fDr;ksa ds fy, gkfudkjd gksrs gS vkSj muds 'kjhj
esa foijhr f;k gksus yxrh gSA blesa Qqalh gksuk] dkys nkx iM+uk] [kqtyh gksuk vkfn ,ythZ ds dkj.k gksrs gSA
n; ?kkr Heart Attack %& n; /kefu;ksa esa jDr te tkus ds dkj.k n; ds isfk; rUrqvksa dks jDr ugha fey ikrk gSA blls
n; esa nnZ gksrk gSA n; jDr dk lapkj ugha dj ikrk gS D;ksafd n; dks"Bksa Chambers esa ladqpu vkSj izlkj.k ugha gks ikrk
gSA bls n; xfr dk :d tkuk ;k n; ?kkr dgk tkrk gSA
fny dk nkSjk vfu;fer jDrpki] Mk;fcVht] ekufld ruko vf/kd ek=k esa dkWysLVksy ;qDr Hksktu djuk /kqeziku vkSj
'kkjhfjd esgur u djus okys dks n; ?kkr gksrk gSA n; ?kkr esa jksxh ds n; ds ck;ha vksj rst nnZ mBrk gS vkSj tksj ls ilhuk
o ?kcjkgV gksrh gSA rst nkSjk gksus ij jksxh csgks'k gks tkrk gS vkSj /kM+du vpkud :d tkrh gSA
blds fy, lkfcZVsV dh xksyh nsuh pkfg,A /keuh dks [kksyus ds fy, LVsIVks&dkbust ;k ;wjksdkbust dk bUtsD'ku nsuk pkfg,A
n; jksxh dks olk okyh phtsa ugha [kkuk pkfg,A
fpfdRlk lacaf/k vkfo"dkj
vkfo"dkj
oSKkfud
1
,UVhlsfIVd ltZjh
L.J. fyLVj
2
,UVhiksfy;ks osDlhu
tkWUlbZ- lkWYd
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3
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1
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12

jscht
jDr ifjlapj.k
gstk ds Vhds

yqbZ ikpj
fofy;e gkosZ
jkWcVZ dksp
D.D.T.
ikWy eqyj
csDVhfj;k
Y;wosu gkWd
gksE;ksisFkh
MkWa- gSuhesu
n; izR;kjksi.k
MkW- fpu oukZM
eysfj;k isjklkbV
jksukYM jkWl
xHkZ fujks/kd xksyh
fiudl
D.N.A.
okVlu & fd
DyksjksQkeZ
gSjhlu & flEilu
T.V. oSDVhfj;k
jkscVZ dksp
gkbMksQksfc;k
yqbZ ikpj
Vhdkdj.k
,MoMZ tsuj
pspd dk Vhdk
,MoMZ tsuj
ikWfy;ks dk MkWi
,yoMZ lsfczu
tSusfVd dksM
MkWa- gjxksfoUn [kqjkuk
izkd`frd oj.k dk fl)akr pkYlZ MkfoZu
bUlqfyu
csfVax & csLV
jDr ifjorZu
dkyZ ys.MLVhuj
LVsFkkSLdksi
jsus fyusd
isfuflyhu
vysDts.Mj ysfeax
dsalj ds thu
jkWcVZ ohuoxZ
isfpl & Iysx
fdVk tkdks
;yks Qhoj ihrToj
jhM+
,Utkbe
dqgus
izFke ij[kuyh fkkq
LVsIVks & ,MOkMZ
LVsIVksekbflu
csDlesu

ck;ksykWth
vjLrw
twykWth
vjLrw
fpfdRlk
fgIikssVl
tsusfVd
th- ts- esaMy
VsDlksukseh
dSjksyl yhfu;l
thoke foKku Fossils fy;ksukMksZnfoalh
cksVuh
fFk;kssLVl
jDr lewgBlood Group dkyZ yS.MLVhuj
thok.kq foKku
jkscVZ dkWp
Bacteriology
fo"kk.kq
bokuksoLdh
lw{e tSfodh
yqbZ ikpj
Micobiology
ikfjfLFkfrdh Ecology VsUlys
chekjh vkSj muls izHkkfor vax
chekjh
vax

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'okluyh VSfd;k
vXuk'k;
Fkk;jkbM xzfUFk
iSj@gkFk
Iyhgk Spleen
;r
QsaQM+s
QsaQM+s
gfM~M;k
gfM~M;ksa ds tksM+
vk[ksa
vk[ksa
vkar
nkar@elwM+s
xyk
Cholitis
NksVh o cM+h vkar
esfuatkbfVl
efLr"d
Qk;ysfj;k
iSj
ik;fj;k
nkar

midj.k
&
vax
islesdj
&
fny
vkWVks,ukykbtj
&
Xywdkst] ;wfj;k] dkysLVkWy
lh- Vh- LdSu
&
lEiw.kZ 'kjhj dh tkap
E.C.G.
&
n; laca/kh voLFkk ds fy,
bysDVkW bUls QsyksxzkQ
&
efLr"d
tUrq txr dk oxhZdj.k &
tUrq txr dk lcls igys oxhZdj.k vjLrw us fd;k Fkk A
tUrq txr dk vk/kqfud oxhZdj.k dSjksylyhfu;l us fd;k Fkk
izk.kh txr dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSa
1 ,d dkskh; Unicellular
2 cgq dkskh; Multicellular
,d dkskh; izk.kh esa oSsDVhfj;k uhygfjr 'ksSoky Blue geen algae vkSj izksVkstksvk vkrs gSA izksVkstksvk ds vUrxZr & ;wXyhuk] vehok]
isjkehfk;e IykTeksfM;e] eksuksflfLVl vkrs gSA ;qXyhuk dks gjk izksVkstksvk dgrs gSA tcfd iSjkfefk;e dks pIIyuqek tUrq Sleepar
animal cuel dgrs gSA
,.V vehck dksykbZ euq"; dh vkar ds dksyu Colon esa jgrk gS rFkk dksbZ gkfu ugh igqpkrk
;wXyhuk vkSj ckWyokWDl dks iks/kksa vkSj tUrqvksa ds chp dh dM+h ekuk tkrk gSA
cgq dkskh; tUrq
1 iksjhQsk %& budk lEiw.kZ kjhj NksVs&NksVs Nsnksa ls cuk gksrk gSA blesa vf/kdkak leqnzh tho vkrs gSA bu tUrqvksa ds 'kjhj esa uky
ra= Canal System ik;k tkrk gS vkSj mudk dadky dSfYk;e dkckZsusV ;k flkfydk ;k Liath rarqvksa dk cuk gksrk gSA
mnk- %& lk;dksu] ohul yksoj okLdsV bl Liat dks tkiku esa eSfjt fxV ds :i esa fn;k tkrk gS D;ksafd blesa uj o eknk thou
Hkj lkFk&lkFk jgrs gSA] ;wLoaft;k okFk Liat
2 lhysUVsVk Coelenterata %& blesa vf/kdkakr% leqnzh iztkfr;k ikbZ tkrh gSA dqN iztkfr;ka LoPN ty o rkykcksa esa Hkh ikbZ tkrh
gSA ;s tUrq cgq:irk Polymorphism nkkZrs gS tSls iksfyi vkSj esaM~;wlk vkSj bu tUrqvksa esa ihf<+;ksa dk ,dkUrj.k Alternation
of Genaration ik;k tkrk gSA bl la?k ds dqN tUrq ewxk dksjy cukrs gSA
1
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vLFkek
e/kqesg
?ksa?kk Goitre
iksfy;ks
eysfj;k
ihfy;k
fueksfu;k
Vh-ohfjdsV~l
xfB;k jksxArthritis
VSdksek
dsVjsDV eksfr;kfcan
Vk;QkbM
LdchZ
fMIFkhfj;k

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tSls & dksjy] gkbMk] vksosfy;k] feyhiksjk] Qkblsfy;kiqrZxky dk yM+kdw tgkt] tSyhfQk] lh,uheksu] lh isu
3 IysVhgsfYefUFkl Phatylelminthis %& blesa vf/kdkak ijthoh gksrs gSA bUgsa piVs eh Flat Worm dgrs gaS
tSls & QslhvkSyk Fasciola fyoj ywd vkSj Vhfu;k Taenia Qhrkeh VsioeZ
4- fuessVksM+k ;k ,LdgsfYeUFkht %& bl Qkbye ds tUrq dsoy vUr% ijthoh Endo Parasite gksrs gSA tks euq"; vkSj fofHkUu
tUrqvksa esa vusd izdkj dh chekfj;k QSykrs gSA
mnk- ,Ldsfjl xksyeh] pqUukeh lhVoeZ
5 ,uhfyMk Annilida %& budk 'kjhj [k.Mksa esa cVk jgrk gSA tSls& dsapqvk] tkSad] usfjlA
6 vkFkksZiksMk Arthopoda %& bl 'kCn dk loZizFke iz;ksx oku lhcksYM us fd;k FkkA blesa ik;s tkus okys tUrqvksa ds 'kjhj ij
dk;Vhu dk dop ik;k tkrk gSA ftls os le;&le; ij R;kx nsrs gSA bl f;k dks Moulting dgrs gSA
vkFkksZiksMk lalkj dk lcls cM+k la?k gSA blds vUrxZr leLr tUrq txr ds yxHkx 80% tUrq ik;s tkrs gSA bl la?k dk Hkh
lcls cM+k oxZ dhV oxZ gSa
vkFkksZiksMk la?k esa fcPNw] ePNj] [kVey] fiLLkw] tw Lause
7 eksyLdk Mollusca %& ;s leqnzh ty vkSj LFky ij ik;s tkus okys tUrq gSA buds 'kjhj ij dSfYk;e dkcksZusV dk dop gksrk
gSA
blesa ik;yk ?kksa?kk Sepia dVy fQk vkWDVksil v"Vin] ek;Vhyl vkfn tarq ik;s tkrs gSA
8 bdkbZuksMesaZVk Echinodermeta %& blds vUrxZr vkus okys lHkh tho tUrq dsoy leqnz esa ik;s tkrs gSA bu tUrqvksa ds 'kjhj
ij dkaVs ik;s tkrs gSA
tSls & LVkj fQk flrkjk eNyh tks eNyh ugha gS] fczVy LVkj Brittle Star fczVy LVkj] dqdwesfj;k Cucumaria] leqnzh [khjk
9 dksjMsVk Chordata %& blds vaUrxZr os izk.kh vkrs gSA ftuesa Notochord mifLFkr gksrh gSA ftudh iwaN esa Notochord ikbZ
tkrh gSA bUgsa ;wjksdkjMsVk Urochordata dgrs gSA ftuds flj esa Notochord ik;h tkrh gSA mUgsa Cepholo chordata dgrs gSA
ftu thoksa esa tcM+s dk vHkko gksrk gS mUgsa Agnatha dgrs gSA
tSls & Urochordata & gMZekfu;k
Cefeellowchordata & ,EQhvkWfDll
Agnatha
& ysEizs-] isVksekbtkWu
10 eRL; oxZ %& ;g oxZ iw.kZr% tyoklh gSA
tSls & lHkh eNfy;k
11 mHk;pj oxZ %& ;s tho ty vkSj LFky nksuksa esa ik;s tkrs gSA blesa esa<+d] gkbyk] VksM ToadA
12 ljhl`i Reptiles %& vf/kdkak blesa LFky oklh gSA ysfdu dqN tyoklh Hkh gksrs gSSA ;s v.Ms nsus okys izFke tho gSA iw.kZr%
LFkyh; vuqdwyu nkkZrs gSA buesa 'olu QsaQM+kas ls gksrk gSA buds Ropk esa xzfUFk;ksa dk vHkko gksrk gSA lHkh eklkgkjh gksrs gSA
tSls & fNidyh] lkai] dNqvk] exjePN] Mk;uklkSj
12 i{kh oxZ %& ;s v.Ms nsus okys ,sls izk.kh gSa tks mM+us ds fy, vuqdwfyr gksrs gSA budh gfM+M;ka [kks[kyh gksrh gSa buesa ew=kk;
ugha ik;k tkrk gSA 'olu QsaQM+ksa }kjk gksrk gSa buesa dsoy ,d v.Mkk; Ovary) gksrk gSA lcls NksVk Bird gfeax cMZ gSA lcls
cM+k 'kqrqjeqxZ gSA
13 Lru/kkjh Mammalia %& os tUrq ftuesa Lru xzfUFk;k ikbZ tkrh gSA buls mRiUu fkkq nqX/k }kjk iksk.k xzg.k djrs gSA ;s
eq[;r% LFkyh; gksrs gSA budk 'olu QSaQM+ks }kjk gksrk gSA ;s lerkih gksrs gSA Ogsy] vkSj leqnzhxk; dks NksM+dj bl oxZ ds lHkh tUrq
4 iSj okys gksrs gSA buds 'kjhj ij cky gksrs gSA buesa Losn xzafFk;ka vf/kd foflr gksrh gSA ;s rhu Lru/kkjh oxZ dks rhu mioxZ esa
ckaVk x;k gSA
1- izksVksFkhfj;k %& ;s v.Ms nsus okys Liu/kkjh gSA ;s Lru/kkjh dbZ y{k.kksa esa ljhlikZsa dh rjg gksrs gSA
tSls & Achidna
2- esVkFkhfj;k Metathiria %& ;s tUrq vYifodflr cPpksa dks tUe nsrs gSA
tSls & daxk:
3- ;wFkhfj;k@IyslsUVh;k Eutheria/ placentelia %& ;s okLrfod Lru/kkjh gksrs gSA tks cPpksa dks tUe nsrs gsA
tSls & ekuo
Note :- pexknM+ mM+us okyk Lru/kkjh gSA lcls yEch fNidyh dkseksMkM
s sxu gSaA Msdks Drecho mM+us okyk Reptile gSA

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BOTANY
dod Fungi %& buesa DykjksIykLV i.kZgfje ugha ik;k tkrk gSA ;s Lo;a viuk Hkkstu ugha cukrs gSA budh dksfkdkfHkfk Cell
Wall dk;fVu dh cuh gksrh gSA ;s jksVh] vpkj] eqjCck] tSe] tSyh ,oa vU; lM+s&xys inkFkksaZ ij ik;s tkrs gSA
;s rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS &
1- e`rksithoh Saprophytes %& bl izdkj ds dod viuk Hkkstu lnsSo lM+s&xys dkcZfud inkFkksaZ Organic Matters ls izkIr
djrs gSA
tSls & jkbtksil] czsM dk QQwn Fungi isuhflfy;e] ekspsZyk
2- ijthoh Parasites %& os dod tks viuk Hkkstu tUrqvksa o ikS/kksa ls izkIr djrs gSA ;s lnSo gkfudkjd gksrs gSa
tSls & ifDlfu;k Puccinia & vukt ds ikS/kksa dks uqdlku igqpkrk gSA
vfLVykxks Ustilago
3- lgthoh Symbiotic %& ;s dod nwljs ikS/kksa ds lkFk&lkFk mxrs gS rFkk ,d&nwljs dks ykHk igqapkrs gSA
tSls & ykbdsu
dod dk egRo@ykHk
xqPNh Morchella dk mi;ksx lCth ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS
,LithZyl vkSj isuhflkfy;e dk mi;ksx iuhj m|ksx esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Yeast [kehj dk mi;ksx ,Ydksgy m|ksx esa fd;k tkrk gSA
lSdsjksekblht lsjsfolh dk mi;ksx czsM cukus esa gksrk gSA
LVsIVks ekbfll fxzlh;l] ls foVkfeu B12 feyrk gSA
foVkfeu D yeast ls feyrk gSA
,.Vhck;ksfVDl eq[; :i ls dod ls cuk;s tkrs gSA lcls igys 1927 esa vysDts.Mj ysfeax us iSfuflyhu cuk;k FkkA
blds vykok Dyksjks ek;flVhu] fu;ksekblhu Neomycin] LVsIVks ekblhu vkSj Vsjkekblhu Teramycin] uked
,.Vhck;ksfVDl dodks ls curs gSA
dod ls gkfu
1- cgqr ls dod [kqys eqjCcs] vpkj] tSe] jksVh vkfn dks u"V dj nsrs gSA
tSls & jkbtksil] E;wdj
2- dqN dod diM+]s peM+]s dkxt ds lkeku] dSejs ds ySal vkfn dks u"V dj nsrs gSA

tSls & ,lijthyl] isuhlhfy;e]

3- iksfj;k] QkWfeZl] vkSj es:yh;l vkfn dod ydfM+;ksa dks lM+kdj u"V dj nsrs gSA

'kSsoky Algae %& kSokyksa ds v/;;u dks Phycology cksyrs gSA 'kSoky izk;% i.kZgfjr DyksjksfQy ;qDr vkReiks"kh Autotrophs
rFkk lsY;wykst fHkkh okys gksrs gSA kSoky ,d tyh; ikS/kk gSA tks rkts ty] leqnzh ty] xeZ ty ds >juksa o dhpM+ esa gksrs gSA
cQZ ij mxus okys 'kSoky dks fIVksQkbV~l Cryptophyhtes dgrs gSA
'kSoky dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
1 jksMksQkbVk yky 'kSoky %& ;g ,d leqnzh 'kSoky gSA ;g viuh fHkfk ij dSfYk;e dkcksZusV dk L=ko rFkk lap; Secretion
and accumulation djrs gSA
2 fQ;ksQkbVk %& ;s Hkwjs 'kSoky gksrs gSA bl izdkj ds 'kSoky ls vk;ksMhu izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s vf/kdkkr% leqnz esa ik;s tkrs gSA
3 DyksjksQkbVk %& bls gjk 'kSoky dgrs gSA blesa DyksjksfQy ik;k tkrk gSA

'kSoky ls ykHk

'kSokyksa esa dkcksZgkbMsV~l vdkcZfud inkFkZ rFkk foVkfeu A,C,D vkSj E izpqj ek=k esa ik;s tkrs gSA
tkiku ds yksx vYok Alva iksjQkbjk uked leqnzh 'kSoky dk iz;ksx lykn ds :i esa djrs gSA
LdkWVyS.M esa jksMksesfj;k uked 'kSoky rEckdw dh Hkkafr [kk;k tkrk gSA
uksLVksd Nostoc dks phu esa Hkkstu ds :i esa iz;qDr djrs gSA
Hkkjr esa vEcyhdl uked 'kSoky [kk;k tkrk gSA
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Nostoc

vkSj ,ukohuk 'kSoky ok;qe.My dh ukbVkstu dk ljyhdj.k djrs gSA ftlls Hkwfe dh moZjk Fertility kfDr c<+rh

gSA
uhygfjr 'kSoky Blue geen algae dk mi;ksx catj Hkwfe dks mitk cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ysehusfj;k vkSj ;wdk 'kSokyksa dk iz;ksx vk;ksMhu] czkes hu vkSj ,slhVksu vEy cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Dyksjsyhu uked ,.Vhck;ksfVd Dyksjsyk uked 'kSoky ls izkIr dh tkrh gSA
'kSoky ls gkfu;k
dqN 'kSoky ihus ds ikuh dk nwf"kr dj nsrs gSA 'kSoky ty iznw"k.k dks c<+krs gSA
flQsY;wjksLk Cephaleuros uked 'kSoky pk; ds ikS/kksa ij yky fdV~V Red rust jksx mRiUu djrk gSA
uksV %& esksflfLVl Macrocystis lcls cM+k 'kSoky gS vkSj ,flVkcqyksfj;k lcls NksVk ,d dkskh;@'kSoky Uni cellular gSA
Dyksjsyk uked 'kSoky dks Lisl ,Yxh dgrs gS D;ksafd ;g varfj{k ;kf=;ksa }kjk varfj{k ;k=k ds le; lkFk esa ys tk;k tkrk gSA
3 czk;ksQkbVk Bryophyta %& ;s ikS/ks izk;% NksVs gksrs gSA ty o LFky nksuksa esa jg ldrs gSA blhfy, bUgsa mHk;pj ikni
Amphibious plants dgrs gSA bUgsa izFke LFkyh; ikS/kk ekuk tkrk gSA ;s ikS/ks ny&ny Marsh Nk;knkj vkSj ikuh esa ik;s tkrs
gSA bl oxZ esa yHkxHk 850 iztkfr;ka ikbZ tkrh gSA buesa i.kZgfjr DyksjksfQy ik;k tkrk gSA blfy, ;s ikS/ks viuk Hkkstu Lo;a cuk
ysrs gSA buesa tM+ ds LFkku ij eqyk/kkj Rhizoids ik;s tkrs gSA
tSls & Riccia, Marchentia, Moss, Anthocerose

czk;QkbVk ls gksus okys YkkHk

1- czk;ksQkbVk ds ikS/ks e`nk vijnu Soil Erossion dks jksdus esa lgk;rk djrs gSA
2- buesa ty vokks"k.k dh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA blfy, ;s ck<+ jksdus esa enn djrs gSA
3- LQsxuue uked czk;ksQkbVk dks lq[kkdj vesfjdk vkSj LdkWVyS.M esa dks;ys ds LFkku ij bZ/ku ds :i ea iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
4- dqN czk;ksQkbV~l dk mi;ksx ,.VhlsfIVd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
4 VsfjMksQkbV~l Pteridophytes %&VsfjMksQkbVk oxZ ds ikS/kksa esa cht vkSj Qwy ugha curk gSA fdarq laogu rd Vascular
Tissue vFkkZr~ tkbye ,oa ykWbe ik;s tkrs gSa buesa u;s ikS/ks dk fodkl chtk.kqvksa Spores ls gksrk gSA
VsfjMksQkbVk ls ykHk
ykbdksiksfM;e Lycopodium ds chtk.kq Spore nok esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA
ikqvksa dks pkjs ds :i esa VsjhfM;e Pteridium fn;k tkrk gSA
bDohlsVe Equisetum ls lksuk fudkyk tkrk gSA
5 vuko`k chth Gymnosprm %& bl oxZ ds ikS/kksa esa cht rks curs gSA ijUrq cht esa vkoj.k ;k dop Seed Coat ugha ik;k
tkrk gSA buesa laoguh; rdksa esa tkbye vksj ykWbe ik;s tkrs gSA
lkbdl] ikbul vkSj ftaxks blesa vkrs gSA
vuko`k chth ykHk
1- lkbdl ds ruksa ls lkcwnkuk fudkyk tkrk gSA
2- fldks;k] nsonkj] Qj] Lizwl vkfn dh ydfM+;k QuhZpj cukus ds dke esa vkrh gSa
3- phM+ Palm ds isM+ ls rkjihu dk rsy] o nsonkj dh ydM+h ls lsMl dk rsy fudkyk tkrk gSA
4- bQsMk ls bQsfMu uked vkS"k/kh cukbZ tkrh gSA tks vLFkek vkSj [kkalh ds bykt esa mi;ksx esa vkrh gSA
5- lkbdl dh ifk;ksa ls jLlh o >kM+w cukbZ tkrh gSA
6 vko`k chth Angiosperms %& blds vUrxZr mu iks/kksa dk j[kk tkrk gSA ftuds chtksa esa vkoj.k ;k dop ik;k tkrk gSa bl
oxZ ds ikS/kksa esa cht v.Mkk; Ovary esa curk gSA
lcls yEck vko`khchth ikS/kk ;wdsfyfIVl gksrk gSA
;s 2 izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1 ,d chti=h Monocotyledone
2 f}chti=h Dicotyledone
1- ,d cht i=h; %& buds cht esa dsoy ,d cht i= Cotyledon ik;k tkrk gSA budh tM+s T;knk fodflr ugha gksrh gSA
tSls & Family
Plants
1- Graminacy xzsehuslh & xsg]w eDdk] ckal] xUuk] pkoy] Tokj] cktjk vkfn
e-education(delhi)

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2-

Palmae

3- fyfy,lh

ikYeh

& lqikjh] rkM+] ukfj;y] [ktwj

& yglqu] I;kt

4- E;wtslh Musaceae & dsyk

2- f}cht i=h; %& bld cht esa f}cht i= ik;k tkrk gSA
tSls & Family
Plants
1- wlhQsjh Cruciferae & ewyh] 'kyte] ljlksa xktj
2- ekyoslh Malvaceae & dikl] fHk.Mh] xqM+gy
3- ysX;wfeuslh
& ccwy] dRFkk] xqyeksgj] vkksd] beyh]
lHkh nygusa Qlysa
4- dEiksftVh Compositae& lwjteq[kh] xsank] dqlqe
5- :Vslh Rutaceae & uhcw] larjk] ekSlEeh
6- dqdjfcVslh
& rjcwt] ddM+h] [khi] dw] ykSdh] djsyk
7- jkstslh Rosaceae & LVkosjh] lsc] cknke] ukkikrh] xqykc
8- lksysuSlh Soleneceae & vkyw] fepZ] csaxu] VekVj
9- vEcsyhQsjh Umbelifarae
& /kfu;k] thjk] lkSaQ
tM+ (Root)
tM+ ikS/ks dk lcls fupyk Hkkx gskrk gSA tks izdkk ds foijhr vadqj.k ds le; ty vkSj Hkwfe dh vksj c<+rk gSA Hkwfe esa jgus
ds dkj.k tM+kas dk jax lQsn ;k eVesyk jgrk gSA
tM+ 2 izdkj dh gkrh gSA
1- elwyk tM+ Tap root
2- viLFkkfud tM+k Adventitious Root
1 ewlyk tM+ %& bl izdkj dh tM+ vf/kdkakr% f}chti=h; ikS/kksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ;s fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1- 'kadq vkdj Conical form &
xktj
2- dqEHkh :i Napi form
&
'kyte] pqdUnj
3- rdwZ :ih Fusiform
&
ewyh
4- 'olu ewy Pneumatophores&
eUxwzo ikS/ksny&ny esa
2 viLFkkfud tM+ %& bl izdkj dh tM+sa dbZ 'kk[kkvksa esa foHkkftr gksrh gS vkSj ;s ,d chti=h; esa vkrh gSA
;s fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gS &
1- jsksnkj tM+
&
I;kt
2- vkjksgh tM+
&
iku
3- pwld tM+ Sucking root &
vej cSy
4- LraHk tM+ Prop root
&
cjxn
ruk (Stem)
ruk ikS/ks dk vkjksgh Clibing Hkkx gS tks Hkwfe ds foijhr izdkk dh vksj xfr djrk gS rus ij 'kk[kk;sa] ifk;ka] Qy o Qwy
ik;s tkrs gSA
rus rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS &
1- Hkwfexr ruk Underground Stem ikS/ks ds rus dk og Hkkx tks Hkwfe ds vUnj ik;k tkrk gSA Hkwfe&xr ruk dgykrk gS
;s pkj izdkj dk gksrk gS &
I izdUn Rhizome &
vnjd] gYnh
II LrEHk dan Tuber &
vkyw
III 'kYd dan Bulb &
I;kt] yglqu
IV ?kudan Corm
&
vjch] dpkyw] ftehdan
2- v)Z o;qoh; ruk Subarial Stems %& v)Z o;qoh; ruk dk dqN Hkkx] Hkwfe ds vUnj rFkk dqN Hkkx ckgj ok;q esa ik;k tkrk
gSA
;s Hkh pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSA
I Runner
&
?kkl] nwc
e-education(delhi)

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II Stolon
&
vjch] islhQyksjk
III Offset
&
tydqEHkh
IV Sucker
&
xqynkmnh] fiijfeUV
3- ok;qoh; rus Aerial Stems %& tc iwjk ruk Hkwfe ds ij fLFkr gksrk gS rks ,sls rus dks o;qoh; ruk dgrs gSA
;s 3 izdkj ds gksrs gSa
I dVdLraHk Thorn Stem&
xqykc
II izrkarLraHk Tendrilstem& vaxqj] dqdjfoVslh] Qsfeyh ds ikS/ks
III i.kZdk;LraHkPhyllocladestem
&
ukxQuh
ifk;k (leaves)
ifk;ksa dk gjk jax blesa ik;s tkus DyksjksIykLV gfjr yod ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ifk;k ikS/kksa ds fy, Hkkstu cukrh gSA dqN
ifk;k Hkkstu laxzg dk dk;Z djrh gSA
Qwy (Flower)
Qwy esa eq[; :i ls pkj Hkkx gksrs gSA bls ckg~; ny iaqt dgrs gSA
I Calyx
&
ckg~;ny iqat
II Corolla
&
ny iqat
III Androecium
&
iqeax
IV Gynoecium
&
tk;kax
blesa ls iqeax uj tuukax Male Reproductive Organ vkSj tk;kax eknk tuukax Female Reproductive Organ gSA
Pollination)
ijkx.k
ijkxd.k
dh f;k ds ckn fu"kspu Fertilization dh f;k gksrh gSA
ijkx
dks"k
Anther ls eqDr gksdj ijkx d.kksa ds mlh tkfr ds ikS/ks ds
tk;kax
Gynoecium rd igqapus dh f;k dks ijkxd.k dgk tkrk gSA
Qy
(Fruit) Qy dk fuekZ.k v.Mkk; ls gksrk gSA ftu Qyksa ds
fuekZ.k esa iq"i
ds vU; Hkkx] Hkkx yrs gSA mUgsa vlR; Qy False Fruit dgrs
gSA
tSls
&
dVgy] lsc] ukkikrh
vkSj v.Mkk;
esa cuus okys Qy dks lR; Qy True Fruit dgrs gSA budk
rhu Hkkxksa esa
ckaVk x;k gSa &
(Sacculent Fruit)
ljl Qy
;s Qwy
jlnkj] xwnsnkj gksrs gSA bUgsa dbZ Hkkx esa ckaVk tkrk gSA
I
Pepo
& [khjk] ddM+h] yksdh
II Berry
& VekVj ve:n] vaxwj] dsyk] iihrk
III Pome
& lsc] ukkikrh
IV Balosta
& vukj
V Hesperidium
& larjk] ekSlEeh uhcwA
'kq"d Qy Dry Fruits %& blesa xsagw] eDdk] tkS] dktw] yhph] eVj] lso] lkSQ] thjk /kfu;k] beyh vkfn Qy vkrs gSA
laxzfFkr Qy Composite Fruits %& blesa 'kgrwr] dVgy] vukukl vkfn Qy vkrs gSA
lqxaf/kr rsy nsus okys ikS/ks %& xqykc] pUnu] diwj] fiijesaV] tsLehu] pEik vkfn
nokbZ;ksa ds ikS/ks %& dqusu] fludksuk] ,dksfuV ehBk tgj] ,sLizhu
jax nsus okys ikS/ks %& dRFkk] uhy] dqlqe] dskj
is; inkFkZ okys ikS/ks %& pk; ikS/kksa dh ifk;ksa ls] dkWQh cht] dksdks cht
ikS/kksa ds gkeksZu %& ;s fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
e-education(delhi)

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1 vkWfDlu & ;s ikS/kksa esa cht ghu Seed less Qyksa ds mRiknu esa Hkkx ysrs gS vkSj rus dh o`f) eas lgk;rk djrs gSA [kjirokj
Weed dks u"V djuss ds fy, budk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vr% ;s [kjirokj ukkd gS Weedicide ;s d`f=e vfu"ksd Qyu Artifical
Parthinocarpy fcuk fu"kspu Fertilization ds Qyksa dk cuuk esa mi;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSA tSls & VekVj] lso] vaxwj] vkfn ds
cht jfgr Qy cukus esA
mnk- IAA (baMksy ,sflfVd ,sflM)
NAA (usF~ kyhu ,sflfVd ,sflM)
2 ftcjsfyu & ;s chtkas dh lqIrkoLFkk Dormancy dks Hkax dj rksM+ dj mudks vadqfjr gksus ds fy, izsfjr djrs gSA blds
fNM+dko ls cM+s vkdkj dss Qy vkSj Qwykas dk mRiknu fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj blds }kjk Qwyksa ds f[kyus vkSj Qy cuus esa yxus
okyk le; de dj ldrs gSA
3 lk;Vksdkbfuu & bldh [kkst ukfj;y ds ikuh vkSj eDds ds cht ls gqbZ FkhA ;s gkekZsZu ikS/kkas eas th.kZrk Aeging ds y{k.kksa dks
foyafcr Delay djrk gS vkSj chtks vkSj ruks ds dfydkvksa esa lqIr mRkdksa Dormant Tissues dks o`f) ds fy, izsfjr djrk gSA
4 ,sfFkyhu & bls Qy idkus okyk gkeksZu dgrs gSA ;s ifk;ksa] Qwyksa] vkSj Qyksa ds fxjus dks izsfjr djrk gSA
5 ,sfClfld vEy ABA & ;s chtksa vkSj dfy;ksa esa vadqj.k dks jksddj mUgsa lqIr Dormant cuk;s j[krk gS vkSj lw[ks dh
fLFkfr esa LVksesVk dks can gksus ds fy, izsfjr djrk gS rkfd ok"iksRltZu Transpiration de gksA
;s gkeksZu ikS/kksa esa ir>M+ Leaf fall ds fy, mkjnk;h gSA
6 yksjhtsu & ;s ifk esa curs gS ysfdu Qwyksa ds f[kyus es enn djrs gSA blhfy, bls Qwy f[kykus okyk gkeksZu dgrs gSA

Importnt Facts egRoiw.kZ rF;

tsusfVd 'kCn dk iz;ksx lcls igys okWV~lu us 1905 eas fd;k FkkA
ekuo dh mRifk Iyk;kslhu ;qx esa gqbZ
lcls cM+k Qwy jsyhfk;k vuksZYM gSA
lcls NskVk Qwy oksfYQ;k gSA
pkYlZ MkfoZu us viuh iqLrd Origin of Species esa thou dh mRifk o fodkl ds ckjs esa crk;k gSA
n; dh jDr iEi djus dh {kerk 4&5 yh-@feuV gksrh gSA
'kjhj ds vUnj jDr ifjlapj.k esa 23 lsd.M dk le; yxrk gSA
ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h xzafFk ;r fyoj gksrh gSA
lkekU; O;fDr izfrfnu 1-4 yhVj ew= R;kxrk Release gSA
lcls cM+k Lruh tho Mammal Cyw Ogsy gSA
lcls cM+k LFkyh; tho Terrestrial Animal vhdu gkFkh gSA
lcls cM+k thfor ljhl`i Reptile VfVZy gSA
lcls cM+k thoke ljhl`i tkbZts.Vks lksjl gSA
lcls cM+k i{kh 'kqrqjeqXkZ gSA
lcls cM+k thfor liZ vtxj gSA
lcls cM+k dfi Ape xksfjYyk gSA
lcls NksVk i{kh gfeax oMZ gSA
,d ek= fo"kSyh fNidyh gSyksMekZ gSA
lcls rst nkSM+us okyk tkuoj phrk gSA
lokZf/kd fo"kSyh eNyh LVksu fQk gSA
lcls pk LFkyh; tho ftjkQ gSA
lcls NksVk tUrq vehck gSA
lcls cM+h eNyh Ogsy 'kkdZ gSA
lcls NksVh eNyh M~okQZ xksch gSA
lcls NksVk Lru/kkjh NNwanj Shrew gSA

e-education(delhi)

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vokLrfod eNfy;k
1- Ogsy fQk
&
Lru /kkjh
2- s fQk
&
vkFkksZiksMk
3- dVy fQk
&
eksyLdk
4- tSyh fQk
&
lhysUVsVk
5- flYoj fQk
&
bUlsDVk
6- LVkj fQk
&
bdkbuksMeZ
ekuo 'kjhj esa lcls cM+h dksfkdk raf=dk dksfkdk Nervecell gSA
fpaxe fpfdy o`{k ds Letex ysVsDl ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
iksfy;ksa dk Vhdk canj ds xqnZs fdMuh ls cuk;k tkrk gSA
ekuo ds vykok cUnj ,d ek= ,slk tkuoj gSA tks vyXk&vyx jaxksa dh igpku dj ldrk gSA
rEckdw esa fudksfVu uked ,YdsykbM ik;k tkrk gSA
izFke ij[kuyh fkkq Test tube baby tqykbZ 1978 esa baXyS.M esa yqbZl czkmu iSnk gqbZ
vkDlhtu dh deh ls gkbiksfDl;k jksx gks tkrk gSA
ekuo 'kjhj esa 22 izdkj ds vehuks vEy Amino Acid ik;s tkrs gSA
nw/k esa izksVhu] dkckZsgkbMsV] dsSfYk;e vkSj iksVsfk;e feyrk gSA
ekbVksdksf.M;k esa 'olu ds nkSjku tkZ fudyrh gSA
dsfYou esa ekuo 'kjhj dk lkeU; rkieku 310K- gksrk gSA
Fkk;jksfDlu Fkk;jkbM esa vk;ksMhu ik;k tkrk gSA
izkVhu dk fuekZ.k jkbckslkse esa gksrk gSA
euq"; ds 'kjhj esa yxHkx 65% ty gksrk gSA
izksVhu 'kjhj dh o`f) esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
ekuo ds 'kjhj esa yxHkx 639 eklisfk;ka gksrh gSA
euq"; ds 'kjhj esa dqy jDr 5&6 yhVj gksrk gS vkSj ;g bldk 10% nku dj ldrk gSA
dhVHk{kh iksS/ks Insectivorous Plants nynyh Hkwfe esa mxrs gS vkSj izdkk lays"k.k Photo Synthesis }kjk Hkkstu cukrs gSA
ysfdu ukbVkstuh; inkFkksaZ dks izkIr djus ds fy, NksVs & NksVs dhV iraxksa dks idM+dj [kkrs gS A
tSls & dyk ikni Nepenthes Drasera Pitcher plant] ;wVh dqysfj;k
tkbye dks izk;% oqM ydM+h Hkh dgrs gSA bldk izeq[k dk;Z ty vkSj [kfut yo.kksa dk laogu Transportation djuk gSA
ikS/ks ds vk;q dh x.kuk tkbye rd ds okf"kZd oy; Annual rings dks fxudj gh dh tkrh gSA
yks;e & ,d laogu rd gS tks ifk;ksa ls Hkkstu dks] ikS/ks ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa rd igqpkrk gSA

e-education(delhi)

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Agriculture

O;kikfjd n`f"Vdks.k ls Qlyksa dk oxhZdj.k

1- vukt dh Qlysa %& xsgw] pkoy] eDdk] TkkS] CkktjkA
2- nyguh Qlysa %& bl Qlyksa ds chtksa dk eq[; :i ls iz;ksx izkVs hu ds L=ksr ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls & ewx] mM+n] puk] eVj] elwj
3- fryguh Qlysa %& ewxQyh] ljlksa] fry] vylh] lwjteq[kh] lks;kchu] ukfj;y] dqlqeA
4- jsksokyh Qlysa %& dikl] twV] iVlu] luA
5- 'kdZjk okyh Qlysa %& xUuk] pqdUnjA
6- pkjs dh Qlysa %& cjlhe] yksfc;k] usfi;j ?kkl Forage Crops] Xokj
7- vkS"k/kh; Qlysa %& eSFkk] iksfnuk] iksLrk] fludksuk] rqylh
8- elkys okyh Qlysa %& /kfu;k] thjk] I;kt] lkSaQ] yglqu] fepZ] vnjd] gYnh bR;kfnA
12345-

xsgw %& lksukfydk] izrki] lqtkrk] vtqZu] t;jkt] UP368] ykseku] 'kjcrh
/kku %& lksuk] fcft;k] inek] t;Urh] cklerh] dkyh fepZA
eDdk %& j.kthr] tokgj] 'osrk] vEcj
Tokj %& Lo.kZ] CSH1
dikl %& ';keyh] chdkusjh] lqtkrkA

1- ukbVkstu %& ikS/kksa esa gjk jax DyksjksfQy dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA izksVhu fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gSA izdk'k la'ys"k.k ds fy, vko';d
gSA
bldh deh ls ifk;ksa dk jax ihyk gks tkrk gSA ikS/kksa dh o`f) Bhd ls ugh gksrh gSA Qy okys o`{kksa esa Qy idus ls igys gh
fxj tkrs gSA
2- QkLQksjl %& ikS/kksa esa iks"kd ds fy, ukbZVkstu ds ckn QkLQksjl nwljs LFkku ij vkrk gSA ;g Qlyksa ds 'kh?kz idus esa lgk;d gSa
blls ikS/kksa esa izfrjks/kd Qyksa esa xzafFk fuekZ.k dks rst djrk gS vFkkZr~ ukbZVkstu fLFkjhdj.k Fixation dks c<+krk gSA
bldh deh ls ifk;ksa dk jax xgjk gjk gks tkrk gSA ikS/kksa dh o`f) :d tkrh gSA tM+ksa dk fodkl de gksrk gS RkFkk Qlysa nsj ls
idrh gSA
3- dSfY'k;e %& ;g nyguh Qlyksa esa izksVhu fuekZ.k dk dk;Z djrh gSA bldh deh ls iks/kksa dh ifk;ska dk vkdkj NksVk gks tkrk gS
vkSj fdukjs dVs&QVs gks tkrs gSA
4- eSXuhf'k;e %& ;g DyksjksfQy dk izeq[k vo;o gSA blfy, blds fcuk ikS/ks gjs ugh gks ldrs gSA
ftu iks/kksa esa eSXuhf'k;e dh deh gksrh gSA mudh ifk;ksa ij /kkfj;ka cu tkrh gSA
5- vk;ju %& ;g 'olu f;k esa vkWDlhtu ds okgd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA

bldh deh ls nyguh Qlyksa Leguminosae ds ikS/kksa esa ifk;ksa ihyh iM+ tkrh gSA
6- ftad %& ;g ikS/kksa dh o`f) dks c<+krk gSA

1- ok;jl ls gksus okys jksx %& rEckdw dk ekStsd jksx

2- cSDVhfj;k ls gksus okys jksx %& /kku dk vaxekjh Bacterial Blight of Rice jksx] dikl dk Cysd vkeZ] uhcw dk dsadjA
3- Qaxh dod QQwn ls gksus jksx %& vkyw dk okVZjskx] cktjk dk xzhubZ;j jksx] xsgw dk fdV~Vw jksx Rust of wheat] /kku dk >kSdk

jksx] ewxQyh dk fVDdk jksx] xUus dk yky lM+u jksx Red Rot of sugarcane

uhcw dk dkWij dh deh ls MkbZcSd jksx gks tkrk gSA

vke esa tLrk dh deh ls

Little leaf jksx

gks tkrk gSA

eVj esa eSaXkuht dh deh ls ek'kZ jksx gks tkrk gSA

tLrk dh deh ls /kku esa [ksSjk jksx gks tkrk gSA

izk;% Hkwfe esa

N,P,K

e-education(delhi)

dh deh ikbZ tkrh gS] blhfy, bu rhuksa iks"kd rRoksa dks kafrd iks"kd Critical Elements rRo dgrs gSA
Page 32


nyguksa dk jktk
nyguksa dh jkuh
Qyksa dk jktk
Qyksa dh jkuh
elkyksa dh jkuh
Qyksa dh jkuh
is; inkFkksaZ dh jkuh
lekhrks".k Qyksa dk jktk
'kq"d Qyksa dk jktk
xjhc yksxksa dk Qy
ouksa dk jktk
gjk lksuk
peRdkjh Qy
dYi o`{k
bZoojh; Hkkstu
'krkCnh ikS/kk
Hkkjr dk Lof.kZe rUrq
Golden fibre
fooO;kih jskk
mtyk lksuk White Gold
eksVk vukt
,d ikksa okyh Qly
eksVk vukt
'kkdkgkjh ekal
21oha lnh dk isM+
jk"Vh; o`{k
vuktksa dh jkuh

puk
eVj
vke
yhph
byk;ph
XysfM;ksyl
pk;
lsc
csj
csj
Vhd
vQhe
fdohQy
ukfj;y
dksdksvk
[ktwj
twV
dikl
dikl
Tokj] cktjk
xjkjh
Tokj] cktjk
ek:e
uhe
cjxn
eDdk

Agricultural Revolution
12345678910-

gfjr kafr
Hkwjh kafr
ihyh kafr
xksy kafr
lqugjh kafr
'osr kafr

uhyh kafr
yky kafr
jtr kafr
xqykch kafr

[kk|kUu mRiknu
moZjd mRiknu
rsygu mRiknu
vkyw mRiknu
ckxokuh mRiknu
nqX/k mRiknu
eRL; mRiknu
VekVj mRiknu
v.Mk mRiknu

e-education(delhi)

Page 33

123456789101112131415
16171819202122232425262728-

Hkkjrh; okuLifrd loZs{k.k laLFkku

Hkkjrh; okuLifrd 'kks/k laLFkku
Research Institute
Hkkjrh; xUuk 'kks/k laLFkku
Hkkjrh; 'kdZjk rduhdh laLFkku
Hkkjrh; d`f"k lkaf[;dh laLFkku
Hkkjrh; nygu vuqla/kku laLFkku
dsUnzh; vkyw 'kks/k laLFkku
dsUnzh; vke 'kks/k laLFkku
dsUnzh; jk"Vh; ikni laxzgky;
dsUnzh; vkS"kf/k 'kks/k laLFkku
dsUnzh; [kk| rduhdh 'kks/k laLFkku
dsUnh; ukfj;y 'kks/k laLFkku
dsUnzh; pkoy 'kks/k laLFkku
dsUnzh; xUuk iztuu laLFkku
dsUnzh; 'kkd Hkkth iztuu dsUnz
dsUnzh; 'kq"d iznsk 'kks/k laLFkku
dsUnzh; xsgw vuqla/kkukkyk
dsUnzh; d`f"k bathfu;fjax laLFkku
dsUnzh; 'kq"d Hkwfe d`f"k vuql/a kku laLFkku
Qy 'kks/k laLFkku
lsUVy LVsV QkWeZ
jk"Vh; lks;kchu vuql/a kku dsUnz
jk"Vh; ukfj;y vuql/a kku dsUnz
jcM+ vuqla/kku laLFkku
pk; vuql/a kku laLFkku
dkWQh vuql/a kku laLFkku
jske vuql/a kku laLFkku
dikl vuql/a kku laLFkku

dksydkrk
y[ku
y[ku
dkuiqj
ubZ fnYyh
dkuiqj
fkeyk
y[ku
fkoiqj dksydkrk
y[ku
eSlwj
dkjlxksM
dVd
dsk;EcVwj
dqYyw
tks/kiqj
iwlk
Hkksiky
gSnjkckn
lckSj
lwjrx<+
bUnksSj
twukx<+
dksV~Vk;e
tksjgkV
fpdeaxywj
eSlwj
eqEcbZ

ENVIRoNMENT & ECOLOGY

i;kZoj.k %& ^fQfVax ds vuqlkj ^^thoksa ds ifjfLFkfrd dkjdks dk ;ksx i;kZoj.k gSA** ,-th- VsUlys ds vuqlkj ^^izHkkodkjh nkkvksa

dk og laiw.kZ ;ksx ftlesa tho/kkjh fuokl djrs gS i;kZoj.k dgykrk gSA**

i;kZoj.k ds rRo%& i;kZoj.k ds 4 ?kVd gS &
1 LFkye.My 2 tye.My 3 ok;qe.My 4 tSoe.My
bu pkj ?kVdks es ok;qe.My i;kZoj.k dk lokZf/kd egRkoiw.kZ ,oa xfrkhy ?kVd gS ok;qe.My i`Foh dh lrg ls yxHkx 32 fdeh- dh
pkbZ rd feyrk gS vkSj buesa vusd xSlks dk feJ.k gksrk gSA
i;kZoj.k ds fuEu 2 lewg gS%&
1- HkkSfrd rRo lewg ;k vtSfod dkjd Abiotic factor
2- tSfod rRo lewg ;k tSfod dkjd Biotic factor
HkkSfrd rRo lewg%&
bl lewg ds 4 oxZ gSA
A ok;qe.Myh; rRo%& lkSj tkZ] lw;Z izdkk] rkieku] o"kkZ] vkSj vkZrk Humidity ,oa ok;qe.Myh; xSls A
B
LFkytkr rRo Geographical%& feVVh ]pVVkus ][kfutA
e-education(delhi)

Page 34

C tyh; rRo%& ty jkfk;ksa dk lewg ] /kjkryh; ty ] Hkwfexr ty ] lkxjh; tyA

D
fLFkfr tkr rRo Topographical %& rVh;] egk}hih;] }hih;] ioZrh; ] iBkjh rFkk eSnkuh fLFkfr;kA
tSfod rRo lewg Biotic%&
bl lewg eas 4 oxZ gksrs gSA
1 ekuo 2 ikq i{kh 3 isM ikS/ks 4 lw{e tho/kkjh
ifjfLFkfrdh ,oa ikfjfLFkfrd ra= Ecology and Ecosystem%& ikfjfLFkfrdh dk v/;;u nks Lrjksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA
A LoikfjfLFkfrdh Autecology%& blesa fdlh tho ;k ikS/ks dh tkfr rFkk mlds okrkoj.k dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
B leqnk; ;k le ikfjfLFkfrdhSynecology %& blesa ,d foks"k okrkoj.k esa feyus okys tSfod leqnk;ksa rFkk mlds okrkoj.k ds
lkFk tfVy varj lac/kks dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
ikfjfLFkfr ra=Ecosystem %& bldk mi;ksx loZizFke lu 1935 esa teZuh ds oSKkfud ,-th- VsUlys us fd;k FkkA
ikfjfLFkfr ra= ds izeq[k ?kVd%& ;s nks dkj ds gSA
1- tSfod ?kVd %&
;s 3 dkj ds gksrs gSA
A. mRiknd vFkok Loiks"kh%& gjs isM+ ikS/ksA
B. miHkksDrk%& kkdkgkjh ekalkgkjh lokZgkjh A
C. vi?kVd%& dqN cSDVhfj;k ] uhys gjs 'kSokyBlue green algae A
2. vtSfod ?kVd%& ;s 3 dkj ds gksrs gSA
A. vdkoZfud inkFkZ Inorganic matter%& C,H,O,N,P, vkfnA
B. dkcZfud inkFkZ%& izksVhu] dkcksZgkbMsV] olk] DyksjksfQy] g;wel vkfnA
C. HkkSfrd okrkoj.k%& lw;Z tkZ rkieku vkfnA
ikfjfLFkfrdh fijkfeM Ecological%&
ikfjfLFkfrdh fijkfeM fdlh ikfjfLFkfrdh
esa tho/kkfj;ksa dh la[;k tSo Hkkj ,oa tkZ dk xzkQh; fu:i.k gksrk gSA ikfjfLFkfrdh
fijkfeM lcls igys oSKkfud pkYlZ ,YVu us fn;k FkkA ;s fijkfeM 3 izdkj ds gksrs
gSA
tho la[;k dk fijkfeM %& ;s geskk lh/kk curk gS D;ksfd mRiknd ls miHkksDrk dh
vksj la[;k ek% de gksrh tkrh gS tSls ?kkl ds eSnku dk la[;k dk fijkfeMA
oU; ikfjfLFkfrdh dk fijkfeM mYVk curk gS D;ksafd mRiknd ,d o`{k dh la[;k lcls
de rFkk izFke Js.kh ds miHkksDrk i{kh vkfn la[;k ls mlls vf/kd rFkk f}rh;d Js.kh ds
miHkksDrk la[;k esa lcls vf/kd gksrs gSA

thoHkkj dk fijkfeM %& ;s Hkh geskk lh/kk curk gS ysfdu rkykc ikfjra= dk tSo
Hkkj dk fijkfeM mYVk curk gSA
tkZ dk fijkfeM %&
fdlh Hkh ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= esa tkZ dk fijkfeM geskk lh/kk gh curk gSA Ikfjra= eas tkZ dk izokg ,d
iks"kd Lrj ls nwljs iks"kd Lrj easa gksrk gS ftles izR;sd Lrj ij 90% tkZ mudh 'kkjhfjd f;kvksa eas
[kpZ gks tkrh gS rFkk dsoy 10% tkZ gh vxys iks"kd Lrj ls LFkkukarfjr gksrh gSA bls tkZ dk 10%
fu;e dgrs gSA
Ecology kCn dk ;ksx lcls igys jsVj us fd;k FkkA
oU; thou Wild Life%&
1 uskuy ikdZ ,slk izkd`frd vkokl gS ikS/kksa vkSj tUrqvksa nksuks dk gh i;kZIr laj{k.k fd;k tkrk gS
;g dsUh; i;kZoj.k ,o ou ea=ky; ds v/khu dke djrk gSA
2 vH;kj.; Sanctuary ,d ,slk izkd`frd vkokl gS tgkW eq[;r% tUrq leqnk; ds laj{k.k ij /;ku
fn;k tkrk gSA ;gkW lhfer ek=k esa ikS/kks rFkk ?kkl dh dVkbZ dh vuqefr jgrh gsSA ;s jkT; ljdkj
ds fnkk funsZk esa dk;Z djrk gSA
3 lQkjh ,slk izkd`frd vkokl gS tgk dsoy fdlh ,d tarq foks"k dks tSls Vkbxj] gkFkh vkfn dks
laj{k.k Conservation] euksjatu] vuqla/kku Research Center] fk{k.kEducation vkfn mn~ns;ksa gsrq j[kk tkrk gSA tSls%&
4

Tiger safari.
WWF (World Wildlife Fund) bldh LFkkiuk 1961 esa dh xbZ ftldk eq[;ky; fLoV~tj yS.M
cnydj world wild fund for nature dj fn;k x;k A WWF dk izrhd fpUg giant panda gSA

e-education(delhi)

esa gSA 1986 esa bldk uke

Page 35

WWF INDIA dh

INDIAN BOARD OF WILD LIFE

7
8
9

gSA

LFkkiuk 1969 esa dh xbZ tks oU; thoksa ds laj{k.k ij foks"k /;ku nsrh gSA Hkkjr esa bldk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ eas
dh LFkkiuk 1952 esa dh xbZ Fkh tks jk"Vh; m|ku vkSj vH;kj.k dh LFkkiuk dk izkslkfgr djrk

gSA
WILD LIFE ACTION PLAN 1983

ljdkj rd Hkstuk gSA

esa cuk ftldk eq[; mnns; oU; thoksa ds laj{k.k vkSj lao)Zu ds fy;s lq>koksa dks

IUCN(International Union Of Conservation For Nature And Natural Resoures) ;g vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj dk Loa; lsoh
laxBu NGO gS bldh LFkkiuk 1948 esa dh xbZA ;g i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fofHkUu dk;Zeksa dks lapkfyr djrk gSA
,slh oU; tho tkfr;kWa tks rLdjh fkdkj Poaching vkSj ouks dh dVkbZ ds dkj.k foyqIr gks jgh gS mUgs ladVkiUu iztkfr;k
Endungered Species dgrs gSA fiNys 200 o"kksZ esa if{k;ksa dh 139 vkSj tarqvks dh 106 iztkfr;k iw.kZr foyqIr gks pqdh gS
vkSj dqN fudV Hkfo"; eas foyqIr gksus dh dxkjAt the berge of extinction ij gS ftudh la[;k yxHkx 260 gS bu foyqIr gksus
okyh tkfr;ks ds ukeksa dk mYys[k RED DATA BOOK esa fd;k x;k gSA
Lru/kkjh Mammals %& ksj dh iwaN okyk canjLion tail monkey LTM] uhyfxjh yaxwj] vhdh gkFkh] eLdMh;j dLrwjh

e`x dkyk fgju] ksj] phrk] ck?k vkfn fge rsUnqvk] /kzqoh; HkkywA
2 fpfM;k Birds %& leqh ckt Sea Eagle] gal] xksMkou GREAT INDIAN BUSTERD lkSu fpfM+;k LITTLE INDIAN
BURSTURD

3 REPTILES %& gjk dNqvk Green turtle] vtxj] nynyh exj Marsh Crocodile
4 mHk;pj Ampnibians %& cPps nsus okyk es<d Viviparous toad himalayan newt
1

Bombay natural history society

dh LFkkiuk 1883 esa dh xbZ tks i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSj oU; thoks ds laj{k.k dks izksRlkfgr

djrh gSA
2 foo esa Tiger Project ds tUe nkrk xSuh eSuQksMZ gS tcfd Hkkjr ds dSykk lka[kyk gSA
3 M.P. esa /kkj ftys esa Mk;uklksj thoke m|ku dh LFkkiuk dh tk jgh gSA
4 Hkkjr dh eq[; Bird Sanctury jktLFkku ds Hkjriqj ftys esa fLFkr dsoyknso ?kuk gS ftlesa lokZf/kd khr vkSj xzh"e dkyhu
izoklh Migratory i{kh vkrs gSA ftuesa lkbcsfj;k dk lkjl izeq[k gSA
5 taxyh HkSls dsa laj{k.k ds fy;s NRrhlx< ds dkadsj ftys ds banzkorh o dqV: jk"Vh; m|ku izfl) gSA
6 Hkkjr esa ouks ds laj{k.k ds fy;s lu 1988 esa la;qDr oU; izca/ku Joint Forest Management Principal dk fl)kr izkjaHk
fd;k x;k A ftles ou laj{k.k ds {ks= LFkkuh; yksxks dh Hkwfedk dks egRo iznkku fd;k x;kA
7 Hkkjr dh igyh ou uhfr 1884 esa ?kksf"kr gqbZ rFkk Lora=rk ds Ikpkr ubZ ou uhfr 1952 esa cukbZ xbZ rFkk bls 1988 esa
lakksf/kr fd;k x;kA
8 fdlh iztkfr dks foo laj{k.k lwph Word Conservative List esa ml le; 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS tc mldh la[;k 3 ihf<+;ksa
es 90% rd de gks tkrh gSA
9 mRrjk[kaM ds peksyh ftys ls lqUnj yky cgqxq.kk us fpidks vkUnksyu dh kq:vkr dhA tcfd nf{k.k Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds
fy;s ik.Mqjax gsxMs us vfiDdks vkUnksyu pyk;kA
10lu 1998 ds Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k dkuwu dh /kkjk 6 1 ds rgr /ofu iznw"k.k ij dkuwuh izfrca/k gSA
11dkcsZV jk"Vh; m|ku Hkkjr dk igyk vH;kj.k Fkk tgk lcls igys 1 vIkzSy 1973 dks TIGER PROJECT dh kq:vkr gqbZ Fkh
bldk nwljk uke gsyh N.P. gSA
12J&K esa ysg ds ikl fLFkr gsfel jk"Vh; m/kku Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd pkbZ ij fLFkr jk-m- gS ftldh lkxj ry ls fuEure pkbZ
3140 eh- rFkk vf/kdre pkabZ 5858 eh- gSA
13{ks=Qy dh n`f"V ls nsk dk lcls cMk Tiger Project ukxktZqu lkxj (A.P.)35 68 km2 gSA
Hkkjr ds izeq[k gkFkh lajf{kr {ks=%&

1
2
3
4
5
6

isfj;kj vH;kj.k dsjy

ekul vH;kj.; vle
dkth jaxk vle
dkcsZV mRrjk[kaM
dchZ ukxkySaM
jktkth gfj}kj mRrjk[kaM

e-education(delhi)

Page 36

7 Vh: nsoekyh {ks= v:.kkpy iznsk] vle

8 vUukeykbZ ,oa ijkfEcdqye rfeyukMq ,oa dsjy vH;kj.kA
Hkkjr ds izeq[k xsaMk lajf{kr {ks= %&

1
2
3
4

ekul vH;kj.k okjisVk vle

dkthjaxk tksjgkV vle
lqUnj ou jk"Vh; m|ku 24 ijxuk ftyk ia- caxky
tynkikjk vH;kj.k tyikbZiqMh ia- caxky

Hkkjr ds izeq[k exj ?kfM;ky lajf{kr {ks= %&

1 pacy oU; tho vH;kj.k M.P.,U.P.jkt-

2 uanu dkuu mMhlk
3 Hkhrjdfudk mMhlk
4 krdksfk;k tkWtZ mMhlk
5 xq.Mh jk- m|ku rfeyukMq A
Hkkjr esa foo /kjksgj ds :Ik esa fuEu 5 uSlfxZd LFkkuksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA
1 ekul vH;kj.k okjisVk vle
2 dkthjaxk vle
3 lqUnj ou ia- caxky
4 dsoyk nsoh Hkjriqj] jkt-
5 uUnk nsoh mRrjk[kaM
Hkkjr esa 1970 esa gxqy ifj;kstuk 1973 es tiger ifj;kstuk 1974 esa ?kfM;ky ifj;kstuk 1987 esa fge rsUnqvkSnow Leopard
ifj;kstuk 1992 esa gkFkh ifj;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA
isfj;kj jk"Vh; m|ku dsjy esa Hkkjr ds lokZf/kd gkFkh ik;s tkrs gS
Hkkjr dk izFke lkxjh; tho ,oa i{kh vH;kj.k fpYdk >hy mMhlk gS ftldk {ks=Qy yxHkx 900oxZ fdeh- gSA
foo dk ,d ek= rSjrk gqvk jk- m- dhcqy yketkvks gSA ;s e.khiqj ds yketk nyny ds ikl gS ftlesa Fkkfel iztkfr dk
fgj.k ik;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr ds oU; thou ls lacf?kr egRoiw.kZ laLFkk;s vkSj muds LFkku

laLFkk;sa
Hkkjrh; izk.kh foKku losZ{k.k
dsU Zoological Survey
Of India ZSI

LFkku
dksydRrk

Indian forest college

nsgjknwu
nsgjknwu

Hkkjrh; ou losZ{k.k dsU

Forest Survey Center
Indian forest ranger college

Hkkjrh; oU; vuql/kku laForest Reaseach Institute

Hkkjrh; oU; tho laHkkjrh; oU; tho izca/ku
laLFkku Indian Institute of
forest Managment
Hkkjrh; ouLifr m|ku
Iindian Botanical Garden
Lkyhe vyhe i{kh foKku vkSj
bfrgkl dsU
izkd`frd bfrgkl dk jk"Vh;
e-education(delhi)

nsgjknwu
nsgjknwu
nsgjknwu
Hkksiky
dksydRrk
rfeyukMqdks;EcVwj
fnYyh
Page 37

laxzkgy; National
Museum of Natural
History

dsUh; i{kh kks/k laLFkku

Hkkjr dk lcls fokky
laxzgky; Largest
Museum of India

bTtr uxj cjsyh

pSUubZ

eqEcbZ
Hkkjr dk lcls fokky
eNyh?kj
Largest Aquarium of
India
Hkkjr dk lcls fokky
vyhiqj dksydRrk
fpfM;k?kj
Largest Zoo of India
Hkkjr dk lcls fokky i{kh
Hkjriqj jktLFkkum|ku
Largest Bird Sanctuary of
India
egRoiw.kZ vH;kj.k ,oa jk"Vh; m|ku muesa lajf{kr taxyh tho

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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11

12
13
14

vH;kj.k Senctury
dsnkjukFk

taxyh tho
dLrwjh e`x Muskdeer
mkjk[k.M
MkYek oU; tho
gtkjh ckx
gkFkh
>kj[k.M
fxj la- mcCcj 'ksj
twukx<+]
xqtjkr
ckUnhiqj jk- mgkFkh dukZVd
jksfgyk jk- mdLrwjh e`x fgekapy iznsk
fkdjh nsoh oU; tho dLrwjh e`x fgekpy iznsk
vH;kj.k
ukenQk oU; tho
rsUnqvk v:.kkapy iznsk
taxyh x/kksa dk foo dk dPN dk ju xqtjkr
,d ek=
Mkphxke jk- mdLrwjh e`x Jh uxj
vUukeykbZ vH;kj.k
'ksj dh iwN okyk canj vkSj
tqxyh lkaM
Hkhrjdfudk
vkWfyo fjMys dNqvk vkSj
?kfM+;ky ds fy;s & dVd
mM+hlk
fpYdk >hy
izHkklh i{kh ysfeaxks ds fy,
mM+hlk
daputaxk jk- mcQhZys rsanq,sa ds fy, xaxVksd
flfDde
dsykes: i{kh visfydulkjl vkSj leqnzh

e-education(delhi)

Page 38

15

if{k;ksa ds fy;s vka/kz iznsk

uanu dkuu
?kfM+;ky] lQsn ok?k o
isxksfyu ds fy, mM+hlk
yky ik.Mk ifj;kstuk 1996 esa kq: gqbZ A
gkFkh ifj;kstuk 1992 esa >kj[k.M ds flag Hkwfe ftys ls xtkRek ds uke ls
tSo fofo/krk ds laj{k.k ds fy;s igyh ckj twu 1992 esa fj;ksfM tsusjks esa varjk"Vh; laf/k gqbAZ
29 twu 1993 dks ;g laf/k ykxw dj nh xbZ blds rgr tSo fofo/krk ds laj{k.k ds fy;s igyh ckj ,d varjkZ"Vh; dkuwu
cuk;kA

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k %&

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e Environmental protection Act 1986 esa cukA

ty iznw"k.k ,oa jksd vf/kfu;eWater pollution prohibition act 1974 esa cukA
ty iznw"k.k jksd ,oa midj Cess vf/kfu;e 1977 esa cukA
ok;q iznw"k.k jksd ,oa fu;a=.k vf/kfu;e 1981 esa cukA
ou ,oa i;kZoj.k ea=ky; dk xBu 1986 esa fd;k x;kA
unh >hy ou ,oa oU; thoksa ds lja{k.k ,oa loa)Zu ds fy;s 42 os lafo/kku lakks/ku vf/kfu;e 1976 ds }kjk uhfr funsZkd rRo
Directive Principle Environmental ,oa ewy drZO; tksMs x;s tks fuEu gSA
1 uhfr funsZkd rRo%&

48 ds vuqlkj ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ fd unh] >hy i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k ,oa lao)Zu Conservation
oU; ,ao oU; tho dh lqj{kk dk mRrjnkf;Ro jkT; dk gSA
Art

and promotion

rFkk

2 ewy drZO;%&

Art 51 ds

vuqlkj ;s izko/kku fd;k x;k gS fd unh] >hy oU; ,oa oU; tho ds laj{k.k ukxfjdksa ds ewy drZO; gSA
i;kZoj.k ds lja{k.k ds fy;s igyk i`Foh lEesyu 1992 esa] fj;ksMh tsusfj;ks czkthy] nwljk 2002 esa tksgkUloxZ] rhljk 2012 esa
ebZ esa fj;ksMh tsusfj;ks esa gqvkA
tkiku esa 1997 es D;ksVks kgj esa xzhu gkl xSlks es deh ykus ds fy;s ,d laf/k gqabZ Fkh ftls D;ksVks laf/k dgrs gSA ftlesa ;g
izko/kku fd;k x;k gS fd xzhu gkl xSlks ds Lrj es 1997 ds Lrj ls 5-2% dh deh dh tk, ;g laf/k 16 Qjojh 2005 ykxw
gqbZA
CO2 dh vf/kdrk ds dkj.k ok;qe.My dk rkie izfro"kZ c<+rk tk jgk gS CO2 ds bl izHkko dks xzhu gkl izHkko dgrs gSA
lYQj vkSj ukbVkstu ds vkDlkbZM o"kkZ ds ty ds lkFk feydj ly;wfjd vEy vkSj ukbfVd vEy cukrs gSA tks o"kkZ ds ty
ds lkFk i`Foh ij fxjrs gSA bls vEyh; o"kkZ dgrs gS bl vEyh; o"kkZ ds dkj.k ,sfrgkfld Lekjdksa esa LVksu dSalj dh leL;k
mRiUu gks jgh gSA
mnk- %& rktegy] isfjl dk ,sfQy VkWojA
i;kZoj.k ds izfr tkx:drk mRiUu djus ds fy;s i;kZoj.k okfguh Environmental batallion dk xBu 1993 esa fd;k x;kA
tSo fofo/krk Biodiversity ds laj{k.k ds fy;s cksMZ xfBr djus okyk izFke jkT; e/; izns k gSA ftlesa f=Lrjh; izd`fr dk cksMZ
1998 esa xfBr fd;k x;kA
D;ksVks lEesyu 1997 ds ckn dkj[kkuks dh fpefu;ksa esa oS|qr LFkSfrd vo{ksid Electrostatic precipitator dk O;kid Lrj dk
iz;ksx gksus yxk gSA blesa fpeuh ds vUnj bySDVhd dSFkksM vkSj ,suksM yxk fn;s tkrs gS ftlls fpeuh ls fudyus okys /kq,sa esa
dkcZu vkSj mlds miksRikn Derivatives ugh tk ikrs vkSj fpeuh ds vUnj gh jk[k ds :i esa j[ks tkrs gSA
LVkWd gkse lEesyu 1972 esa gq;s le>kSrs ds ipkr okguks d lkbysalj es Catelytic Convertor uke midj.k dk iz;ksx O;kid
Lrj ij gksus yxk gS tks vf/kd gkfudkjd xSlks dks de gkfudkjd xSlks es cnyrk gSA tSls%& CO dks CO2 esa SO dks SO2 esa vkfnA
dsU ljdj us o"kZ 1985 esa xSj ijEijkxr tkZ L=ksr ea=ky; Non Renewable Energy Resource Ministry dh LFkkiuk dh
FkhA
o"kZ 1995 esa laln }kjk ikfjr vf/kfu;e ds }kjk vfo?kVudkjh dhVukkh Non Degredable Insecticide ds iz;ksx dks vR;ar
lhfer dj fn;k x;k gS rFkk D.D.T dk iz;ksx iw.kZr% izfrca/k dj fn;k x;k gS dsoy futZu LFkkuks dks NksMdj

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 fdlh tyh; L=ksr esa mifLFkr lw{e thoksa }kjk ml ty dh vkDlhtu dh tks ek=k mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA mls ck;ksykftdy
vkWDlhtu fMeakM dgrs gS A iznwf"kr ty dh ck;ksykftdy vkDlhtu fMeakM vR;f/kd gskrh gS tcfd kq) ty dh ck;ksyksftdy
vkDlhtu fMeakM vR;kf/kd deA
vkstksu ijr ok;q iznw"k.k ds dkj.k {frxzLr gks jgh gS ;g ok;q izn"w kd eq[; :i ls lh-,Q-lh- ftldk iz;ksx ft vkfn esa fd;k
tkrk gSA ;gh vkstksu es fN mRiUu dj jgk gS ;g vkstksu ijr ok;qe.My esa nwljs Lrj lerki e.My esa ijh lhek ij ik;h
tkrh gS ftldh i`Foh ls pkbZ /kzqoks ij 10 fdeh- rFkk Hkwe/; js[kk ls 5 fdeh- gSA
O3 vkstksu dh [kkst ffLi;u LdksucSu us dh A
vkstksu ijr esa {k; Decay gksus dk irk loZizFke fczfVk oSKkfud Qkjesu us ebZ 1973 esa yxk;k ckn es uklk vkstksu Vs.M
iSuy us 1988 es viuh ,d fjiksVZ es Li"V fd;k fd vkstksu dk {k; dsoy vUVkZdfVdk ds ij gh ugh gks jgk cfYd vkstksu
ijr dk vf/kdkak Hkkx bldh pisV es vk x;k gSA
vkstsku ijr dks uqdlku igqpkus okyh xSls%& CFC feFkkby] czksekbM ukbVkstu] vkWDlkbM ]gSykstu xSlsA
oSKkfudksa }kjk gky gh esa irk yxk;k x;k gS fd feFkkby czksekbM uked jlk;u vkstksu ijr dks CFC ds ckn lcls T;knk {kfr
igqpkrk gS bldk iz;ksx eq[;r% fu;kZrd oLrqvks Export goods dks yEcs le; rd lqaxf/kr j[kus ds fy;s vkSj dqN d`f"k
Qlyksa dh mRikndrk Productivity dks dk;e j[kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
16 flracj 1987 dks vkstksu ijr dh lqj{kkds fy;s dukMk ds eksUVh;y uxj esa foo ds 40 nskks esa ,d vUrZjk"Vh; le>kSrk
gqvkA ftles lh-,Q-lh ds mRltZu dh nj Emission rate dks de djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k bl le>ksSrs ij Hkkjr] phu]
czkthy dks NksMdj foo ds 40 vkS/kksfxd fodflr nskksa us gLrk{kj fd; A blh lanHkZ esa 16 flracj dks izfro"kZ la;qDr jk"V la?k
}kjk foo vkstksu fnol ?kksf"kr fd;k A
Hkkjr esa oSKkfud rFkk vkS/kksfxd vuqla/kku dh 2 jk"Vh; iz;ksxkkykvks jk"Vh; jlk;u iz;ksxkkyk National Chemical
Laboratory iwuk rFkk Hkkjrh; jklk;fud laLFkku Indian Chemical Institute gSnjkckn es lh-,Q-lh- ds nks fodYi
Substitute) ,p lh- ,Q lh- 22 vkSj ,p lh- ,Q lh- 134 fodflr dj fy;s x;s gSA
i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ fnol %&

foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo

i;kZoj.k Environment fnol 5 twu

okfudh Forestry fnol
21 ekpZ
ty Water fnol
22 ekpZ
LokLF; Health fnol
7 vizSy
i`Foh Earth fnol
22 vizSy
vkstksu fnol
16 flarcj

EARTH HAUR DAY

tSo

31 March

5 twu 1972 dks la;qDr jk"V i;kZoj.k dk;Ze UNEPUnited Nation Environment of programme dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ 5 twu ds
bl LFkkiuk fnol dks foo i;kZoj.k fnol ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA
flarcj 1997 esa dukMk ds Montreal City Eksa UNO ds rRok/kku es vktksu ijr dks {kfr igqpkus okys CFC rFkk feFkkby czkes kbM
dk mRiknu jksdus ds fy;s ,d le>kSrk gqvk ftlds varxZr ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd foo esa lh-,Q-lh- o feFkkby czksekbM dk
mRiknu iw.kZr% lekIr dj fn;k tk,xkA
Hkkjr es isVksy ds oSdfYid bZa/ku ds :i esa lh-,u-th- ds iz;ksx dh kq:vkr 15 vxLr 1995 ls ubZ fnYyh esa gqbZA
e.My fjtoZ {ks= Biosphere reserve Areas %&
;wusLdks ds ekuo rFkk tSo e.My dk;Ze ds varxZr 1968 esa ,d laxks"Bh dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k ftles UNESCO }kjk lHkh
nskks ls vihy dh xbZ fd os vius ;gkWa tSoe.My fjtoZ {ks=ksa dh LFkkiuk djds tSfod fofo/krk dk laj{k.k djs rFkk i;kZoj.k ,oa
ikfjfLFkfrdh ls lacf/kr fk{k.k ,oa izfk{k.k dh O;oLFkk djsaA
nqfu;k esa 17 esxk ck;ksMkboflZVh Biodiversity gkWV LikWV gSa] ftlesa Hkkjr Hkh 'kkfey gSA Hkkjr esa foo dh 12 izfrkr tSo
fofo/krk gSA
vHkh rd nsk esa 26 jkT;ksa esa ck;ksMkboflZVh cksMZ dh LFkkiuk gqbZA gSA
o"kZ 2012 dks vUrjkZ"Vh; tSo fofo/krk o"kZ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA tcfd 2012 esa Hkkjr ds gSnjkckn esa tSo fofo/krk ij
lEesyu vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA

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 tSo fofo/krk ij lEesyu lhchMh tSo fofo/krk ds laj{k.k ds fy, ,d varjkZ"Vh; laf/k gSA bl izdkj dk vxyk lEesyu
dksfj;k x.kjkT; esa o"kZ 2014 esa vk;ksftr fd;k tk,xkA
foo dk izFke thoe.My fjtoZ okosfj;u QksjsLV teZuh 1979 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj mlds ckn ;g nqfu;k Hkj ds 95
nskksa esa 425 LFkkuksa rd QSy pqdk gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa 18 thoe.My fjtoZ LFkkfir gSA
Hkkjr ds tSo e.My vkjf{kr {ks=%&

Ukke
{ks=Qy
1-uhyfxjh Hkkjr dk igyk tSoe.My {ks- rfeyukMq dsjy dukZVd 1986
2-uank nsoh
mRrjk[kaM 1988
3-eUukj dh [kkMh
rfeyukMq
4-lqUnj ou
ia- caxky 1989
5-'khr e:LFky Cold desert
fgekapy iznsk 2009
6-ekul
vle
7-dPN dk NksVk j.k
xqtjkr 2008
8-daputaxk
v:.kkapy iznsk] fLkfDde 2000
9-iUuk
e/; iznsk
10-xzsV fudksokj
v.Meku fudksckj
11-uksdjsd
es?kky; 1988
12-iape<+h
gksakxkckn] e/;iznsk 1999
13-fleyh iky
e;wjxat mMhlk
14-ekul
vle 1989
15-fMczw&lkb[kksok
vle 1997
16-nsgkax&fnckax
v:.kkpy izns k 1998
17-vxLr feykbZ
dsjy 2001
18-vpkudkej
vejdaVd] N-x-] e- iz-2005
iznw"k.k Pollutants %&
os iznw"kd tks cy iwoZd ok;q es dksgjs Fog ;k ok"Ik Vapour ds :Ik es fey tkrs gSA ,;jkslksYl dgykrs gSA
os izn"w kd ftudk vi?kVu Decomposition lw{e thoks }kjk ljy ,o vgkfudkjd ;k de gkfudkjd inkFkksZ es fd;k tkrk gS
tSo vi?kVd iznw"kd dgykrs gSA tSls%& eyew=] csdkj ydM+h] diMk dwMk djdV vkfnA
izk;% lHkh ukfHkdh; foLQksVks }kjk jsfM;ks/kehZ SR90 SE137 eq[; gksrs gS tks Y;wdhfe;k vkSj BONE CANCER dks mRiUu djrs gSA
N2O vkSj gkbMkstu lw;Z dh izdkk dh mifLFkfr es PAN vkSj vkstksu cukrs gS tks nksuks gh vR;f/kd fo"kSys gSs ftlds dkj.k vk[kksa
ls ikuh fudyrk gS lkl ysus es dfBukbZ gksrh gSA
vkstksu dh mifLFkfr esa ikS/kksa esa olu nj rhoz vkSj HkksT; inkFkksZ dh ek=k de gks tkrh gSA
:l ds psuksZfcy esa ijek.kq fo|qr ?kj es gqbz nq?kZVuk 1987 esa dks psuksZfcy nq?kZVuk dgrs gS tcfd jsfM;ks,sfDVo [knkuksa es
vfu;ksftr <+ax ls [kuu gksus ds dkj.k /kuckn vkSj flagHkwfe >kj[k.M tSlh nq?kZVuk,a gqbZ gS
Hkkjr ljdkj us xaxk ds ty dks izn"w k.k ls cpkus ds fy;s xaxk ,Dku Iyku dh kq:vkr 1985 ls dh vkSj Qjojh 1985 dsUh;
xaxk izkf/kdj.k dh LFkkiuk dh tks xaxk ,Dku Iyku dh ns[k js[k djrk gSA
dsUh; xaxk izkf/kdj.k ds v/;{k iz/kku ea=h tcfd lnL; lacf/kr jkT; ds lh-,e- gskrs gS xaxk unh 4 jkT;ks mkjk[k.M] m-iz-]
fcgkj] ia- caxky ds 17 ftyks ls gksdj cgrh gSA
mRrjk[kaM] mRrj iznsk] fcgkj] ia- caxky

ukosZ rFkk LohMu dh >hyksa es vEyh; o"kkZ ds dkj.k Hkkjh la[;k esa eNfy;ksa ds ejus ls lu 1960 ds nkd esa i;kZoj.kfonksa dk
/;ku vEyh; o"kkZ ds nq"kizHkkoksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr gqvk A
USA dukMk rFkk ifpeh ;wjksih;u jk"Vksa esa gksus okyh bl izdkj dh ?kkrd vEyh; o"kkZ dks >hy dkfry Lake killer dgk
tkrk gSA
rktegy dks vEyh; o"kkZ ds nq"kizHkkoksa ls cpk;s j[kus ds mnns; ls gh rkt Vsisft;e {ks= dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
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 Hkkjr esa ufn;ksa ds ty dks iznq"k.k ls eqDr j[kus ds mnns; ls lu 1995 esa jk"Vh; unh laj{k.k ;sktuk dks kq: fd;k x;kA bl
;kstuk ds varxZr Hkkjr dh 4 izeq[k ufn;ksa xaxk] ;equk] xkserh] nkeksnj ds vykok vU; ufn;ksa dks kkfey fd;k x;k gS
lkekU;r% 25 Mslhcy dh /ofu dks [kkekskh 26&65 Mslh dks /ofu dks 'kkar 66&75 Mslh rd dh /ofu dks lk/kkj.k 'kksj rFkk 75
Mslhcy rd dh /ofu dks vR;f/kd 'kksj dgk tkrk gSA
foo LokLF; laxBu us 45 Mslhoy rd dh /ofu dks d.kZ fiz; ,oa ekuo LokLF; ds fy;s lokZf/kd lqjf{kr crk;k gSA
lkekU;r% 65 Mslh ls vf/kd dgh /ofu dks /ofu izn"w k.k ekuk tkrk gSA 140 Mslh ls ij okyh /ofu ds dkj.k dku dk inkZ
izHkkfor gksrk gS blls ij gks tkus ij QV tkrk gSA
lqij lksfud foeku rFkk ;k=h foeku gokbZ vM~Ms ls mMrs le; vklikl ds {ks=ksa esa 120 ls 180 rd dh /ofu NksMrs gSA
LokLF; ij ok;q iznw"k.k dk nq"kizHkko %&
dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM & gheksXyksfcu dh O2 ys tkus dh {kerk ?kVuk dsUh; rf=dk ra= ij cqjk izHkko QsQMksa ds dk;kZs esa detksjh
CO, CO2 dh vis{kk hb ds lkFk 250 xquk vf/kd ca/kqrk nkkZrh gS ftlds dkj.k Blood Poisoning vkSj Suffocation gksrk gS A
SO2 lkl lac/kh jksx [kklhA
CO2 vLFkek QsQMks dh dk;Z {kerk esa dehA
N2 ds vkWDlkbM & okl vkSj gn; lac/kh jskxA
gkbMksdkcZu nnZ [kkWlh vkSj vkW[kksa esa tyuA
Pb bldk izHkko Bone Merrow ij gksrk gSA ;s fyoj vkSj fdMuh dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks foxkMrk gs vkSj Nervous System dks [kjkc
djrk gSA iztuu {kerk esa deh vkrh gSA

/kwyd.k %&

blls fo"kkDrrk vkSj dsalj gksrk gSA

Okkguks es mRlftZr CO dks CO2 es ifjofrZr djus okyh mRizsfjd ifjorZd Catalytic converter dh lhjSfed fMLd iSysfM;e ls
Lrfjr Coated gksrh gSA
foo esa lalk/ku laj{k.k vkanksyu Resources conservation movement dh kq:vkr fxQksMZ fiudksV us dh FkhA
ikfjfLFkfrdh ds tud Father of Ecology vusZLV ghdy gSA
vklsZfud ikS/kksa dks tgjhyk cuk nsrh gS ftlls pkjs ds :i esa ikS/kksa dks [kkus okys ikqvks dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA
SO2 ds izHkko ls ikS/kks esa Dykjksfll DyksjksfQy dk u"V gksuk rFkk ekuo fljnnZ mYVh vkfn fodkj mRiUu gskrs gS usskfll
rdks dk u"V gskuk
dSMfe;e ds dkj.k ekuo es n; lac/kh chekfj;k vkSj gkbZ CyM izskj gks tkrk gSA
?kjsyw bZ/ku ls fudyus okys /kq,s esa CO2 SO2 rFkk de ek=k NO2 xSls ikbZ tkrh gS tcfd vksVkseksckby ls fudyus okys /kq;s esa Pb
CO2 ds lkFk lkFk SO2, CO2, NO2 vkfn xSls Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA
gfjr isVksy ewyr% lhlk jfgr isVksy gSA ftldk iz;ksx loZ izFke Hkkjr esa ubZ fnYyh esa izkjaHk gqvkA mlds ipkr dksydRrk]
eqEcbZ] pSUubZ esa gqvkA
Tkkiku esa 1953 es IykfLVd QsSDVh ls fudys edZjh iznw"kd Pollutant }kjk rVorhZ leqhZ {ks= ty esa feuhekVk jksx mRiUu
gqvkA ftlds dkj.k gtkjks tyh; thoksa dh e`R;q gqbZA
IPCC dh LFkkiuk foo ekSle laxBu ds 40 os l= ds nkSjku 1988 esa dh xbZ IPCC dks 'kkafr dk 2007 dk ukscy iq:Ldkj
fn;k x;k blds orZeku v/;{k vkj ds ipksSjh gSA
ifpeh ?kkV ds dukZVd ds fljlh gksukojk taxyks ls foyqIr gks jgh ksj dh iwN okys canj dk lcls cMk clsjk crk;k x;k gS
bUgs IUCN us bUgsa Red Data Book esa j[kk gSA
lrr~ fodkl Sustainable Development ,d ,slh izf;k gs ftles izd`frd lalk/kuks dk bl izdkj mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS fd
orZeku vko;drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds lkFk lkFk Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dks mudh vko;drkvksa dh iwfrZ esa fdlh dfBukbZ dk lkeuk
ugh djuk iMs A
/kwez dskgjs Smoke Fog es /kw,s rFkk dksgjs dk feJ.k gksrk gS blds izHkko ds dkj.k vkW[kks esa tyu gksrh gS vkSj xys rFkk lhus
es nnZ eglwl gksrs gSA Leksx esa /kq,sa rFkk dksgjs ds vykok dbZ vU; ?kVd Hkh gksrs gS tSls%& CO gkbMksdkcu rFkk N2 o S ds
vkWDlkbMA
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ls vkaa[kksa esa tyu] nek] [kkWlh] fljnnZ QsQMks dk jksx rFkk lkal ysus eas dfBukbZ tSls jksx gks tkrs gSA ;fn SO2 dks yxkrkj
iRFkj ij ls izokfgr fd;k tk;s rks ;s mls {kr fo{kr dj nsrh gs vr% bls Cracking Gas Hkh dgrs gsSA
SO2 ds izHkko ls gh ?kjks esa la{kkj.k Degredation gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k bZV ls ijr nj ijr yky pw.kZ tSlk inkFkZ fudyrk
gSA
vUrZjk"Vh; pkoy vuqla/kku laLFkku ds v/;;u ls ;s ckr lkeus vkbZ fd ikWyhFkhu lw;Z dh fdj.kks dks feVVh es tkus ls jksdrk
gS ftlls feVVh esa iyus okys ykHkdkjh thok.kq tks iks"kd rRoks dks cuk;s j[krs gS os u"V gsk tkrs gS blls gtkjks gSDVs;j Hkwf e
u"V gks jgh gSA bldk ,d vU; gkfudkjd izHkko ;s gskrk gS fd tehu es nok ikWyhfFku o"kkZ ds ty dks HkwxHkZ esa tkus ls jksdrk
gS ftlds dkj.k vf/kdkak ty ok"i cudj mM tkrk gSA
oSKkfudksa dks HkqV~Vs Corn ds LVkpZ ls ,d ,slk IykfLVd cukus es lQyrk feyh gS tks ikjifjd IykfLVd ds xq.kksa ds lkFk
tSfod :i ls fo?fVr gksus dh viuh {kerk ds dkj.k i;kZoj.k ds vuqdqy Hkh gSA HkqVVs dk LVkpZ lQsn jax dk ,d ,slk
dkcksZgkbMsV gS tks ikS/kks }kjk izdkk lays"k.k Photosynthesis ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA ftlds dkj.k ueh vkSj feVVh ds
laidZ e vkus ij ;g tSfod :i ls fo?kfVr gksdj mles iwjh rjg ?kqy tkrk gSA Australia Government us Bio IykfLVd cukus
esa lQyrk izkIr dh gSA
fgan egklkxj ds ij ckny ds :i esa Nk;h /kaq/kyh dkQh eksVh vkSj O;kid ijr dks ,sfk;kbZ /kqa/k ;k ,fk;u gst dgk x;k gSA
;s /kqa/k yxHkx 1 djksM eh2 {ks= esa Nk;h gaqbZ gSA
leq rV ls yxHkx 1600 fdeh ds Qklys ij ;s /kaq/k yxHkx 1&3 fdeh rd dh pkbZ rd QSyh crkbZ tkrh gSA ftldk dkj.k
South asia {ks= ds ckaXyknsk vQxkfuLrku HkwVku Jhyadk ekynho vkSj Hkkjr ds djksMks xjhcks dks mRrj nk;h crk;k x;kgSA
ou vkSj i;kZoj.k ea=ky; us yxHkx 7876 djksM :Ik;s dh ykxr okyh Dyhu ifj;kstukvks dks eatwjh nh gSA ftlls dks;yk
vk/kkfjr fctyh ifj;kstuk ls xzhu gkl xSlks ds mRltZu dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
orZeku le; es ikuh esa rsy dh cwWnks dks lkQ djus ds fy;s LFkwMkseksukl iqfVMk oSDVhfj;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr ds eYVhdskeksfVVh ,sDlpsat Qjojh 2008 es ;wjksih;u DykbesV ,Dlpsat ij dkjksckj ds fy;s dkcZu sfMV dkUVsDV ykWp
fd;k gSA
fu;ekas ds vuqlkj ,slh IkzR;sd dEiuh dks mRltZu de djus dk Ikzek.k i= iznku fd;k tkrk gS tks izfr Vu CO2 dk mRltZu
Emission fu/kkZfjr ek=k ls de djrh gS bls ;k rks rqjar OTC (OVER THE COUNTER) ds :i cspk tkrk gS ;k Future
Contract ds :i es bldk lksnk fd;k tkrk gS ;s Bhd mlh rjg dk gS tSlk fdlh Commodity Derivative dk dkjksckj fd;k
tkrk gS bUgsa os dEifu;ka[kjhnrh gS ftudk dkcZu mRltZu fu/kkfjr ek=k ls vf/kd jgrk gS ;s dkjksckj D;ksVks izksVksdkWy dk vax
gS blds vuqlkj fodflr nskks dh dEifu;k fu/kkZfjr Lrj ls T;knk mRltZu dh HkjikbZ ckgj ls Hkh dj ldrh gS lkFk gh tks
dEifu;k lhek ls de dkcZu mRlftZr djrh gS os vius Surplus ls de okys fgLlksa dks nwljh dEiuh;ksa dks csp ldrh gSA
D;ksVks izksVksdky ds ds vuqlkj dkcZu sfMV ;k CER(CARBON EMISSION REDUCTION) izek.k i= Clean Development
Mechanism Executive Board tkjh djrk gS ;g ifj;kstukvks dk izek.ki= tkjh djus okyh loksZPp laLFkk gS tks i;kZoj.k
ea=ky; ds v/khu gS ;wjksih; dEiuh;k bl le; C sfMV dh lcls cMh [kjhnkj gSA
Inter Governmental Panel On Climete Change dh LFkkiuk foo ekSle laxBu ds 40 osa l= ds nkSjku 1988 esa dh xbZ IPCC
dks 2007 dks ukscy iq:Ldkj fn;k x;k blds orZeku ps;uesu vkj ds ipksjh gSA
vesfjdk us vesfjdu Dyhu ,suthZ flD;ksfjVh ,sDV vkQ 2009 uked ,d fo/kku izLrkfor fd;k gSA ftldk mnns; oSfod
iznw"k.k dks de djuk vkSj LoPN tkZ vFkZO;oLFkk dks viukuk gSA
mM+hlk dh Hkhrj dfudk laspqjh ess gj ly vkWfyo fjMys dNq,s cMh la[;k esa iztuu ds fy;s vkrs gSA
SO2

vc rd gaq;s i;kZoj.k lEesyu

1- LVkWd gkse varjkZ"Vh; fk[kj lEesyu & 1972

2- eksUVh;y izksVksdksy dukMk 1987 & Hkkjr bl ij dksiu gasxu lEesyu ds nkSjku gLrk{kj fd;saA
3- i`Foh lEesyu jh;ksMh tssusjks 1992 & bls Agenda 21 esa Lohd`r fd;k x;k D;ksfd bl lEesyu es 21 oh lnh ds fy;s
i;kZoj.kh; fodkl gsrq dk;Ze fu/kkZfjr fd;s A
4- U;w;kdZ lEesyu 1997

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5- D;ksVsk izksVksdksy tkiku 1997 & Xykscy okfeZx ij fu;a=.k gsrq U;wthyS.M us xzhu gkl xSlks ds mRltZu ij jksd yxku gsrqA
2005 es vius ;gk dkcZu VSDl yxkus dk izko/kku fd;k gSA Xyksoy okfeZx ij fu;a=.k yxkus ds fy;s bl izdkj dj yxkus okys
U;wthyS.M foo dk igyk nsk gSA
6- tksgkUloxZ i`Foh 10 lEesyu
&
2002
7- nwljk i`Foh lEesyu tksgksUloxZ
&
2002
8- la;qDr jk"V tyok;q ifjorZu lEesyu teZuh
&
2003
9- tyok;qifjorZu lEesyu vtsZaVhuk
&
2004
10- cSdkad ifjorZu lEesyu FkkbysS.M
&
2007
11- ckyh lEesyu b.Mksusfk;k fnlacj
&
2007
12- tyok;q ifjorZu lEesyu FkkbyS.M vizsy
&
2008
13- tyok;q ifjorZu lEesyu MsuekdZ

&

2009

14- dkudqu lEesyu & eSfDldks ds dkudqu 'kgj esa uoacj&fnlacj 2012A vkf/kdkfjd :i ls bldks ;wukbVsM uskUl seoZ dUosaku
vkWu DykbesaV psat UNFCCC lfgr dksi& 16 Cop Conference of Parties ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA nqfu;k Hkj ds nskksa
us tyok;q ifjorZu dh leL;k ls fuiVus ds fy, lkS vjc MkWyj djhc lk<+s pkj [kjc :i;s dk xzhu QaM cukus ds fy,
lgefr ns nh gSA
15- dksi&17@tyok;q ifjorZu lEesyu % la;qDr jk"V dk tyok;q 28 uoacj] 2011 vhdk ds Mcju 'kgj esa laIkUu gqvkA
16- fj;ks +20 i`Foh lEesyu & czkthy ds eueksgd 'kgj fj;ks fM tsusfj;ks esa izFke i`Foh lEesyu ds 20 o"kZ iwjs gksus ij 20 ls 22
twu] 2012 rd rhu fnolh; fj;ks +20 lEesyu vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA
NEERI oSKkfudks us National Environmental Research Institute tSusfVd bathfu;fjax }kjk ,d ,slk thok.kq cuk;k gS tks
L;wMkseksukl iztkfr dk gS vkSj rsy dks cMs pko ls [kkrk gSA
ou vkSj i;kZoj.k ea=ky; }kjk 1991 esa bdskekdZ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh ftldk mnns; i;kZoj.k vuqdw y mRiknksa dh ysofyax
djuk gSA
INDOEX (INDIAN OCEAN EXPERIMENT) iwjs foo foks"kdj vesfjdk ;wjksi Hkkjr vkSj ekynho esa QSys gq;s 150 oSKkfudks dk
,slk lewg tks tyok;q ij i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds iMus okys izHkkoksa dk fgan egklkxj ess v/;;u djus ds fy;s cuk;k x;k gSA
SWEET (Sloping Water Shadow Enviroment Engineering Technology) dk laf{kIr :i gS bl VSDuksyksth dk fodkl ioZrh;
{ks=ks es <yku okys tyxzg.k {ks=ks rFkk fuEu dksVh (Low Categary) dh Hkwfe dks mi;ksx eas ykus ds fy;s fd;k x;k gS bldk
fodkl th-ch-iar laLFkku vyeksMk ds oSKkfudksa us fd;k gSA
Nobal iq:Ldkj fotsrk ckaxkjh eFkkbZ us o"kZ 1977 esa Hkw{kj.k Soil Erossion jksdus ds fy;s xzhu csYV vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;k FkkA
;s vfHk;ku bl le; vhdk egk}hi dk lcls cMk vfHk;ku gS
20 twu 2009 dks oQkZuh rsnv
q k ifj;kstuk Snow Leopard Project dh kq:vkr dh xbZ FkhA

science & Technology

Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku dk;Ze Indian space Research Programme & 1962 esa MkWa- foe lkjkHkkbZ dh v/;{krk esa

^Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; varfj{k vuqla/kku lfefr*Indian national Space research committee ds xBu ds lkFk gh Hkkjr esa varfj{k
dk;Ze dk lw=ikr gqvkA 15 vxLr 1969 dks blh lfefr dks iquxZfBr Reconstrut djds Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuql/a kku laxBu
bljks ISRO dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA
bljks o mldh fofHkUu bdkb;k ISRO and its associated Units&

foe lkjkHkkbZ varfj{k dsUnz VSSC Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre ;s dsjy ds fr:vuariqje FkqEck esa fLFkr gS tks bljks
dk lcls cM+k dsUnz gSA ;g iz{ksi.k ;ku Lauching Shuttle dk fodkl djrk gSaA vc rd Hkkjr }kjk iz{ksfir lHkh iz{ksi.k
;kuksa dks blh dsUnz esa fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
bljks mixzg dsUnz ISAC ISRO satellite Center ;g caxyw: esa fLFkr gS tks Hkkjr ds varfj{k dk;Ze ds rgr varfj{k ;kuksa
ds fMtkbu] fuekZ.k] la;kstu Combination vkSj mixzg izkS|ksfxdh Satellite Techonology ds fodkl ds fy, mkjnk;h
gSA
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 varfj{k vuqiz;ksx dsUnz SAC- Satellite Application Centre ;g vgenkckn esa fLFkr gSA varfj{k izkS|ksfxdh ls lacaf/kr reke
rjg ds vuqla/kku dk;Z ;gh ls lapkfyr gksrs gSA ;g dsUnz ubZ ifj;kstukvksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djus ls ysdj mUgsa veyhtkek
Apply igukus rd ds dk;Z dks vatke nsrk gSa Vh-oh- nwjlapkj ls lacaf/kr izkS|ksfxdh ij Hkh vuqla/kku o fodkl dk;Z pyrs
jgrs gSA
'kkj dsUnz SHAR Sri Hrikota High Altitude Range ;g JhgfjdksVk vka/kziznsk esa fLFkr gSA bldk Uk;k uke lrhk /kou
varfj{k dsUnz gSaA bl dsUnz dks ASLV vkSj PSLV tSls cM+s mixzg iz{ksi.k okguksa Satellite Launching Vehicles dks NksM+us
ds fy, jsat ds :i esa fodflr fd;k x;k gSaA Hkkjr dk igyk mixzg iz{ksi.k okgu SLV Satellite Launching Vehicles ;gh
ls NksM+k x;k FkkA
mixzgksa ds izdkj Types Of Satellites
ifjek iFk Revolutionary Path ds vk/kkj ij ;s fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1- fuEu Hkw&d{kh; mixzg Low-earth-orbit Satellite & bl izdkj ds mixzg lkekU;r% ,d vaMkdkj d{kk Oval Orbit esa 300
ls 600 fdeh- dh lhek esa dk;Zjr gksrs gSaA orZeku esa dk;Z dj jgs vf/kdkak mixzg blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA
2- lkSj&rqY;dkfyd d{kh; mixzg Sun-Synchronous Orbit Satellite & bl rjg ds mixzg fudV&o`rh; /kzqoh; d{kk Near
circular polar orbit esa mkj ls nf{k.k dh vksj pyrs gq, ,d fufpr pkbZ 500&1000 fdeh- ij viuk dk;Z djrs gSA
PSLV Polar Satellite Laucnch Vehicle }kjk iz{ksfir Hkkjrh; lqnwj laosnu mixzg IRS - Indian Remote Sensing
Satellite blh oxZ esa vkrs gSA
3- Hkw&rqY;dkfjd mixzg Geo-synchronous Satellite & ;s mixzg ,d o`kkdkj fo"kqorh; d{kk Equatorial Orbit esa 36]000
fdeh- dh fufpr pkbZ ij 24 ?kaVs esa ,d ckj i`Foh dh ifjek djrs gSA pwfd i`Foh Hkh viuh /kqjh Axis ij brus gh
le; esa ifjHkze.k Rotation djrh gS] vr% ;s mixzg fLFkj izrhr gksrs gSa bulsV Js.kh ds lapkj Communation mixzg blh
oxZ esa vkrs gSA
Hkkjr dk varfj{k dk;Ze & ;s bl izdkj gSA
lu~ 1975 esa Lonskh rduhd ls fufeZr Hkkjr dk izFke mixzg vk;ZHkV~V iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA
blds ckn leqnzh lrg ds rkieku] leqnzh gokvksa vknzZrk Humidity] rkieku] ck<+ o ekSle ls lacaf/kr ekufp=ksa ds fy,
HkkLdj Ja[kyk izkjaHk dh xbZA
blds varxZr twu 1979 esa lksfo;r la?k ls HkkLdj&1 dks iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA
varfj{k dk;Zeksa dk vxyk pj.k jksfg.kh J`a[kyk ds :i esa izkjaHk fd;k x;kA
10 vxLr 1979 dks jksfg.kh dk iz{ksi.k fd;k x;k] ysfdu vlQy jgkA
varfj{k dk;Ze ds varXkZr pj.k ds :i esa Hkkjr esa bUlSV iz.kkyh dk vkxeu gqvkA
bUlSV ls rkRi;Z bafM;u uskuy lSVsykbV ls gSa ;g ,d cgqmn~nskh; Multipurpose mixzg iz.kkyh gSA
ekSle dh foLr`r tkudkjh] nwjlapkj] nwjnkZu] vkdkkok.kh tSls izR;sd dk;Zeksa dks iwjs jk"V esa izlkfjr djus gsrq bUlSV iz. kkyh
dks viuk;k x;k A
bUlSV&A J`a[kyk dk igyk mixzg balSV&A1 vizSy 1982 dks vesfjdu jkWdsV MsYVk ls iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA balSV&1B dks Hkh 30
vxLr 1983 dks vesfjdu jkWdsV MsYVk ls iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA
balSV ds vxys pj.k ds :i esa nwljh ih<+h ds mixzg vljnk;d fl) gq, gSaA blSV 2 ds varxZr 5 mixzgksa dk iz{ksi.k vkjaHk
gqvkA loZizFke 10 tqykbZ 1992 dks balVS &2A dks sap xq;kuk ds dkS: }hi ls iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA
balSV&2C o balSV 2D dks ek% fnlacj 1995 o twu 1997 dks ,fj;u jkWdsV ls iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA blds iz;ksx ls nwjnkZu dk
{ks=h; izlkj.k] jsfM;ks izlkj.k] ekSle foKku] lekpkj ,oa QSDl lsokvksa dk fodkl gqvkA
blds ckn jkWdsV ls 3 vizsy 1999 dks balsV 2E dks iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA
blds iz{ksi.k ls Hkkjr dk nwjlapkj {ks= foo cktkj esa izosk dj x;kA Hkkjr ds vykok phu] e/; ;wjksi] ,fk;k ,oa vkLVsfy;k
ds vf/kdkak Hkkx blds dojst esa vk x,A
balSV Ja`[kyk dh vxyh ih<+h ds :i esa baLkSV&3A] balSV&3B o balSV&3E dks Hkh iz{ksfir fd;k x;k gSA
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 ftuls Hkkjr esa eksckby Qksu lsok laHko gqbZA blds vfrfjDr 18 vizSy 2001 dks Hkkjr dk igys GLVD&1 dk lQy iz{ksi.k
Jh gfjdksVk ls fd;k x;k
2002 esa PSLV-C4 }kjk Jh gfjdksVk ls Hkkjr ds igys ekSle mixzg es MATSAT dk iz{ksi.k fd;k x;k] ftls dYiuk 1 uke
fn;k x;kA
20 flracj 2004 dks Hkkjr ds varfj{k vuqla/kku laxBu bljks }kjk varfj{k vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa ,d cM+h miyfC/k ml le;
gkfly dh xbZ tc ,tqlSV EDUSAT uked mixzg dks Lonsk fufeZr GSLV Geo Satellite Launch Vehicle jkdsV ds
tfj, Jh gfjdksVk dsUnz ls iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA ;g mixzg Hkkjr esa fk{kk ds {ks= esa kafrdkjh ifjorZu yk,xkA
Hkkjr ds varfj{k dk;Ze esa ,d u;k vk;ke ebZ 2005 esa ml le; LFkkfir gqvk tc Lonsk fufeZr /kzoqh; mixzg iz{ksi.k ;ku
PSLV&6 dh lgk;rk ls nwj laosnh mixzg dkVksZlSV 1 o ,d vU; mixzg gSelSV dks i`Foh dh /kzqoh; d{kk esa lQyrk iwoZd
LFkkfir dj fn;k x;kA
fnlacj 2005 esa ,fj;u&5 jkdsV }kjk balSV 4A dks iz{ksfir fd;k x;k ftldk eq[; mn~ns; lapkj ds {ks= esa akfr ykuk gSA
9 tqykbZ 2006 dks Jh gfjdksVk fLFkr lrhk /kou varfj{k dsUnz ls NksM+k x;kA balSV&4 C GSLV-Fo2 }kjk foQy gks x;k
FkkA
bljks us 10 tuojh 2007 dks PSLV-C7 ls igyh ckj ,d lkFk pkj mixzgksa dks i`Foh dh d{kk esa LFkkfir djus dk deky dj
fn;kA
bu pkj mixzgksa esa ls ,d ,slk mixzg Hkh 'kkfey gSa] tks 13 fnu varfj{k esa jgus ds ckn lqjf{kr /kjrh ij ykSV vk;kA
blds lkFk gh Hkkjr USA :l] phu ds ckn bl rjg dk mixzg Hkstus okyk foo dk pkSFkk nsk cu x;k gSaA
28 vizSy 2008 dks bljks us izFke ckj ,d lkFk 10 mixzg varfj{k esa iz{ksfir dj bfrgkl jp fn;kA PSLV-C9 us Jh
gfjdksVk ds larhk /kou varfj{k dsUnz ls 10 mixzgksa ds lkFk mM+ku HkjhA
bljks us panz;ku&1 dk lQy iz{ksi.k lrhk /kou varfj{k dsUnz ls PSLV-C12 ds }kjk 22 vDVwcj 2008 dks fd;kA
flarcj 2009 esa bljks us egklkxj o tyok;q ds v/;;u ds fy, 16osa nwjlosanh mixzg vkskulSV&II ,oa 6 NksVs ;wjksih; mixzgksa
dk lQy iz{ksi.k fd;kA
bljks us tqykbZ 2010 esa ,d ekufp=.k eSfiax lSVsykbV dkVksZlsV 2 ch dk lQy iz{ksi.k Jh gfjdksVk ds lrhk /kou varfj{k
dsUnz ls PSLV-C15 }kjk fd;kA blesa 1 ehVj ls Hkh NksVh oLrqvksa dk fp= [khapus dh {kerk gSA
20 vizsSy 2011 dks PSLV-C16 }kjk fjlkslZlSv uked lSVsykbV dks lQyrkiwoZd iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA bljks }kjk rS;kj fd;k
x;kA ;g 18oka nwj laosnh mixzg Remote Sensing Satellite FkkA
12 vDVwcj 2011 dks PSLV-C18 }kjk es?kk VkfiDl dks i`Foh dh
d{kk esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA ;g Hkkjr ,oa kal dk
la;qDr mixzg gS ftudk fuekZ.k tyok;qoh; ?kVukvksa dks le>us ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA
15 tqykbZ 2011 dks lapkj mixzg thlSV&12 dk lQy iz{ksi.k PSLV-C17 ds tfj, fd;k x;kA 1410 fdxzk- otu okys thlSV
12 dks i`Foh dh Hkw&leLFkkfud LFkkukUrj.k d{kk Geo-synchronous transfer orbit esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
;g ,d nwljk volj Fkk] tc Hkw&leLFkkfud d{kk esa LFkkiuk ds fy, PSLV dk bLrseky fd;k x;k blls iwoZ 2002 esa esVlSV
dYiuk&1 dk iz{ksi.k PSLV-C14 ds tfj, fd;k x;k FkkA
vDVwcj 2011 esa PSLV-C18 ds tfj, ,d lkFk pkj mixzg i`Foh dh /kzqoh; d{kk esa LFkkfir fd;s x;sA blds }kjk iz{ksfir mixzgksa
esa ekSle v/;;u okys ^es?kk VkWfiDl* ds vfrfjDr rhu NksVs&NksVs mixzg 'kkfey FksA buesa ^es?kk VkWfiDl* Hkkjr o kal dk
la;qDr mie gS] tks Hkkjrh; ekuwlu ds foLr`r v/;;u ds lkFk&lkFk pokr Cyclone] ck<+ o lw[ks vkfn ds laca/k esa
v/;;u esa lgk;d gksxkA
26 vizSy] 2012 dks vkU/kz izns k esa JhgfjdksVk fLFkr lrhk /kou varfj{k dsUnz ls Lonsk fufeZr jMkj besftax lSVsykbV jhlSV&1
RISAT-1 dk lQy ijh{k.k fd;k x;k 1858 fdxzk- otu ds bl mixzg dk iz{ksi.k ih,l,yoh&lh&19 PSLV-19: Polar
satellite launch vehicle ds tfj, fd;k x;kA ;g bljks dk vc rd dk lcls Hkkjh mixzg gSA
29 flrEcj] 2012 dks bljks us ,d 'kfDrkkyh lapkj mixzg thlSV&10 GSAT-10 dk lQy ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA ;g bljks
dk 101 ok feku FkkA

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1972 esa jk"Vh; varfj{k dk;Ze National Space Programme cuk;k x;kA ftlds lapkyu ds fy, 1972 esa gh varfj{k
vk;ksx vkSj varfj{k foHkkx Space Commission & Space Department dk xBu fd;k x;kA bu nksuksa dk eq[;ky; caxyq:
esa gSA
bljks dk eq[;ky; caxyq: esa gSA blds orZeku v/;{k MkWa- ds- jk/kkd`".ku gSaA
LIDAR ykbV fMVsDku ,aM jsftax ,slh lqnwj laosnu Remote Sensing iz.kkyh gS ftlesa yslj fdj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA bl iz.kkyh esa yslj fdj.kksa ds vkorZdky rFkk xfr ds vk/kkj ij fdlh LFkku vFkok y{; ls ijkofrZr gksus okyh fdj.kksa dh
tkZ dk ewY;kadu dj] ml LFkku foks"k dh HkkSxksfyd fofk"Vrkvksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ISRO dh tM+Roh; iz.kkyh bdkbZ Inertial system Unit -IISU dsjy ds fr:vuariqje esa fLFkr gSA
foo dk izFke d`f=e mixzg Liwrfud&I FkkA ftls lksfo;r la?k :l us 4 vDVwcj] 1957 dks iz{ksfir fd;k FkkA
Hkkjr ds izFke varfj{k ;k=h jkdsk 'kekZ gSa ftUgksaus 1984 esa :l ds lks;wt&;ku esa nks :lh varfj{k ;kf=;ksa ds lkFk varfj{k
;k=k dhA
bljks dk eq[; fu;a=.k lqfo/kk dsUnz MCF Master Control Facility Center dukZVd ds gklu esa fLFkr gSA bl dsUnz ls
bulsV varfj{k ;kuksa dk iz{ksi.k] d{kk esa LFkkfir djus rFkk d{kk esa LFkkfir gksus ds ckn blds lapkyu laca/kh dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA
bljks dk nwljk eq[; fu;a=.k lqfo/kk dsUnz Hkksiky esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA
bljks dh HkkSfrd vuqla/kku iz;ksx'kkyk Physical Research laboratory vgenkckn esa fLFkr gSA ;g laLFkku varfj{k vkSj
lac) foKku esa vuql/a kku ,oa fodkl dk;Z djus okys izeq[k jk"Vh; dsUnz gSA tks varfj{k foHkkx ds vUrxZRk dk;Zjr gSA
jk"Vh; lqnwj laosnh ,tsalh NRSA- National Remote Sensing Agency gSnjkckn esa fLFkr gSa A mixzgksa ls vkdM+ksa dk mi;ksx
djds i`Foh ds laLFkkuksa dh igpku] oxhZdj.k o fuxjkuh djus dh ftEesnkjh bl ,tsalh dh gSA jk"Vh; nwj laosnh ,tsalh dk gh
,d vax Hkkjrh; nwj laosnh laLFkku gSa] Indian Remote Sensing Institute tks nsgjknwu esa fLFkr gSA ;g nwjlaosnh rduhdksa
vkSj gokbZ fp= O;k[;k rduhdksa ds fy, eq[; izfk{k.k dsUnz gSA
,d Hkw&fLFkj d{kk Geo-synchronous orbit dh pkbZ 36]000 fdeh- gksrh gSA bl d{kk esa fLFkr mixzgksa dk mi;ksx lapkj
rFkk ekxZnkZu ds fy, gksrk gSA
bulSV&3 Ja`[kyk ds mixzgksa ds mi;ksx ls Vsyh eSfMlhu vkSj Vsyh ,tqdsku dh lqfo/kk rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa baVjusV ls fk{kk nsus
ds fy, fo/;kokfguh pSuy dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
leqnz ds Hkhrj fofHkUu tgktksa] rsy mRiknu dsUnzksa vkfn ds chp Hkh ;s mixzg lapkj lsok miyC/k djrs gSA ,slh varjkZ"Vh;
O;oLFkk dk uke ^buekjlsV* INMARSET gSA
ljdkjh {ks= esa fudusV NICNET- National Information Centre network tSls usVodZ bu mixzgksa ds iz;ksx ls nsk ds
izR;sd ftys dks dsUnz ljdkj ds lkFk geskk lapkj dh fLFkfr esa cuk, j[krs gSA blh ls Video Confrensing dh lqfo/kk
lapkfyr gksrh gSA
xxu GAGAN- GPS Aided Geo Augmented navigation bljks o Hkkjrh; foeku iru izkf/kdj.k }kjk fodflr dh tkus
okyh ,d {ks=h; mixzg lapkyu iz.kkyh gS] ftls ebZ 2006 esa Lohd`r fd;k x;k FkkA blds varxZr ,fk;k izkkar {ks= esa ,d
^Hkkjrh; {ks=h; lapkyu mixzg iz.kkyh* Indian Regional navigational Satellite system LFkkfir fd;k tk;sxkA bl
ifj;kstuk ds fy, caxyq: ds fudV dMugYyh esa ekLVj daVkys lsaVj dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSa lHkh izeq[k gokbZ ikuksa Airport
dks Hkh bl iz.kkyh ls tksM+k tk;sxkA
Hkqou Bhauvan bljks dh ,d egRodka{kh ifj;kstuk gSa] ftlesa Hkkjrh; uDkks ds 3D f=foeh; :iksa dks ns[kk tk ldsxkA ;g
gekjs izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ls lacaf/kr ,slk vkbZvkj,l fp= izLrqr dj ldsxk ftlesa izkd`frd lalk/kuksa esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa ij
izdkk Mkyk tk ldrk gSA
vorkj AVATAR-Aerobic Vehicle for Advanced Trans-Atmospheric Research Hkkjrh; varfj{k oSKkfud ,d
cgqmn~nskh; Loiz.kksfnr varfj{k ;ku gSA tks varfj{k esa dk;Z&izf;k iw.kZ dj ysus ds ckn viuh tkZ ls gh varfj{k dh d{kk ls
ckgj fudyus] ok;qeaMy esa izosk djus vkSj i`Foh ij mrjus esa l{ke gksxk vkSj varfj{k ;ku mixzgks a dh Hkkafr fuxjkuh] xqIrpjh
rFkk Vksgfxjh Spy tSlh lsok, iw.kZ fooluh;rk ds lkFk miyC/k djk,xkA
varjkZ"Vh; varfj{k LVsku ISS International Space Satation dh LFkkiuk vejhdk o :l }kjk 1998 esa dh xbZ Fkh orZeku
esa bles lfEefyr nskksa dh la[;k 16 gSA ;g i`Foh ls yxHkx 400 fdeh- pkbZ ij LFkkfir gS rFkk 90 feuV esa i`Foh dk ,d
pDdj iwjk djrk gSA orZeku esa varfj{k LVsku dk iz;ksx eq[;r% ekuo 'kjhj ij nh?kZdkfyd varfj{k mM+ku ds izHkkoksa dks le>us

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gsrq fd;k tk jgk gSA vkikrdky esa bl varfj{k LVsku ij ekStwn O;fDr;ksa dks dqkyrkiwoZd i`Foh ij okil ykus ds fy, ;gk
^lks;wt* uked ,d dSIlwy jkWdsV j[kk x;k gSA
,afVDl Antrix bljks dh O;olkf;d bdkbZ gSa] rks fd Hkkjr dh varfj{k {kerkvksa ds foi.ku Marketing ds fy, dsUnzh;
,tsalh dk dke djrh gSA
,VkWfed ,uthZ foHkkx }kjk ^bafM;u uskuy desVh QkWj Lisl fjlpZ* INCOSPAR dk laxBu fd;k x;k vkSj FkqEck
bDosVksfj;y jkWdsV LVsku TERLS dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
izFke lkmfUMax jkWdsV dks ^VyZl
~ * TERLS }kjk 21 uoEcj] 1963 dks ykWUp fd;k x;kA
Hkkjrh; ewy dh vejhdh ukxfjd dYiuk pkoyk ^uklk* vUrfj{k feku esa vUrfj{k esa xbZA
foo esa vcrd lkr i;ZVd varfj{k esa x, gSA ftuds uke bl izdkj gSA
1- Msful VhVks vejhdk
&
2001
2- ekdZ 'kVyoFkZ
&
2002
3- xzsxjh vkslu
&
2005
4- vuqksg valkjh bZjku foo dh izFke efgyk varfj{k i;ZVd & 2006
5- pkYlZ fl;ksuh
&
2007
6- fjpMZ xSfj;V
&
2008
7- xqbZ ykfycVsZ dukMk &
2009
Hkkjr ds varfj{k dk;Ze dh Hkfo"; dh ;kstuk,sa &
o 2013 esa Hkkjr eaxy ij Hkstsxk viuk mixzg 300 fnu dk gksxk ;g vfHk;ku !
o 2013 esa gh vius cwrs Self vUrfj{k ;k=h Hkstus dh ;kstukA
o 2014 esa :l ds lkFk pUnz;ku&2 dks HkstsxkA
o 2015 esa nks Hkkjr vUrfj{k ;k=h Lonskh jkWdsV ls mM+ku HkjsxsaA
o 2020 esa Hkkjrh; dks pkn ij mrkjus dh rS;kjhA

Hkkjr dk ijek.kq tkZ dk;Ze & Hkkjr esa ijek.kq tkZ vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk 1948 esa dh xbZ FkhA ijek.kq tkZ dk;Ze dks

ijek.kq tkZ foHkkx dk;kZfUor djrk gSA bl foHkkx dh LFkkiuk 1954 esa dh xbZ FkhA ;g eqEcbZ ds ikl VkEcs esa fLFkr gSA
,VkWfed ,uthZ dehku Atomic Energy Commission -AEC ijek.kq tkZ lEcU/kh uhfr;ksa dks ijek.kq tkZ foHkkx
Department of Atomic Energy -DAE }kjk dk;kZfUor djkrk gSA bl foHkkx ds v/khu 5 'kks/k dsUnz] pkj ifcyd lsDVj
v.MjVsfdaXl] rhu b.MfLV;y vkWxsZukbtsku vkSj pkj lfoZl vkWxsZukbtsku gSa buds vfrfjDr foHkkx lkr 'kks/k laLFkkvksa dh lgk;rk
djrk gSA
,VkWfed ,uthZ foHkkx ds v/khUkLFk laLFkk,a &
fjlpZ ,.M MsoysiesaV vkWxsZukbtskUl &
1- HkkHkk ,VkWfed fjlpZ lsUVj] eqEcbZ BARC & 1957
2- bfUnjk xka/kh lsUVj QkWj ,VkWfed fjlpZ] dyiDde & 1971
3- lsUVj QkWj ,MokUl VsDuksykWth] bUnkSj &
4- oSfj,cy ,uthZ lkbDyksVkuW lsUVj] dksydkrk & 1977
5- ,VkWfed feujy fMohtu] gSnjkckn &
ifCyd lsDVj vkWxsZukbtskUl &
1- U;wfDy;j ikWoj dkiksZjsku vkWQ bf.M;k fy- eqEcbZ &
2- bf.M;k jsvj vFkZ~l fy- feEcbZ &
3- ;wjsfu;e dkWiksZjsku vkWQ bf.M;k fy- tknwxqM+k &
4- bysDVkWfuDl dkWiksZjsku vkWQ bf.M;k fy- gSnjkckn &
b.MfLV;y vkWxsZukbtskUl &
1- gSoh okVj cksMZ] eqEcbZ &
2- U;wfDy;j Qqve dkWEiysDl] gSnjkckn &
3- cksMZ vkWQ jsfM,ku ,.M vkblksVksi VsDuksykWth] eqEcbZ &
e-education(delhi)

Page 48

 lfoZl ,.M liksVZ vkWxsZukbtskUl &

1- MkbjsDVksjsV vkWQ ipsZl ,.M LVkslZ] eqEcbZ
2- dkUlVDku lfoZl ,.M ,LVsV eSustesaV xzqi] eqEcbZ
3- tujy lfoZl vkWxsZukbtsku] dyiDde
4- ,VkWfed ,uthZ ,tqdsku lkslkbVh] eqEcbZ
iw.kZ lgk;rk izkIr laLFkk,a &
1- VkVk baLVhV~;wV vkWQ Q.MkesUVy fjlpZ] eqEcbZ & 1945
2- VkVk eseksfj;y lsUVj] eqEcbZ &
3- lkgk baLVhV~;wV vkWQ U;wfDy;j fQftDl] dksydkrk & 1951
4- baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fQftDl] Hkqousoj &
5- esFkk Metha fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV vkWQ eSFl ,.M eSFksesfVdy fQftDl] psUubZ &
6- baLVhV~;wV vkWQ eSFksesfVdy lkbUlsl] psUubZ &
7- baLVhV~;wV QkWj IykTek fjlpZ] vgenkckn &

ijek.kq tkZ foHkkx ls iw.kZ lgk;rk izkIr laLFkk,a &

1- VkVk baLVhV~;wV vkWQ QaMkesUVy fjlpZ Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-TIFR] eqEcbZ
2- lkgk baLVhV~;wV vkWQ U;wfDy;j fQftDl Saha Institute of Nuclear Research-SINR] dksydkrk
3- VkVk eseksfj;y lsUVj Tata Memorial Centre -TMC] eqEcbZ
4- baLVhV~;wV vkWQ fQftDl Institute of Physics -IOP] Hkqousoj
5- baLVhV~;wV vkWQ eSFksesfVdy lkbal Institute of Mathematical Science] psUubZ
6- esgrk fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV Mehta Research Institute] bykgkckn
7- ,VkWfed ,uthZ ,tqdsku lkslkbVh Atomic Energy Education Society] eqEcbZ
8- gfjkpUnz vuqla/kku laLFkku bykgkckn mkjiznsk

egRoiw.kZ rF;

Hkkjr ds Hkkjh ikuh l;U= Heavy water Reacter 8 gS &

1- ukxy & iatkc Nagal, Punjab
2- rwrhdksfju
& rfeyukMq Tuticorin, Tamilnadu
3- jkorHkkVk
& jktLFkku Rawatbhata, Rajasthan
4- cM+kSnk & xqtjkrBaroda, Gujrat
5- Fkky & egkjk"V Thal, Maharashtra
6- rYpj & mM+hlk Talchar, Orissa
7- ekuqxq: & vkU/kz iznsk Manuguru, Andhra Pradesh
8- gthjk & xqtjkr Hazira, Gujrat
Hkkjr ds izeq[k ijek.kq fj;sDVj
1- vIljk & 1956 esa LFkkfir Hkkjr dk igyk ijek.kq fj;sDVj
23456-

/kzqo
iwf.kZek
dkfeuh
lk;jl
tfyZuk

&
&
&
&
&

1965
1984
1996
1960
1961

esa
esa
esa
esa
esa

LFkkfir
LFkkfir
LFkkfir
LFkkfir dukMk ds lg;ksx ls LFkkfir
LFkkfir

bafnjk xka/kh ijek.kq tkZ dsUnz ds oSKkfudksa us 1985 esa QkLV czhMj VsLV fj,DVj FBTR dh LFkkiuk dh tks fd Hkkjrh;
ijek.kq tkZ dk;Ze esa ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k gSA blesa U;wVkWu dh jrkj de djus ds fy, fdlh eksMjsvj dk bLrseky
ugha fd;k tkrkA bl dkj.k cgqr gh T;knk ek=k esa rki iSnk gksrk gSA bl xehZ dks 'kh?kzrk ls gVkus ds fy, lksfM;e inkFkZ dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls ^^QkLV czhMj** blfy, dgrs gS D;ksafd blesa eksMjsvj u gksus dh otg ls cM+h rst jrkj ls pyrs
gq, U;wVkus fo[kaMu fQku ds dke esa yk, tkrs gS vkSsj bl izdkj T;knk fo[kaMuh; inkFkZ isnk gksrk gSA

e-education(delhi)

Page 49

,Q- ch- Vh- vkj dh foks"krk ;g gS fd blds tfj, Hkkjr esa dkQh de ek=k esa ik, tkus okys ;wjsfu;e] ftlesa ls djhc 99
izfrkr vfo[kaMuh; Non Fission ;wjsfu;e&233 gSa] dks dke es yk;k tk ldrk gSa bls fo[kaMuh; IywVksfu;e&239 esa cnyk tk
ldrk gs tks fd fj,DVjksa es bZa/ku dk dke dj ldrk gSA
VksdkeSd TOKAMAK ,d rduhdh midj.k gS ftldk fodkl 1950 esa nks :lh oSKkfudksa Vse vkSj Ldkjso ds }kjk fd;k
x;kA bldk iz;ksx ukfHkdh; lay;u dh Nuclear Fusion dh vfHkf;k djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

baLVhV~;wV vkWQ IykTek fjlpZ xka/kh uxj] xqtjkr }kjk 1989 esa vkfnR; uked VksDkeSu fj,Dvj dk fodkl fd;k x;k FkkA
vkbZvhbZvkj ifj;kstuk International Thermo Nuclear Experimental Reactor - ITER kWal ds dMkjsd esa fuekZ.kk/khu

,d
varjkZ"Vh; VksdkeSd lay;u fj,DVj ij vk/kkfjr ifj;kstuk gS bl ifj;kstuk esa ;wjksih; la?k vesfjdk] :l] tkiku] dukMk] phu
vkSj Hkkjr lfEefyr gSA
ITER ifj;sktuk dh 'kq:vkr 2007 esa gqbZ vkSj bldk fuekZ.k 2015 rd iw.kZ gksxkA Hkkjr bl ;sktuk esa 2006 es 'kkfey gqvk
FkkA bls y?kq lw;Z ifj;kstuk Small Sun Project Hkh dgrs gSaA
18 ebZ] 1974 dks Hkkjr us iks[kju Rajasthan esa vius igys ukfHkdh; ce dk ijh{kk fd;kA mlds 24 lky ckn 11 vkSj
13 ebZ] 1998 dks iks[kju {ks= esa gh Hkkjr us ikp vkSj ukfHkdh; foLQksV fd, ftuesa ls ,d ukfHkdh; ce ;kfu gkbMkstu ce
dk foLQksV Hkh 'kkfey gSA

Hkkjr dk felkby dk;Ze &

Hkkjr esa felkbyksa dk fodkl rRdkyhu iz/kkuea=h Jherh bafnjk xka/kh ds iz;klksa ls laHko gqvkA
1983 esa lefUor funsZfkr iz{ksikL= fodkl dk;Ze IGMDP- Intigreted Guided Missile Development Programme dh
cqfu;kn j[kh xbZA
iwoZ jk"Vifr MkWa- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke dks Hkkjrh; felkby dk;Ze dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa ;g dk;Ze DRDO Defence Research Dovelopment Organization }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA

Hkkjr dh fofHkUu felkby &

1- i`Foh & ;g lrg ls lrg ij ekj djus okyh felkby gSA bldk igyk lQy ijh{k.k 25 Qjojh 1988 dks Jh gfjdksVk iz{ksi.k

dsUnz ls fd;k x;k FkkA bl felkby esa rjy bZ/ku ds :i esa MkbfeFkkby gkbMkstu ,o ukbVsktu vkWDlkbM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA j{kk oSKkfud 350 fdeh- dh ekjd {kerk okyh i`Foh felkby dk fodkl dj jgs gSA ftls i`Foh&III uke fn;k x;k gSA
2- vfXu & ;g e/;e nwjh dh lrg ls lrg ij ekj djus okyh felkby gSA ftldk lQy ijh{k.k 22 ebZ 1989 dks mM+hlk ds
pknhiqj jsat ls fd;k x;kA bl felkby ,d [kkl foks"krk ;g gS fd ;s 30000C rd rkieku lgu dj ldrk gSA tcfd blds
vanj dk rkieku 500C gh j[kk tkrk gSA bls vfXu&I uke fn;k x;kA

3456-

11 vizSy 1999 dks vfXu&II dk izFke lQy ijh{k.k mM+hlk ds ckyklksj ftys ds buj Oghyj }hi ls fd;k x;kA
bldh ekjd {kerk 2000 fdeh- Fkh ftls ckn esa c<+kdj 2200 fdeh- dj fn;k x;kA ;g felkby ijaijkxr vkSj ijek.kq nksuksa
izdkj ds gfFk;kj ys tk ldrh gSA
vfXu&III dh ekjd {kerk 3000 fdeh- gSA ftldk izFke lQy ijh{k.k 12 vizSy 2007 dks fd;k x;kA
vfXu&IV dh ekjd {kerk 4000 fdeh- gSA ;g 1000 fdxzk- vL= ys tkus esa l{ke gSaA
tcfd vfXu&V dh ekjd {kerk 5000 fdeh- gSA ftldk fodkl Hkkjr dh felkby oweSu MkWa- Vslh- FkkWel ds funsZku
esa fd;k x;k gSA
LoIu & DRDO ds j{kk oSKkfud yach nwjh dh ,d ,slh felkby ds fodkl ds fy, iz;kljr gS tks ,d 100 ckj ls vf/kd
izgkj djus ds vykok ijek.kq ceksa dks Hkh <ks ldsA ;g felkby foeku] wt felkby rFkk fjeksV ls pyus okys okgu dk
feyk&tqyk :i gksxkA blds fuekZ.k esa LVhYFk rduhd dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,xkA rkfd ;s jMkj dh idM+ esa uk vk ldsA
/kuq"k & ;g i`Foh felkby dk gh izfr:i gSA bldh ekjd {kerk 150 fdeh- ;g leqnz ls NksM+s tkus okyh ,d cSysfLVd felkby
gSA bl felkby dks foks"k :i ls ukslsuk ds fy, fodflr fd;k x;kA
f=kwy & ;g ,d cgqmn~nskh; felkby gS tks lrg ls gok esa ekj djus esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA bldh ekjd {kerk 500 ehVj ls
8 fdeh- gSA f=kwy dh ukSlsfud :ikarj.k dss fy, blds rhu ijh{k.k INS nzks.kkpk;Z ls fd;s x;sA
vL= & vL= fdlh yM+kdw foeku ls NksM+s tkus okyh vkdkkh felkby gSA ftls Hkkjrh; ok;qlsuk vkSj ukSlsuk ds mi;ksx ds fy,
cuk;k x;k gSA ;s 60&100 fdeh- nwjh rd fdlh geykoj foeku ekj fxjk ldrh gSA

e-education(delhi)

Page 50

7- czksl & ;g Hkkjr vkSj :l }kjk la;qDr :i ls fodflr felkby gSA bldh ekjd {ker 290 fdeh- gSA bls ty] LFky] ok;q

lHkh txgksa ls iz{ksfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA czksl dk yacor~ iz{ksi.k laLdj.k dk lQy ijh{k.k ekpZ 2010 esa fd;k x;kA ;g
,d lqijlksfud wt felkby gSA ftldk gkbijlksfud laLdj.k Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa us fodflr dj fy;k gSA
8- vkdkk & e/;e nwjh dh tehu ls gok esa ekj djus okyh felkby gS ftldh ekjd {kerk 25 ls 30 fdeh- gSA ;g igyh ,slh
felkby gS ftlds iz.kksnd Propallent esa jsStesV nks pj.k okys fl)karksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blds vykok vkdkk esa
^QSTM ,sjs jMkj jktsUnz yxk;k x;k gSaA tks ,d gh lkFk 64 y{;ksa ij utj j[k ldrk gSA ;g F-16 tSls vejhdh yM+kdw
foeku dks ekj fxjkus esa l{ke gSA
9- lw;Z & DRDO ds oSKkfud ,d varj egk}hih; cSysfLVd felkby dk fodkl dj jgs gSA ftls lw;Z uke fn;k x;k gSA bldh
ekjd {kerk 5000 fdeh- gksxh vkSj ;g 2000 fdeh- rd ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dks ys tkus esa l{ke gksxhaaA
10- lkxfjdk & ;g iusMqCch ls NksM+h tkus okyh felkby gSA ftldh ekjd {kerk 600 fdeh- gSA
11- ukx & ;g VSad Hksnh felkby Antitank Missile gSa bldh ekjd {kerk 4 ls 6 fdeh- gSA ;g ^^nkxks vkSj Hkwy tkvks** dh
i)fr ij vk/kkfjr gS D;ksafd bldks ,d ckj NksM+s tkus ds ckn fu;af=r djus dh vko;drk ugha gksrh
12- fiukdk & ;g ,d ^eYVh cSjy jkdsV ykapj* gSA ftlls yxHkx 40 fdeh- ds {ks= esa ,d lkFk 10 jkWdsV NksM+s tk ldrs gSA
blds }kjk VSdks] 'kL=kxkjksa ,oa lSU; nyksa dks vklkuh ls u"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g iw.kZr% Lonskh rduhdh ls fodflr fd;k
x;k jkWadsV ykapj gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;

uSuks&izkS|ksfxdh Neno Technology bathfu;fjax o jlk;u foKku dh feyh&tqyh ,d ,slh izkS|ksfxdh gS] ftlesa inkFkZ ds
ijek.kqvksa vkSj v.kqvksa dks b/kj ls m/kj djds vfr lw{e ;kfu uSuks Lrj ij inkFkZ dh lajpuk esa Qsj cny fd;k tk ldrk gSa
vkSj bl izdkj foks"k izdkj ds vfr lw{e mRiknksa Neno Matters dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
j{kk vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl laxBu DRDO Defence Research Dovelopment Organization dh LFkkiuk 1958 esa dh xbZA
bldk eq[;kyr ubZ fnYyh esa fLFkr gSA DRDO ds orZeku v/;{k MkWa- oh- ds- lkjLor gSaA
DRDO us dqN gYds yM+kdw vkSj ukxfjd foekuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA
1- ^rstl* LCA Light Combat Aircraft & bldk ukedj.k vVyfogkjh oktis;h us fd;kA
2- lkjl & ;g 14 lhVksa okyk gYdk ukxfjd foeku gSA

CHEMISTORY

^^izeq[k jklk;fud inkFkksaZ dh [kkst**

1234567891011121314-

[kkst
e- bySDVkWu
N. U;wVkuW
P iksVksu
ukfHkd dh [kkst
P+ ikthVkWu
ijek.kq fl)kWar
jsfM;ksa lf;rk
izdk'k fo|qr izHkko
Na lksfM;e

H gkbMkstu
N ukbZVkstu
Cl2 Dyksjhu
fu;kWu ySEi

e-education(delhi)

[kkstdrkZ
ts- ts- FkkWelu
pSMfod
xksYMLVhu
jnjQksMZ
,.Mjlu
MkWYVu
gSujh oSdqjy
vYoVZ vkbaLVhu
Msch
gSujh dSosfUMl
Msfu;y jnjQksMZ
lhys
tkWtZ DykM kWal

o"kZ

1897
1932
1911
1932
1808
1896

1766
1772
1774
1910
Page 51

151617-

uk;ykWu
LVhy
lhesaV iksVZyS.M lhesaV

okysl dSjksFklZ vesfjdk

gSujs oslsej fczVsu
tkslsQ vkLiMhu fczVsu

1937
1855
1824

18192021222324252627282930-

IykfLVd
ikpqjhdj.k
jcj Vk;j
vkWDlhtu
jsfM;e
jsMkWu
ksfe;e
czksehu
vk;ksMhu
Hkkjh gkbMkstu
Mk;ukekbM
fuvkWu vkSj fIVkWu xSl

vysDtsMj ikjdl fczVsu

yqbZ ikpj kWl
Fkkel gkWu dkd fczVsu
,yhlk Vkelu& vesfjdk
lhys
eSMe D;wjh
vfeZLV jnjQksMZ
cSDosfyu
csykMZ
ch- dksjVkWbl
,p- lh- ;wjs
vYsM ukscy
jSEls vkSj ,e MCY;w VsolZ

1862
1867
1846
1877
1772
1898
1899
1797
1826
1811
1932
1863
1898

3132333435-

ghfy;e xSl
tSV batu
cSdsykbV
fQYe pyfp=
cksyrh fQYe

yksfd;j ,.M tkulu

ssad fOgVy
fy;ks ,oa cSDySa.M
yqbZl fizUl
ts- baxy] ts- eqlSyks] ,p oksXV

1868
1930
1907
1885
1922

3637383940414243-

LVSuysl LVhy
,Y;qehfu;e
eSXuhfk;e
fufdy
vkstksu
IywVksfu;e
flfydu
;wjsfu;e

gsfj fcz;jys
,p- lh- vksjlsM
lj gEQh Msoh
,- ksUlVsM
ffLi;u LdksucSu
th- Vh- lh cksjfxVsy
tkWau cthZfy;l
ekfVZu Dykijksi

1913
1827
1755
1751
1839
1940
1824
1841

cSfYMax ekhu fo|qr

ifjHkk"kk %& jlk;u foKku foKku dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlds varxZr inkFkksaZ ds xq.kksa] laxBu] lajpuk vkSj muesa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk
v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
jlk;u foKku ds firk %& ysok;fl;s Lavoisier) Father of Chemistry
^^nzO;** Matter
og lkexzh tks LFkku ?ksjrh gS] ftldk dqN Hkkj gks rFkk ftls KkusfUnz;ksa Sences n~okjk vuqHko dj lds] nzO; dgykrk gSA
lkekU;r% nzO; dks blds jklk;fud xq.kks ds vk/kkj ij rhu voLFkkvksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1- rRo Element %& og inkFkZ tks ,d gh izdkj ds ijek.kqvksa ls feydj cuk gS] rRo dgykrk gSA
Example & Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Gold, silver etc.
e-education(delhi)

Page 52

1 /kkrq Metal
2 v/kkrq Non metal
/kkrq rRo fo|qr "ek ds lqpkyd Good Conducter gksrs gS vkSj ;s Bksl voLFkk esa gksrs gSA
tSls & 1 yksgk Fe] 2 rkWack Cu] 3 ,Y;wehfu;e Al v/kkrq rRo fo|qr "ek ds dqpkyd Bad Conducter gksrs gSA
tSls & 1 QkLQksjl 2 czksehu 3 vkWDlhtu orZeku esa 112 rRo [kksts tk pqds gSA blesa 92 rRo izfr esa ik;s tkrs gS vkSj 'ks"k
oSKkfud 'kkyk esa mifLFkr jgrs gSA i`Foh ds HkwiVy ij lcls vf/kd ek=k esa ik;s tkus okyh rRo vkWDlhtu gS vkSj ekuo 'kjhj esa
lokZf/kd ik;k tkus okyk rRo vkWDlhtu gSA vkWDlhtu 65% ,oa dkoZu 13% gksrh gSA
;kSfxd & Compound) ;kSfxd og inkFkZ gS tks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd RkRoksa dks fdlh fufpr vuqikr esa feykus ij tks inkFkZ curk
gS] ^^Compound** ;kSfxd dgykrk gSA
tSls & ty esa ,d Hkkx vkWDlhtu rFkk nks Hkkx gkbMkstu ds & H20
feJ.k & fdlh nks ;k nks ls vf/kd rRoksa dks fdlh Hkh vuqikr esa feyk;k tkrk gS rks og feJ.k dgykrk gSA
;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1 lekaxh feJ.k Homogenous & og feJ.k ftlesa izR;sd Hkkx esa mlds vo;o inkFkksaZ dk laxBu vkSj xq.k leku gksrs gSA
leku feJ.k dgykrk gSA
2 fc"kekaxh feJ.k Heterogenous & og feJ.k ftlds fHkUu&2 Hkkxksa esa vo;o inkFkksaZ esa laxBu vkSj xq.k leku ugh gksrs gSA
fokekWaxh feJ.k dgykrs gSA
^^ijek.kq Atom **
fdlh rRo dh lcls lw{ere vk/kkjHkwr bdkbZ dks ijek.kq dgrs gSA ijek.kq dk viuk Lora= vfLrRo ugh gksrk gSA ysfdu og
jklk;fud f;kvksa esa Hkkx ysrk gS rFkk mlesa ml rRo ds lHkh xq.k fon~eku jgrs gSA
^^v.kqMolecule **
fdlh rRo dk og lw{ere Micro d.k tks Lora= voLFkk esa jg ldrk gSA ysfdu jklk;fud f;kvksa esa Hkkx ugh ys ldrkA v.kq
dgykrk gSA v.kq dk fuekZ.k nks ;k nks vf/kd leku ;k vleku ijek.kq ls gksrk gSA

^^feJ.k vkSj ;kSfxd esa varj**

1- nks ;k nks ls vf/kd inkFkksaZ dks fdlh Hkh vuqikr esa feyk nsus ls feJ.k curk gSA ijUrq ;kSfxd esa vo;oh rRoksa dk fuf'pr vuq ikr gksrk gSA
2- feJ.k esa mlds vo;oksa ds ekSfyd xq.k fon~eku gksrs gSA tcfd ;kSfxd esa vo;oh rRoksa ds xq.k xk;c gks tkrs gSA

3- feJ.k lekaxh Homogenous vkSj fo"kekWaxh Heterogenous nksuks gksrs gSA ijUrq ;kSfxd dsoy lekax gksrk gSA
4- feJ.k ds cuus esa "ek ifjorZu gks Hkh ldrk gS vkSj ugh Hkh ijUrq ;kSfxd ds cuus ij "ek ifjorZu gksrk gh gSA
5- feJ.k ds vo;oksa dks ljy ;kWf=d fof/k;ksa n~okjk vyx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

feJ.k dks i`Fkd djus dh fof/k;kWa & ;s vyx & vyx fof/k;ksa n~okjk feJ.k esa mifLFkr ?kVdksa dks vyx&vyx fd;k tkrk gSA
1- fLVyu fof/k Crystallisation & bl fof/k ds n~okjk vdkcZfud Bkslksa Organic Solids esa mifLFkr ?kVdksa
Components dks i`FkDdj.k Seperation o kq)hdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k esa feJ.k dks mfpr foyk;d Solvente
ds lkFk feykdj xeZ fd;k tkrk gS vkSj xeZ voLFkk esa gh bl foy;u dks Nku fy;k tkrk gS vkSj B.Mk gksus ij kq) inkFkZ
fLVy ds :i esa foy;u ls vyx gks tkrk gSA
2- m/oZikru Sublimation & bl fof/k ds n~okjk nks Bksl inkFkksaZ ds feJ.k dks xeZ djus ij m/oZikr dks ck"i esa ifjofrZRk dj
nsrs gS vkSj ckn esa xeZ djds B.Mk dj ysrs gSA bl fof/k ds n~okjk diwj] usfFkyhu] osUtksbd vEy vkfn inkFkZ 'kq) fd;s tkrs
gSA
3- vklou fof/k Distillation & vkLkou fof/k n~okjk eq[;rk nzO;ksa ds feJ.k dks vyx fd;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k esa nzO; dks ck"i
esa ifjofrZr dj nwljs LFkku esa Hkstk tkrk gSA tgkWa mls B.Mk djds iqu% nzO; voLFkk esa ifjofrZr dj fy;k tkrk gSA
4- izHkkth vklou Fractional Distillation & bl fof/k ds n~okjk i`Foh ds vUnj ls fudys tkus okys dPps rsy esa ls 'kq) isVksy]
Mhty] feV~Vh dk rsy vkfn dks i`Fkd fd;k tkrk gSA
5- Hkki vklou fof/k Steam distillation & bl fof/k ds n~okjk ,sls dkcZfud inkFkksZa dk 'kq)hdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA tks ty esa
v?kqyukhy ijUrq ok"i esa ?kqyukhy gksrs gSA bl fof/k ds n~okjk ,lhVhfyd ,flM] ,lhVksu] vkfn dk kq)hdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

^^ijek.kq lajpuk**

1808 esa fczVsu ds izfl) oSKkfud tkWu MkWYVu us loZizFke ijek.kq fl)kWar dk izfriknu fd;kA MkWYVu ds vuqlkj ijek.kq fdlh inkFkZ
dk lcls lw{ere d.k gksrk gSA tks vfoHkkT; Non Fractional gSA ijek.kqvksa esa gkbMkstu lcls gYdk vkSj NksVk gksrk gSa ijek.kq
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lajpuk ds ckjs esa loZizFke lu~ 1911 esa jnjQksMZ us ekWMy izLrqr fd;kA blds ckn uhycksj us 1913 esa jnjQksMZ ekWMy dh dfe;ksa
dks nwj djrs gq;s ijek.kq fl)kaWar izLrqr fd;k mUgksus IykWad o okWVe fl)kWaUrkuqlkj ;k muds vk/kkj ij viuk fl)kaWr fn;kA ijek.kq
dk fuekZ.k izksVksu] U;wVkaWu] bySDVkWauksa ls feydj gksrk gSA bUgsa ijek.kq ds ewy d.k Fundamental Particles Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
ijek.kq dk dsUnzh; Hkkx /kukosfkr Positive Charged Hkkjh vkSj Bksl gksrk gSA ftls ukfHkd dgk tkrk gSa ukfHkd esa izksVkWu] U;wVkaWu
ik;s tkrs gSA izksVkWau ij /kukosk gksrk gSA tcfd U;wVkaWu ij dksbZ vkosk ugh gksrk gSA ukfHkd ds pkjksa vksj _.kkosfkrNegative
Charged byssDVkWau vkosf"kr gksrs gSA tcfd ,d e- ij p+ ds cjkcj vkSj foijhr vkosk gksrk gS blfy;s ijek.kq mnklhu gksrk gSa
bysDVkWu dh [kkst ts-ts- FkkWelu us lu~ 1897 esa dh FkhA izksVkWu dh [kkst xksYMuLVhu us 1912 esa dh FkhA U;wVkWu dh [kkst lu~
1932 esa pSMfod us dh FkhA U;wVkWu dk nzO;eku izksVkWu ds nzO;eku ds cjkcj U;wVkWu ij dksbZ vkosk ugh gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh ijek.kq
esa e- vkSj p+ dh lajpuk leku gksrh gSA
^^ijek.kq la[;kAtomic Number**
fdlh rRo ds ijek.kq ds ukfHkd esa mifLFkr izksVkWuksa dh la[;k dks ml rRo dh ijek.kq la[;k dgrs gSA
ijek.kq - = izskVksu dh la[;k = bysDVkWu dh la[;k
izR;sd rRo dk fufpr vkSj fLFkj ijek.kq - gksrk gSA

^^nzO;eku la[;k Mass Number**

fdlh rRo ds ijek.kq ds ukfHkd esa izksVksuksa vkSj U;wVkWuksa dh la[;k dk ;ksx nzO;eku la[;k dgykrh gS A
nzO;eku la[;k = izksVksu dh la[;k + U;wVkWuksa dh la[;k
^^ijek.kq HkkjAtomic Weight**
fdlh rRo dk ijek.kq Hkkj og la[;k gSA tks ;g iznfkZr djrh gSA fd rRo dk ,d ijek.kq dkcZu ijek.kq ds nzO;eku ds
ls fdrus xquk gksrh gSA
ijek.kq

1
12

Hkkx

rRo ds ijek.kq dk nzO; eku

dkcZu ijek.kq ds nzO; eku dk 12okWa Hkkx

^^ijek.kq dkskks Orbits esa bySDVkWu dk forj.k**

bysDVkWu ukfHkd ds pkjksa vksj ,d fufpr d{kk esa pDdj yxkrs gSA fdlh ijek.kq dh fHkUu &fHkUUk d{kkvksa esa pDdj yxkus okys
bysDVkWu dh la[;k 2n2 gksrh gSA tgkWa n d{k la[;k gSA
1 leLFkkfud Isotope & fdlh rRo ds os ijek.kq ftuds ijek.kq - rks leku gksrs gS ijUrq ijek.kq Hkkj vleku gksrs gSA
blds ukfHkd esa izksVkWu dh la[;k leku gksrh gSA ijUrq U;wVkauW dh la[;k fHkUu& fHkUUk gksrh gSA leLFkkfud dgykrs gSA
gkbMkstu ds rhu leLFkkfud gSA
1 izksfV;e 1H1 lkekU; gkbMkstu
2 M;wVsfj;e 1H2
3 fVfV;e1H3
ijek.kq fj;sDVj n~okjk cgqr ls rRoksa ds leLFkkfud d`f=e :i ls cuk;s tkrs gSA bUgsa Radio Isotops dgrs gSA
2 laHkkfjd Isobar & os rRo ftuds ijek.kq Hkkj leku gksrs gSA fdUrq ijek.kq - fHkUu & fHkUu gksrs gSA laHkkfjd dgykrs gSA
ukbVkstu N] dkcZu C dh nzO;eku la[;k ,d gh 14 gS blfy;s nksuksa rRo laHkkfjd gSa vkxZu Ar] iksVsfk;e K dSfY'k;e
Ca rhuksa laHkkfjd gS D;ksafd rhuksa dk ijek.kq Hkkj 40 gSA
3 leU;wVkWfud Isonutons & os RkRo ftuds ijek.qkvksa esa U;wVkuW ksa No dh la[;k leku gksrh gSa leU;wVWfud dgykrs gSA
flfyfu;e se QkLQksjl p LkYQj S leU;wVWfud gS D;ksafd izR;sd ds ijek.kq ds ukfHkd esa 16 U;wVkaWu gksrs gSA
4 lebysDVkWfud & os rRo ftuesa bysDVksuksa dh la[;k leku gksrh gSA lebysDVkWfud dgrs gSA Na+ eSXuhfk;e Mg++
lebySDVkWfud gS D;ksafd buesa ls izR;sd ds ijek.kq esa bySDVkWuksa dh la[;k 10 gksrh gSA lksfM;e Na+a ,Y;wehfu;e al+++
eSxfufk;e Mg++ lebySDVkWfud gSA

^^ijek.kq ds vUnj ik;sa tkus okys NksVs d.k**

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1 ikWthVkWu & ;g e- dk ,d izfrd.k Antiparticle gSA ftlesa e- ds cjkcj /kukosk ik;k tkrk gSA bl d.k dh [kkst ,.Mjlu
us dh FkhA
2 U;wfVuksa & ;g yxHkx nzO;eku jfgr ,oa vkosk jfgr d.k gksrk gSA bl dh [kkst lu~ 1932 esa ikmyh ds n~okjk dh xbZA
3 ,.VhU;wfVuksa & ;g U;wfVuksa dk izfrd.k gSA bldh [kkst lu~ 1932 esa QehZ us dh FkhA
4 eSlkWu & tkiku ds oSKkfud ;w&dkck ds n~okjk bldh [kkst 1935 esa dh xbZ FkhA eSlkWu ukfHkd ds LFkkf;Ro ds fy;s mkjnk;h
ekuk tkrk gSA
5 QehZvkWu & ;s nks izdkj ds d.k gksrs gSA ftUgsa ysIVkWu vkSj DokdZ dgk tkrk gSA ,slk dgk tk jgk gSA fd egkfo"QksV ds le;
esa ;s d.k mifLFkr FksA
6 okslkWu & vkbLVhu rFkk Hkkjr ds oSKkfud S.N. cksl ds uke ij budk uke ckslkWu j[kk x;kA

^^vi:irk Allotropy**

tc ,d gh rRo fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa esa ik;k tkrk gS rks ;s :i rRo ds vij:i dgykrs gS rFkk bl xq.k dks vij:irk dgrs gSA ghjk
vkSj xzsQkbV dkcZu ds nks vij:i gSA
rRoksa dk vkorhZ oxhZdj.k & rRoksa dk loZizFke vkorhZ lkj.kh esa oxhZdj.k 1869 esa ds oSKkfud eS.MyhQ us fd;k FkkA eS.MyhQ us
RkRoksa dks vkorhZ lkj.kh esa muds ijek.kq Hkkj ds o`f) e esas j[kk FkkA ekSlys 1911 esa rRoksa dk vkorhZ oxhZdj.k muds ijek.kq
ekadks Atomic Number ds vk/kkj ij fd;kA
rRoksa dh HkkSfrd vkSj jklk;fud ifjorZu & HkkSfrd ifjorZu ,Sls ifjorZu gksrs gSA ftuesa dksbZ u;k inkFkZ ugh curk gSA blesa inkFkZ
ds fofk"V xq.kksa esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugh gksrk gSA HkkSfrd ifjorZu izk;% vLFkk;h gksrs gSA bl f;k esa dksbZ Hkh inkFkZ viuh izkjafHkd
voLFkk esa okil vk tkrk gSA
tSls & ekse dk fi?kyuk] phuh ls kjcr cuuk] cQZ dk cuuk ;k fi?kyuk] ty dk ok"ihdj.k vkSj la?kuuA
jklk;fud ifjorZu & ,sls ifjorZu ftuesa u;s inkFkZ cu tkrs gSA jklk;fud ifjorZu dgykrs gSA u;k inkFkZ vius iwoZ ds la?kVd
ewy inkFkksZa dh rqyuk esa ek=k Lo:i xq.k vkfn ls fHkUu gksrs gSA blesa inkFkZ viuh iwoZ voLFkk esa okil ugh vk ikrk gSA
tSls & yksgs esa tax yxuk] nw/k ls ngh cuuk] fdlh Hkh pht dk tyuk] lCth dk mcyukA
mRizsjd Catelyste& os inkFkZ tks fcuk fdlh jklk;lfud f;k esa Hkkx fy;s fcuk ml f;k dks ?kVk ;k c<+k nsrs gS vkSj bl f;k
dks mRizsjd dgrs gSA 1835 esa cthZfy;l us mRizsjd inkFkksZ ds ckjs esa loZizFke crk;kA
^^fofHkUu mRizsjd inkFkZ vkSj muds izsjd**

1- fufdy & cuLifr rsyksa esa d`f=e ?kh cukus esa dke vkrk gSA
2- IysfVue pw.kZ & ;s H2SO4 cukus dh fof/k lEidZ fof/k ds mi;ksx esa vkrk gSA
3- xeZ ,Y;wfeuk & ,Ydksgy ls bZFkj cukus dh fof/k esa mi;ksx gksrk gSA
4- isfIlu ,Utkbe & vkekk; Stomach esa izksVhuksa dks Peptide esa vi?kfVr djus esa
5- bjsfIlu ,Utkbe & vkrksa esa Intentinal izksVhuksa dks vehuks vEy esa vi?kfVr Decompose djus esa
6- fVfIlu ,Utkbe & ;s isuf;kl esa izksVhuksa dks vehuksa vEy vi?kfVr djus esaA
7- tkbest ,Utkbe & ;s Xywdkst ls ,fFky ,Ydksgy cukus esaA
8- Mk;LVst ,Utkbe & ;s LVkpZ ls ekYVksl cukus esa A
9- buoVsZt ,Utkbe & ;s xUus dh kDdj ls Xywdkst vkSj DVksl cukus esaA
10- ySDVst ,Utkbe & nw/k ls ngh cukus esaA
11- ekbdksMekZ ,sflVh thok.kq & xUus dh kDdj ls fljdk Vinager cukus esa

^^vEyAcid**
os ;kSfxd ftuesa gkbMkstu vk;u gksa vkSj tks ikuh esa ?kqyus ij gkbMkstu vk;u ;k izksVksu mRiUu djsA vEy dgykrs gSA vEy Lokn esa [kV~Vs
rFkk rh[ks gksrs gSA

vEy ds xq.k & vEy lk/kkj.kr% [kV~Vs Qyksa esa ik;s tkrs gSA vEy {kkj ds lkFk f;k djds yo.k cukrs gSA vPNs vkSj izcy vEy
fo|qr ds lqpkyd gksrs gSA vEy /kkrq ls f;k djds gkbMkstu xSl eqDr djrs gSA vEy Ukhys fyVel dks yky dj nsrk gSA feFkkby
vkWjsUt dks yky dj nsrk gSA
Example & 1 lY;wfjd vEy
& H2So4
2 gkbMksDyksfjd vEy & Hcl
3 ukbfVd vEy
& Hn03
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4 ,lhfVd vEy
& CH3CooH
5 osUtksbd vEy
& C6H5CooH
6 QkWfeZd
& HCooH
Note & lHkh vEyksa dk PH eku 7 ls de gksrk gSaA
izeq[k vEyksa ds izkd`frd L=ksr vkSj muds iz;ksx
1 lY;wfjd vEy H2So4 & ;g vEy gjkdlhl o laiZd fof/k feyrk gSA isVksfy;e ds kks/ku] dbZ izdkj ds fo"QksVd inkFkZ
cukus esa] jax rFkk vkS"kf/k;kWa cukus esa] lapk;d csSfV;ksa esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
2 gkbMksDyksfjd vEy (Hcl) & bl vEy dks iz;ksx 'kkyk esa gh cuk;k tkrk gSA izkd`frd :i esa ugh ik;k tkrk gSA jax vkSj
vkS"kf/k cukus esa] vEyjkt cukus esaA
3 ukbfVd vEy (HN03) & fQVdjh esa ik;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx moZjd cukus esa] vkS"kf/k;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa QksVksxzkQh esa
folQksVd inkFkZ ds fuekZ.k esa] vEyjkt cukus easA
4 ,lhfVd vEy (CH3CooH) & bls vEy dk jktk dgk tkrk gSA ;g [kV~Vs Qyksa ds jlksa esa lqxaf/kr rsyks esa ik;k tkrk gSA
bldk iz;ksx [kV~Vs [kkn~; inkFkZ cukus esa] ,lhVksu cukus esaA
5 oSUtksbd vEy & (C6H5COOH) & ;g ?kkl iks ew= vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx nok- [kkn~; inkFkksaZ dks laj{k.k ds :i
esaA
6 QkWfeZd vEy (HCooH) & ;g yky fpafV;ksa] e|qefD[k;ksa] HkkSjs] efD[k;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx thok.kqukkh ds :i esa
Qykasa dks lajf{kr j[kus esa peM+k m|ksx esaA
7 lkbfVd vEy (CH3(CH2)4COOH) & ;g [kV~Vs Qyksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA /kkrqvksa dks lkQ djus esa] [kV~Vs [kkn~; inkFkZ cukus
esa] nok cukus vkfn esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
8 vkDlsfyd vEy (COOH)2C2H2O4 & ;g lkjsy ds o`{k esa ik;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx] QksVksxzkQh esa diM+ks dh NikbZ vkSj
jaxkbZ esa diM+s ij L;kgh ds /kCcs gVkus ds fy;sA

^^vEy ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ rF;**

[kV~Vs Qyksa uhcw] larjk vkSj vaxwj esa lkbfVd vEy ik;k tkrk gSA
dPps lso esa eSfyd vEy ik;k tkrk gSA
beyh dk [kV~Vkiu mlesa ik;s tkus okys VkVZfjd vEy ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
fljdk esa ,lhfVd vEy gksrk gSA
nw/k esa ySfDVd vEy ik;k tkrk gSA
gekjs isV esa Hkksatu esa ikpu Hcl ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ;g vEy vekk; esa ik;k tkrk gSA
lHkh vEyksa esa gkbMkstu vo; ik;k tkrk gSA
ukbfVd vEy dk iz;ksx lksuk] pkWanh dks lkQ djus esa gksrk gSA
^^{kkj Base**
{kkj %& {kkj os inkFkZ gSA ftuesa OH vk;u tyh; foy;u esa mifLFkr jgrk gSA ;s vEyksa n~okjk fn;sa x;s izksVksuksa dks Lohdkj djrs
gSA fdlh {kkj dh kfDRk bl ij fuHkZj djrh gSA fd og fdruh ljyrk ls izksVku Lohdkj djrk gSA
{kkj ds xq.k & {kkj LOkkn esa rh[kk ;k dM+ok gksrk gSA {kkj Nwus esa lkcqu tSlk fpduk gksrk gSA izcy {kkj fo|qr dk lqpkyd gksrk gSA
{kkj yky fyVel dks uhyk dj nsrk gS vkSj feFkkby vkWajsat dks ihyk dj nsrk gSA {kkj vEy ls f;k djds yo.k Salt vkSj ty
cukrs gSA {kkj esa rsy vkSj xa/kd Sulpher dks ?kksy ysus dh {kerk gksrh gSA {kkj dkcZfud inkFkZ dks u"V dj nsrs gSA {kkj
fQukWFkyhu Phenophthelin ds jax dks pedhyk xqykch dj nsrs gSA
mnkgj.k &
NaoH & lksfM;e gkbMksDlkbM
KoH & iksVsfk;e gkbMkWDlkbM
NH3OH & veksfu;e gkbMksDlkbM

^^izeq[k {kkj ds iz;ksx**

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1 dSfYk;e gkbMkWDlkbM CaoH& ?kjksa dks pwuk ls iksrus Paint esa] Cyhfpax ikmMj cukus esa] Hkkjh ty dks gYdk djus esa]
feV~Vh dh vEyh;rk Acidity dks nwj djus esaA
2 lksfM;e gkbMkWDlkbM NaoH& dkfLVd lksMk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx lkcqu cukus esa isVksfy;e ds kq)hdj.k esaA
diM+k vkSj dkxt cukus esa] nok;sa ,oa vU; jlk;uksa dks cukus esaA
3 iksVsfk;e gkbMkWDlkbM KoH & bldk iz;ksx eqyk;e lkcqu cukus Soft soop cukus esa] Co2, So2 ds vokks"kd ds :i esa]
eSxuhfk;e gkbMkWDlkbM MgOH esa] isV dh ,lhfMVh nwj djus esaA
4 ,Y;wehfu;e gkbMkWDlkbM AloH & dkWp ds xzhl lkQ djus esa] diM+ks ls L;kgh ds nkx] feVkus esaA
Note %& {kkjksa dk Ph eku lnSo 7 ls vf/kd gksrk gSA

^^yo.k Salt**

vEy vkSj {kkjksa dh f;k ls tks ;kSfxd curs gSA yo.k dgykrs gSA tSls

HCl

dh f;k

NaoH

ls djus ij

Nacl

curk gSA

^^yo.kksa ds mi;ksx**

1 Nacl lksfM;e DyksjkbM & bls lk/kkj.k ued Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ued Hkkstu esa ,d vko;d ?kVd gSA bldk iz;ksx /kkou
lksM+k vkSj NaoH cukus esa gksrk gSA
2 NaHCO3 lksfM;e ckb dkcksaZusV &
1- cSfdax ikmMj ds :i essaA
2- isV dh ,lhfMVh nwj djus okyh nok;sa cukus esa
3 NacO3 lksfM;e dkcksZusV &
1- dkWap cukus esa
2- fMVtsaZV ikmMj cukus esa
3- dkfLVd lksMk cukus esa
4 KnO3 iksVsfk;e ukbVsV &
1- bldk iz;ksx xu ikmMj cukus esaA
2- vfrkokth lkeku cukus esaA
3- dkWap m|ksx vkSj moZjd cukus esaA
5 Cuso4 dkWij lYQsV &
1- dhVk.kq ukkd ds :i esaA
2- fo|qr ysiu esaA
6 [K2So4 al2 (So4)3 24H20] fQVdjh&
1- ty ds 'kq)hdj.k esaA
2- kjhj ds fdlh vax esa FkksM+k lk dV tkus ij [kwu dk cguk jksdus ij A
3- peM+k m|ksx esaA
7 Agno3 flyoj ukbVsV& 1- bldk iz;ksx QksVksxzkQh esa gksrk gSA
8 Kcl3 iksVsfk;e DyksjsV & 1- ekfpl m|ksx esaA
Note & leqnz ds 1 yhVj ty ls yxHkx 35 xzke ued Salt curk gSA
^^PH Value**

PH eku

inkFkZ dh vEyh; ;k {kkjh; ek=k dk irk pyrk gSA ;g ogh la[;k gSA PH dk eku 0 ls 14 ds chp gksrk gSA
ftu foy;uksa ds PH eku 7 ls de gS rks vEy vkSj T;knk gS rks {kkj rFkk 7 gh gS rks os mnklhu gksrs gSA
tSls & 1234-

kq) ty dk PH eku 7 gksrk gSA

fljdk dk PH eku 2-5 ls 3-4 gksrk gSA
kjkc dk PH eku 2-8 ls 3-8 gksrk gSA
nw/k dk PH eku 6-4 ls 6-6 gksrk gSA

e-education(delhi)

Page 57

5- ekuo jDr dk PH eku 7-4 gksrk gSA

6- ew= dk PH eku 6-0 gksrk gSA
7- uhacw dk PH eku 2-2 ls 2-4 gksrk gSA

^^vkWDlhdj.k** Oxydation

;g og izf;k gSA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i fdlh rRo ;k ;kSfxd esa fo|q r _.kkRed ijek.kqvksa dk vuqikr c<+ tkrk gSA ;k
vuqikr de gks tkrk gSA ;k fo|qr /kukRed ijek.kqvksa dk vuqikr de gks tkrk gSA
vk;u fl)kaWr ds :i esa Oxydation og izf;k gSA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i fdlh vk;u ij ?kukosk c< tkrk gSA ;k

_.kkosk de gks tkrk gSA

tSls & QSjl DyksjkbM ls QSfjd DyksjkbM cuus esa QSjl vk;u F + + - F + + + cnydj QSfjd vk;u gks tkrk gS vFkkZrk~ ~ yksgs ds
vk;u ij /kukosk c<+ tkrk gSA bySDVkWfud fl)kaWUrkuqlkj vkWDlhdkjd os inkFkZ gksrs gSA tks e- dks xzg.k djrs gSA
izeq[k vkWDlhdkjd inkFkZ & 1. Oxyzen 2. Ozon 3. Hydroparoxyde 4. Nitric acid 5. Clarin 6. Pattesium permagnet 7. Led
oxyde 8. Co2, O3, H2O2, HNo3,Cl2, K2Vr207 , Pbo

vkWDlhdkjd os inkFkZ gSA tks fdlh nwljs inkFkZ dh vkWDlhdj.k la[;k dks c<+k nsrs gSA

^^vodj.k**

(Reduction)

;s os jklf;fud f;k gSA ftuds ifj.kke Lo:i fdlh rRo ;k ;kSfxd esa fo/kqr /kukRed ijek.kqvksa dk vuqikr c<+ tkrk gS vFkkZr~k~
fo|qr _.kkRed ijek.kqvksa dk vuqikr ?kV tkrk gSA
vk;u fl)kUrkuqlkj vodj.k og jklk;fud f;k gSA ftlds QyLo:i fdlh vk;u ij /ku vkosk ?kV tkrk gSA ;k
_.kkosk c<+ tkrk gSA
bySDVkWfud fl)kUrkuqlkj vfHkdkjd os inkFkZ gksrs gSA tks e- R;kx djrs gSA
izeq[k vfHkdkjd inkFkZ &1- gkbMkstu lYQkbM & H2S
2- dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM & Co
3- lYQj MkbZ vkWDlkbM & S02
vfHkdkjd os inkFkZ gS tks fdlh nwljs inkFkZ dh
vkDlhdj.k la[;k dks ?kVk nsrs gSA
jklk;fud f;k;sa & tkZ ifjorZu ds vk/kkj ij jklk;fud f;k dks nks HkkWxksa esa ckWVk tk ldrk gSA
1- "ek {ksih vfHkf;k & os jklk;fud vfHk- ftuls m"ek dk mRltZu gksrk gSA "ek{ksih vfHkf;k dgykrh gSA
ukbVkstu vkSj gkbMkstu ds ijLij la;ksx ls veksfu;k curh gSA
2N2+ H2 2NH3 veksfu;k

2- "ek 'kks"kh vfHkf;k Heat Absorptive Reaction & os jklk;fud ftuesa "ek dk vokks"k.k gksrk gSA m"ek kks"kh vfHkf;k
dgykrh gSA
tSls & ukbVkstu vkSj O2 ds feJ.k dks mPp rki yxHkx 30000C ij xeZ djus ls ukbfVd vkWDlkbM curk gSA
N2 O2 2 N2O

bl vfHkf;k esa dkQh ek=k esa tkZ dk vokks"k.k gksrk gSA

^^foy;u** Solution
nks ;k nks ls vf/kd inkFkksZ ds ijLij la;ksx ls tks lekWaxh feJ.k izkIr gksrk gSA foy;u dgykrk gSA
foy;u dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA
- foy;u ds izdkj
mnkgj.k
1 Bksl dk nzo esa
phuh dk ty esa foy;u]
fQVdjh dk ty esa foy;u
2 Bksl dk Bksl esa foy;u
fofHkUu feJ /kkrq;s
3 Bksl dk xSl esa foy;u
diwj dk ok;q esa foy;u
4 nzo dk xSl esa foy;u
ok;q dh vknzZrk
5 nzo dk nzo esa foy;u
ty vkSj ,Ydksyu dk
foy;u
6 nzo dk Bksl esa foy;u
tSyh LVkpZ] izksVhu vkfn
e-education(delhi)

Page 58

7 xSl dk nzo esa foy;u

,oa NH3 vkfn xSlksa

dk ty esa foy;u
8 xSl dk xSl esa foy;u
ok;q
9 xSl dk Bksl esa
ckny] dksgjk] /kqvk
^^foy;u dh foks"krk**
1- foy;u nks ;k nks ls vf/kd inkFkksaZ dk lekax feJ.k gSA
2- foy;u esa foys; ds d.k foyk;d esa bl izdkj ?kqys gksrs gSA fd ,d nwljs dks foHksn Diffrentiation djuk laHko ugh gksrk
gSA
3- foy;u LFkkbZ ikjn'kZd gksrk gSA
^^foys; vkSj foyk;d esa varj**
foy;u esa tks inkFkZ vis{kkd`r vf/kd ek=k esa gksrk gS foyk;d dgykrk gSA tcfd foy;u esa tks inkFkZ vis{kkd`r de gksrk gSA
foys; dgykrk gSA
kDdj ,d vPNh foys; gSA tcfd ikuh ,d vPNk foyk;d gSA
^^izeq[k foyk;d vkSj muesa foys; inkFkZ**
1 ty
ued] kDdj] fQVdjh] QSjl lYQsV
2 ,lhVksu
okfuZl] lsywyksl] d`f=e jske] fj;kWau
3 bZFkj foyk;d
pchZ] ekse] rsy] vkfn
4 uSFkky
jcj vkfn
5 rkjihu
isUV] jsftu] vkfn
6 dkcZu MkbZ lYQkbM xa/kd] QkLQksjl vkfn
fofHkUu foyk;dksa ds mi;ksx & 1 I2 vk;ksMhu dks fLizV esa ?kksydj fofHkUu izdkj dh vkS"kf/k;kWa tSls& vk;ksMsDl vkfn
2 cSUthu C6H6 vkSj isVksy dk iz;ksx MkbZDyhfux esa gksrk gSA
3 ,Ydksgy ls fofHkUu izdkj ds lqxaf/kr b= cuk;s tkrs gSA
lar`Ir vkSj vlar`Ir fcy;u & fdlh fufpr rki ij cuk ,d ,Slk foy;u ftlesa inkFkZ dh vf/kdre ek=k ?kqyh gqbZ gks lar`Ir
fcy;u dgykrk gSA
fdlh fufpr rki ij cuk ,slk foy;u ftlesa foys; inkFkZ dh vkSj ek=k ml rki ij vkSj vf/kd ?kqykbZ tk ldrh gSA
vlar`Ir foy;u dgykrk gSA
foys;rk %& fdlh fufpr rki vkSj nkc ij 100 xzke foyk;d esa ?kqyus okyh foys; dh vf/kdre ek=k dks ml foys; inkFkZ dh
foys;rk dgrs gSA
/kkrq %& ,sls rRo tks e- dks R;kxdj ?kuk;u iznku djrs gSA /kkrq dgykrs gSA /kkrq;s fo?kqr dh lqpkyd gksrh gS rFkk vEyksa ls f;k
djds H2 gkbMkstu xSl fudkyrh gSA lk/kkj.k voLFkk esa edZjh ;k ikjk HG] xSfy;e Ga] lhft;e Cs dks NksM+dj lHkh
/kkrq;s Bksl voLFkk esa ikbZ tkrh gSA lHkh /kkrq;sa] pedhyh gksrh gSA /kkrqvksa dks ihVdj mudh pknj rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA /kkrq;s
muds v;Ldksa dks vyx&vyx djds izkIr dh tkrh gSA
Co2

^^izeq[k /kkrqvksa ds v;Ld**

/kkrq;sa
1 lksfM;e

2 iksVsf'k;e
3 eSXusf'k;e

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

v;Ld
1
2
3
4
1
2
1
2

e-education(delhi)

lksfM;e DyksjkbM
lksfM;e dkcksZsusV
lksfM;e ukbVsV
cksjsDl
iksVsf'k;e dkcksZusV
iksVsf'k;e ukbVsV
eSXuslkbV
MksyksekbV
Page 59

4 dSfY'k;e

&
&
&

3 dkusZykbV
4 ,ile lkYV
1 ykbe LVksu ;k
dSfY'k;edkoksZusV

&
&
&
5 ,Y;qehfu;e &
&
&
&
6 rkWack
&
&
&
&
7 pkWanh
&
&
&
&
8 tLrk
&

9 ikjk
10 lksuk
11 lhlk

&
&
&

12 yksgk

&

13 eSXuht

&

2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
3
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2

ftIle
yqvksjLikj
QkLQksjkbV
okWDlkbM
k;ksykbV
dksj.Me
Mk;Liksj
D;wizkbV
,tqjkbV
esysdkbV
dSYdkslkbV
usfVo flYcj
vtZsUVkbV
dSYQk ikbjkbV
dslkthjkbV ;k gksuZ flYcj
fatad CySaM
ftdkbV
dSykehu
QsadfyukbV
flusckj
dSYcsjkbVl
xSysuk
dSflVsjkbV
lh:lkbV
eSVyksdkbV
eSXusVkbV
gsesVkbV
ykbeksukbV
flMsjkbV
ikbjksyqlkbV
eSxukbV

feJ /kkrq;sa
nks ;k nks ls vf/kd /kkrqvksa dks ,d nwljs ls ljy vuqikr esa feykus ij cus inkFkZ dks feJ /kkrq dgrs gSA
feJ /kkrq;s
la?kVu
1 LVsuySl LVhy
vk;ju] ksfe;e] eSXuht] dkcZu
gksrk gSA
2 ihry Brass
rkWack] ftad] gksrk gSA
3 dkWalk Bronz
rkWack] fVu gksrk gSA
4 VkWadk Solder
lhlk] fVu
5 xu esVy
rkWack] ftad] fVu
e-education(delhi)

Page 60

eqnzk /kkrq Type

Metel
7 jksYM] xksYM
8 ukbkse
9 buokj
10 teZu flYcj
11 eSXusfy;e
12 M;wjsyqfeu
6

lhlk] ,.Vheuh] fVu

13 ?kaVk /kkrq

rkWack] ,Y;wehfu;e
fufdy] ksfe;e] yksgk] eSXkuht
vk;ju] dkcZu fufdy
rkWack] fufdy fatad
,Y;qehfu;e] eSXuhfk;e
,Y;qehfu;e rkWack] eSxuht]
eSXuhfk;e
rkWack] fVu

izeq[k /kkrq;sa

1 ,Y;qehfu;e & ;s /kkrq pkWanh ds leku gksrh gSA ysfdu vinzO;ksa Gangue dh mifLFkrh ds dkj.k bldk jax dqN uhyk gks tkrk
gSA ;g fo|qr vkSj "ek dk lqpkyd gksrk gSA ,Y;qehfu;e /kkrq dk iz;ksx ok;q;ku vkSj eksVj vkfn cukus esa gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx
feBkbZ] flXkjsV] VkWaQh dh pedhyh iUuh cukus esa gksrk gSA
2 rkWck & rkWck /kkrq ekuo ds n~okjk lcls igys mi;ksx esa ykbZ xbZA rkWcka fo|qr "ek dk lqpkyd gksrk gSA ;g xqykch jax dh
pednkj /kkrq gSA rkWck lk/kkj.k rki ij kq"d gok ls dksbZ f;k ugh djrk gSA rkWacs dk mi;ksx fo|qr midj.k cukus esa bysDVks
Vkbfiax] bySDVks fizafVaXk cukus esa gksrk gSA Calory meter esa Hkh bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
3 yksgk & yksgk gjh lfCTk;ksa esa izpqj ek=k esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;g ekuo jDr esa gheksXyksfcu esa mifLFkr jgrk gSA yksgs dk lcls
vf/kd fu"d"kZ.k yky gsesVkbV v;Ld ls gksrk gSA eSXusVkbV yksgs dk pqEcdh; v;Ld gSA yksgs esa mifLFkr dkcZu ds vk/kkj ij yksgs
rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1<yck yksgk
2fiVokWa yksgk
3bLikr
<yckW yksgk Wrought & blesa dkcZu dh ek=k vis{kkd`r 2-5% rd gksrh gSA blh dkj.k ;g lcls vf/kd dBksj gksrk gSA ;g
lcls fuEu dksVh dk yksgk gSA
fiVokWa yksgk Cast Iron & blds dkcZu dh ek=k lcls de gksrh gSA ;g vis{kkd`r kq) gksrk gSA bls ihVdj rkj cuk;s tk ldrs
gSA
bLikr Steel & blesa <yokWa yksgk ls de dkcZu dh ek=k gksrh gSA bls vklkuh ls ihVdj eksM+k tk ldrk gSA Stainless Steel
lcls vPNk bLikr gksrk gSA
vknzZ gok Moist Air ds lEidZ esa vkus ij yksgs ij tax yx tkrh gSA yksgs dk VqdM+k Acid esa Mkyus ij fuf"; gks
tkrk gSA yksgs esa tax yxuk jklk;fud f;k dk mnkgj.k gSA yksgs ij tax yxus ls Feo cuus ls mldk Hkkj c<+ tkrk gSA yksgs esa
tax yxus ij cuk inkFkZ QSfjlks QSfjd vkWDlkbM gksrk gSA
Iron ds ;kSfxd &
1- QSfjd lYQsV bls gjk dlhl Green Vitriol Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx L;kgh cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2- vk;ju lYQkbM bls >wBk lksuk dgk tkrk gSA
Note & 'kjhj esa yksgs dh deh ls ,uhfe;kWa jksx mRiUu gks tkrk gSA
4 pkWnh & pkWnh pednkj uhykiu fy;s gq;s lQsn /kkrq gSA pkWnh fo|qr vkSj "ek dh vPNh lqpkyd gksrh gSA Bksl /kkrqvksa esa bldk
iz;ksx flDds vkSj vkHkw"k.k cukus esa gksrk gSA
1- flYoj czksekbM & bldk iz;ksx QksVks xzkQh esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2- flYoj vk;ksMkbM & bldk iz;ksx f=e o"kkZ djkus esa gksrk gSA
3- flYoj ukbVsV & bl iz;ksx pquko ds le; maxfy;ksa esa yxkus esa gksrk gSA pkWanh dk iz;ksx niZ.k ij iz;ksx gksrk gSA
5 lksfM;e & ;g vR;f/kd f;kkhy /kkrq gSA bls feV~Vh ds rsy esa j[kk tkrk gSA ;g pkWnh ds leku lQsn gksrh gSA ;g ikuh ls
gYdh gksus ds dkj.k ikuh ij rSjus yxrh gSA lksfM;e /kkrq dk iz;ksx lhlk ds lkFk feykdj VsVkbFkkby ySM cukus esa gksrk gSA
Liquid Sodium dk iz;ksx U;wfDy;j fj;sDVj esa B.Md mRiUu djus esa gksrk gSA
e-education(delhi)

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1- lksfM;e DyksjkbM & bls lk/kkj.k ued dgk tkrk gSA bls cQZ ds lkFk feykdj fftax Point fgekad de djus esa gksrk gSA
'kjhj esa ikuh dh deh Dehydration) ds le; kjhj esa Nacl de gks tkrk gSA
2- lksfM;e gkbMksDlkbM & bldks dkfLVd lksM+k dgk tkrk gSA lkcqu cukus] isVksfy;e dks kq) djus esa gksrk gSA
3- lksfM;e dkcksZusV & bldk iz;ksx ty dk [kkjkiu nwj djus esa gksrk gSA
4- lksfM;e ckb dkcksZusV csfdax lksM+k & jksVh esa cSfdax lksMk feykus ij cuh jksVh vPNh Qwyrh gSA blh esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk
gSA ;g blfy;s gksrk gSA D;ksfd blesa Co2 xSl feyh jgrh gSA
5- lksfM;e Fkk;kslYQsV & bldk iz;ksx QksVks xzkQh esa fQYe /kksus esa gksrk gSA
6- eSXuhfk;e & ikS/kksa dks gjk jax nsus okys dkcZfud ;kSfXkd DyksjksfQy esa gksrk gS] eSXuhfk;e /kkrq dk fu"d"kZ.k eq[;r dkusZykbV
v;Ld ls fd;k tkrk gSA Mg pkWanh dh rjg mtyh vkSj pedhyh /kkrq gSA Mg /kkrq dk iz;ksx yS'k ykbV fjcu cukus esa
fd;k tkrk gSA Mg dh feJ /kkrq eSXusfy;e dkQh gYdh gksrh gSA blh dkj.k bldk iz;ksx gckbZ tgktksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
7- dSfYk;e & Ca gekjh gfM~M;ksa vkSj nkWarksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA Cao fcuk cq>k pquk CaoH cq>k gqvk pwuk dgrs gsA bldk iz;ksx
edku ij dybZ djus esa Cyhfpax ikmMj CaoCl2 dSfYk;e dkfLVd lksM+k NaoH vkSj lheasaV cukus esa gksrk gSA
Caso4.2H2O dks ftIle dgk tkrk gSA ftIle dk iz;ksx IykLVj vkWQ iSfjl CaSo42. H2o fd;k tkrk gSA
veksfu;e lYQsV NH3So4 [kkn cukus esa gksrk gSA dSfYk;e lkukekbM dks ukbVksfye dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx [kkn ds :i
esa gksrk gSA
CaCo3 dks [kfM+;k pkd dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx VwFkisLV vkSj VwFk ikmMj nareatu cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
8- eSXuht & eSXuht dk fu"d"kZ.k ikbjksyqlkbV v;Ld ls gksrk gSA ekuo kjhj esa eSxuht lcls de ik;k tkus okyh rRo gSA
eSxuht ds ;kSfxd Kmno4 iksVsfk;e ijeasxusV dks dq,sa dh yky nok ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
9- ftad & ftad /kkrq dk eq[; :i ls fu"d"kZ.k blds v;Ld ftd CYkSaM ls fd;k tkrk gSA
ftad dk iz;ksx yksgs dks tax ls cpkus ds fy, yksgs ij pknj p<kus ds fy, gksrk gSA

tLrs ds ;kSfxd & bls lQsn FkksFkk] lQsn dlhl White Vitriol dgk tkrk gSA ftad QkLQkbV dk iz;ksx pwgksa ekjus dh nok
cukus esa gksrk gSA
10- lksuk & ;g ihys jax dh /kkrq gSA bldk iz;ksx vkHkw"k.k cukus esa gksrk gSA lksus dks dBksj cukus ds fy, rkWack feyk;k tkrk gSA
lksus dh 'kq)rk dks dSjVs esa ekik tkrk gSA 'kq) lksuk 24 dSjsV dk gksrk gSA Rold gold dks d`af=e lksuk dgk tkrk gSA rkWack
90% ,Y;qehfu;e 10% gksrk gSA
11- edZjh & ikjk eq[; :i ls flusckj v;Ld ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA ikjk nzo voLFkk esa jgrk gSA ikjs ij ty dk dks bZ izHkko
ugh iM+rk] ij /kkrq ds lkFk f;k djds veyxe cukrk gSA bldk iz;ksx FkekZehVj] cSjksehVj vkfn ;a=ksa esa gksrk gSA ikjs dks
lnSo yksgs ds crZu esa j[kk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g yksgs ls dksbZ f;k ugh djrk gSA
V~;wcykbV esa Hg dh ok"i rFkk Ar xSl Hkjh jgrh gSaA ikjk dks Quick Silver dgk tkrk gSA
12- lhlk & lhlk eq[;r% xSysuk v;Ld ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA Pb dk iz;ksx Type metal vkSj solder metal cukus esa gksrk gSA
;wtrkj Pb lhlk] Sn fVu dk cuk gksrk gSA
13- Fkksfj;e & Fkksfj;e /kkrq eksuktkbV v;Ld ls izkIr dh tkrh gSA tks fd dsjy ds leqnzh rV ij lcls vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA bldk
iz;ksx ijek.kq tkZ ds mRiknu esa gksrk gSA
14- ;wjsfu;e & fip CyS.M v;Ld ls ;wjsfu;e iz;ksx ijek.kq fj;sDVj esa bZ/ku ds :Ik esa gksrk gSA >kj[k.M esa ;g lcls vf/kd ikbZ
tkrh gSA
^^/kkrqvksa ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ rF;**
VaxLVu dk iz;ksx cYc ds fQykesaV cukus esa gksrk gSA
vksfl;e lcls Hkkjh /kkrq gS vkSj lcls gYdh /kkrq yhfFk;e gSA
I;kt] yglqu esa xa/k dk dkjd K dh mifLFkfr gSA
dSMfe;e /kkrq dh NM+ks dk iz;ksx U;wfDy;j fj;sDVjksa ds U;wVkWu ds vokks"kd ds :i esa gksrk gSA
ukbkse feJ /kkrq dk iz;ksx ghVj] izsl ds Coil cukus esa gksrk gSA
v/kkrq rRo & os rRo tks /kkrqvksa dh rjg O;ogkj ugh djrs gSA v/kkrq dgykrs gSA vkorZ lkj.kh esa 22 v/kkrq rRo gSA ftlesa 11
xSl] 1 nzo] 10 Bksl gSA

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1 gkbMkstu & gkbMkstu vkorZ lkj.kh dk izFke rRo gksrk gS vkSj lcls gYdk rRo gSA H dks Hkfo"; dk bZ/ku dgk tkrk gSA H
gkbMsktu dh [kkst gsujh dScsfUM'k us dh FkhA H lHkh vEyksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA nzo gkbMsktu dk iz;ksx jkWdsV bZ/ku ds :i esa gksrk
gSA bldk iz;ksx ouLifr ?kh cukus esa gksrk gSA
H ds leLFkkfud M~;wVsfj;e ds vkWDlkbM D2O dks Hkkjh ty dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx U;wfDy;j fj;sDVj esa eand
Moderater ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
gkbMkstu ijkWDlkbM dk iz;ksx Cyhfpax esa] xjkjs djus esa] ?kko /kksus esa nkWr vkSj dku lkQ djus esa gksrk gSA ty Hkh
gkbMsktu dk ,d ;kSfxd gSA lcls kq) ty c"kkZ ty gksrk gSA dBksj ty lkcqu ds lkFk QSu mRiUUk ugh djrs gSA ;g LokLF; ds
fy, gkfudkjd gksrk gSA blesa Ca, Mg esa DyksjkbM] lYQsV] ckbZ dkcksaZusV ?kqy jgrs gSA
ikuh esa dBksjrk nks izdkj dh gksrh gS %&
LFkkbZ dBksjrk vkSj vLFkkbZ dBksjrk ikuh dh LFkkbZ dBksjrk mlds Ca, Mg ds DyksjkbM o lYQsV] yo.k ?kqys gksus ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
ikuh dh LFkkbZ dBksjrk dks mlds Naco3 feykdj xeZ djus ls nwj gks tkrh gSA ikuh dh vLFkkbZ dBksjrk mlds Ca, Mg esa ckb
dkcksZusV yo.k ?kqys gksus ds dkj.k gksrh gSA ty dh vLFkkbZ dBksjrk dks mckydj nwj fd;k tkrk gSA

1- ^^dkcZu**

dkcZu ds nks vij:i Allotrop gksrs gSA

1 ghjk 2 xzsQkbV
1 ghjk & ghjk lcls dBksj inkFkZ gksrk gSA ghjk fo|qr vkSj rki dk dqpkyd gksrk gSA ghjk esa ped iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu ls gksrh
gSA bldk iz;ksx vkHkw"k.k cukus esa gksrk gSA dkys ghjs dks Bort dgk tkrk gSA ftldk iz;ksx dkWap dh dVkbZ esa gksrk gSA
2 xzsQkbV & xzsQkbV esa eqDr bysDVkWu gksrs gSA blfy;s ;g fo|qr dk lqpkyd gksrk gSA xzsQkbV dk iz;ksx dkB dh iSfUly dh yhM
cukus esa jax] cukus esa gksrk gSA fo|qr LkSyks vkSj fo|qr vi?kVu dh f;k esa xzsQkbV dh NM+ dk iz;skx gksrk gSA fo|qr lSyksa rF;
fo|qr vi?kVuksa f;kvksa esa bySDVksM ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dkty dkcZu dk lcls kq) vij:i gSA blesa 95 izfrkr
dkcZu ekStwn gksrk gSA
^^dkcZu ds ;kSfxd**
A dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM &
;g eksVj xkfM+;ksa ds /kq,s ls fudyrh gS vkSj Co xSl ekuo jDr ds gheksXyksfou ds lkFk feydj dkcksZDlh gheksXyksfcu cukrk
gSA ftlls jDr esa O2 xzg.k djus dh {kerk lekIr gks tkrh gSA ftlls euq"; dh olu f;k :dus yxrh gSA
Co dk iz;ksx QkLthu xSl cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA tks ,d fo"kSyh xSl gSA
izksM;wlj xSl Co+N2 vkSj ty xSl Water Gass Co+H2 ds :i esa bZ/ku ds :i esa iz;qDr gksrs gSA
B dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM &
dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM xSl ikS/kksa ds fy, ykHknk;d gSA Co2 xSl Green House effect ds fy;s mkjnk;h gksrh gSA
lksMk okVj esa mPp nkc ij Co2 xSl ?kqyh jgrh gSA
Cold drink dh cksryksa esa Co2 xSl Hkjh gksrh gSA
Bksl Co2 xSl dks Dry Ice kq"d cQZ dgrs gSA
Co2 xSl dk iz;ksx vkx cq>kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
isM+ ikS/ks jkf= ds le; Co2 xSl ckgj NksM+rs gSA blfy, jkr esa isM+ ikS/kksa ds uhps ugh lksuk pkfg;sA
C flfydkWu &
flfydkWu izfr esa jsr vkSj iRFkj ds :i esa lcls vf/kd ik;k tkrk gSA i`Foh dh lrg ij O2 ds ckn lcls vf/kd ek=k esa
ik;k tkus okyk rRo flfydkWu gSA
kq) flfydkWu dk mi;ksx vfrpkyd Super Conductor ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Computer Chip] flfydkWu dh cuh gksrh gSA
2- ^^ukbVkstu**
ukbVkstu ok;qe.My esa lcls vf/kd ek=k esa ikbZ tkus okyh xSl gSA
;wfj;k esa 46 izfrkr ukbVkstu gksrk gSA blfy;s ukbVkstu ;wfj;k ds fy;s izeq[k gSA
ukbVkstu fo|qr cYcksa esa rFkk mPp rkieku okys FkekZehVj esa Hkjus ds dke esa vkrh gSA
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^^ukbVkstu ds ;kSfxd**

A veksfu;k &
loZizFke izhLVys us loZizFke veksfu;k xSl cukbZ FkhA
NH3 dk mi;ksx Freeze esa cQZ tekus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
B ukSlknj &
bldk jklk;fud uke veksfu;e DyksjkbM NH4Cl gSA bldk mi;ksx crZuksa esa dybZ djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
C ukbVl vkWDlkbM &
bls Laughing dgrs gSA
D ukbfVd vEy &
bldk iz;ksx lksuk vkSj pkWnh dks kq) djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx foLQksVd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA

3- ^^QkLQksjl**
QkLQksjl ekuo kjhj esa gf;ksa esa gSA ekfpl cukus esa ^^Red** QkLQksjl dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA

^^QkLQksjl ds ;kSfxd**
bls QkLQhu dgk tkrk gSA ;g isM+ ikS/kksa ds lM+us ls rFkk nynyh LFkkuksa esa iSnk gksrh gSA QkLQksjl dh deh ls iRrksa dk jax ihyk gks
tkrk gSA

4- ^^vkWDlhtu**

vkWDlhtu xSl dh [kkst lhys us dh FkhA

ok;qe.My esa O2 xSl N ds ckn lcls vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA
O2 xSl ekuo ds fy;s izk.k ok;q ekuh tkrh gSa
O3 esa lM+h eNyh tSlh xa/k vkrh gSA
O3 xSl lw;Z ls vkus okyh Ultra voilet rays dks i`Foh ij vkus ls jksdrh gSA
O3 xSl dks gok kq) djus vkSj [kk| inkFkksaZ dks lM+us ls cpkus esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
C.F.C Dyksjks yksjks dkcZu xSl O3 ijr dks {kfr igqpkrh gSA

5- ^^lYQj**

I;kt] yglqu] v.Mk vkSj ljlksa ds rsy ls lYQj xSl cuk;h tkrh gSA
LkYQj dk iz;ksx peZ jksx dh nok cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA

^^lYQj ds ;kSfxd**
A lYQj MkbZ vkWDlkbM & bldk mi;ksx jshtsku esa gksrk gSA eFkqjk fjQk;ujh ls fudyh So2 xSl rktegy ds laxejej dks ihyk
dj jgh gSA
B lY;wfjd vEy & bldk mi;ksx petrolium ds kq)hdj.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
^^vf; xSls**
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Ze, Re ;s lHkh vf; xSls gSA
jsMkWu dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh vf; xSls ok;qe.My esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
bu vf; xSlksa dh [kkst W.M.J. us dh FkhA
He, H2 ds ckn lcls gYdh xSl gSA
He dk mi;ksx xqCckjksa vkSj ok;q;ku ds Vk;jksa esa gksrk gSA
He vkSj O2 dk feJ.k xgjsa leqnz esa xksrk[kksjksa ds n~okjk ok;q ds LFkku ij bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA nek] jksfx;ksa dk f=e lkal
ds :i esa He vkSj O2 dk feJ.k fn;k tkrk gSA
Ar xSl ok;qe.My esa ikbZ tkus okyh lcls vf/kd ek=k esa ikbZ tkus okyh xSl gSA
bldk iz;ksx fo|qr cYc esa Hkjus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Redon ,d jsfM;ksa ,fDVo rRo gSa bldk iz;ksx Radio Therapy ds :i esa dSsUlj ds bykt esa gksrk gSA
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mi/kkrq &

tks rRo /kkrq v/kkrq nksuksa izdkj ds xq.k iznf kZr djrs gSA mi/kkrq dgykrs gSA

mi/kkrq dh la[;k 7 gSA cksjkWu] flfydkWu] teZsfu;e] vkjlsfud] ,.Vheuh] VsY;wfj;e] iksyksfu;eA
cksjkWu ds ;kSfxd cksfjd ,flM dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ,.VhlsfIVd nok cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
tesaZfu;e dk mi;ksx Transister cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
tesZfu;e dk mi;ksx QksVks bysfDVd lSy esa gksrk gSA
iksysfu;e izFke ekuo fufeZr rRo gSA
iksysfu;e ds lcls vf/kd 27 leLFkkfud Isotope ik;s tkrs gSA

Radio Activity

izd`fr esa ik;s tkus okys os rRo tks Lor% fo[kafMr gksdj dqN vn`; Invisible fdj.kksa dk foltZu ;k mRltZu Discharge Or
Emission djrs gSA Radio Active dgykrs gS rFkk bl ?kVuk dks Radio activity dgrs gSA
1896 esa kWl ds oSKkfud gSujh oSdqjy us loZizFke Radio Activity ds ckjs esa crk;k FkkA
eSMe D;wjh vkSj muds ifr fi;js D;wjh us irk yxk;k fd ;wjsfu;e [kfut Pitch Bland fip CyS.M esa ;wjsfu;e dh vis{kk 4
xquk vf/kd Radio Activity miyC/k gksrh gSA
Radio Active inkFkZ nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1- Natural radio active inkFkZ fuEu gSA jsfM;e] ;wjsfu;e] Fkksfj;e] vkSj iksysfu;e izkd`frd Radio active inkFkZ gSA
2- f=e jsfM;ksa lf; inkFkZ os gksrs gSA ftUgsa d`f=e rjhds ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA Radio active inkFkZ ls rhu izdkj
, , r fudyrh gsSA bu fdj.kksa dks tc pqEcdh; vFkok fo|qr {ks= ls xqtkjk tkrk gS rks ;s fdj.ksa fo{ksfir Dispersed
gks tkrh gSA
rays & ;s fdj.ksa vfr lw{e d.kksa dh cuh gksrh gSA tks /ku vkosfkr gksrh gSA vf/kd nzO;eku ds dkj.k budh Hksnu {kerk lcls
de gksrh gSA
;s fdj.ksa QksVksxzkfQd IysV dks izHkkfor djrh gSA
bu fdj.kksa dk nzO;eku vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k budh xfrt tkZ vf/kd gksrh gSA
;s fdj.kksa dh xSlksa ds vk;fur djus dh {kerk ,r fdj.kksa ls vf/kd gksrh gSA
r fdj.ksa Living Cell dks u"sV djrh gSA
rays & fdj.ksa vR;ar lw{e _.kkosfkr Positive Charged d.kksa ls cuh gksrh gSa
;s fdj.ksa fo|qqr rFkk pqEcdh; {ks= ls xqtjus ds ipkr~ ;k xqtjrs le; /kukRed IysV dh vksj eqM+ tkrh gSA
;s fdj.ksa QksVksxzkfQd IysV dks izHkkfor djrh gS vkSj csfj;e] IysfVuksa] lkbukekbM rFkk ftad lYQkbM ds insZ ls Vdjkdj ped
mRiUUk djrh gSA
mPp osx rFkk de nzO;eku gksus ds dkj.k budh Hksnu {kerk fdj.kksa ls 100 xquk vf/kd gksrh gSA
bu fdj.kksa dk osx izdkk ds osx ds yxHkx cjkcj gksrk gSA
Y rays & ;s fdj.ksa fo|qr pqEcdh; {ks= ls xqtjus ds le; fopfyr ugh gksrh gS D;ksafd bu ij dksbZ vkosk ugh gksrk gSA budh
Hksnu {kerk , ls cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA
budk osx izdkk ds osx ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
bu fdj.kksa dh xSlksa dks vk;fur djus dh {kerk cgqr de gksrh gSA
bu fdj.kksa dk nzO;eku u ds cjkcj gksus ds dkj.k budk QksVksxzkfQd IysV vkSj ftad lYQkbM ij izHkko cgqr de iM+rk gSA
Radio active decay

jsfM;ksa ,fDVo inkFkZ dk fo[ka.Mu

izR;sd jsfM;ksa ,fDVo inkFkZ ls fujUrj rhu izdkj dh fdj.ksa , , r fdj.kksa dk mRltZu gksrk gSA ,slk gksus ls ^^Radio Active**
inkFkZ dk fo[ka.Mu gks tkrk gS vkSj u;s rRo ds ijek.kq dk tUe gksrk gSA bl ?kVuk dks jsfM;ksa ,fDVo fo[ka.Mu dgrs gSA
Half life period
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v)Zvk;q dky
ftrus le; vUrjky esa dksbZ jsfM;ksa Active inkFkZ esa mifLFkr ijek.kq dh la[;k esa fo?kfVr gksdj izkjafHkd la[;k dh vk/kh gks
tkrh gSA mls ml inkFkZ dh v)Zvk;qdky dgrs gSA
;wjsfu;e dh v)Zvk;q 4.5 109 o"kZ gSA
;wjsfu;e dh v)Zvk;q vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ;g i`Foh ij i;kZIr ek=k esa mifLFkr gSA
Radio Active inkFkksaZ dh vk)Zvk;q ds vk/kkj ij iqjkus voks"kksa dh vk;q Kkr dh tk ldrh gSA
Radio Activity dh Unit bdkbZ dks D;wjh dgrs gSA
^^/kkrq;sa vkSj muds ;kSfxd ds mi;ksx**
1- ikjk & FkekZehVj cukus esa] veyxe cukus esa vkSj flanwj cukus esa A
2- Qsjl vkWDlkbM & gjk dkWap cukus esa vkSj Qsjl yo.k Salt cukus esa A
3- QSfjd vkWDlkbM & xguksa ij ikWfyk djus esa vkSj QSfjd yo.kksa ds fuekZ.k esa A
4- Qfjd lYQsV & jax m|ksx esa] vkSj L;kgh cukus esaA
5- vk;ksMhu & dhVk.kquk'kd ds :i esa] vkS"kf/k cukus esa] foLQksVd inkFkZ cukus esa] fVapj vk;ksMhu cukus esa A
6- czksehu & fVapj xSl cukus esa] vkS"kf/k cukus esa] vJq vkSj vU; fo"kSyh xSl cukus esaA
7- gkbMksDyksfjd vEy & Dyksjhu cukus esa] vEyjkt Aquergia cukus esaA
8- Dyksjhu & gkbMksDyksfjd vEy cukus esa] Cyhfpax ikmMj cukus esa] eLVMZ xSl cukus esaA
9- veksfu;k & vkbl QSDVjh esa] foLQksVd inkFkZ cukus esa] xSl cukus esa] d`f=e js'ks cukus esa
10- veksfu;e DyksjkbM & diM+ks dks jaxus esa] nokbZ cukus esa] kq"d lSyksa ds fuekZ.k esaA
11- lY;wfjd vEy & LVksjst cSVjh esa] isVksfy;e 'kq)hdj.k] dyj cukus esa
12lYQj & dhVuk'kd ds :i esa] ck:n cukus esaA
13- izksM~;wlj xSl & HkV~Vh xeZ djus esa] lLrs bZ/ku ds :i es vkSj /kkrq fu"d"kZ.k Extraction of metal esaA
14okVj xSl & cSfYMax ds dke esa] bZ/ku ds :i esa
15- dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM & lksM+k okVj cukus esa] dBksj LVhy cukus esa] vkx cq>kus esaA
16- xzsQkbM & bySDVksM cukus esa] yksgs ds cus inkFkksaZ ij ikWfyk djus esa] iSfUly cukus esaA
17- fQVdjh & ty kq) djus esa] vkS"k/kh ds fuekZ.k esa] peM+k m|ksx esa] diM+ks dh jaxkbZ esa] ekuo ds jDr dks cgrs gq;s ls jksdus ds
fy;sA
18- ,Y;wehfu;e LkYQsV & dkxt m|ksx esa] diM+ksa dh NikbZ] vkx cq>kus esaA
19- lqgkxk & ekfpl cukus esa] /kkrqvksa dh cSfYMax djus esa] phuh feV~Vh ds crZu cukus esa A
20- ftIle & POP IykLVj vkWQ isfjl cukus esa] veksfu;e lYQsV cukus esaA
21- Cyhfpax ikmMj & is;ty dks kq) djus esa Dyksjks QkWeZ dks cukus esa] dhVk.kq Ukkkd Germicide ds :i esa] phuh dks lkQ
djus esaA

^^inkFkZ dh voLFkk;sa**

inkFkZ dh pkj voLFkk;sa gksrh gSA

1 Bksl 2 nzo 3 xSl 4 IykTek
rki ,oa nkc esa ifjorZu djds fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dh voLFkk dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA ty rhuksa voLFkkvksa esa jg ldrk gSA
/oZikru Sublimation & xeZ djus ij fdlh inkFkZ dks Bksl :i ls xSl ds :i esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA m/oZikru dgykrh
gSA
tSls & diwj] veksfu;e DyksjkbM] uSIFkyhu] cSUtksbd ,flM] vk;ksMhu] ,UFkzkslhu
^^fgekad fcUnq Freezing Point**
fdlh foks"k nkc ij og fu;r rki ftl ij dksbZ nzo terk gSA fgekWad dgykrk gSA
^^nzo.kkad Melting point **
fdlh nkc foks"k ij og fu;r rki ftl ij dksbZ Bksl inkFkZ nzo voLFkk esa cnyrk gSA mls nzo.kkaad dgrs gSA
lkekU;r% inkFkZ dk nzo.kkad vkSj fgekad dk eku cjkcj gksrk gSA
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tSls & cQZ dk Melting point and freezing Point 00C gksrk gSA vkqf);ksa dh mifLFkfr esa inkFkZ dk Freezing and melting nksuksa
de gks tkrs gSA
^^ok"ihdj.k Vaporization**
nzo ls ck"i esa ifjorZu gksus dh f;k ok"ihdj.k dgykrh gSA
tSls & ikuh dk Hkki esa cnyukA
^^DoFkukWad Boiling Point**
fdlh foks"k nkc ij og fu;r rki ftl ij dksbZ nzo mcydj ok"i esa cny tk;s rks og rki nzo dk Boiling pint dgykrk gSA
nkc c<kus ls nzo dk Boiling point c< tkrk gS vkSj nkc ?kVus ls nzo dk Boiling point ?kV tkrk gSA
izeq[k jklk;fud inkFkksaZ ds lk/kkj.k uke
- lk/kkj.k uke
jklk;fud uke
1 fQVdjh
& iksVsfk;e ,Y;wehfu;e lYQsV
2 [kkus dk lksM+k
& lksfM;e ckbZ dkcksZusV
3 lk/kkj.k ued
& lksfM;e DyksjkbM
4 dkfLVd lksMk
& lksfM;e gkbMkWDlkbM
5 diM+s /kksus dk lksM+k
& lksfM;e dkcksZusV
6 dkfLVd iksVkk
& ikssVsfk;e gkbMkWDlkbM
7 gjk dlhl Green & Qsjl QYQsV
Vitriol
8 lQsn dlhl
& ftad lYQsV
White Vitriol
9 uhyk dlhl Blue & dkWij lYQsV
Vitriol
10 'kq"d cQZ
& dkCkZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM
11 QkeZsyhu
& QkesZYMhgkbM dk 40% foy;u
Solution
12 dkckZsfyd vEy
& QhukWy
13 ykfQax xSl
& ukbVl vkWDlkbM
14 ukbVj
& iksVsfk;e ukbVMs
15 eklZ xSl
& ehFksu xSl
16 fed MIC
& feFkkby vk;lks lk;usV
17 fpyh lkYV ihVj
& lksfM;e ukbVsV
18 pwus dk ikuh
& dSfYk;e gkbMkWDlkbM
19 fcuk cq>k pwuk
& dSfYk;e vkWDlkbM
20 ukSlknj
& veksfu;e DyksjkbM
21 lQsn iksVkk
& iksVsfk;e ijeSXusV
22 uhyk FkksFkk
& dSfYk;e lYQsV
23 xa/kd vEy
& lY;wfjd vEy
24 [kfM;k@pkd
& dSfYk;e dkcksaZusV
25 okVj xSl
& Co+ H2 dk feJ.k
26

izksM~;wlj xSl

&

Co+ N2

dk feJ.k

27
28

fDod flyoj
& fLkYoj ukbVsV
Hkkjh ty
& M~;wjhfj;e vkWDlkbM
Heavy Water
29 fojatd pw.kZ fCyfpax & dSfYk;e gkbiks DyksjkbM
e-education(delhi)

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30

ikmMj
dksy xSl

&

H2+ CH4 + H2 dk

31
32
33
34
35
36
37

f;kWu
yky flanwj
fLizV
fyFkktZ
dq,s dh yky nok
flfydk
fljdk

&
&
&
&
&
&
&

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

vEyjkt
CySd ftad
lqgkxk
gkbMksfyFk
xSysuk
eSXuhfk;k
gkWuZ flYoj
DyksjksQkWeZ
ik;jhu
ued vEy
vaxwj dk jl

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

Dyksjks yksjks dkcZu

ySM ijkWDlkbM
eSfFky ,Ydksgy
ySM vkWDlkbM
iksVsfk;e ijeSXusV
flfydu vkWDlkbM
,lhfVd vEy dk 10%
foy;u
HNO3+ Hcl dk feJ.k
fatad lYQkbM
cksjsDl
dSfYk;e gkbMkbM
ySM lYQkbM
eSXuhfk;e vkWDlkbM
flYcj DyksjkbM
VkbZ Dyksjks esFksu
dkcZu VsVk DyksjkbM
gkbMsktu DyksjkbM
Xywdkst

feJ.k

^^lhesUV**

lhesUV dk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls fcfYMax cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA

lhesaV dSfYk;e ,Y;qfeusV vkSj dSfYk;e flfydsV dk feJ.k gksrk gSA
lhesaV dk iz;ksx loZizFke 1824 esa vaxzst oSKkfud tkslsQ ,LihMu us fd;k Fkk vkSj bUgksus bls ^^Port land cement** dk uke
fn;k FkkA
lhesaV esa pwuk iRFkj] flfydk] ,Y;wfeuk] eSxuhfk;k vkSj vk;ju o lYQj ds vkWDlkbM feys jgrs gSA
lhesaV esa lokZf/kd ek=k esa pwuk iRFkj gksrk gSA
lhesaV esa ftIle dks feykus ls mlds teus dh xfr esa o`f) gks tkrh gSA
uksV& pwuk iRFkj dks fpduh feV~Vh ds lkFk xeZ djus ij lhesaV curk gSA
lhesaV esa pwuk dh ek=k vf/kd jgus ij ml le; mlesa njkjs iM+ tkrh gSA tcfd lhesaV esa ,Y;qfeuk dh ek=k vf/kd jgus
ij og kh?kz te tkrk gSA

^^dkp Glass**

lk/kkj.k dkWap] flfydk] lksfM;e flfydsV vkSj dSfYk;e flfydsV dk Bksl foy;u gksrk gSA
dkWap dk dksbZ fufpr jklk;fud laxBu Cehemical Composition ugh gksrk gS D;ksafd dkWap ,d feJ.k gSA

dkWap ds izdkj

1 ty dkWap & Naco3 vkSj Sio2 dks xeZ djus ij lksfM;e flfydsV izkIr gksrk gSA tks ty esa foys; gksrk gSA
2 QksVkskseSfVd dkWap & ;g ,d foks"k izdkj dk dkWap gksrk gSA tks rhoz /kwi esa dkyk gks tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx /kwi okys pesa
Opticals esa gksrk gSA
3 ik;jSDl dkWap & bls cksjks flfydsV dkWap Hkh dgrs gSA csfj;e flfydsV vkSj lksfM;e flfydsV dk feJ.k gksrk gSA bl dkWap dh
rki izfrjks/k {kerk Heat Resistant Capicity vf/kd gksrh gSA blfy;s bldk mi;ksx iz;ksxkkyk ds midj.k cukus esa fd;k tkrk
gSA
4 lksM+k dkWap & ;g lcls lLrk dkWap gksrk gSA bls e`nq dkWap Soft Glass Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g tYnh VwVrk gSA
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 bu dkWapksa esa vpkud rkieku o`f) QyLo:i njkj iM+ tkrh gSA
bldk iz;ksx V~;wc ykbV] cksVy] jkst mi;ksx esa ykus okys orZuksa dks cukus esa gksrk gSA
5 tsuk dkWap & ;g lcls vPNh Quality dk dkWap gksrk gSA
bldk iz;ksx jklk;fud ik=ksa dks cukus vkSj oSKkfud iz;ksx ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
6 fyaV dkWap & ;g iksVsfk;e dkcksaZusV] ySM vkWDlkbM vkSj flfydk dk feJ.k gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx fctyh ds cYc] nwjchu ds
ySal dSejs ds ySal o fizTe cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
7 kmu dkWap & ;g iksVsfk;e vkWDlkbM] cSfj;e vkWDlkbM o flfydk dk feJ.k gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx pesa ds ySal cukus esa gksrk
gSA
8 qDl dkWap & bl dkWap esa flfj;e vkWDlkbM feyk gksus ds dkj.k ;g gkfudkjd ijkcSxuh fdj.kksa Ultraviolat Rays dks
vokksf"kr dj ysrk gSA bl dkj.k blls pesa ds ySal cuk;s tkrs gSA
Note & 1 dkWap esa D;wysV feyk nsus ls dkWap ds xyus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA
2 dkWap dks dBksj cukus ds fy;s iksVsfk;e DyksjkbM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
dkWap esa jax nsus okys inkFkZ
dkWp dk jax
jax nsus okys inkFkZ
1- xgjk uhyk
dksckYV vkWDlkbM
2- gjk
Qsjl vkWDlkbM
3- xgjkyky
Cu20] dSMfe;e lYQkbM
^^mcZjd Fertilizer**
feV~Vh dh moZjk kfDr Fertility dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s tks jklk;fud inkFkZ feyk;s tkrs gSA mUgsa mcZjd dgrs gSA
Qlyksa ds vf/kd mRiknu o ikS/kksa dh o`f) ds fy;s N,P,K vkSj Ca vkfn RkRoksa dh vko;drk gksrh gSA bu RkRoksa dks
moZjd ds ek/;e ls feV~Vh ds n~okjk miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA Qlyksa ds vf/kd mRiknu ds fy;s eq[; :i ls bUgh rRoksa dh
vko;drk gksrh gSA+
moZjdksa dk oxhZdj.k Classification
1- ukbVkstu ds mcZjd & buesa eq[; :i ls N2 rRo ik;k tkrk gSA
1 Uria & blesa 46 izfrkr ukbVkstu ik;k tkrk gSA
2 Amonium sulphate & blesa ukbVkstu veksfu;k ds :i esa mifLFkr gksrh gSA bl moZjd esa 25 izfrkr veksfu;k jgrh gSA ;g
moZjd /kku] vkyw dh Qly ds fy;s vPNh gksrh gSA
3 Calcium Nitrate & ;g ukbVkstu dk lcls cM+k vPNk moZjd gSA ;g cktkj esa uksoZft;u lkYVihVj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
4 Calcium Saynamaid & bls cktkj esa ukbVskfy;e ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl moZjd dks cksvkbZ Sowing djus ls igys
fNM+dko fd;k tkrk gSA
2- QkLQksjl ds moZjd & blesa lqij QkLQsV vkWQ ykbe] fViy lqij QkLQsV vkWQ ykbe gksrs gSA
1 lqij QkLQsV vkWQ ykbe & bl moZjd dks tkuoj dh gM~Mh dks ihLkdj cuk;k tkrk gSA
2 fViy lqij QkLQsV vkWQ ykbe & ;g P rRo dks miyC/k djkus okyk mi;ksxh moZjd gSA
3- K ds moZjd & 1 KCl
2 Kno3
3 K2so4
4- fefJr moZjd & bl izdkj ds moZjdksa esa N2, P vkSj iksVkk rhuksa ds RkRo ik;s tkrs gSA

^^vkS"kf/k;ka**

vkS"kf/k;kWa jksxksa ds bykt esa dke vkrh gSA tho tUrq] ,oa ouLifr vkSj [kfut vkS"kf/k inkFkksaZ izkIr dh tkrh gSA
ouLifr;ksa ls ekQhZu] Dohuhu] cSykMksuk tho tUrqvksa ls bUlqfyu] ,.Vh VkWfDlu vkS"kf/k;kWa izkIr dh tkrh gSA
[kfutksa ls izkIr vkS"kf/k;ksa esa iSjkfQu vkSj VkbZ lYQsV izeq[k gSA
jlk;u fof/k esa vf/kdre vkS"kf/k;kWa dkcZfud inkFkksZ ls izkIr dh tkrh gSA
,lhfVd ,ugkbMkbM ls ,Lizhu] ;wfj;k ls osjksuy] csUtkWbd vEy ls lshu Dyksjfeu cukbZ tkrh gSA
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^^vkS"kf/k;ksa dk oxhZdj.k**
1- ,.Vhck;ksfVDl & ;g nok;sa vR;ar lw{e thok.kqvksa dod] vkfn ls rS;kj dh tkrh gSA ;s vkS"kf/k;kWa nwljs izdkj ds dhVk.kqvksa dks
ekjrh gS vkSj mudh o`f) dks jksdrh gSA
vysDtsUMj ysfeax us 1929 esa igyh ,.Vhok;ksfVDl vkS"kf/k iSfuflyhu dk vfo"dkj fd;kA ftlesa foks"k izdkj ds osSDVhfj;k dks
u"V djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA
izeq[k ,.Vhck;ksfVDl vkS"kf/k &

1- ts.Vkekbflu
2- isfuflyhu
3- VsVk lkbfDyhu
4- LVsIVksekbflu
5- DyksjksekbflVhu] vkfn gSA
2- ,.VhlsfIVdl iwfrZjks/kh &
;s Drugs lw{e thok.kqvksa Microbes dks ekjus vkSj mudh o`f) dks jksdus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
;s jDr nwf"kr gksus ls jksdus vkSj ?kko dks Hkjus esa foks"k :i ls lgk;d gksrh gSA
izeq[k ,.VhlsfIVDLk &

12345-

vk;ksMhu
,fFky ,Ydksgy
fQukWy
QkWesZYMhgkbM
gkbMsktu ijkWDlkbM

6- Aciflonine

7- gSDlk DyksjksQhu
3- fupsrd & bu Drugs dk iz;ksx eq[;r% laosnuk dks de djus ds fy;s iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA fupsrd dk iz;ksx lcls igys
william Mortons 1846 esa bFkkby bZFkj ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA blds ckn 1847 esa Tams Sampson us Dyksjks QkWeZ dk
Anaesthetic ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;kA
izeq[k fupsrd &
1- DyksjksQkWeZ
2- LyQksuy
3- dksdhu
4- Dyksjksizksisu
5- Mkbftikd Mk;ft;ke
6- gSyksFksu
4- ,.Vhik;jsfVDl vkS"kf/k & bldk iz;ksx kjhj nnZ vkSj cq[kkj mrkjus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
egRoiw.kZ ,.Vhik;jsfVDl &
1- ,Lizhu
2- kslhu
3- ik;jksfeMhuA
5- lYQk vkS"kf/k & ;g thok.kqvksa ds izfr vR;ar izHkkoh gksrh gSA dqN lYQk vkS"kf/k dk iz;ksx ikqvksa ds fy;s Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
egRoiw.kZ lYQk vkS"kf/k &
1- lYQkfuVkekbM
2- lYQk Mk;thu
3- lYQk fijhMhu

^^foLQksVd inkFkZ**

foLQksVd ,sls inkFkZ gksrs gSA ftuds tyus ij vR;f/kd mPp ,oa rhoz /ofu mRiUu gksrh gSA
izeq[k foLQksVd inkFkZ fuEu gSA

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R.D.X vkj-Mh-,Dl & bldk jklk;fud uke lkbDyksVkbZ feFkkbyhu VkbZ ukbVkekbu gSA vkj- Mh- ,Dl dks vesfjdk esa
lkbDyksukbV vkSj teZuh esa gSDlkstu vkSj bVyh esa T-4 ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ^^R.D.X** dh foLQksVd "ek 1510 K. dSykjh
gksrh gSA bldh [kkst 1899 esa teZuh ds gal gSafuax us kq) lQsn nkusnkj Powder ds :i esa dh FkhA
T.N.G Vh-,u-th VkbukbVksfXyljhu & bls ukscy dk rsy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g Mk;ukekbV cukus ds dke esa vkrk gSA T.N.T.,
H2So4, Hno3 dh fXyljhu ds lkFk f;k djds cuk;k tkrk gSA
T.N.T Vh-,u-Vh-VkbukbVkVkyqbZu & ;g ,d gYdk ihyk fLVyh; Bksl inkFkZ gSA VkyqZbu ds lkFk H2So4 vkSj Hno3 dh f;k
djds cuk;k tkrk gSA
Mk;ukekbV & Mk;ukekbV dk vfo"dkj vYsM ukscy us 1863 esa fd;k FkkA ukbVfXyljhu dks fdlh lf; inkFkZ tSls ydM+h ds
cqjkns esa vokksf"kr djds cuk;k tkrk gSA vk/kqfud Mk;ukekbV esa ukbVksXfyljhu dh txg NaNo3 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Vh-,u-ih VkbZ ukbVksfQuky& bls fifd vEy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bls QhukWy vkSj ukbfVd vEy dh f;k ds n~okjk cuk;k tkrk gSA
cgqyhdj.k Polymerization & ;g og f;k gSA ftlesa ,d gh izdkj ds ,d ls vf/kd v.kq vkil esa tqM+dj dksbZ vf/kd v.kqHkkj
okyk v.kq cukrs gSA

^^IykfLVd**

IykfLVd ,sls inkFkksaZ dk lewg gS tks cM+h vklkuh ls eksM+s tk ldrs gSA ;k mUgsa fdlh vkdkj esa <kyk tk ldrk gSA
IykfLVd nks izdkj ds gksrs gS %&

FkeksZIykfLVd & ;g xeZ djus ij eqyk;e vkSj B.Mk djus ij dBksj gks tkrk gSA ;g xq.k buesa lnSo ekStwn cuk jgrk gSA bUgsa pkgs
fdruh gh ckj B.Mk ;k xeZ fd;k tk;saA
tSls & P.V.C] ikWyhfFku] uk;ykWu] VsykWuA
FkeksZlsfVax IykfLVd & os IykfLVd tks ,d ckj xeZ djus ij eqyk;e gks tkrs gS vkSj mUgsa bfPNr vkdkj Desired shape esa <ky
fy;k tkrk gSA ysfdu bls iqu% xeZ djds eqyk;e ugh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
tSls & oSdsykbV] fQukWy] jSXthu] ikWfyLVj

^^jcM+**

jcj izfr esa ik;s tkus okyk ,d cgqyd Polymer gSA ftls jcj ds o`{k ls ysVsDl ds :i esa izkIr dj fy;k tkrk gSA
jcj ,d FkeksZIykfLVd gksrk gSa tc bls lYQj ds lkFk xeZ djrs gS vkSj bls dksbZ vkdkj ns fn;k tkrk gS rks og ml vkdkj dks
cuk;s j[krk gSA
jcj esa Carbon black feykdj bldh dBksjrk dks vkSj c<k;k tk ldrk gSA
^^jskk Fibre**
d`f=e jsks cgqyd Polymer gksrs gSA tks ,d ;k vf/kd bdkb;ksa ls curs gSA
izeq[k d`f=e jsks &
1 NYLON & ;g ekuo n~okjk fufeZr igyk d`f=e jskk gSA
2 Reyon & lsY;wyksl ls cus d`f=e jsks dks Reyon dgrs gSA
Reyon dk mi;ksx diM+k cukus] dkyhu cukus esa] vkSj csa.MsM cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
bldk iz;ksx diM+s ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA bls igys

^^ikWfy,LVj**
England

us fodflr fd;k FkkA

^^lkcqu**
lk/kkj.kr% lkcqu mPp clk vEyksa ds lksfM;e yo.k gSA bu mPp olk vEyksa esa ikWfefVd vEy C15H31Cooh] fLV;fjd vEy
C16H35CooH vkSj vksysbd vEy C12H33COOH mYys[kuh; gSA
ikWfefVd vEy ls cus lkcqu dks lksfM;e ikWfeVsV dgrs gSA ftldk vkWf.kod lw= C15H31Coona
C15H31CooH + Naoh C15H31 CooNa+H2O

lksfM;e ikWfeVsaV lkcqu

,sls lkcqu tks dkWfLVd lksMk ds mi;ksx ls curs gS Hard Soap dgykrs gSA tcfd os lkcqu tks dkWfLVd iksVkk ds mi;ksx ls curs
gS vFkkZr~k~ tks mPpolh; vEyksa ds iksVsfk;e yo.k gksrs gSA Soft Soap dgykrs gSA
Hard Soap diM+s /kksus ds dke vkrs gSA tcfd Soft shoap ugkus esa dke vkrs gSA
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gtker dk lkcqu Hkh dkWfLVd iksVkk ds mi;ksx ls cuk;k tkrk gSA blesa xksan fXyljkWy vkfn dqN inkFkZ feys jgrs gSa ftlls
>kx 'kh?kzrk ls ugha lw[krk gSA

^^rsy vkSj olk**

rsy vkSj olk mPp olh; vEyksa ,oa vlar`Ir Unsaturated vEyksa ds fXyljkWy ds lkFk cuus okys ,LVj gS vf/kdrj rsy vkSj
olk ikWfefVd] fLV;fjd vkSj vksfybd vEyksa ds fXyljkWy ds feJ.k ds QyLo:i curs gS
lk/kkj.k rki ij tks fXyljkWbM nzo voLFkk esa ik;s tkrs gS Oils dgykrs gSA tcfd tks fXyljkbM Bksl voLFkk esa ik;s tkrs
gSA os Fats dgykrs gSA Oil vkSj Fat esa varj muds xyukadksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ftuds vuqlkj ftu fXyljkWbMksa dk
xyukad 200C ls de gksrk gSA og Oil dgykrs gS rFkk ftudk xyukad 200C ls vf/kd gksrk gA os Fats dgykrs gSA Lipid dk
,d v.kq] olh; vEy ds 3 v.kqvksa vkSj fXyljkWy ds 1 v.kq ds feyus ls curk gSA
^^viektZd Detergnt**
viektZd dk mi;ksx dBksj ty ls diM+s /kksus esa fd;k tkrk gSA blesa lkcqu dh vis{kk vf/kd vkanzZrk dk xq.k ik;k tkrk gSA
os lkcqu tks dkfLVd lksM+k ds mi;ksx ls cuk;s tkrs gSA dBksj lkcqu dgykrs gS vkSj tks lkcqu dkfLVd iksVkk ls cuk;k tkrk
gSA os e`nq lkcqu dgykrs gSA
;g

^^isVksfy;e**

izkd`frd bZ/ku gSA ;g i`Foh dh lrg ds uhps volknh pV~Vkuksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
isVksfy;e ,Ydsu gkbMksdkcZu dk feJ.k gSA isVksy dks CySd xksYM ;k nzo lksuk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA isVksfy;e ls] isVkys ]
Mhty] feV~Vh dk rsy izkd`frd xSl vkfn izkIr gksrs gSA foo esa igyk isVksfy;e dqvkWa 1859 esa duZy Msd n~okjk vesfjdk ds
isfUlyosfu;k esa VkbVflcys LFkku ij [kksnk x;k FkkA isVksfy;e ls blds fofHkUu vo;oksa dks vyx djus ds fy;s izHkkth vklou
Fractional distillation fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls isVksfy;e dk 'kks/ku Purification dgk tkrk gSA
vfoLQksVu ,oa vkWDVsu uacj & dqN bZ/ku ,sls gksrs gS ftudk ok;q feJ.k batuksa ds flys.Mj esa Toyu le; ds igys gks tkrk gSA
ftlls "ek iw.kZr% dk;Z esa ifjofrZr u gksdj /kkfRod /ofu Metallic Sound mRiUu djus esa u"V gks tkrh gSA ;gh /kkfRod /ofu
vfoLQksVd dgykrh gSA ,sls bZ/ku ftudk vfoLQksVu vf/kd gksrk gS mUgas mi;ksx ds fy, vPNk ugh ekuk tkrk gSA vfoLQksVu de
djus ds fy, ,sls bZ/kuksa esa dqN ,sls ;kSfxd fofJr dj fn;s tkrs gSA ftlls budk vfoLQks Vu de gks tkrk gSaA ,sls ;kSfxdks dks
vfoLQksjks/kh ;kSfxd Anti Knocking Compound dgrs gSA Octane Number fdlh bZ/ku ds vfoLQksVu dks bZ/ku dh Octane
la[;k ftruh vf/kd gksrh gS mldk vfoLQksVd mruk gh de gks tkrk gS vkSj og mruk gh vPNk bZ/ku ekuk tkrk gSA bZ/ku dk
vkWDVsu la[;k c<+kus ds fy, mlesa vfoLQksVujks/kh ;kSfxd feyk;s tkrs gSA tSls TEL VsVk bFkkby ysM ,d lcls vPNk vfoLQksVu
jks/kh ;kSfxd gSa vkSj BTX csathu VkyqbZu tkbfyu ,d vPNk vfoLQksVu jks/kh ;kSfxd gSA
^^isVksfy;e ds vo;o Components**
1 L.P.G. ^^fyDoM isVksfy;e xSl** & ;g ehFksu] C;wVsu] bZFksu] izksIksu dk feJ.k gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx bZ/ku ds :i esa gksrk gSA
L.P.G. dk eq[; ?kVd C;wVsu] izksisu gSA L.P.G. esa fjlko dh igpku ds fy;s nqxZa/k;qDr inkFkZ ejdSIVu feyk;k tkrk gSA
2 isVksy bZFkj & ;g isUVsu] gsDlsu gkbMksdkcZuksa dk feJ.k gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx pchZ Fat ] clk] rsy ds foyk;d dk dke
djrk gSA
3 isVksy ;k xSlksfyu & ;g vR;f/kd ok"ikhy] gsDlsu] gsVsu] vkWDVsu] gkbMksdkcZuks dk feJ.k gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx eksVj djksa]
vkSj ;ku ds bZ/ku ds :i esa gksrk gSA
4 Mhty & ;g isVksy dh rqyuk esa lLrk bZ/ku gSA Mhty ds tyus ls vusd [krjukd xSls fudyrh gSA
5 C.N.G. dEizsLM uspqjy xSl& C.N.G. i`Foh ds vUnj ik;s tkus okys gkbMksdkcZu dk feJ.k gSA ftlesa 50 izfrkr ls 90
izfrkr rd ehFksu xSl gksrh gSA ;g isVksy vkSj Mhty dh rqyuk esa Co, N20 ,oa tSfod xSl Bioganes dk de mRltZu djrh
gS A blfy;s ;g i;kZoj.kh; n`f"V ls de iznw"k.k djrh gSA blfy, ;g xSl orZuksa esa] isVksy] Mhty ds fodYi ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA isVksy] Mhty ds dq,sa ls fudyus okys So2] lhlk vkfn ls euq"; ds 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko iM+rk gSA C.N.G xSl isVksy vkSj
Mhty dh rqyuk esa LkLrh Hkh gSA
6 xSlksgkWy & blesa isVksy] ,Ydksgy dk feJ.k gksrk gSA xSlksgkWy xUus ls jl ls izkIr ,Ydksgy dks isVksy esa feykdj izkIr fd;k
tkrk gSA
7 cslyhu & cslyhu dh ek=k Petrolium esa 25% rd ikbZ tkrh gSA bldk iz;ksx lubricant cream vkSj lotion cukus ds dke
esa vkrk gSA
^^bZ/ku Fuel**
Natural fuels

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os inkFkZ tks tyus ij "ek mRiUu djrs gSA bZ/ku dgykrs gSA
tSls & ydM+h] dks;yk] dSjkslhu] isVksy] Mhty vkfn
xkscj xSl ;k ok;ksxSl & bldk eq[; vo;o ehFksu xSl gksrh gSA
izksM;wlj xSl & Co, N2 dk feJ.k gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx bZ/ku] dkWap] bLikr cukus esa gksrk gSA

^^,Ydksgy**

,Ydksgy ,d ,Ydksgyh foy;u Solution ;k is; gksrk gSA

fofHkUu
,Ydksgy dh ek=k
10 ls 50 izfr'kr
45 ls 55 izfr'kr

izdkj dh 'kjkcsa] ,Ydksgy dh ek=k L=ksr

- 'kjkc
L=ksr
1 foLdh Whisky
tkS Barley
2 je Rum
khjk
Molosses
3 czkMh Brandy
40 ls 50 izfr'kr
vaxwj
4 fc;j Bear
3 ls 6 izfr'kr
tkS dk ikuh
5 lsEiSu Fempain 10 ls 15 izfr'kr
vaxwj
1 feFkkby ,Ydksgy & bls wood sprit Hkh dgrs gSA
2 ikWoj ,Ydksgy & oSUthu] fLizV vkSj ,Ydksgy ds feJ.k dks ikWoj ,Ydksgy dgrs gSA

fofHkUu dkcZfud ;kSfxd

1- feFksu & bls ekkZ xSl ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA tks dks;ys dh [kkuksa Mines esa foLQksV gksrs gSA ehFksu xSl ds dkj.k gksrs gSA
C.N.G. esa 90 izfr'kr ehFksu] gksrh gSA xkscj xSl dk eq[; vax ehFksu xSl gksrh gSA
2- ,lhfVyhu & bldk iz;ksx diwj Camher cukus] fu'psrd ds :i esa /kkrq dks dkVus o tksM+us esa dPPks Qyksa dks d`f=e :i ls
idkus esa
3- fvkWu & bldk jklk;fud uke Dyksjks yksjks dkCkZu gSA ;g vkstksu ijr dks uqdlku igqpkus okyh xSl gSA
4- ,fFky ,Ydksgy & bldk 'kjkc ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
5- eSfFky ,Ydksgy & tgjhyh kjkc ihus okyksa dh e`R;q blh ,Ydksgy ds dkj.k gksrh gSA bldk iz;ksx isVksy esa ,Ydksgy feykdj
tykus esa gksrk gSA
6- ik;jhu & bldk iz;ksx fctyh] ls yxh vkx cq>kus esa gksrk gSA
7- vkDlsfyd vEy & dSfY'k;e vkWDlhysV ds d.k ekuo fdMuh esa ,d= gks tkus ds dkj.k iFkjh dh chekjh gks tkrh gSA bldk
iz;ksx nkx /kCcs feVkus esa gksrk gSA
8- lSdjhu & ;g phuh ls 550 xquk ehBk gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx Mk;fcVht ds jksfx;ks ds fy;s phuh dh txg gksrk gSA
9- vJq xSl & bldk iz;ksx HkhM+ dks frrj] fcrj djus esa gksrk gSA blls vk[kksa esa tyu iSnk gksrh gS vkSj vklwa vkus yxrs gSA
bldk jklk;fud uke Dyksjks ,flVksfQuku gSA
10- eLVMZ xSl & ;g ,d fo"kSyh xSl gksrh gSA bldk iz;ksx izFke fo'o;q) ds le; jklk;fud gfFk;kj ds :i esa fd;k x;k FkkA
blesa ljlksa ds rsy tSlh smell vkrh gSA
11- feFkkby vk;lksa lk;usV & ;g ,d fokSyh xSl gSA tks Hkksiky ds ;wfu;u dkckZbM dkj[kkus ls 1984 esa fjlh FkhA
12- D.D.T. & ;g ,d thok.kq uk'kh Germicide gSA
13- oSUthu & bldk iz;ksx foyk;d ds :i esa kq"d /kqykbZ Dry Clean esa] isVksy ds lkFk feykdj batuksa ds bZ/ku ds :i esa gksrk
gSA
14- fQukWy & thok.kquk'kh ds :i esa] oSdsykbV cukus esa] gksrk gSA
15- oSUtSYMhgkbM & bldk iz;ksx lqxaf/kr inkFkksaZ ds fuekZ.k esa gksrk gSA
16- ;wjksVksfiu & bldk iz;ksx ew= jksx nok ds :i esa gksrk gSA bldk jklk;fud uke gsDlk eSFkyhu] VVs k ,ehu gksrk gSA

NH3, CO2, C.F.C,

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xSlksa dk iz;ksx htj ds :i esa gksrk gSA

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lcls T;knk fo|qr _.kkRed Electronegative rRo yksjhu gSa

sfUl;e lcls T;knk fo|qr /kUkkRed rRo gSA
mPpre e- bysDVkWu ca/kqrk Electron affinity okyk RkRo Dyksjhu gSA
Pt dks lQsn lksuk dgrs gSA
dsoy H ijek.kq gh ,d ,slk ijek.kq gSA ftlds ukfHkd Nucleus esa U;wVkuW ugh gksrs gSA
PH eku dk fu/kkZj.k lksjsUlu us fd;k FkkA
ghjk izd`fr esa ik;k tkus okyk lcls dBksj inkFkZ gSA
40C ij ty dk lokZf/kd ?kuRo Density jgrk gSA
Lignitc fyXukbV dks Hkwjk dks;yk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
N2O, SO2 vEyh; o"kkZ Acid Rain ds fy;s izeq[k dkj.k gSA
Green house effect ds fy;s Co2, C.F.C. CH4 xSl mRrjnkbZ gSA
izd`fr esa lokZf/kd dkcZu ds ;kSfxd ik;s tkrs gSA
uk;ykWu cukus esa dPps inkFkZ ds :i esa ,fMfid vEy dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
NH3 dk iz;ksx vJq xSl Tear Gas cukus esa gksrk gSA
Non Stick crZu cukus ds fy;s iz;qDr gksus okyk IykfLVd VSykWau gSA
lksfM;e osUtksbM dk iz;ksx [kkus dh oLrqvksa ds ifjj{k.k Preservation esa gksrk gSA
Dabilies jksfx;ksa ds ew= esa ,lhVksa ,lhfVd ,flM dh vf/kdrk ikbZ tkrh gSA
fVapj vk;ksMhu] fQukby ,.VhlsfIVd nckbZ gSA
flxjsV ykbVj esa ehFksu xSl fudyrh gSA
dSMfe;e /kkrq dh NM+ks dk iz;ksx ukfHkdh; Nuclear fj;sDVj esa eand Moderator ds :i esa gksrk gSA
Fkk;ksizksisUky vkWDlkbM jklk;fud inkFkZ I;kt esa ik;k tkrk gSA ftlds dkj.k vkWa[kksa ls vkWalw vk tkrs gSA
Pt lcls dBksj /kkrq gSA
dkjksa ds batu esa ukWafdax ls cpus ds fy;s ySM VsVk bZFkkby dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
gfM~M;ksa esa 8 izfr'kr Phasphoras ik;k tkrk gSA
Cl2 xSl dk iz;ksx Qwyksa dk jax mM+kus esa gksrk gSA
crZuksa ij dybZ djus esa NH4Cl dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
d`f=e lqxaf/kr inkFkZ cukus esa ,fFky ,lhVsV dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
vkfrkckth esa gjk jax csfj;e ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
teZsfu;e v)Zpkyd dh rjg Trasister esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
Steel dks dBksjrk iznku ds fy;s dkcZu feyk;k tkrk gSA
lcls Hkkjh /kkrq ^^Osmium** gSA
lcls gYdh /kkrq ^*Lithium** fyfFk;e gSA
rays ds mRltZu ls laHkkfjd mRiUu gksrk gSA
dksckYV&60 dk iz;ksx dSalj jksx ds mipkj esa gksrk gS D;ksafd ;s X- rays mRlftZr djrh gSA
gkbMkstu ds jsfM;ksa lf; leLFkkfud dks fVfV;e dgrs gSA
leqnzh?kkl esa vk;ksMhu ik;k tkrk gSA
jsMkWau xSlh; rRoksa esa lcls Hkkjh gSA
gkbMkstu xSlh; rRoksa esa lcls gYdk gksrk gSA
lksfM;e /kkrq cSUthu vkSj bZFkj esa foys; Soluble gSA
O3 xSl esa lM+h eNyh tSlh xa/k vkrh gSA
vEyjkt ^^King of chemical** esa 1 Hkkx HNo3 vEy vkSj Hcl ds 3 Hkkx gksrs gSA
gfM~M;kas vkSj nkarksa esa dSfYLk;e ik;k tkrk gSA

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xSl dk iz;ksx isVksy vkx cq>kus esa gksrk gSA

QkLQhu dk iz;ksx leqnzh ;k=k esa flXuy nsus esa gksrk gSA
gSykstsu esa Cl, F, Br, I2 vR;f/kd f;k'khy gksrs gSA
xu ikmMj esa Kno3 pkjdksy vkSj xa/kd ik;k tkrk gSA
dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM ok;qea.Myh; nkc ij -700C rki ij Bksl voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA ftls 'kq"d cQZ dgrs gSA
,tkabe dh [kkst loZizFke ;hLV esa gqbZ FkhA bldh [kkst dqu us dh FkhA
foy;u Solution %& nks ;k nks ls vf/kd inkFkksaZ dk ,d lekax feJ.k Homogeneous mixture gS tSls & phuh dk ty
esa foy;u
foys; vkSj foyk;d Solute & Solvent %& foy;u esa tks inkFkZ vis{kkd`r vf/kd ek=k es gksrk gS mls foyk;d dgrs gS rFkk tks
inkFkZ de ek=k esa jgrk gS mls foy;s dgrs gSA
dksykWbM %& ;g nks inkFkksZa dk fo"kekax feJ.k Heterogenous mixture gksrk gS blesa ifj{ksfir d.kksa dk vkdkj 10&5 flehvkSj 10&7 fleh- ds chp gksrk gSA
blds d.kkssa dks uXu vk[kkas Naked Eyes ls ugh ns[kk tk ldrk gS cfYd Ultramicroscope }kjk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
tSls & nw/k] xksan] CyM] L;kgh vkfnA
fuyEcu Suspension %& ;s NksVs vkdkj ds d.kksa ds inkFkZ gS tks foyk;d esa v?kqyukhy ijarq uXu vk[kksa ls ns[ks tk ldrs gS
vkSj nks ;k nks vf/kd inkFkZ dk fo"kekax feJ.k gksrk gSA blesa ifj{ksfir d.kksa Dispersed particle dk vkdkj 10&5 fleh- ;k
blls vf/kd gksrk gSA ;s vLFkk;h gksrs gS rFkk buds d.kksa esa ifj{ksfir ek/;e ls vyx gks tkus dh izo`fk gksrh gSA
tSls & unh dk xank ty] ok;q esa /kwy vkfnA
okLrfod foy;u %& ;g nks ;k nks ls vf/kd inkFkkZsa dk lekax feJ.k gS ftlds d.kkas dk vkdkj 10&8 fleh- gksrk gS

Co2
PH3

tSls & phuh dk ued esa foy;u

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foKku dh izeq[k iqLrds

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& blesa varfj{k mM+kuksa ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Cardiology & blesa n; laca/kh rF;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Mamography & blesa jsfM;ksxzkQh ds }kjk Lru xzafFk;ksa ds dSa lj dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Aero Logy & blesa ok;qe.My dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Metallurgy & blesa v;Ld Ore ls /kkrq Metal vyx djus dh fof/k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Meteorology & blesa ekSle vkSj mlesa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Metrology & blesa Hkkj] eki&rkSy dh fof/k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Orology & ioZrksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Histology & blesa rdksa Tissuesdk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Ceramics & blesa dkWap vkSj phuh feV~Vh ls cuh phtksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Crauiology & blesa [kksiM+h diky Skull dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Osteology & blesa gfM~M;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Pediatrics & blesa cPpksa o muesa gksus okys jksxksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Palaintology & blesa thoke dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Mycology & blesa dod QQwWan dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Carpology & blesa Qyksa o chtksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Radiology & blesa jsfM;ks/kehZ rjaxksa ds mi;ksxksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Seismology & blesa Hkwdai dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Hygiene & blesa lkQ lQkbZ vkSj LokLF; ds izfr tkx:drk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Astronomy & blesa [kxksyh; fi.Mksa Celestial Bodies dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Anatomy & blds varxZr tho tUrqvksa vkSj ikS/kkS dh vkarfjd lajpuk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Archeology & blesa iqjkrkfRod oLrqvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blds varxZr ekuo ds HkkSfrd vkSj lkaLd`frd fodkl dk v/;;u
fd;k tkrk gSA
Hydrology & blesa lkQ ikuh dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Embryology & blesa Hkzw.k dh mRifk] izdkj vkSj lajpuk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Epidemiology & blesa egkekjh dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mldh jksdFkke ds mik; crk;s tkrs gSA
Aeronautics & ok;q;ku laca/kh rF;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Ecology & blesa tho tUrqvksa ds okrkoj.k ds lkFk lacU/kksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Entomology & blesa dhV iraxksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Cosmology & blesa czka.M dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSaA blesa czka.M dh mRifk vkSj lajpuk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Agronomy & blesa [kk|kUUk mRiknu vkSj d`f"k laca/kh rduhdh vkSj fodkl dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Agronomics & blesa Hkwfe vkSj Qlyksa ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Toxicology & blesa fofHkUu izdkj ds fo"kks dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Gerantology & blesa o`)koLFkk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSa
Horticulture & ;g d`f"k dh ,d kk[kk gSA blesa Qy] Qwy o lfCt;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Litho Logy & blesa pV~Vkuksa dh ijh lrg dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Genetics & vkuqokafkdh blesa thUl dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Virology & blesa fo"kk.kqvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Ornithology & Bacteriology & blesa thok.kqvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Bibliology & blesa iqLrdksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Horology & ?kM+h cukus vkSj le; dh eki ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Astronautics

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& /ofu ds ek/;e ls ty dh lrg ds uhps dh oLrqvksa dk irk yxkus dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
blesa if{k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Neurology & blesa raf=dk ra= Nervous System dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Odontology & blesa nkWarks dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Pathology & blesa jksxksa ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkus dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Pisciculture & blesa eRL;ikyu dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Sericulture & blesa jsku dhV ikyu dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Philology & blesa izkphu Hkk"kkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Phonology & blesa Loj /ofu;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Optics & blesa izdkk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Oneirology & LoIuksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Ethology & blesa tho tUrqvksa ds O;ogkjksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Pedology & blesa feV~Vh dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Petrology & blesa pV~Vkuksa dk v/;;u vkarfjd :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA
Selenology & blesa pUnzek dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Sociology & blesa lekt dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Ophiology & blesa liksaZ dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Dendrology & o`{kksa ,oa >kfM+;ksa ds v/;;u djus okyk foKku gSA
Dendochronology & o`{kksa dh vk;q dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Creosoting & blesa Hkw&ouLifr dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Hydropathy & bl foKku esa ikuh ls gksus okys jksxksa dh fpfdRlk dh tkrh gSA
Pedagogy & bl 'kk[kk ds varxZr v/;kiu dyk dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Silviculture & blesa ouksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Sperm Logy & chtksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Phycology & kSoky dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Phrenology & ekuo efLr"d ,oa flj dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Numismatics & iqjkus flDdksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Holography & ystj iqWat dh lgk;rk ls f=foeh; iqaWt Three dimension Diagram cukus okys fp= dh fof/k gSA
Heliotherapy & lw;Z ds izdk'k ls fpfdRlk djus dh i)fr gSA
Ethnography & ekuo tkfr dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Chemotherapy & jlk;u inkFkksaZ n~okjk jksxksa dk mipkj fd;k tkrk gSA
Anthology & blesa iq"iksa Qwyksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
Anatomy & blds }kjk kjhj dh vkarfjd lajpuk dk v/;;u dk irk py tkrk gSA
Archaeology & iqjkRkRo laca/kh foKku dh lk[kk gSA blds n~okjk&n~okjk iqjkrRo laca/kh foKku ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA
Hydro Phoenix

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PHYSICS

& ;g pkbZ ekid ;a= gSA ftldk iz;ksx foekuksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2- Anemometer & blls ok;q dk cy] xfr dks ekik tk ldrk gSA ;g ok;q dh fn'kk ifjorZu Hkh djrk gSA
3- Audiometer & blls /ofu dh rhozrk dks ekik tk ldrk gSA
4- Audiophone & bls lquus dh e'khu dgk tkrk gS bls yksx lquus esa lgk;rk ds fy, dkuksa esa yxkrs gSA
5- Actimometer & fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k Magnetic Radiation rhozrk ekius dk ;a= gSA
6- Aerometer & ;g ok;q vkSj xSlksa ds ?kUkRo dks ekius okyk ;a= gSA
7- Astrometer & rkjksa dh izdk'k dh rhozrk dks ekius okyk ;a= dgrs gSA
8- Antiaircraft Gun & xksyk ekjdj gokbZ tgkt fxjkus dh rksi gSA
9- Accelerometer & okgu ds Roj.k dks ekius okyk ;a= gSA
10- Barograph & ;g ok;qe.My ds nkc esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks yxkrkj ekirk jgrk gS vkSj Lor% gh bldk xzkQ Hkh ck nsrk gSA
11- Binoculars & blls nwj fLFkr oLrq;sa Li"V ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
12- Bolometer & ;g "eh; fofdj.k Heat Radiation dks ekius dk ;a= gSA
13- Callipers & blls o`Rrkdkj oLrqvksa Circular Objectes ds Hkhrjh rFkk ckgjh C;kl dks ekik tk ldrk gSA blls eksVkbZ Hkh
ekih tk ldrh gSA
14- Calorimeter & blls "ek dh ek=k dks ekik tk ldrk gSA
15- Cardiograph & n; xfr dks ekius esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
16- Compass needle & ;g fn'kk lwpd ;a= gSA blds n~okjk fdlh LFkku ij fn'kkvksa dk irk iM+ tkrk gSA
17- Chronometer & ;g ;a= ty;kuksa ij lgh le; ekius esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
18- Cesco graph & isM+ ikS/kksa dh o`f) Plant Growth ekius dk ;a= gSA
19- Carburetor & blesa vUrZxzg.k Injestion isVksy batuksa esa isVksy rFkk gok dk feJ.k cuk;k tkrk gSA
20- Cymograph & :f/kj nkc ds xzkQdksa cukus dk ;a= gSA
21- Cytotron & d`f=e ekSle mRiUu djus esa dke vkus okyk ;a= gSA
22- Cytoscope & bldk iz;ksx ew=k'k; Urinary Bladder ds vkarfjd Hkkxksa dks lh/ks gh ns[kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
23- Dynamo & bldk iz;ksx ;kaf=d tkZ Mechanical Energy dks fo|qr tkZ Electric Enegry esa cnyus esa gksrk gSA
24- Dynamometer & fo|qr 'kfDr dks ekius ds fy, bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
25- Dictaphone & viuh ckr rFkk vkns'k nwljs O;fDr dks lqukus ds fy, bl ;a= n~okjk ^^fjdkWMZ** fd;k tkrk gSA
26- Dilatometer & ;g ;a= fdlh oLrq esa mRiUu vk;ru ds ifjorZu dks ekirk gSA
27- Electric meter & fo|qr tkZ dks ;kaf=d esa cnyus okyk ;a= gSA
28- Electrometer& fo|qr vkos'k dh mifLFkfr rFkk mldh izd`fr dk irk yxkus esa bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
29- Eudiometer & blds }kjk xSlksa esa jklk;fud f;k ds dkj.k vk;ru esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks ukik tk ldrk gSA
30- E.E.G (Electro Encephalo Graph) & ;g ;a= efLr"d dh rjaxksa Waves dks fjdkWMZ djrk gS rFkk mudh O;k[;k Hkh djrk gSA
31- Endoscope & ;g og ;a= gS ftls 'kjhj ds vanj izos'k djkds vanj dh lajpuk o fodkjksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
32- Flux meter & bl ;a= ds n~okjk pqEcdh; ysDl Magnetic Flux dks ekik tk ldrk gSA
33- Galvanometer & fo|qr ifjiFkksa Electric Circuite esa fo|qr /kkjk dh fn'kk crkus ckyk ,oa mldh rhozrk ekius okyk ;a= gSA
34- Gravimeter & ikuh dh lrg ij rsy dh mifLFkfr Kkr djus esa bl ;a= dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
35- Geiger-Muller-counter & blls fdlh jsfM;ks ,fDVo L=ksr Source ls fudyus okys fofdj.kksa dks ekik tkrk gSA bls dsoy
xkbxj dkmUVj Hkh dgrs gSA
36- Gramophone & blds n~okjk fjdkMZ ij vafdr ladsr lquus ds fy;s mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
1- Altimeter

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& ?kwerh gqbZ oLrqvksa dh xfr ekius ds fy;s bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
38- Gyrograph & ?kwers gq;s ifg;s ds pDdj fxuus esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
39- Hydrometer & nzoksa ds vkisf{kr ?kuRo Relative Density Kkr djus esa bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
40- Hygrometer & ok;qe.My dh vknZzrk Humidity dks ekius ds fy;s bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
41- Hydrophone & ikuh ds vanj rjaxksa dks lalwfpr Detect djus okyk ;a= gSA
42- Heart-Lungs-machine & n; vkSj QsaQMksa dk vkWijs'u djrs le; ;g e'khu dke esa vkrh gSA
43- Hygroscope & ;g ok;qe.Myh; vknzZrk esa ifjorZu fn[kkus okyk ;a= gSA
44- Hypsometer & ;g nzoksa ds DoFkukad Boiling Point Kkr djus okyk ;a= gSA
45- Konimeter & ok;q esa mifLFkr /kwy dh ek=k dks ekik tk ldrk gSA
46- Kymograph & ;g ;a= jDrpki Blood Pressure] n; Lianu Heart Beat vkfn 'kkjhfjd xfr;ksa ;k dkjdksa ds ifjorZu
dk xzkQ cukrk gSA
47- Lactometer & ;g nw/k dh 'kq)rk dks ekius okyk ,d ;a= gSA blls nw/k dk vkisf{kr ?kuRo ekik tkrk gS ftlls nw/k esa mifLFkr
ikuh dh ek=k dk irk py tkrk gSA
48- Manometer & blds n~okjk xSl ;k nzo dk nko ekik tkrk gSA
49- Magnetron & fo'ks"k izdkj dh V~;wc tks cgqr NksVh rjax&nS/;Z Wave Length okyh lw{e rjaxsa Micro Waves mRiUu
djrh gSA
50- Microtome & bls fdlh oLrq dks dkVus irys Hkkxksa esa mi;ksx gksrk gSA
51- Nephoscope & cknyksa dh rhozrk o fn'kk dks ns[kus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
52- Nephetometer & nzo esa yVds gq;s d.kksa n~okjk izdk'k dk izdh.kZu Scattering ukirk gSA
53- Odometer & eksVj dh xkM+h dh xfr ekius okyk ;a= Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa eksVj xkM+h dh xfr dks Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA
54- Ondometer & ;g ;a= fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa dh vkozfr dks ukirk gSA fo'ks"kr% jsfM;ksa vkozfr cSaM esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
55- Otoscope & blds n~okjk dkuksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA
56- Saccharin meter & ;g ;a= fdlh ?kksy esa mifLFkr 'kDdj dh ek=k dks ukirk gSA
57- Viscometer & ;g ;a= nzo dh ';kurk xk<+kiu Viscosity dks ekirk gSA
58- Voltmeter & fdUgh nks fcUnqvksa ds e/; fo|qr foHkkUrj Potential Difference ekius esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
59- Velometer & ok;q dh Mach meter & ;g ;a= ok;q dh xfr dks /ofu dh xfr ds inksa esa ekirk gSA
60- Micrometer & cgqr NksVs O;klksa vkSj eksVkbZ;ksa dks ekius ds fy;s bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
61- Periscope & iuMqCch Submerin ds vUnj ls ckgj ns[kus esa bl ;a= dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
62- Phonograph & /ofu rjaxksa dks iqu% /ofu esa ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gSA
63- Phonometer & blds n~okjk /ofu ds Lrj dks ekik tk ldrk gSA
64- Veturimeter & nzo dh izokg nj ekiusa ds fy;s bl ;a= dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
65- Microphone & ;g ;a= /ofu rjaxksa dks fo|qr Lianuksa Electric Beats esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
66- Quadrant & blds n~okjk ukSpkyu Navigation rFkk [kxksy foKku esa Wapkb;ksa dks ekik tkrk gSA
67- Photometer & izdk'k ds ?kuRo dks blds n~okjk ekik tk ldrk gSA
68- Pyrometer & blds n~okjk mPp rkieku dks ekik tkrk gSA
69- Potentiometer & blls fdlh lsy ds fo|qr ckgd cy ,oa vkarfjd izfrjks/k dh eki gksrh gSA
70- Radiater & xkfM+;ksa ds batuksa dks B.Mk djus esa bl ;a= dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
71- Rainguage jsuxst & fdlh Hkh LFkku dh o"kkZ dks ekius okyk ;a= gSA
72- Radiometer & jsfM;ksa rjaxksa dh rhozrk dks ekius ds fy;s bl ;a= dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
73- Refract meter & bl ;a= ls viorZu ^^Refractive index** ekik tkrk gSA
37- Gyroscope

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& ;g ;a= ?kksy dh yo.krk ;k ued dh ek=k dks ekirk gSA

75- pky ekius esa bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
76- Wattmeter & fo|qr L=ksr dh 'kfDr Power dks ekius esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
77- Seismograph & Hkwdai dh rhozrk ekius ds fy;s bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
78- Speedometer & blls eksVj xkfM+;ksa dh xfr dks ekik tkrk gSA
79- Sphygmomanometer & /kefu;ksa Artery esa jDr nkc ekius ds fy;s bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
80- Sphygmo phone & jDr dh /ofu lquus esa bl ;a= dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
81- Stethoscope & bl ;a= ls MkWDVjksa n~okjk n;] QSQM+ks dh /ofu lquus rFkk mldh O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA
82- Sextant & bl ;a= n~okjk lwnwj ds ioZr] o`{k] VkWacj vkfn dh WapkbZ ekih tkrh gSA ukSpkyd blls fdlh LFkku ds va{kk'k
Latitude Hkh ekirs gSA
83- Stroboscope & rhoz xfr ls xfr djus okyh oLrqvksa dks ns[kus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
84- Techometer & ok;q;ku rFkk eksVj dkjksa dh xfr;ksa dks ekik tkrk gSA
85- Transformer & A.C. /kkjk ds Current dks de ;k T;knk djus esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bls ^^D.P.** ds uke ls Hkh tkuk
tkrk gSA
86- Telemeter & bl ;a= ds n~okjk nwj gksus okyh HkkSfrd ?kVukvksa dk irk py tkrk gSA
87- Transponder & ;g ;a= ^^Signal** ladsr dks xzg.k djuk vkSj mlds mRrj dks rqjUr izsf"kr djrk gSA
88- TelePrinter & ;g ;a= ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd Vkbi fd;s gq;s lekpkj dks Hkstrk gS vkSj mudk vf/kxzg.k djrk gSA
89- Udometer & ;g ,d o"kkZekid ;a= gSA Raingauge
90- Ultrasonic scope & ;g /ofu ^^Ultra sound** dks ekirk gS vkSj mldsk iz;qDr djrk gSA bldk iz;ksx efLr"d esa V~;wej] n;
jksxksa dk irk yxkus esa gksrk gSA
91- Wave meter & fdlh jsfM;ksa rjax dh rjaxnS/;Z ekius esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
74- Salinometer

HkkSfrd jkfk;k Physical Quantities & HkkSfrd foKku ds fu;eksa dks ftUgsa jkfk;ksa ds inksa esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA mUgsa HkkSfrd
jkfk;k dgk tkrk gSA
tSls & oLrq dk nzO;eku] cy] lky] nwjh] yackbZ] fo|qr /kkjk vkfn
HkkSfrd jkfk;k nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa

1 vfnk jkfk;k
2 lfnk jkfk;k
1 vfnk jkfk;k Scaler Quantities & os HkkSfrd jkfk;k ftUkesa dsoy ifjek.k Magnitude gksrk gS] fnkk ugha gksrh gS mUgsa
vfnk jkfk dgk tkrk gSA
tSls & nzO;eku] ?kuRo Density] rkieku] fo|qr /kkjk] le;] pky vkfnA
2 lfnk jkfk;k Vector Quantities & os HkkSfrd jkfk;k ftuesa ifj.kke ds lkFk&lkFk fnkk Hkh gksrh gSA mUgsa lfnk jkfk dgk
tkrk gSA
tSls & osx] foLFkkiu Displacement] cy] Roj.k Acceleration] pqEcdh; rhozrk Magnetic Intensity] fo|qr /kkjk] fo|qr
rhozrk vkfnA
eki ds ek=d ;k bdkbZ & fdlh jkfk ds ekiu ds funsZk ekud dks ek=d dgrs gSA ek=d nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1 ewy ek=d 2 O;qRiUu ek=d
1 ewy ek=d Fundamental Unit & fdlh HkkSfrd jkfk dks O;Dr djus ds fy, dqN ,sls ekudksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tks
vU; ek=dksa ls Lora= gksrs gSA mUgsa ewy ek=d dgrs gSA
tSls & yackbZ] le;] nzO;eku vkfnA
2 O;qRiUUk ek=d Derieved Unit & fdlh HkkSfrd jkfk dks tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ewy bdkbZ;ksa esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS rks mls
O;qRiUu ek=d dgrs gSA
tSls & U;wVu] ikLdy] twy] oksYV vkfnA
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vUrjk"Vh; ek=d i)fr International System Unit& 1960 esa

ek=d gSA
123456

HkkSfrd jkfk

SI

i)fr dks viuk;k x;k ftlesa 7 ewy ek=d vkSj nks leiwjd

ek=d

yackbZ
nzO;eku
le;
rkieku
fo|qr /kkjk
T;ksfr rhozrk
Luminious Intensity
7- inkFkZ dh ek=k
Quantity of Matter
8- lery dksa.k
Plane Angle
9 ?ku dkas.k
Solid Angle
ok;qe.Myh; nkc dk ek=d & okV

ehVj
fdyksxzke
lsds.M
dsfYou
,Eih;j
ds.Msyk
eksy
jsfM;u
LVs&jsfM;u

yackbZ ds ek=d %&

1 1 fdyksehVj
&
1000 eh2 1 ehy
&
1-609 fdeh3 1 uksfVdy ehy
&
1-85 fdehizdkk o"kZ & nwjh dk ek=d gSA izdkk }kjk 1 o"kZ dgrs gSA
1 izdkk o"kZ & 9-46 1015m.
n`O;eku ds ek=d %&

1
1
1
1

ikm.M
fDo.Vy
ehfVd Vu
fdyksxzke

&
&
&
&

453-59 fdxzk100 fdxzk1000 fdxzk2-205 ikm.M

{ks=Qy ds ek=d %&

1
1
1
1
1

,dM+
&
43560 oxZQqV
gsDVS;j
&
2-5 ,dM+
oxZ fdeh&
100 gsDVs;j
oxZ ehy
&
2-6 oxZ fdehoxZ ehy
&
256 gsDVs;j
nwjh & oLrq }kjk fdlh le;kUrjky esa r; fd;s x;s ekxZ dh dqy yackbZ dks nwjh dgrs gSA nwjh ,d vkfnk jkfk gSA ;g lnSo
/kukRed gksrh gSA
foLFkkiu & fdlh oLrq dh vafre fLFkfr rFkk izkjafHkd fLFkfr ds chp dh U;wure nwjh dks foLFkkiu dgrs gSA foLFkkiu ,d lfnk jkfk
gSA
pky & dksbZ oLrq bdkbZ le; esa ftruh nwjh r; djrh gSA mls mldh pky dgrs gSA pky ,d vfnk jkfk gSA
pky = njwh
le;

osx Velosity & bdkbZ le; esa fdlh oLrq }kjk fufpr fnkk esa r; dh xbZ nwjh dks osx dgrs gSA
osx

foLFkkiu
le;

vkisf{kd osx Relative Velosity& tc nks oLrq xfreku gks rks ,d dh vis{kk nwljs dk osx vkisf{kr osx dgykrk gSA
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Roj.k & fdlh oLrq ds osx ifjorZu dh nj dks Roj.k dgrs gSA Roj.k ifjorZu ds fy, ckgjh cy vko;d gksrk gSA ,d leku osx

ls xfrkhy fi.M dk Roj.k 0 kwU; gksrk gSA

;fn le; ds lkFk oLrq dk osx ?kVrk gS rks Roj.k _.kkRed gksrk gSa mls eanu dgk tkrk gSA
o`kh; xfr Circular Motion& tc dksbZ oLrq fdlh o`kkdkj ekxZ ij xfr djrh gS rks mldh xfr dks o`kh; xfr dgrs gSA
iz{ksI; xfr Projectile Motion & tc fdlh oLrq dks ,d izkjafHkd osx ls /okZ/kj Verticle fHkUUk fdlh fnkk vUrxZr /okZ/kj
ry esa xq:Roh ,d oiFk Circular Path ij xfr djrkgSA bl xfr dks iz{ksI; xfr dgrs gSA
tSls & rksi ls NksM+s x, cEc dh xfr gokbZ tgkt ls fxjk;s x;s cEc dh xfr cYYks ls Vdjk;sa xsan dh xfr vkfn iz{ksI; xfr gSA
U;wVu dh xfr ds fu;e Newton's Law Of Motion & lj vkbtsd U;wVu us lcls igys 1687 esa viuh iqLrd fizalhfi;k esa xfr
ds fu;eks dks izfrikfnr fd;k blfy, bl oSKkfud ds lEeku esa xfr ds fu;eksa dks U;wVu ds fu;e dgk tkrk gSA
1 xfr dk izFke fu;e & ;fn dksbZ cLrq fojkekoLFkk esa gS rks og rc rd fojke dh voLFkk esa gh jgsxh tc rd mlij ckgjh cy
yxkdj xfrkhy ugha fd;k tk;sxk vkSj ;fn dksbZ oLrq xfrkhy gS rks ml ij ckgjh cy yxkdj gh fojkekoLFkk esa igqpk;k tk ldrk
gSA U;wVu ds izFke fu;e dks tM+Ro dk fu;e Law Of Inertia Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
tSls &
1- :dh gqbZ xkM+h ds vpkud pyus ij mlesa cSBs ;k=h ihNs dh vksj >qd tkrs gSA
2- pyrh gqbZ xkM+h ds vpkud :dus ij mlesa cSBs ;k=h vkxs dh vksj >qd tkrs gSA
3- isM+ dks fgykus ls mlds Qy VwVdj uhps fxj tkrs gSA

2 xfr dk f}rh; fu;e & oLrq ds laosx Momentum esa ifjorZu dh nj ml ij yxk;s x;s cy ds vuqekuqikrh Directly
Prepotional

gksrh gS rFkk laosx ifjorZu vkjksfir cy dh fnkk esa gh gksrk gSA

tSls &
1- fdsV f[kykM+h rsth ls vkrh gqbZ xsan dks dsap djrs le; vius gkFkksa dks xsan ds osx dks de djus ds fy, ihNs dh vksj [khp ysr k gSA rkfd mldsk
pksV u yxsA
2- xn~nk ;k feV~Vh ds QkZ ij fxjus ls lhesaV ds QkZ dh rqyuk de pksaV vkrh gSA
3- xkfM+;ksa esa kkWdj yxk;s tkrs gSA rkfd >Vdk de yxsA

3 xfr dk rhljk fu;e %& bl fu;e ds vuqlkj izR;sd f;k ds cjkcj rFkk foijhr fnkk esa izfrf;k gksrh gSA bl fu;e dks

f;k&izfrf;k dk fu;e Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

tSls
123-

&
cUnwd ls xksyh NksM+rs le; ihNs dh vksj >Vdk yxuk
dq, ls ikuh [khprs le; jLlh VwV tkus ij O;fDr dk ihNs fxj tkuk
jkdsV dk vkxs c<+uk] mapkbZ ds dwanus ij pksV yxukA

laosx & fdlh oLrq ds nzO;eku vkSj osx ds xq.kuQy dks oLrq dk laosx dgrs gSA
cy & cy og ckgjh dkjd gSA tks fdlh oLrq dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu djrk gSA cy dk ek=d U;wVu gksrk gSA fdlh fi.M ij

dk;Zkhy cy eku oLrq ds nzO;eku vkSj mlds Roj.k ds xq.kuQy ds ojkcj gksrk gSA
F=mxa

izd`fr esa ewyr% pkj izdkj ds cy ik;s tkrs gSA

1- xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy
2- fo|qr pqEcdh; cy
3- nqcZy ukHkdh; cy
4- izcy ukHkdh; cy
bu pkjksa izdkj ds cyksa esa xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy lcls detksj vkSj izcy ukHkdh; cy lcls etcwr gksrk gSA
1 xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy Gravitational Force%& ;g ,d detksj cy gSa tks czk.M esa izR;sd d.k ds chp muds nzO;eku ds dkj.k
yxrk gSA
xq:Ro Gravity & xq:Ro og vkd"kZ.k cy gSA ftlls i`Foh fdlh oLrq dks vius dsUnz dh vksj [khprh gSA xq:Ro cy ds dkj.k gh
i`Foh dh lrg ls Qsadh xbZ oLrq okil i`Foh dh lrg ij vkdj fxjrh gSA xq:Ro ds dkj.k mRiUu Roj.k dks xq:Roh; Roj.k dgrs
gSA xq:Roh; Roj.k ds 'keu oLrq ds vkdkj nzO;eku vkfn ij fuHkZj ugh djrk gSA blh dkj.k fHkUu &fHkUu nzO;eku dh oLrqvksa dks
leku pkbZ ls ,d lkFk fxjk;k tk;s rks os i`Foh ij ,d lkFk gh igqpsxhA i`Foh dh lrg ij xq:Roh; Rdj.k dk vkSlr eku 982eh@ls-2 gksrk gSA i`Foh dh lrg ij Hkwe/; js[kk ls /kqoksa dh vksj tkus ij xq:Roh; Roj.k ds 'keu esa ek% o`f) gksrh gS vkSj
;g /kzqoksa ij lcls vf/kd gksrk gS D;ksafd i`Foh dk Hkwe/; js[kh; O;kl /kqzoh; O;kl ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
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i`Foh dh lrg ls ij tkus ;k uhps vkus ij xq:Roh; Roj.k ds eku esa deh vkrh gSA i`Foh ds dsUnz ij xq:Roh; Roj.k dk
eku D kwU; gksus ds dkj.k fdlh oLrq dk Hkkj kwU; ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
pUnzek ij xq:Roh; Roj.k dk eku i`Foh ds xq:Roh; Roj.k ds eku 1@6 ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
xq:Ro dsUnz Gravity Center& fdlh oLrq dk xq:Ro dsUnz og fcUnq gSA tgka oLrq dk leLr Hkkj dk;Z djrk gSA fdlh oLrq dssk
Hkkj xq:Ro dsUnz ls Bhd uhps dh vksj dk;Zjr jgrk gSA fdlh oLrq dk xq:Ro dsUnz rc rd fLFkj jgrk gS tc rd mldk vkdkj
ugha cnyrk!
iyk;u osx Escape Velosity %& iyk;u osx og U;wure osx gSA ftlls fdlh oLrq dk i`Foh dh lrg ls ij dh vksj Qsads
tkus ij og xq:Roh {ks= dks ikj dj tkrk gSA i`Foh ij okil ugha vkrk gSA i`Foh ij Ikyk;u osx dk eku 11-2 fdeh-@ls- gksrk
gSA
mixzg Satellite%& ekuo fufeZr mixzg i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ,d fufpr d{kk esa ,d fufpr osx ls ifje.k dky Revolution
Period mldh i`Foh ry ls pkbZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSa mixzg izFoh ry ls ftruh vf/kd nwjh ij gksxk mldk ifje.k dky mruk
gh vf/kd gksxkA mixzg dk ifje.k dky mlds nzO;eku ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA i`Foh ds vfr fudV pDdj yxkus okys mixzg dk
ifje.k dky 84 feuV gksrk gSA
mixzg dk d{kh; osx %& mixzg dk d{kh; osx i`Foh ry ls pkbZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA mixzg i`Foh ry ls ftruk vf/kd nwj gksxk
mldk osx mruk gh de gksxkA i`Foh ds vfrfudV pDdj yxkus okys mixzg dk d{kh; osx yxHkx [email protected] gksrk gSA
Hkw&LFkSfrd mixzg Geostationary Satellyte %& ;g mixzg i`Foh ry ls 36000 fdeh- dh pkbZ ij i`Foh dk ifje.k
djrs gSA bu mixzgksa dk i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ifje.k dky i`Foh ds vius v{k ij ?kweus ds le; ds cjkcj vFkkZr 24 ?k.Vs gksrk gSA
Hkkjghurk Weight lessness %& Hkkjghurk og fLFkfr gSa ftlesa fi.M dks vius Hkkj dk vuqHko ugh gksrk gSA eqDr :i ls fxjrs gq,
fi.M dk Roj.k xq:Roh; Roj.k ds cjkcj gksus ds dkj.k dksbZ fi.M Hkkjghu dh fLFkfr eglwl djrk gSA
tSls & ;fn dksbZ O;fDr Lift ls ,d leku Roj.k ls ij tk jgk gks rks mls cM+s gq, Hkkj dk vuqHko gksrk gSa tcfd uhps vkus ij
mldk Hkkj ?kVk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA ;fn ,d leku roj.k ls uhps vk jgh Lift dh Mksjh VwV tk;s rks O;fDr Hkkjghu gks tkrk gSA
?k"kZ.k cy Fraction Force %& lEidZ esa j[kh nks OkLrqvksa ds e/; ,d izdkj dk cy dk;Z djrk gSA tks xfr djus esa oLrq dk
fojks/k djrk gSA ;g cy gh ?k"kZ.k cy dgykrk gSA ?k"kZ.k cy dh fnkk lnSo oLrq dh xfr dh fnkk ds foijhr gksrh gSA
Bksl lrgksa ds e/; ?k"kZ.k lcls vf/kd gksrk gSa nks lewgksa ds e/; yxus okyk ?k"kZ.k cy muds {ks=Qy ij fuHkZj ugha djrk
gSA cfYd lrgksa dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
?k"kZ.k cy ds dkj.k gh euq"; lh/kk [kM+k jg ikrk gS rFkk py ikrk gSA ?k"kZ.k u gksus ij ge fpduh lM+d ij fxj tkrs gSA
,d leku o`kh; xfr %& fdlh o`kh; iFk ij ,d leku xfr djrs gq,s fi.M dh pky fu;r jgrh gSA tcfd mldk osx izR;sd fcUnq
ij ifjofrZr gksrk gSA o`r ij xfr djrs gq, fi.M ij nks cy dk;Z djrs gSA ,d cy o`k ds dsUnz dh vksj yxrk gSA ftls vfHkdsUnz
cy Centrifugal force dgrs gSA tcfd nwljk cy o`k ds dsUnz ls ckgj dh vksj yxrk gSA mls vidsUnz cy Centripetal
force dgrs gSA
tSls & tc dksbZ lkbfdy lokj eksM+ ij eqM+rk gS rks mls eqM+us ds fy, vidsUnz cy lkbfdy ds ifg;s ds Vk;j rFkk i`Foh dh lrg
ds chp yxus okys ?k"kZ.k cy ds dkj.k izkIr gksrk gSA
&
&

tc ge ,d iRFkj ds VqdM+s dks Mksjh ds ,d fljs ls cka/kdj ?kqekrs gS rks gesa Mksjh ij ruko yxkuk iM+rk gSA ;gh ruko vfHkdsUnzh; cy dk dk;Z
djrk gSA
he fudkyus okyh ekhu okfkax ekhu] feDlh vkfn vidsUnz cy ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djrs gSA

cy vk?kw.kZ Moment of force or torque %& tc fdlh oLrq ij yxk ckgjh cy mls v{k ds pkjksa vksj ?kwekus dk dk;Z djrk

gS rks cy dh bl izo`fk dks cy vk?kw.kZ dgrs gSA fdlh cy dk ?kw.kZu v{k ds pkjksa vksj vk?kw.kZ cy ml cy ds ifj.kke rFkk v{k ls
cy dh f;k js[kk ds chp dh yacor~ nwjh ds xq.kuQy ds cjkcj gskrk gSA
cy vk?kw.kZ = cy cyckgq v{k dh nwjh

uksV %& ,d gh cy ds fy, ykfEcd nwj c<+ tkus ij cy vk?kw.kZ dk eku cny tkrk gSaA
;fg dkj.k gSa fd ?kj ds njcktksa esa gsf.My dCts ls nwj yxk;k tkrk gSa] ?kjksa esa vkVk ihlus dh pDdh dk gRFkk dhy ls nwj
yxk;k tkrk gSaA rkfd pDdh dks ?kqekus ds fy, de cy dh vko;drk gks] ikuh fudkyus ds gs.MiEi dk gRFkk yEck yxk;k tkrk
gSA rkfd cy de yxsA
cy ;qXe Couple %& fdlh oLrq ij nks cjkcj fdUrq foijhr fnkkvksa esa dk;Z djus okys cyksa ds cy;qXe dgrs gSA
tSls & ikuh dk uy [kksyuk cksry dk <Ddu [kksyuk] rkys dks pkch ls [kksyuk A
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ljy ekhu Simple Machines %& ljy ekhu ,d ,slh ;qfDr gksrh gSa ftlesa fdlh fcUnq ij cy yxkdj fdlh fcUnq ij j[ks

gq, ,d Hkkj dks mBk;k tk ldrk gSA

tSls & yhoj] iqyh] Lwtsd] ljy ekhausa gSA
ekhu }kjk de cy yxkdj vf/kd Hkkj mBk;k tk ldrk gSA
vkorZ xfr Tornover movement %& fdlh fufpr le; varjky esa dksbZ fi.M ;fn viuh xfr dks ckj&ckj nksgjkrk gS rks ,slh
xfr dks vkorZxfr dgrs gSA
tSls & i`Foh dk lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj rFkk panzek dk i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ,d fufpr le; varjky esa pDdj yxkuk vkorZxfr gSA ljy
yksyd is.Mqye dh ?kM+h dh xfr vkorZxfr dk mnkgj.k gSA
nksyu xfr Oscillation Movement %& ;fn dksbZ fi.M ,d fufpr fcUnq ds b/kj&m/kj vkorZ xfr djrk gS rks ,slh xfr dks
nksyu ;k dEiu xfr dgrs gSA
tSls & ljy yksyd Pendulam ?kM+h dh xfr nksyu xfr dk mnkgj.k gSA vko`fknksyu djus okyh oLrq }kjk ,d lsds.M esa fd;s
x;s nksyuksa dh la[;k vko`fk dgrs gSA
vk;ke Amplitude %& viuh lkE; fLFkfr ds fi.M dk ,d vksj vf/kdre foLFkkiu vk;ke dgykrk gSA yksyd dk vkorZ&dky
vk;ke ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA
vkorZdky Time Period %& ftrus le; esa dksbZ fi.M ,d nksyu iwjk djrk gSa ml le; dks vkorZdky dgrs gSA
&

ljy yksyd ds vkorZdky ds c<+us ij og lqLr gks tkrk gSA tcfd ?kVus ij rst gks tkrk gSA

&

>wyk >wyrk gqvk O;fDr vxj >wys ij [kM+k gks tk;s rks xq:Ro dsUnz ds ij mB tkus ls izHkkoh yackbZ de gks tkrh gS vkSj >wys dk vkorZdky ?kV
tkrk gS rFkk >wyk tYnh & tYnh nksyu djrk gSA

tSls & nksyuokyh ?kM+h ds vkorZdky esa xehZ ds fnuksa esa c<+kskjh gks tkrh gSA tcfd tkM+sa ds fnuksa esa ?kV tkrk gSA
& xfeZ;ksa esa yksyd Pendulam dh yackbZ c<+ tkrh gSA blfy, vkorZdky c<+ tkrk gSA
dk;Z %& fdlh oLrq ij cy yxkus ls mlesa tks foLFkkiu isSnk gksrk gS rks dk;Z fd;k gqvk le>k tkrk gSaA
dk; Z cy foLFkkiu
W fd cos

cy dh fnkk;sa

;fn cy dk eku 0 gks tk;s rks dk;Z dk eku vf/kd gks tkrk gSa 900 ij 0 gks tkrk gSa dk;Z dk ek=d = twy ;fn fdlh fi.M ij
yxk;s x;s cy F vkSj foLFkkiu ds chp dk dks.k gks rks W = fdcos gksxkA ;fn = 0 gks rks dk;Z dk eku vf/kdre gksxk
;fn = 90 gks rks dk;Z kwU; gksxkA
& dqyh ds nkc cks> dks mBkdj [kM+s jgus lery ij xfr djus] xzgksa] dk pDdj yxkus esa dk;Z dk eku kwU; gksrk gSA
'kfDr %& dk;Z djus dh nj dks kfDr dgrs gSA kfDr dk ek=d oksV gksrk gSA bldk uke oSKkfud tsEl okWV ds lEeku esa j[kk x;kA
ekhuksa dh kfDr dks vokfDr Horse Power esa j[kk tkrk gSA
1 v'o'kfDr = 746 okWV

,d lkekU; O;fDr dh kfDr 0-05 ls 0-1 vokfDr gksrh gSA

tkZ %& fdlh oLrq ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk dks mldh tkZ dgrs gSA
tkZ dk ek=d = twy
tkZ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1 xfrt tkZ
2 fLFkfrt tkZ
1 xfrt tkZKinetic Energy %& fdlh oLrq esa xfr ds dkj.k tks dk;Z djus dh {kerk vk tkrh gSA mls xfrt tkZ dgrs
gSA
=1

MV 2

M nOz; eku
V ox
s

xfrt tkZ lnSo /kukRed gksrh gSA

tSls & xfrkhy okgu] QSadk x;k rhj] pykbZ xbZ xksyh] cgrh gok&ikuh vkfnA
2 fLFkfrt tkZ Potential Energy %& tc fdlh oLrq esa mldh vOkLFkk ;k fLFkfr ds dkj.k dk;Z djus dh {kerk dks fLFkfrt
tkZ ladsr gSA
fLFkfrt tkZ = mgh
M = n`O;eku] G = roj.k] H = lrg ls oLrq dh
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tSls & nch gqbZ fLizax] ?kM+h esa pkch Hkjuk] ruh gqbZ /kuq"k dh Mksjh] fdlh pkbZ ij fLFkr oLrq esa fufgr tkZ fLFkfrt tkZ dgykrh
gSA
;fn dksbZ oLrq ij ls uhps dh vksj fxjk;h tk jgh gks rks mldh fLFkfrt tkZ] xfrt tkZ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA

tkZ laj{k.k dk fu;e Law of conservation of Energy %& foo dh dqy tkZ fu;r ;k fufpr gksrh gSA tkZ dks u rks
l`ftr fd;k tk ldrk gSa vkSj u gh mldk fouk'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA tkZ dk dsoy ,d :i ls nwljs :i esa dsoy ifjorZu fd;k
tk ldrk gSA bls tkZ laj{k.k dk fu;e dgrs gSA
1

midj.k dk uke

fo|qr lSy

jklk;fud
tkZ
Chemical
Energy
dks
fo|qr
tkZ
Electrical Energy esa

fo|qr eksVj

3
4
5

tjusVj

fo|qr tkZ dks ;kaf=d tkZ

Mechanical Energy esa
;kaf=d tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa

cYo] V~;wcykbV]ghVj

fo|qr tkZ dks izdk'k "ek tkZ esa

6
7
8
9
10

fo?k.Vh
ykmMLihdj
ekbksQksu
lkSj lSy
Mk;useksa
flrkj
bZ/ku Fuel

tkZ dk ifjorZu

vkSj fo|qr tkZ dks /ofu tkZ

Sound Energy esa
/ofu tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa
izdkk tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa
;kaf=d tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa
;kaf=d tkZ dks /ofu tkZ esa
"ek tkZ Heat Energy
dsk ;kaf=d tkZ esa
n`O; ds lkekU; xq.k

i`"B ruko Surface Tension %& i`"B ruko rjy dk og xq.k gSA ftlds dkj.k og vius i`"B {ks=Qy dks de ls de djuk
pkgrk gSA nzo esa i`"B ruko nzo ds v.kqvksa ds chp yxus okys llatd cy ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
i`"B ruko esa ifjorZu %& nzo dk rkieku c<+us ij i`"B ruko de gks tkrk gSA ?kqyukhy Insoluble vkqf) feykus ij i`"B
ruko c<+rk gSa vkSj v?kqyukhy vkqf) feykus ij i`"B ruko ?kVrk gSA
i`"B ruko ds dkj.k gksus okyh ?kVuk;sa %&

12345-

ty dh NksVh cwnksa dk xksy gksukA

NksVh lqbZ dk fLFkj nzo ds ry ij rSjukA
lkcqu ?kksy esa i`"B ruko de gks tkus ds dkj.k cqycqyk cM+k curk gSA
xeZ Hksktu gesa Lokfn"V yxrk gS D;ksafd i`"Bruko de gks tkus ls og thHk ds ij lHkh Hkkxksa esa vPNh rjg QSy tkrk gSA
lkcqu feys xeZ ikuh ls diM+s vPNh rjg lkQ gks tkrs gS D;ksafd lkcqu feykus o xeZ djus ls ty dk i`"B ruko ?kV tkrk gSA
llatd cy vkSj vlatd cy Cohesive & Adhesive Force

,d gh inkFkksZ ds v.kqvksa ds chp yxus okys vkd"kZ.k cy dks llatd cy dgrs gSA tcfd fHkUu inkFkksZ ds v.kqvksa ds chp yxus okys
cy dks vklatd cy dgrs gSA
ftu nzoksa ds v.kqvksa ds chp llatd cy vf/kd gksrk gSA os orZu dh nhokj dks xhyk ugha djrs gSA
tSls & ikjk
;g fdlh nzoksa ds v.kqvksa ds chp yxus okys llatd cy dk eku nzo vkSj fdlh orZu ds v.kqvksa ds chp dk;Zdkjh vlatd
cy ls de gksrk gS rks og nzo crZu esa Mkyus ij mldh nhokjksa dks xhyk djrk gSa
tSls & ikuh fdlh crZu esa Mkyus ij mldh nhokjksa dks xhyk dj nsrk gSA
L;kgh vkSj dkxt ds chp vlatd cy L;kgh ds llatd cy ls vf/kd gSA blfy, fy[krs le; L;kgh dkxt ij fpid tkrh
gSA rsy vkSj ty ds v.kqvksa ds chp vlatd cy] ty ds v.kqvksa ds chp llatd cy ds de ijUrq rsy ds llatd cy ls
vf/kd gksrk gSA blfy, rsy ds i`"B ij iM+h gqbZ ty dh cwn fldqM+dj xksykdkj gks tkrh gSA tcfd ty ds i`"B ij Mkyh xbZ
rsy dh cwn iryh f>Yyh Membrane ds :i esa QSy tkrh gSA
dsf'kdkRo Capillarity & dsk uyh esa nzo ds ij p<+us ;k uhps fxjus dh ?kVuk dks dsfkdkRo dgrs gSa
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dskuyh ,d leku f=T;k okyh ,d [kks[kyh uyh gksrh gSA dskuyh esa dksbZ Hkh nzo fdl lhek rd p<+sxk ;g dskuyh dh
f=T;k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lkekU;r% tks nzo dkap dks fHkxksrk gSa og dskuyh esa ij p<+ tkrk gS vkSj tks nzo dkap dks ugha fHkxksrk
og uhps nc tkrk gS vkSj ;fn nzo dh izo`fr Tendensy fpidus dh ugha gksrh gS rks mldk Lrj uhps fxj tkrk gSA
tSls & ikjk

mnkgj.k &
&
&
&

Qkm.Vsu isu dsfkdkRo ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA

L;kgh lks[krk L;kgh dks kh?kz lks[k ysrk gSa D;ksafd blesa cus NksVs&NksVs fNnz dskuyh dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA
ykyVsu ;k rsy dh ckh esa dsf'kdRo ds dkj.k gh rsy ij p<+rk gSa isM+ &ikS/ks esa tkbye rd ds }kjk tM+ ls ysdj ikS/kksa ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ikuh
igqp tkrk gSA

& ekulwu ls Bhd igys fdlkuksa }kjk [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ dskufy;ksa Capillary Tubes dks rksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
';kurk Viscosity %& fdlh nzo ;k xSl dk og xq.k ftlds dkj.k og nzo viuh fHkUu& fHkUu ijrksa esa gksus okyh vkisf{kd xfr
dk fojks/k djrk gSa ;kurk dgykrk gSA nzo dh lrgksa ds chp nzo dh xfr ds foijhr fnkk esa yxus okys cy dks ;ku cy dgrs gSA
;kurk dk xq.k dsoy nzo vkSj xSlksa esa gh ik;k tkrk gSA nzoksa esa ;kurk v.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okys llat cy ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
tc nzo dh fofHkUu ijrksa ds e/; vkisf{kd xfr gksrh gS rks nzo ds v.kqvksa ds chp dh nwjh c<+rh gSA ftldk lalatd cy fojks/k
djrk gSA
';kurk dk eryc xk<+kiu gSa tks nzo ftrus vf/kd xk<+s gksrs gSA mudh LFkkurk mruh gh vf/kd gksrh gSA
'kgn vkSj fXyljhu dh ';kurk ikuh dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA
rki c<+kus ij nzo dh ';kurk ?kV tkrh gSaA tcfd xSlksa dh c<+ tkrh gSA
;kurk dk ek=d Unit IokW;t gksrk gSA ftls IokW;tyh us fn;k FkkA
izR;kLFkrk Elascity %& fdlh oLrq dk og xq.k gSa ftlds dkj.k oLrq fdlh fo:id cy Deformans force ds }kjk vkdkj
vFkok :i esa mRiUu ifjorZu dk fojks/k djrh gS vkSj fo:id cy gVk ysus ij oLrq viuh iwoZ fLFkfr esa vk tkrh gS vkSj ,slh
oLrq dks izR;kLFk oLrq dgrs gSA ;fn oLrq fo:id cy gVk ysus ds ckn Hkh iwoZ voLFkk esa okil ugha vkrh gS rks ,slh oLrq dks
IykfLVd dgk tkrk gSA
ekse] xhyh feV~Vh vkfn
DokV~ZTk dks lcls vf/kd izR;kLFk oLrq ekuk tkrk gSA tks izR;kLFk inkFkZ vius :i ifjorZu dk ftruk vf/kd fojks/k djrk gSA
og mruk gh vf/kd izR;kLFk Elastic ekuk tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gsS fd jcj dh vis{kk LVhy vf/kd izR;kLFk gksrk gSA
Iykou Floatation %& tc dksbZ oLrqq fdlh nzo esa MqckbZ tkrh gS rks ml oLrq ij ij dh vksj ,d cy dk;Z djrk gSA ftlds
dkj.k oLrq vius okLrfod Hkkj ls dqN gYdh eglwl gksrh gSA bl cy dks mRIykou cy ;k mR{ksi dgrs gSA mRIykou cy
Upthrust of Buoyant force dk eku oLrq }kjk gVk;s x;s nzo ds Hkkj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA ;g cy gVk;s x;s nzo ds xq:Ro dsUnz
ij dk;Z djrk gSA ftls mrIykou dsUnz dgk tkrk gSA
vkdZfeMht dk fl)kar %& izfl) ;wuku oSKkfud vkdZfeMht us lcls igys vius iz;ksxksa }kjk mR{ksi Upthrust dk v/;;u fd;k
vkSj mUgksus ,d fl)kar fn;k ftls vkdZfeMht dk fl)kar dgrs gSA
bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj ^^tc dksbZ oLrq fdlh nzo esa vkafkd ;k iw.kZr% MqcksbZ tkrh gS rks Mqcksusij mlds Hkkj esa deh izrhr gksrh gS
rFkk OkLrq ds Hkkj esa ;gh vkHkklh deh Vertual loss mlds }kjk gVk;s x;s nzo ds Hkkj ds cjkcj gksrh gSa**
;fn oLrq dk Hkkj mRIykou cy ls vf/kd gS rks oLrq nzo esa Mwc tk;sxh ;fn oLrq dk Hkkj mRIykou cy ds cjkcj gS rks og
nzo ds vUnj Mwch gqbZ voLFkk esa rSjrh jgsxhA
?kuRo Density %& fdlh oLrq ds bdkbZ vk;ru Unit Volume ds nzO;eku dks ?kuRo dgrs gSA
cQZ dk ?kuRo ty dh vis{kk de gksrk gSA blfy, og ikuh ij rSjrh jgrh gSA leqnzh ty dk ?kuRo lk/kkj.k ty dh
vis{kk vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ml ij rSjuk vklku gksrk gSa 40C ij ty dk ?kuRo lcls vf/kd gksrk gS fdlh oLrq dk vkisf{kd
?kuRo Relative Density 40C ij ty ds ?kuRo ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
nkc Pressure %& fdlh lrg dh bdkbZ {ks=Qy ij dk;Z dj jgk cy nkc dgykrk gSA
nkc =

cy
{ks = Qy

ftl oLrq dk {ks=Qy ftruk de gksrk gSa og fdlh lrg ij mruk gh vf/kd nkc Mkyrh gSaA nkc dk ek=d ikLdy gSa A
U;[email protected] M2
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tSls & nyny esa Qls O;fDr dks lykg nh tkrh gS fd og ysV tk;s rkfd mlds 'kjhj dk vf/kd {ks=Qy nyny ds lEidZ esa vk
tk;s vkSj uhps dh vksj de nkc yxsA
dhy dk fupyk fgLlk uqdhyk cuk;k tkrk gSA rkfd {ks=Qy de gksus ls og lrg ij vf/kd ncko Mky lds vkSj Bksdus ij
vklkuh ls x<+ tk;sA
nzo inkFkksZa dk nkc muds Hkkj ds dkj.k gksrk gSa fdlh fcUnq ij nzo dk nkc nzo ds ?kuRo ij fuHkZj djrk gSa fdlh nzo dk ?kuRo
ftruk vf/kd gksxk mldk nkc nzo dk ?kuRo ftruk vf/kd gksxk mldk nkc fdlh xgjkbZ ij mruk gh vf/kd gksxkA
xyukad ij nkc dk izHkko %& xeZ djus ij ftu inkFkksZa dk vk;ru c<+rk gSA mu ij nkc c<+kus ls xyukad c<+ tkrk gSA
tSls & ekse] ?kh vkfnA
blds foijhr xeZ djus ij ftu inkFkksZa dk vk;ru ?kVrk gSa nkc c<+kus ij mudk xyukad de gks tkrk gSaA
tSls & cQZ] yksgs dk <yuk Casting vkfnA
DoFkukad ij nkc dk izHkko %& lHkh nzoksa dk DoFkukad nkc c<+kus ij c<+ tkrk gSA
tSls & ;fn lk/kkj.k nkc ij ikuh dk DoFkukad 1000C gSA ;fn nkc nqxquk dj ns rks DoFkukad yxHkx 1250C c< tk;sxkA
izskj dqdj ds vUnj nkc c<+kdj DoFkukad c<+k fn;k tkrk gSA ftlls nzo vf/kd "ek dh ek=k xzg.k djrk gS vkSj [kkuk tYnh id
tkrk gSA
ok;qe.Myh; nkc Atmospheric pressure %& ok;qe.My esa mifLFkr ok;q tks nkc Mkyrh gSA mls ok;qe.Myh; nkc dgrs gSA
leqnz ds Lrj ij gok dk nkc lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA
loZizFke ok;qe.Myh; nkc dh x.kuk okSu D;wfjd ds }kjk dh xbZ FkhA ok;qe.My nkc dks csjksehVj ds }kjk ekik tkrk gSA
csjksehVj dh lgk;rk ls ekSle lEcU/kh iwokZquqeku Hkh yxk;k tkrk gSA csjksehVj dk ikjk tc ,dne ls uhps fxjrk gS rks vka/kh vkus
dh laHkkouk jgrh gSa tc /khjs&/khjs uhps fxjrk gSA rc o"kkZ vkus dh rFkk tc /khjs&/khjs ij p<+rk gS rks ekSle lkQ jgus dh
laHkkouk jgrh gSA i`Foh dh lrg ls ij tkus ij nkc de gks tkrk gSa blhfy, igkM+ksa ij [kkuk cukus es adfBukbZ gksrh gSA
kafrd osx Critical Velosity %& ;fn fdlh nzo ds izokg dk osx ,d fufpr osx ls de gksrk gS rks nzo dk izokg /kkjkjs[kh;
Steramline Flow izokg gksrk gS vFkkZr~ nzo dk izR;sd d.k mlh fcUnq ls xqtjrk gSA ftlls mldk igys okyk d.k xqtjrk FkkA
bl fufpr osx dsk kafrd osx dgrs gSA ;g osx fu;fer gksrk gSa ftlesa fdlh fu;r fcUnq ij izokg dh pky o mldh fnkk fufpr
cuh gksrh gSA
rjax xfr Wave Motion %& rjax ,d izdkj dk fo{kksHk gksrk gSA tks nzO; ds okLrfod HkkSfrd LFkkukarj.k ds fcuk xfr djrk gSA
rjaxksa ds }kjk tkZ dk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd LFkkukrj.k gksrk gSA rjaxsa eq[;r% nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1- ;kaf=dh rjaxsa Machanical Waves
2- fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxs Electro Magnatic Waves
1 ;kaf=dh rjaxsa Mechanical waves %& os rjax ftuds lapj.k ds fy, fdlh ek/;e dh vko;drk gksrh gS rks ,slh rjaxksa dks
;kaf=dh rjaxs dgrs gSA ;s nks izdkj dh gSA
A- vuqizLFk rjaxs B- vuqnS/;Z rjax
A vuqizLFk rjaxsa Transverse wave %& tc fdlh ek/;e esa rjax xfr dh fnkk ek/;e ds d.kksa ds dEiu djus dh fnkk ds
yEcor Longitudal gksrh gS rks bl izdkj dh rjaxksa dks vuqizLFk rjaxs dgrs gSA ;s rjaxsa dsoy Bksl esa mRiUu dh tk ldrh gSA
nzo ds Hkhrj ;s rjaxsa mRiUu ugh dh tk ldrh ysfdu mldh lrg ij dh tk ldrh gSa tSls& fdlh ca/kh gqbZ jLlh dk Nksj dks
idM+dj] fgykus ij mRiUu rjaxsa] flrkjs dh rjaxs vkfnA
B vuqnS/;Z rjax Longitudinal waves %& tc fdlh ek/;e esa rjax xfr dh fnkk ek/;e ds d.kksa ds dEiau djus dh fnkk ds
lekarj Parellel gksrh gS rks ,slh rjaxksa dks vuqnS/;Z rjaxsa dgrs gSA ;s rjaxs Bksl] nzo] xSl] lHkh ek/;eksa esa mRiUu gksrh gSA
tSls & Hkwdai rjaxs] fLizax esa mRiUu rjaxs] ok;q esa mRIkUu rjaxs vkfn vuqnS/;Z rjaxs gSA
2 v;kaf=d rjaxsa ;k fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxsa Non mechanical Waves or Electromagnetic Waves %& ,slh rjaxs ftuesas
ek/;e dh vko;drk ugha gksrh gSA fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxsa dgykrh gSA ;s rjaxs fuokZr Vaccume esa Hkh lapfjr gks ldrh gSA ;s
rjaxs pqEcdh; ,oa fo|qr {ks=ksa ds nksyu ls mRiUu gksus okyh vuqizLFk rjaxsa gSa fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa esa fo|qqr {ks= Electric Field
rFkk pqEcdh; {ks= Magnetic Field ijLij yacor gksrksa os daiu Trembling djrs jgrs gS rFkk fjDr LFkku Blank esa
izdkk dh pky ls vkxs c<+ tkrs gSA lHkh fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxsa ,d gh pky ls pyrh gS rFkk budh pky izdkk dh pky ds cjkcj
gksrh gSA
^^egRoiw.kZ fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxs **
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 fdj.ksa %& xkek fdj.kksa dh [kkst oSdqjy us dh FkhA xkek fdj.kksa dk L=ksr Source lw;Z fofdj.k Sun Radiation ,oa jsfM;ksa
lf; rRo Radio Active Elements gksrs gSA dkWfLed fdj.kksa ds ckn budh vkd`fr lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA ;s vR;Ur y?kq
rjaxnS/;Z ifjlj Very Short Wave Length Range dh fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxsa gSa bu fdj.kksa esa tkZ dh vR;f/kd ek=k lafpr
jgrh gSA ftlls budh Hksnu {kerk Penitration Capacity vR;f/kd gksrh gSa blfy, budk mi;ksx ukfHkdh; vfHkf;k vkSj
d`f=e jsfM;ksa /kkeZrk esa fd;k tkrk gSA
dkWfLed fdj.ksa %& fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa esa dkWfLed fdj.kksa dh vko`fk Frequency vkSj tkZ lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA tcfd budk
rjaxnS/;Z lcls de gksrk gSA dkWfLed fdj.kksa dh [kkst vkfLV;k ds oSKkfud foDVj gsal us 1912 esa dh FkhA
X fdj.ksa %& bu fdj.kksa dh [kkst teZuh ds oSKkfud jkWUVtu us 1895 esa dh FkhA fdlh Hkkjh ukfHkd ij bysDVkuksa dh ckSNkj
Shower ls ;s fdj.ksa mRiUu gksrh gSA X fdj.kksa dk mi;ksx X&js QksVksxzkQh vkSj fpfdRlk esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ijkcSaxuh fdj.ksa %& ijkcSxuh fdj.kksa dh [kkst 1801 esa fjDVj us dh Fkh ;s fdj.ksa lw;Z ds izdkk vkSj 25000C ls ij ds rkieku okys
fi.Mksa Clod ls fudyrh gSA lw;Z ls vkus okyh ijkcSxuh fdj.kksa dk vf/kdkak Hkkx vkstksu ijr ds }kjk vokksf"kr Absorve
fd;k tkrk gSA de vko`fk dh ijkcSxuh fdj.ksa thoksa ds 'kjhj esa foVkfeu & Mh iSnk djrh gSA ijkcSxuh fdj.kksa dk mi;ksx fldkbZ
djus] izdkk fo|qr izHkko Photo Electric Effect dks mRiUu djus vkSj cSDVhfj;k dks u"V djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ijkcSxuh fdj.kksa dk mi;ksx ?kh dh 'kq)rk tkapus vkSj tkyh djsalh uksV dh tkap djus esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
vojDr fdj.ksa Infra-red radiation %& bu fdj.kksa dh [kkst fofy;e gksZy us 1940 esa dh FkhA vojDr fdj.ksa lkSsj fofdj.k
vkSj fdlh rIr Heated inkFkZ ls iSnk gksrh gSA bu fdj.kksa dh Hksnu 'kfDr Penetrating Power vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ?kus
dksgjs ls ikj fudy tkrh gSA ;q) dky esa bu fdj.kksa dk mi;ksx nwj&nwj rd flXuy Hkstus esa fd;k tkrk gSA bu fdj.kksa dk mi;ksx
vLirkyksa esa jkssfx;ksa dh fldkbZ djus vkSj dksgjs esa QksVksxzkQh djus esa gksrk gSA vojDr ysEiksa Infra-red lamp dk iz;ksx dkj ds
isaV dks lq[kkus rFkk eklisfk;ksa Muscles ds bZykt ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bu fdj.kksa dk mi;ksx jkr esa ns[kus okys nwjchu] wt
felkbyksa ds lsalj rFkk Vsyhfotu ds fjeksV esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;s fdj.ksa "eh; fofdj.k Heat Radiation mRiUu djrh gSA blfy,
;s ftl oLrq ij iM+rh gSA bldk rkieku c<+ tkrk gSA
y?kqjsfM;ksa rjaxsa Short Radio %& bu rjaxksa dh [kkst gsufjd gV~ZTk us 1888 esa dh FkhA ;s lw;Z ds izdkk esa ik;h tkrh gSA budk
mi;ksx jsfM;ksa Vsyhfotu vkSj jMkj esa fd;k tkrk gSA
nh?kZ jsfM;ksa rjaxsa Long radiowaves %& bu rjaxksa dh [kkst 1896 esa ekdksZuh us dh FkhA bu rjaxksa dks ok;jysl rjaxsa Hkh dgrs gSA
fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa esa budh vko`fk lcls de vkSj rjax&nS/;Z lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA ;s fdj.ksa Hkh lw;Z ds fofdj.k ls izkIr gksrh
gSA budk mi;ksx jsfM;ks] Vsfyfotu vkSj lsyQksu esa izlkj.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA

rjaxksa ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh

vkorZ dky Time period & ek/;e dk dEiu djrk gqvk dksbZ d.k ,d daiu iwjk djus esa ftruk le; yxkrk gSa mls vkorZ
dky dgrs gSA
vko`fk Frequency & ek/;e dk daiu djrk gqvk dksbZ d.k 1 lsd.s M esa ftrus daiu djrk gSA mls vko`fk dgrs gSA bldk
ek=d gV~Zt gSA
rjaxnS/;Z Wave length& ek/;e ds fdlh d.k ds ,d iwjk daiu fd;s tkus ij rjaxs ftruh nwjh r; djrh gSA mls rjax nS/;Z
dgrs gSA
rhozrk Intensity& rjax lapj.k ds yacor izfr ,dkad {ks=Qy ij izfr lsda.M izokfgr gksus okyh tkZ dks rjax dh rhozrk dgrs
gSA
dEiUu dh dyk Phase of Vibration %& og HkkSfrd jkfk Physical Quantity ftlds }kjk ek/;e ds d.kksa ds foLFkkiu
Displacement vkSj osx dh fnkk dk fu/kkZj.k gksrk gSA
vk;ke Amplitude %& nksyu Oscillation djus okyh oLrq dk viuh ek/; fLFkfr ls vf/kdre foLFkkiu dks nksyu dk vk;ke
dgrs gSA

rjax dh fo'ks"krk;sa

1rjax dk viorZu Refcaction Of Wave & viorZu ds dkj.k rjaxs ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa tkus ij vius ewy
iFk Original Path ls fopfyr Moved gks tkrh gSA
2foorZu Diffraction & foorZu ds dkj.k rjaxs fdlh cka/k ds fdukjksa ij eqM+ tkrh gSA
3O;frdj.k Interference & ;fn nks leku vko`fk okyh rjaxs ,d gh fnkk esa lekuosx ls xfrkhy gks rks fdlh fcUnq ij
budh rhozrk vf/kdre vkSj fdlh fcUnq ij U;wure gksrh gSaA rjax dh bl foks"krk dks O;frdj.k dgrs gSA
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/ofu Sound %& /ofu ,d vuqnS/;Z rjax gSa budh mRifk oLrqvks ds dEiUu ls gksrh gSA ftu rjaxksa dh vko`fk 20

HZ ls 20]000
ds chp gksrh gSA os dkuksa }kjk lquh tk ldrh gSA bl vko`fk dks euq"; dh J`O;rk lhek Hearing Limit dgrs gSA
voJ`O; rjaxsa Infrasonic Waves %& 20H2 ls de vko`fk okyh /ofu rjaxksa dks voJ`O; rjaxsa dgrs gSaA bls euq"; ds dku ugha
lqu ldrs gSA ;s rjaxsa HkwdEi ds le; i`Foh ds vUnj mRiUu gksrh gSA gekjs n; dh /kM+du dh vko`fk voJ`O; rjaxksa ds leku
gkrh gSA uhyh Ogsy vkSj MkfYQu voJ`O; rjaxkas dks fudky ldrs gSA
ijkJ`O; rjaxs Ultrasonic Waves %& ijkJ`O; rjaxksa dh vko`fk 20]000H2 ls vf/kd gksrh gSA euq"; ds dku bls ugha lqu ldrs
gSA ysfdu dqkk] fcYyh] fpfM+;k] pexknM+] MkfYQu vkfn bu rjaxksa dks lqu ldrs gSA bu rjaxksa dks lcls igys xkYVu us ,d lhVh
}kjk mRiUu fd;k Fkk tc dqN inkFkksaZ tSls & DokV~ZTk] ftd vkWDlkbM ds fLVy ij izR;korhZ oksYVst Alternative Voltage
vkjksfir djrs gS rks buds dEiUu ls Hkh ijkJO; rjaxsa mRiUu gksrh gSA ijkJ`O; rjaxksa dh vko`fk cgqr ph gksus ds dkj.k blesa
cgqr vf/kd tkZ gksrh gSaA bu rjaxksa dh rjaxnS/;Z NksVh gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa ,d irys fdj.k iaqt Beam ds :i esa nwj rd Hkstk
tk ldrk gSA
ijkJO; rjaxksa ds mi;ksx %& vf/kd tkZ lafpr gksus ds dkj.k ijkJ`O; rjaxksa dk gekjs thou esa vR;f/kd mi;ksx gSA
1- :f/kj jfgr Blood Less vkWaijsku djus esa
2- xfB;k jksx Artheritis dk bZykt djus esa
3- efLr"d ds V~;wej Brain Tumour dk irk yxkus esa ijkJ`O; rjaxksa dk mi;kx fd;k tkrk gSA
4- nw/k ds vanj ds gkfudkjd thok.kqvksa dks u"V djus esa Hkh ijkJ`O; rjaxks adk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
5- dhM+s&edksM+s dks ekjus rFkk eNfy;ksa dks cqykus esa bu rjaxksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
6- ijkJ`O; rjaxksa ds }kjk dherh diM+ks dh /kqykbZ] ?kM+h rFkk ok;q;kuksa ds vkarfjd iqtksZa dh lQkbZ dh tkrh gSaA
HZ gV~ZTk

7- dkj[kkuksa dh fpefu;ksa ls yxs dkysiu dks gVkus esa ijkJ`O; rjaxksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
8- bu rjaxksa ds }kjk lksukj fof/k ds ek/;e ls leqnz dh xgjkbZ leqnz ds vUnj dh cM+h cM+h pV~Vkuksa vksSj fo'kky eNfy;ksa dk irk yxk;k tkrk gSA

9- vYVklksuksxzkQh esa ekuo ds 'kjhj ds vUnj ds fodkjksa Abnormalities vkSj Hkwz.k Embryo ds fyax dh tkudkjh esa bldk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
/ofu dh pky Speed of Sound %& /ofu rjaxsa vuqn/S ;Z ;kaf=d rjaxs gksrh gSA blfy, buds lapj.k ds fy, fdlh u fdlh ek/;e
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fuokZr esa /ofu rjaxksa dk lapj.k ugha gksrk] /ofu dh pky ek/;e ij fuHkZj jgrh gSaA fdlh ek/;e esa /ofu
dh pky ek/; dh izR;kLrFkk rFkk ?kuRo ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
dksbZ ek/;e ftruk vf/kd izR;kLFk gksxk mlesa /ofu dh pky mruh gks vf/kd gksxhA blds foijhr vf/kd ?kuRo okys ek/;eksa esa /ofu
dh pky de gksrh gSA
Bksl oLrq,sa nzo vkSj xSlksa dh vis{kk vf/kd izR;kLFk gksrh gSA vr% Bkslksa esa /ofu dh pky lcls vf/kd gksrh gS aBksl ds ckn nzo esa
vf/kd /ofu dh pky gksrh gS vkSj lcls de xSl esa gksrh gSA ty esa /ofu dh pky 1450 m/s gksrh gSa vkSj ok;q esa /ofu dh pky
332 m/s gksrh gS vkSj yksgs es a/ofu dh pky 5100 m/s vkSj ,Y;wehfu;e esa yxHkx 6400 m/s gksrh gSA

fofHkUu dkjdksa dk /ofu dh pky ij izHkko

1 nkc dk izHkko %& rki leku gksus ij xSl esa /ofu dh pky ij nkc dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
2 rkieku dk izHkko %& ek/;e dk rki c<+us ij mlesa /ofu dh pky c<+ tkrh gSA ok;q esa 10C rki c<+us ij /ofu dh pky c<+
0.61 m/sec. tkrh gSA
3 vknzZrk dk izHkko %& ueh ;qDr ok;q dk ?kuRo 'kq"d ok;q ds ?kuRo ls ge gksrk gSa blfy, vknzZ ok;q esa /ofu dh pky vf/kd gksrh
gSA ;gh dkj.k gSa fd o"kkZ ds fnuksa esa lhVh dh vkokt xehZ;ksa ds fnuksa dh vis{kk vf/kd nwj rd lqukbZ nsrh gSA
uksV %& izdk'k dh pky /ofu dh pky ls cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd o"kkZ ds fnuksa esa tc vkleku esa fctyh dM+drh gS
rks /ofu rFkk izdk'k lkFk & lkFk mRiUu gksrh gSA fdUrq gesa igys izdk'k fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA mlds i'pkr~ /ofu lqukbZ iM+rh gSA
/ofu ds y{k.k %& rhozrk /ofu dk og y{k.k gSa ftlds dkj.k gesa dksbZ /ofu /kheh ;k rst lqukbZ nsrh gSA /ofu dh rhozrk dks Mslhcy
esa ekik tkrk gSa cM+s vkdkj dh oLrq ls mRiUu /ofu dk vk;ke cM+k gksus dh ctg ls mldh rhozrk vf/kd gksrh gSA
/ofu ds y{k.k

1 rhozrk %& rhozrk Intensity /ofu dk og y{k.k gSA ftlds dkj.k gesa dksbZ /ofu /kheh ;k rst lqukbZ nsrh gSA /ofu dh rhozrk dks
Mslhcy esa ekik tkrk gSA cM+s vkdkj dh oLrq ls mRiUu /ofu dk vk;ke Amplitude cM+k gksus dh ctg ls mldh rhozrk vf/kd
gksrh gSA
fofHkUu /ofu L=ksrksa dh rhozrk &
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1- lk/kkj.k ckrphr
&
40&60 Mslhcy
2- QqlQqlkgV Whispering
&
13&20 Mslhcy
3- rst ckrphr
&
70&80 Mslhcy
4- Vd okguksa dh vkokt
&
90&100 Mslhcy
5- ykmMLihdj
&
70&80 Mslhcy
6- felkby
&
180 Mslhcy
7- jkWdsV
&
160&170 Mslhcy
euq"; ds fy, 90 Mslhcy dh /ofu dks cnkZ'r djus dh vf/kdre lhek gksrh gSA
lksrs gq;s O;fDr dks txkus ds fy, 50 Mslhcy dh /ofu i;kZIr gksrh gSA
'kkar {ks= esa 50 Mslhcy dh /ofu fnu esa rFkk jkr esa 40 Mslhcy ls vf/kd dh /ofu izfrcfU/kr Ban gksrh gSA
uksV& WHO us ekuo ds fy, 45 Mslhcy /ofu dks mfpr ekuk gSA
/ofu dk rkjRo %& rkjRo Pitch /ofu dk og y{k.k gSa ftlds dkj.k eksVh o iryh /ofu esa vUrj fd;k tk ldrk gSA mPp rkjRo
okyh /ofu dh vkozrh vf/kd gksrh gSA ftlls og lqjhyh lqukbZ iM+rh gSA tcfd fuEu rkjRo okyh /ofu dh vko`fr de gksrh gS rFkk
;g eksVh lqukbZ iM+rh gSA cPpksa vkSj fL=;ksa dh iryh vkokt rkjRo lqjhyh rkjRo vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k gksrh gSa iq:"kksa dh eksVh
vkckt rkjRo de gksus ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
/ofu dk ijkorZu Reflection %& tc /ofu rjaxs ,d ek/;e ls pydj nwljs ek/;e ds i`"B ls Vdjkus ds ckn igys ek/;e esa
okil ykSV vkrh gS rks bls /ofu dk ijkorZu dgrs gSA /ofu dk ijkorZu nhokjkasa] igkM+kas] leqnzh ry] i`Foh ry] unh] ?kkVh vkfn lHkh
ls gks tkrk gSA
izfr/ofu Echo %& tc rjaxs nwj fLFkr fdlh nhokj] igkM+ vkfn ls Vdjkdj ifjofrZr gksrh gS rks bl ijkofrZr /ofu dks izfr/ofu
dgrs gSA izfr /ofu lquus ds fy;s L=ksr vkSj ijkorZd lrg Reflecter Surface ds chp dh U;wure nwjh yxHkx 12-2 M gksuh
pkfg,A
/ofu dk viorZu Refraction Of Sound %& /ofu rjaxsa ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa tkrh gS rks mudk viorZu gks tkrk gS
vFkkZr~ os vius ekxZ ls fopfyr gks tkrh gSA /ofu ds viorZu dk dkj.k fofHkUu ek/;eksa esa fofHkUu rkiksa ij /ofu dh pky dk fHkUu
gksuk gSA
vuqukn Resonance %& tc fdlh oLrq ds daiuksa dh LokHkkfod vko`fr fdlh ckg~; vkorZ cy dh vko`fr ds cjkcj gksrh gS rks
og OkLrq vf/kdre vk;ke ds daiu djus yxrh gSA bl ?kVuk dks vuqukn dgrs gSA
mnk0 & tc dksbZ lsuk fdlh iqy dks ikj djrh gS rks lSfudksa dks dne ls dne feykdj u pyus dh lykg nh tkrh gS D;ksafd ,slk
djus ls lSfudksa ds dneksa dh vko`fk iqy dh viuh LokHkkfod daiu vko`fr ds cjkcj gks tkrh gSA ftlls vuqukn ds dkj.k iqy esa
cM+s&cM+s vk;ke ds daiu mRiUu gks tkrs gSa vkSj iqy VwVus dk [krjk gks tkrk gSA
/ofu dk O;frdj.k Interference of Sound & tc leku vk;ke ;k vko`fr dh nks /ofu rjaxsa ,d lkFk fdlh fcUnq ij igqprh
gS rks ml fcUnq ij /ofu tkZ dk iqu% forj.k gks tkrk gSA bl ?kVuk dks /ofu dk O;fRkdj.k dgrs gSA ;fn nksuksa rjaxsa ml fcUnq ij
,d gh dyk Phase es igqprh gS rks ogka /ofu dh rhozrk vf/kdre gksrh gSA bls lEiks"kh Constructive O;frdj.k dgrs gSSaA
;fn nksuksa rjaxsa foijhr dyk esa igqprh gS rks ogka ij rhozrk U;wure gksrh gSa bls fouk'kh Destructive O;frdj.k dgrs gSA
mnk- & dHkh & dHkh ikl ds jsfM;ksa LVs'ku dk izlkj.k Li"V lqukbZ ugha nsrk ;g fouk'kh O;fRkdj.k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
/ofu dk foorZu Diffraction of Sound & tc /ofu ds ekxZ esa dksbZ vojks/k vk tkrk gS rks ;s rjaxsa mlls eqM+dj gekjs dkuksa
rd igqprh gSA blh dks /ofu dk foorZu dgrs gSA /ofu ds foorZu ds dkj.k gh ckgj ls vkus okyh /ofu njoktksa f[kM+dh vkfn ls
Vdjkus ds ckn gekjs dkuksa rd igqprh gSA
MkWIyj dk izHkko Doppler Effect %& vkfLV;k ds ffLp;u tkWu MkWIyj us 1842 esa /ofu esa vko`fr ifjorZu ds fl)kar dks izLrqr
fd;k Fkk ftls MkWIyj izHkko ds uke ls tkruk tkrk gSA buds vuqlkj lzksrk ;k lzksrk dh xfr ds dkj.k /ofu rjax dh vko`fk cnyrh
gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSA vFkkZr tc rjax ds L=ksr vkSj Jksrk ds chp dh vkisf{kd xfr gksrh gS rks /ofu dh vko`fk esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA
mnk0 %& jsyxkM+h dk batu lhVh ctkrs gq, lzksrk ds ikl vkrk gS rks /ofu vf/kd vko`fk dh lqukbZ nsrh gS vkSj tSls gh batu lzksrk
dks ikj djus tkus yxrk gS rks /ofu de vko`fk dh lqukbZ nsrh gSA
"ek %& "ek ,d izdkj dh tkZ gSa tks nks oLrqvksa ds chp muds rkikUrj ds dkj.k ,d oLrq ls nwljh esa LFkkukUrfjr gksrh gSA
oLrq ds inkFkZ dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tcfd fdlh oLrq esa fufgr "ek ml oLrq ds nzO;eku vkSj rki ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
"ek dk ek=d twy gksrk gS vkSj C.G.S. i)fr esa "ek dk ek=d dSyksjh gksrk gSA
1 dSyksjh = +4-18 twy
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1 twy = -24 dSyksjh

fczfVk FkeZy ;wfuV = 2-52 dSyksjh
1 dSyksjh = 4-18 X 103 twy
"ek ,d izdkj dh tkZ gSaA ftls dk;Z esa cnyk tk ldrk gSa bldk izR;{k izek.k lcls igys oSKkfud jeQksMZ us fn;k Fkk
rkieku Temperature%& rki fdlh oLrq dk og xq.k gSa tks oLrq ds B.Msiu ;k xekZgV dh eki dks iznfkZr djrk gSA fi.M dk
rki mlesa fufgr "ek dh ek=k vkSj inkFkZ dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA "ek dk izokg lnSo mPp rkieku okys fi.M ls fuEu
rkieku okys fi.M dh vksj gksrk gSA rkieku ekius okys ;a= dks FkekZehVj dgrs gSaA izFke FkekZehVj dk fuekZ.k 1592 esa bVyh ds
oSKkfud xSfyyh;ksa us fd;k Fkk ;g FkekZehVj xSl FkekZehVj FkkA
FkekZehVj dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1- nzo rkiekih Liquid Thermameter %& bl FkekZehVj esa eq[; :i ls ,Ydksgy ;k ikjs dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,Ydksgy dk
iz;ksx mu FkEkkZehVj esa fd;k tkrk gSa tks &400 ls uhps ds rki ekirs gS D;ksafd ,Ydksgy &1150C ij terk gSA bl nzo rkiekih esa
ikjs dk mi;ksx blfy, fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd &
1- ;g lkekU; rki ij rjy voLFkk esa ik;k tkrk gSa fgekad Ice Point = 390C] DoFkukad Steam Point = 3570C
2- bldh fofk"V "ek Specific Heat cgqr de gksrh gSA
3- blds v.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okyk llatd cy dkp dh nhokj vkSj ikjs ds chp yxus okys vlatd cy ds eku ls vf/kd gksus
ds dkj.k ;g dkap dh nhokj ls ugh fpidrk gSA Liquid FkEkkZehVj dk mi;ksx Mk- ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
2- MkDVjh FkekZehVj %& ekuo 'kjhj ds rkieku dk ekius okys FkekZehVj dks MkWDVjh FkekZehVj dgrs gSa bl FkekZehVj esa U;wure fcUnq
950F ;k 350C rFkk mPpre fcUnq 1100F ;k 430C vafdr fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU; :i ls ,d euq"; ds 'kjhj dk rki 36-90C vFkok
98-40 QsjsukbV gksrk gSa
3- xSl FkekZehVj %& xSl FkekZehVj esa lkekU;r% gkbMsktu xSl dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fLFkj vk;ru gkbMkstu xSl FkekZehVj ls
5000C ds rki dks ekik tk ldrk gS vkSj 5000C ls 15000C ds rkieku dks ekius ds fy, ukbVkstu xSl dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
xSl FkekZehVj ds }kjk vfr fuEu rkieku ds fy, ghfy;e xSl dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
4- iw.kZ fofdj.k mkkiekih Total Radiation Pyrometer %& bl rkiekih dh lgk;rk ls vR;f/kd ps rkieku dh eki dh tk
ldrh gSa bl FkekZehVj esa FkekZehVj dks oLrq ds lEidZ esa ugh j[kuk iM+rk gSA blfy, nwj dh oLrqvksa tSls lw;Z vkfn dk rkieku
ekirs gSA bl FkekZehVj ls 8000C ls uhps dk rki ugha ekirs D;ksafd blls de rki ij oLrq,sa "eh; fofdj.k dk mRltZu
Emission Of Heat Radiation ugha djrh gSA
rkieku ds iSekus Scales of Tempertature Measurement %& rki ekius ds fy, vusd iSekuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS rFkk lHkh
iSekuksa ds uke mlds fuekZ.kdrkZ ds uke ij j[kk x;k gSa iSekuksa ds fuekZ.k esas ty ds fgekad fcUnq Ice Point dks izkjafHkd fcUnq rFkk
mlds DoFkukad fcUnq Steam Point dks vafre fcUnq ekuk x;k gSA
fofHkUu iSekuksa ds fgekad fcUnq vkSj DoFkukad fcUnq
-

iSekus dk uke

1
2
3
4

ty dk teuk fgekad fcUnq

ty dk mcyuk
DoFkukad fcUnq

lsfYl;l C
0
100
QksjsugkbV F 32
212
j~;wej R
0
80
dsfYou K
273
373
C F-32 R K-273
= =
Rule %& =
5
9
4
5
Note %& -400 ij lsfYl;l vkSj QsjsukbV dk rkieku cjkcj gksrk gSA
ijekwU; rki Absolute Zero%& &273-150C ;k 00 dsfYou rkieku ij inkFkZ ds v.kqvksa dh xfr yxHkx 'kwU; gks tkrh gSA bl
rkieku dks ijekwU;rk dgk tkrk gSA
"eh; izlkj Thermal Expansion %& lkekU;r% inkFkZ dks "ek nsus ij inkFkZ dk vk;ru c<+rk gS D;ksafd rki c<+us ij inkFkZ
ds v.kqvksa ds chp dh nwjh c<+ tkrh gSA ysfdu dqN inkFkZ tSls ty] flYoj vk;ksMk;M dk ,d fofk"V rki ifjlj esa rki c<+us ij
muesa ladqpu deh gksrk gSA
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00 ls 40C ds chp rki c<+kus ij ty dk vk;ru ?kVrk gS vkSj 4o-C ds ckn ty ds vk;ru esa o`f) izkjaHk gks tkrh gSa
40 ij ty dk ?kuRo lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA
"ek dk lapj.k Transmission Of Heat %& "ek ds ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd izokfgr gksus dh ?kVuk dks "ek dk lapj.k
dgrs gSA
"ek dk lapj.k rhu fof/k;ksa }kjk gksrk gS %&
1- pkyu fof/k Conduction %& bl fof/k esa "ek ds lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e dh vko;drk gksrh gSA ysfdu bl fof/k esa ek/;e
ds d.k LFkkukUrfjr ugha gksrs gSA bl fof/k esa "ek dk lapj.k dsoy Bksl inkFkksaZ esa gh gksrk gSA ftu inkFkksaZ esa "ek dk
lapj.k gks tkrk gSa mUgsa pkyd dgrs gSA lHkh /kkrq vEyh; ty vkSj ekuo 'kjhj "ek ds vPNs pkyd gSA ydM+h] dkap] ok;q]
u] jcj] vkfn "ek ds dqpkyd inkFkZ gSA
2- laogu fof/k Convection %& nzo vkSj xSlksa esa "ek dk lapj.k laogu fof/k ds }kjk gksrk gSa blesa "ek dk izokg inkFkZ ds
d.kksa ds LFkkukUrj.k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA bl fof/k ls Bksl inkFkksaZ esa "ek dk lapj.k ugh gksrk gSA
laogu fof/k esa inkFkZ ds d.kksa dk LFkkukarj.k uhps ls ij dh vksj ek/;e ds ?kuRo esa ifjorZu gksus ds dkj.k laogu /kkjkvksa ds dkj.k gksrk
gSA i`Foh dk ok;qe.My laogu fof/k ls gh xeZ gksrk gSA

mnk0 & leqnzh gokvksa vkSj LFky gokvksa dk pyuk@ bZV ds HkV~Vs dk tyuk] ysEi vkSj ykyVsu dk tyuk] cYo esa fuf"; xSl dk Hkjuk] dejksa dh
xanh ok;q dks fudkyus ds fy, ,XtkLV dk dk;Z djuk] Hkw&e/; js[kh; Equatorial {ks=ksa esa laoguh; o"kkZ dk gksukA

3- fofdj.k fof/k Radiation %& bl fof/k esa ek/;e dh vko;drk ugh gksrh gSA bl fof/k }kjk "ek dk lapj.k fuokZr esa Hkh
gksrk gSA blesa "ek dk lapj.k ek/;e dks xeZ fd;s fcuk gksrk gSA fofdj.k esa "ek rjaxksa ds :i esa pyrh gSA ftUgsa fo|qr
pqEcdh; rjaxsa dgrs gSaA i`Foh rd lw;Z dh "ek fofdj.k ds }kjk igqprh gSA
fofdj.k ds mi;ksx

1- xehZ ds fnuksa esa lQsn diM+s iguuk vf/kd vkjke nk;d gksrk gS D;ksafd lQsn diM+k "ek dk cqjk vokks"kd Absorber vkSj
cqjk mRltZd Emitter gksrk gSA
2- gYds jax okys Hkou lHkh ekSle esa vkjkenk;d gksrs gS D;ksafd xehZ esa os fofdj.k dk de vkokks"k.k djrs gS rFkk lnhZ esa
fofdj.k dk de mRltZu djrs gSA
3- pk; ds I;kys esa ty xeZ djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys ckW;ylZ dkys rFkk ij ds Hkkx pednkj cuk;s tkrs gSA
fofdj.k dk mRltZu vkSj vokks"k.k

izR;sd oLrq;sa lHkh rki ij fofdj.k }kjk tkZ dk mRltZu djrh gSA bl tkZ dks fofdj.k tkZ ;k "eh; fofdj.k dgrs gSaA ;g
tkZ fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa ds :i esa izdkk dh pky ls pyrh gSA oLrqvksa dk rki c<+kus ij muls fudyus okyh fofdj.k tkZ
c<+rh tkrh gSA ;fn oLrq dk rki mlds pkjksa vksj ds ek/;e ds rki ls pk gksrk gS rks ml oLrq ds i`"B ls rkiakrj Terature
Difference ds dkj.k pkjksa vksj ds ek/;e esa fofdj.k tkZ dk mRltZu gksrk gSA
pednkj o lQsn ry ls "eh; fofdj.k dk mRltZu Emission of Heat Radiation cgqr de gksrk gSA ogha dkys o [kqjnjs ryksa
ls "eh; fofdj.k dk mRltZu vf/kd gksrk gSA tks fi.M viuh lrg ls lHkh izdkj ds "eh; fofdj.k dk iw.kZr% mRltZu djrk gSa
mls ^^d`".k fi.M**Black Body dgrs gSA lcls vf/kd vokks"k.k {kerk 96 izfrkr dkty dh gksrh gSA
rki nhIrh Heat Frilliance%& dqN oLrq;sa rki 'kksf"kr djus ds ckn mls izdkk esa ifjofrZr dj nsrh gSa ftlds dkj.k buls izdkk
dh fdj.ksa fudyrh gSA ,slh ?kVuk dks rki nhIrh dgk tkrk gSA
cYo] lw;Z vkfn rki nhIrh izdkk L=ksr gSA
fdjpkSsQ dk fu;e Kirchhoff's Law%& fdjpkSQ ds vuqlkj ^vPNs vokks"kd gh vPNs mRltZd gksrs gSa* Good Absorbers Are
Good Emitters vFkkZr~ tks fi.M fdlh rki ij vf/kd "ek dk mRltZu djrs gSa ogh de rki ij "ek dk vPNk vokks"k.k Hkh
djrs gSA
fof'k"V "ek Specific Heat %& fdlh inkFkZ dh fofk"V "ek dh og ek=k tks ml inkFkZ ds ,dkad nzO;eku Unit Mass esa
,dkad rki Unit Temperature o`f) mRiUu djrh gSa
ty dh fofk"V "ek dk eku 1 dSyksjh@xzke 0C gksrk gSA
ty dh fofk"V "ek dk eku vU; inkFkksaZ dh rqyuk esa lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA
xqIr "ek Latent Heat %& fufpr rkieku ij fdlh inkFkZ ds bdkbZ nzO;eku ds voLFkk ifjorZu ds fy, ftruh ftruh "ek dh
vko;drk gksrh gSa mls xqIr "ek dgrs gSaA fu;r rki ij Bksl ds ,dkad nzO;eku dks nzo esa cnyus ds fy, vko;d "ek dh
ek=k dks xyu dh xqIr "ek dgrs gSA
tSls & cQZ ds xyu dh xqIr "ek dk eku 80 dSyksjh@xzke gksrk gSA

fu;r rki ij nzo ds ,dkad nzO;eku dks xSl esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, vko;d "ek dh ek=k dks ok"iu dh xqIr "ek
Latent heat of Vaporisation dgrs gSA
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ty ds ok"iu dh xqIr "ek dk eku 536 dSyksjh@xzke gksrk gSA

Note %& mcyrs gq, ty dh vis{kk Hkki ls tyus ij vf/kd tyu iSnk gksrh gSa D;ksafd ty dh vis{kk Hkki dh xqIr "ek dk eku
vf/kd gksrk gSA
voLFkk ifjorZu Change in Stage %& fdlh inkFkZ dk ,d fufpr rki ij ,d voLFkk ls nwljh voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gksuk voLFkk
ifjorZu dgykrk gSaA pwfd voLFkk ifjorZu esa inkFkZ dk rki ugha cnyrk gSa vr% inkFkZ ds v.kqvksa dh xfrt tkZ ugh cnyrh gSa
ysfdu v.kqvksa dh vkarfjd fLFkrh cny tkrh gSA
xyukad Melting Point %& inkFkZ dk Bksl voLFkk ls nzo voLFkk esa ifjofrZr xyu dgykrk gSa rFkk og fLFkj rki ftl ij inkFkZ
Bksl voLFkk ls nzo voLFkk esa ifjorZu gksrk gSa] Bksl dk xyukad dgykrk gSa
lk/kkj.kr% tc inkFkZ fi?kyrk gS rks og izlkfjr Expand gksrk gSa vkSj tc terk gS rks ladqfpr Contract gksrk gSa
ysfdu cQZ] <yoka yksgk] fcfLeFk vkfn inkFkZ fi?kyus ij ladqfpr gksrs gSA
Xkyukad ij nkc dk izHkko %& os inkFkZ tks fi?kyus ij ladqfpr gksrs gSa bu ij nkc c<+kus ls mudk xyukad de gks tkrk gSA
xyukad ij v'kqf) dk izHkko %& vkqf) Impurity feykus ls xyukad de gks tkrk gSA o0C ij fi?kyrh oQZ esa ued feykus ij
oQZ dk xyukad o0C ls ?kVdj &220C rd de gks tkrk gSA ,sls feJ.k dk fge feJ.k dgrs gSaA bl feJ.k dk mi;ksx dqYQh]
vkblhe vkfn cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
fgekad Freezing Point %& fdlh fufpr rki ij nzo dk Bksl esa cnyuk fgehdj.k dgykrk gS rFkk fufpr rki dks nzo dk
fgekad dgrs gSA izk;% xyukad vkSj fgekad cjkcj gksrs gSA
DoFkukad Boiling Point %& fufpr rki ij nzo dk ok"i esa cnyuk ok"iu dgykrk gS rFkk bl fufpr rki dks nzo dk
DoFkukad dgrs gSA
DoFkukad ij nkc dk izHkko %& fufpr rki ij nzo dk ok"i esa cnyuk ok"iu dgykrk gS rFkk bl fufpr rki dks nzo dk DoFkukad
dgrs gSA
DoFkukad ij v'kqf) dk izHkko %& vkqf) feykus ls nzo dk DoFkukad c<+ tkrk gSA ;gh dj.k gSa fd izskjdqdj esa nkc c<+us ls
mlesa mifLFkr ikuh dk DoFkukad c<+ tkrk gSa ftlls ck inkFkZ mcyus ls iwoZ idus ds fy, i;kZIr "ek xzg.k dj ysrk gSA
la?kuu Condensation %& fufpr rki ij ok"i dk nzo esa cnyuk la?kuu dgykrk gSa vkSj bl fufpr rki dks la?kuu fcUnq
dgrs gSA izk;% DoFkukad vkSj la?kuu fcUnq leku gksrs gSA
vknzZrk Humidity %& ok;qe.My esa ty ok"i dh mifLFkfr dks vknzrk dgrs gSa ok;q esa mifLFkr ty ok"i dh ek=k izR;sd LFkku ij
leku ugha jgrhA izk;% leqnz rVh; {ks=ksa Coastal Area esa tyok"i dh ek=k ok;qe.My esa vf/kd ik;h tkrh gSA ;g dkj.k gSa fd
vf/kd vknZzrk ds dkj.k leqnz rVh; 'kgjksa esa lwrh diM+ks dh feysa yxkbZ tkrh gS D;ksafd ogkWa ij ok;q esa vf/kd ty ok"i Water
Vapour gksus ds dkj.k /kkxk etcwr gksrk gSa vkSj /kkxk tYnh ugha VwVrk gSA
o"kkZ _rq esa ok;qe.My esa vknZzrk c<+ tkrh gSA
Note %& izs'kjdqdj & izs'kjdqdj dk vkfo"dkj kal ds oSKkfud Msful iSihu us ^^1679** esa fd;k FkkA izs 'kj dqdj esa [kkn~; lkexzh
ds ij ds nkc dks c<+k;k tkrk gSA ftlls ty dk DoFkukad fcUnq c< tkrk gS vkSj [kkuk tYnh id tkrk gSA ysfdu igkM+kas ij
ok;qnkc de gksus ds dkj.k ty dk DoFkukad de gksrk gSa ftlls [kkuk idus esa vf/kd le; yxrk gSaA
dqN egRoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa ls lacaf/kr izfd;k;sa
B.M ds fnuksa esa ikuh dh ikbiykbZu QV tkrh gS D;ksafd ikuh dk oQZ cuus ij mlds vk;ru esa o`f) gks tkrh gSA
ilhus dk ok;q ds lEidZ esa vkus ij 'kjhj dks B.Md dk vglkl gksrk gS D;ksafd ok"iu ds dkj.k 'kjhj dk rkieku de gks
tkrk gSA
o"kkZ ds fnuksa esa diM+s nsj ls lw[krs gSa D;ksafd o"kkZ ds fnuksa esa vknZZzrk c<+us ds dkj.k ok"iu dh nj de gks tkrh gSA

izdkk

izdkk ,d izdkj dk lk/ku gSa ftlds }kjk O;fDr oLrqq dks ns[krk gSa okLro esa izdkk ,d izdkj dh tkZ gSA tks fo|qr pqEcdh;
rjaxksa ds :i esa lapfjr gksrh gSA
izdkk d.k vkSj rjax nksuksa dh gh rjg O;ogkj djrk gSa blfy, bldh izd`fr }S/k Dual ekuh tkrh gSA loZizFke U;wVu us
crk;k fd 'osr izdkk lHkh jaxksa ds izdkk ls feydj cuk gSA U;wVu us gh crk;k fd izdkk vR;Ur lw{e d.kksa ds cus gksrs gS vkSj ;s
lh/kh js[kk esa xeu djrs gSA gkbZtsu us izdkk dk rjax fl)kar fn;k gSA ftlesa mUgksus crk;k fd izdkk rjaxksa ls cuk gksrk gSA
Fkkel ;ax us izdkk ds O;rhdj.k dk fl)akr fn;k gSA ftlds vuqlkj nks izdkk fdj.k iqat dqN fufpr ifjfLFkfr esa
,d&nwljs dks lekIr dj nsrs gSA 1873 esa oSKkfud esDlosy us vius fl)kar esa crk;k fd izdkk ,d izdkj dh fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxs
gS vkSj mUgksus izdkk dk Dok.Ve fl)akr fn;kA
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1905 esa vkbUlVhu us izdkk fo|qr fl)kar esa crk;k fd izdkk tkZ ds NksV&2 iSdsV~l ds :i esa pyrk gSA ftUgsa ge
QkWVksu dgrs gSA
lw;Z ds izdkk dks i`Foh rd vkus esa yxk le; & 8-16 lsds.M
pUnzek ds izdkk dks i`Foh rd vkus esa yxk le; & 1-28 lsds.M
izdkk dh pky %& loZizFke oSKkfud jkWej us izdkk dk osx o`gLifr xzg ds mixzgksa dh xfr dks ns[kdj Kkr fd;k FkkA
izdkk dk osx lokZf/kd fuokZr 3 X108 M S esa gksrk gSA
ikuh esa izdkk dk osx 2.25X108 M S gksrk gSA
dkp esa izdkk dh pky 2 X108 M S gksrh gSA
fuokZr dh rqyuk esa izdkk dh pky gok esa -03 izfrkr de gksrh gSA
pUnzek ls ijkofrZr izdkk dks i`Foh rd vkus esa 1-2 lsd.s M dk le; yxrk gSA
izdkk dk lapj.k lnsSo ,d lh/kh js[kk esa gksrk gSA
izdkk dh pky fHkUu&fHkUu ek/;eksa esa vxy & vyx gksrh gS rFkk ;g ek/;e ds viorZukad Refrective Index ij fuHkZj djrh
gSA ftl ek/;e dk viorZuakd ftruk vf/kd gksrk gSa mlesa izdkk dh pky mruh gh de gksrh gSaA lw;Z ds izdkk dks izFoh rd vkus
esa 8-16 lsd.s M dk le; yxrk gSA
izzdk'k dk ijkorZu Reflection Of Light %& izdkk ds fpdus ;k pednkj i`"B ls Vdjkdj okil ykSVus dh ?kVuk dks izdkk dk
ijkorZu dgrs gSA lery niZ.k izdkk dk lcls vPNk ijkoRkZd ekuk tkrk gSA
izdk'k dk viorZu Refraction Of Light %& tc dksbZ izdkk dh fdj.k ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa izosk djrh gS rks og
vfHkyEc ls fopfyr gks tkrh gSA
izdkk dh fdj.k l?ku ek/;e Denser Medium ls fojy ek/;e Rarer Medium esa tkus ij vfHkyEc ls nwj gV
tkrh gS rFkk fojy ls l?ku esa tkus ij vfHkyEc dh vksj >qd tkrh gSA
viorZu ds dkj.k gksus okyh ?kVuk;sa %&

1- fdlh ty Hkjs rkykc ds ry dk okLrfod xgjkbZ ls de xgjk fn[kukA

2- ikuh dh ryh esa Mkyh xbZ NM+ dk VsM+k fn[kkbZ nsukA
3- rkjksa dk okLrfod pkbZ ls de pk fn[kkbZ nsukA
4- rkjksa dk fVefVekukA Twinkling Of Stars
izdk'k dk iw.kZ&vkarfjd ijkorZu Total internal Reflection of Light %& iw.kZ&vkarfjd ijkorZu esa izdkk dk ijkorZu 'kr&izfrkr
gksrk gSa vFkkZRk blesa izdkk dk viorZu fcYdqy ugha gksrk gSA bl dkj.k i`"B ds ftl Hkkx ls iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu gksrk gSA og
iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu gksrk gaS og cgqr pedus yxrk gSA
mnkgj.k&
1- ghjs dk vR;f/kd pedukA
2- jsfxLrku esa ejhfpdk Mirage dk gksukA
3- ikuh iM+h gqbZ ij[kuyh Test Tube pedhyh fn[kkbZ nsukA
4- dkWap dk VwVk gqvk Hkkx pedhyk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
5- izdkk rUrq iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu TIR fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSa
6- ikuh esa cqycqys pedrs gSA
izdkk dk foorZu Diffraction of Light%& izdkk rjaxksa ds vojks/kksa ds fdukjksa ij eqM+us dh ?kVuk dks izdkk dk foorZu dgrs gSA
niZ.k %& niZ.k eq[;r% rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1- lery niZ.k
2- vory niZ.k
3- mky niZ.k
niZ.k dk fuekZ.k fdlh ikjnkhZ 'khks dh ,d lrg ij dybZ djds fd;k tkrk gS abl ij flYoj ukbVsV ;k ikjs dh dybZ dh
tkrh gSA
1- lery niZ.k %& lery niZ.k ds nksuksa ry likV Flate gksrs gSa lery niZ.k esa cuus okyk izfrfCkEc oLrq ds cjkcj gksrk gSa
blesa cuk oLrq dk izfrfcEc niZ.k ds ihNs mruh gh nwjh ij curk gSA ftruh nwjh ij oLrq niZ.k ds lekus j[kh tkrh gSA ;g
izfrfCkEc dkYifud oLrq ds cjkcj curk gSA fdlh oLrq dk iw.kZ izfrfcEc ns[kus ds fy, niZ.k dh WpkbZ de ls de oLrq dh yackbZ
vk/kh gksuh pkfg,A
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nks lery niZ.kksa ds chp dk dks.k ;fn

gks rks mu ij cus izfrfcEcksa dh la[;k fuEu lw= ls Kkr dj ldrs gSA
izfrfcEcksa dh la[; k

360
1

;fn nks lery niZ.kksa dks yEcor fLFkfr esa j[kk tkrk gS rks izfrfcEcksa dh la[;k rhu gksxhA
360
1
90
12
1
3
4 1
3

;fn nks lery niZ.k lekukUrj j[ks tkrs gS rks oLrq ds izfrfcEc vuUr cusxsaA
2- vory niZ.k %& ftl niZ.k dk ijkorZd ry /klk jgrk gSa mls vory niZ.k dgrs gSA
vory niZ.k dks vilkjh Diverging niZ.k Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g vuUr ls vkus okyh fdj.kksa dks QSykrk gSa blesa
oLrq dk izfrfcEc oLrq ls cM+k] lh/kk vkSj dkYifud curk gSA
mi;ksx %& nk<+h cukus esa] vk[k] dku vkSj ukd] xys ds MkWDVj ds }kjk] lksyj dqdj esa] xkM+h gsaMykbZV vkSj lpZ ykbV esa] vory
niZ.k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA cM+s & cM+s vory niZ.kksa dk mi;ksx vkdkkh; fi.Mksa Celestiol Bodies] rkjksa vkfn QksVksxzkQh
djus ds fy, ijkorZd nwjnkhZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA
3- mky niZ.k %& ftl niZ.k dk ijkorZd lrg Reflector Surface mHkjk gqvk jgrk gSa mls mky niZ.k dgrs gSA bls vfHklkjh
niZ.k Converging Mirror Hkh dgrs gSA
mky niZ.k esa oLrq dk izfrfcEc izR;sd fLFkfr esa NksVk] lh/kk vkSj dkYifud curk gSA
mi;ksx %& xkfM+;ksa ds ikoZ Laterl Side esa] lM+d ij yxh lksfM;e ijkorZd ysEiksa esa
lery niZ.k ds mi;ksx %& Mfs lax fejj ds :i esa iuMqfc;ksa Submerive ds ckgj dh oLrqvksa dks ns[kus ds fy, isfjLdksi ds :i
esaA
ysal %& vf/kdkakr% ysal dkap ds cus gksrs gSA ftuesa niZ.k dh rjg ikWfy'k ugh adh tkrh gSA ysal dk mi;ksx dSejk] izkstsDVj]
VsyhLdksi] ekbksLdksi vkfn esa izfrfcEc cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
mky ysal Convex%& ;g ysal chp esa eksVk vkSj fdukjksa ij iryk gksrk gSA mky ySal vuUr ls vkus okyh fdj.kksa dks fldksM+rk
gSA
ikuh esa gok dk cqycqyk mky ysal dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA
mky ysal dk mi;ksx nwj n`f"V Hypermetropia nks"k okys O;fDr ds pesa esa fd;k tkrk gSA mky ysal }kjk cus izfrfcEc dh
izd`fr vkdkj fLFkfr vkfn oLrq dh Qksdl nwjh ls nwjh ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
vory ySal Concave %& vory ysal chp esa iryk vkSj fdukjksa ij eksVk gksrk gSA bldk mi;ksx fudV n`f"V nks"k Myopia
okys O;fDr ds pesa esa fd;k tkrk gSA vory ysal ls cus izfrfcEc geskk oLrq dh vksj gh ysal rFkk Qksdl ds chp curk gSA ;g
vkHkklh Virtual lh/kk vkSj oLrq ls NksVk curk gSA
ysal dh {kerk %& ysalks dh vkifrr ij iM+us okyh fdj.kksa dks eksM+us dh {kerk dks mldh 'kfDRr dgrs gSA 'kfDr dk ek=d
Mk;ksIVj gSA tks ysal fdj.kksa dks ftruk vf/kd eksM+rk gSa mldh {kerk mruh gh vf/kd gksrh gSA mky ysal dh {kerk /kukRed
Positive vkSj vory ysal dh {kerk _.kkRed Negative gksrh gSA
;fn nks ysalks dks ijLij tksM+dj j[k nsrs gS rks mudh {kerk;sa tqM+ tkrh gSA tc leku Qksdl nwjh okys ,d vory vkSj
,d mky ysal dks ijLij feyk;k tkrk gS rks os lery dkap dh IysV dh rjg O;ogkj djrs gSA bldh {kerk 'kwU; vkSj Qksdl nwjh
vuUr gksrh gSA
tc lw;Z dk izdkk fdlh fizTe ls gksdj xqtjrk gS rks og viorZu Refraction ds ipkr~ fizTe ds vk/kkj dh vksj >qdus ds
lkFk&lkFk fofHkUu jaxksa ds izdkk esa cV tkrk gSA bl izdkj ls izkIr jaxksa ds lewg dks o.kZe Spectrum dgrs gS rFkk 'osr izdkk
dks vius vo;oh jaxksa esa foHkDr gksus dh f;k dks o.kZ&fo{ksi.k Dispersion dgrs gSA
lw;Z ds izdkk ls izkIr jaxksa esa cSxuh jax dk fo{ksi.k lcls vf/kd rFkk yky jax dk fo{ksi.k lcls de gksrk gSa fofHkUu jaxksa
dk vk/kkj ls ij dh vksj e bl izdkj gSa !
VIBGYOR

cSaxuh&tkequh&uhyk&gjk&ihyk&ukjaxh&yky

izdkk dh rjaxnS/;Z dks ,axLVke A ekirs gSA

0

e-education(delhi)

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 cSaxuh Violet jax ds izdkk dh rjax nS/;Z lcls de rFkk yky jax dh rjaxnS/;Z lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA blfy, cSxuh jax dk
fo{ksi.k Disperision lcls vf/kd rFkk yky jax dk fo{ksi.k lcls de gksrk gSA
bUnz/kuq"k %& o"kkZ ds fnuksa esa tc o"kkZ ds ckn lw;Z dh fdj.ksa o"kkZ dh cwnksa ij iM+rh gS rks lw;Z ds Bhd foijhr fnkk esa lkr jax dk
bUnz/kuq"k curk gSa bUnz/kuq"k dh ?kVuk ds fy, ijkorZu iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu Reflection vkSj viorZu Refraction }kjk
o.Zk&fo{ksi.k gksrk gSA
bUnz/kuq"k dk Hkhrjh Hkkx cSaxuh jax dk vkSj ckgjh Hkkx yky jax dk gksrk gSA
izdkk dk izdh.kZu Scattering %& tc izdkk fdlh ,sls ek/;e ls xqtjrk gSa ftlesa /kwy rFkk vU; inkFkksZ ds vR;Ur lw{e d.k
gksrs gS rks buds }kjk izdkk fofHkUu fnkkvksa esa izlkfjr gks tkrk gSA bl ?kVuk dks izdkk dk izdh.kZu dgrs gSA
lw;Z ls vkus okys izdkk esa cSaxuh jax dh izdh.kZu lcls vf/kd vkSj yky jax lcls de izdh.kZu gksrk gSA
izdh.kZu ds vHkko esa gh varfj{k rFkk pUnzek ls vkdkk dkyk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
izdh.kZu ds dkj.k gh i`Foh ls vkdkk dk jax uhyk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
lw;Z mn; vkSj lw;Z vLr ds le; lw;Z yky fn[kkbZ nsrk gS D;ksafd vkSj lHkh jaxksa dk izdh.kZu gks tkrk gS] dsoy yky jax gh lw;Z
ds pkjks vkSj jgrk gS vFkkZr~ izdh.kZu de gksrk gSA
izdkk dk O;frdj.k Interference of Light

1802 esa FkkWel ;ax us izdkk ds O;frdj.k Interference dks loZizFke iz;ksx }kjk nkkZ;kA
tc leku vko`fk Frequency dh nks izdkk rjaxsa fdlh ek/;e esa ,d gh fnkk esa xeu djrh gS rks muds v/;kjksi.k ds
QyLo:i izdkk dh rhozrk esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA bl ?kVuk dks izdkk dk O;frdj.k dgrs gSA
ek/;e ds dqN fcUnqvksa ij izdkk dh rhozrk vf/kdre gks tkrh gSA mls lEiks"kh O;frdj.k Constructive Interference
dgrs gS vkSj dqN fcUnqvksa ij rhozrk U;wure ;k 'kwU; gks tkrh gSA mls foUkkkh Destructive O;frdj.k dgrs gSA
mnkgj.k &

1- feV~Vh ds rsy dh ijr dk ty dh lrg ij QSyh gqbZ lw;Z ds izdkk esa jaxhu fn[kkbZ nsukA
2- lkcqu ds cqycqys dk jaxhu fn[kkbZ nsuk
3- o"kkZ esa ikuh dh cwanksa dk jaxhu fn[kkbZ nsuk izdkk ds lkFk
oLrqvksa ds jax & fdlh Hkh oLrq dks ns[kus ds fy, gekjh vk[kksa ij ugh cfYd oLrq ij izdkk iM+uk pkfg,A dksbZ Hkh oLrq mlh jax
dh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ftls og ijkofRkZr djrh gS rFkk 'ks"k jaxksa dks vokskf"kr dj ysrh gSA o`{k dh ifk;ksa gjh blfy, fn[kkbZ nsrh gS
D;ksafd os vkifrr ij iM+us okyh lHkh izdkk esa lHkh jaxksa dh fdj.kksa dks vokksf"kr djds dsoy gjs jaxksa dks ijkofrZr djrh gSA
;fn dksbZ oLrq fdlh Hkh jax ds izdkk dks ijkofrZr ugha djrh gS rks og dkyh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
dkyk dksbZ jax ugha gksrk gSa cfYd ;g rks lHkh jaxksa dh vuqifLFkfr dks nkkZrk gS D;ksafd ogka izdkk dk ijkorZu ugha gksrk gSA
dksbZ oLrq lQsn fn[kkbZ nsrh gS D;ksafd og lHkh jaxksa dks ijkofrZr dj nsrh gSA
yky xqykc dks gjs izdkk esa ns[kus ij og dkyk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS D;ksafd yky xqykc gjs izdkk dk vokks"k.k dj ysrk gS rFkk
mlds ijkorZu ds fy, dksbZ jax 'ks"k ugh jgrk gSA
izkFkfed jax Primary %& yky] gjk] uhyk budk la;qDr izHkko lQsn gksrk gSA
f}rh;d jax Secondary %& nks izkFkfed jaxksa dks feykdj f}rh;d jax izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
yky + uhyk+ = estsUVk
gjk + uhyk = ihdkWd
Cyw
yky + gjk = ihyk
& rhuksa izkFkfed
tk ldrs gSA
Note

jaxhu Vh-oh- esa

iwjd jax %& tc nks jax

Complementary
gjk + estsUVk = LkQsn
yky + ihdkWd Cyw = LkQsn
uhyk + ihyk = lQsn
yky + gjk uhyk = lQsn
e-education(delhi)

jaxksa dks fofHkUu vuqikr esa feykdj o.kZe ds LkHkh jax izkIr fd;s
izkFkfed jaxksa yky] gjk] uhyk dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

ijLij feyus ls lQsn jax mRiUu djrs gS rks mUgsa iwjd jax
colour dgk tkrk gSA

Page 96

ekuo us= Human Eye

vka[k 'kjhj dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gSa vka[k ,d dsejs dh Hkkfr dk;Z djrh gSA vk[k dk
ysal izksVhu ls cus ikjnkhZ inkFkZ ls fufeZr gksrk gSA vka[k esa fdlh oLrq dk izfrfcEc ysal
ds ihNs ,d insZ ij curk gSA ftls jsVhuk n`f"V&iVy dgrs gSA
jsVhuk n`f"V raf=dkvksa Visual Nervas ;k fkjkvksa }kjk gekjs efLr"d esa
izfrfcEc ds ladsr igWaqpkrh gSA
jsVhuk ij oLrq dk izfrfcEc mYVk ,oa okLrfod curk gSA jsVhuk ds chpksa chp
,d ihyk Hkkx gksrk gSa tgka ij cuk gqvk izfrfcEc lcls vf/kd Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bls
^ihr fcUnq* Yellow spot dgrs gSA
dkWfuZ;k vka[k dh ,d ikjnkhZ xksyh; lajpuk gksrh gSA ;g vka[k esa izdkk dk
viorZu djrh gSA us= nku esa dkWfuZ;k dks gh nku fd;k tkrk gSA
vka[k esa izdkk dksfuZ;k ls gh izosk djrk gSA
vkbZfjl %& dkWfuZ;k ds ihNs ,d jaxhu vikjnkhZ f>Yyh dk inkZ gksrk gSA ftls vkbZfjl dgrs gSA vkbZfjl vka[k dh iqryh ds vkdkj
dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
iqryh Pupil %& vkbZfjl ds chp esa ,d Nsn gksrk gSA ftls iqryh dgk tkrk gS vkSj tks vka[k esa izosk djus okys dh ek=k dks
fu;af=r djrh gSA ;fn izdkk cgqr rhoz gksrk g rks iqryh fldqM+ tkrh gS vkSj de izdkk ;k va/ksjs esa ;g Lor% QSy tkrh gSA
us= ysal %& iqryh ds ihNs us= ysal gksrk gSA ;g dbZ ijrksa Layers dk cuk gksrk gSA ysal vius LFkku ij ekalisf'k;ksa ds chp
fVdk jgrk gS rFkk mlesa viuh Qksdl nwjh dks cnyus dh {kerk gksrh gSA
fdlh oLrq dks Li"V ns[kus ds fy, ;g vko;d gSa fd mlls pyus okyh izdkk fdj.ksa jsVhuk ij gh dsfUnzr Concentrate
gks ;fn fdj.ksa jsfVuk ds vkxs ;k ihNs dsfUnzr gksxh rks og oLrq gesa fn[kkbZ ugha nsxhA
jsfVuk ij cuk izfrfcEc LFkk;h gksrk gSA ;g 1 20 lsd.s M esa yqIr gks tkrk gS vkSj mlds LFkku ij nwljk izfrfcEc cu tkrk
gSA
n`f"V

lkekU; vka[k ds fy, n`f"sV foLrkj yxHkx 25 lseh- ls ysdj vuUr rd gksrk gSA

nks"k

Defects of Vision %& n`f"V nks"k nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1fudV n`f"V nks"k Myopia
n`f"V nks"k Hypermetropia
nks"k %& bl jksx ls ihfM+r O;fDr dks fudV dh oLrq Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh
ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bl nks"k esa izfrfcEc jsVhuk ds vkxs curk gSA bl
ds fy, vory ysal Concave dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vory
_.kkRed Negative gksrh gSA

2nwj
1- fudV n`f"V
gSA ysfdu nwj dh
nks"k dks nwj djus
ysal dh {kerk

2- nwj n`f"V nks"k

Hypermatropia %& bl jksx ls ihfM+r O;fDr dks nwj dh oLrq rks
Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh
gSA ysfdu ikl dh ugha nsrh gSA bl jksx esa izfrfcEc jsVhuk ds ihNs
curk gSA bl nks"k
dks nwj djus ds fy, mky ysal dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
tjk n`f"V nks"k Presbyopia %& o`)koLFkk ds dkj.k vka[k dh lkeatL; {kerk Co-Ordianation Capacity ?kV tkrh gSA
ftlds dkj.k O;fDr u rks nwj dh vkSj u gh ikl dh oLrq Li"V ns[k ikrk gSA bl jksx dks nwj djus ds fy, f}Qksdlh; ysal dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk ,d Hkkx mky ysal dh rjg vkSj nwljk Hkkx vory ysal dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA
vfcUnqdrk Astigmetism %& bl jksx ls ihfM+r O;fDr {ksSfrt fnkk Horizontal Direction es rks Bhd ls ns[k ikrk gSa ysfdu
/oZ fnkk esa ugha ns[k ikrk gSA bl jksx ds fuokj.k ds fy, csyukdkj ysal Cylendrical dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
o.kkZU/krk Colour Blindness %& ;g vuqokafkd chekjh gksrh gSA bldk bZykt ugha gksrk gSA bl chekjh ls ihfM+r O;fDr dks gjs
vkSj yky jax dh igpku ugha gksrh gSA

izdkkh; ra=

Optical Instruments

dSsejk %& dsSejs ds }kjk n`;ksa dk LFkk;h izfrfcEc QksVksxzkfQd IysV ;k fQYe ij fy;k tkrk gSA QksVksxzkfQd fQYe lsywykbM dh gksrh
gSA ftl ij ftysfVu esa flYoj czksekbM dh iryh ijr teh jgrh gSA tc bl ij izdkk iM+rk gS rks jklk;fud f;k gksrh gSA
dsSejs esa mky ysal dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
ekbksLdksi lw{enkhZ %& bl ra= dk mi;ksx lw{e inkFkksZ dks ns[kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA blesa mky ysal dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
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nwjn'khZ VsyhLdksi %& bl ;a= ds }kjk vkdkkh; fi.Mksa Celestial Bodies vFkok cgqr vf/kd nwjh ij fLFkr oLrqvksa dks vklkuh
ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA nwjnkhZ esa nks mky ysal yxs gksrs gSA ,d dks vfHkn`;d Objective vkSj nwljs dks usf=dk dgrs gSA
vfHkn`;d ysal nwj ls vkus okys izdkk dh vf/kd ek=k dks ,df=r djrk gSA
izdkk dh pky ok;q dh vis{kk fuokZr~ Vaccum esa rst pyrk gSA
T;ksrh rhozrk Luminious Intensity dk ek=d & ds.Msyk
lsDlVsaV ;a= ds }kjk oLrqvksa dk vka[k ij cuk dks.k ekik tkrk gSA
ysal dh Qksdl nwjh yky izdkk ds fy, vf/kdre vkSj csaxuh ds fy, U;wure gksrh gSA
yky jax dk izdh.kZ.k de gksus ds dkj.k yky flXuy nwj ls gh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA
f=foeh; izfrfcEc Three Dimensional Image gksyksxzke dgykrk gSA
fo|qr Electricity
vkosk Charge ds izHkko dks fo|qr/kkjk Electric Currnet dgrs gSA fo|qr/kkjk dh fnkk lnSo bysDVku izokg dh fnkk dh foijhr
vFkok /kukosk + Charge izokg dh fnkk esa gksrh gSA fo|qr/kkjk dk ek=d ,Eih;j gksrk gSA
fdlh ijek.kq esa mRiUu vkosk dh la[;k ijek.kq ds }kjk xzk Receptive ;k R;kt leaved bysDVkWuksa ds cjkcj gksrh
gSA ;fn dksbZ ijek.kq bysDVkuW R;kxrk gS rks ml ij /kukosk rFkk bysDVkWu xzg.k djus ij _.kkosk - Charge iSnk gksrk gSA
vkosk dk ek=d dwykWe gksrk gSA
1

= 6.25 X 1018

dwykWe ds fu;e ds vuqlkj] nks vkoskksa ds chp vkd"kZ.k ;k izfrd"kZ.k cy vkoskksa ds xq.kuQy ds lekuqikrh Directly
Proportional gksrk gS vkSj vkoskksa ds chp dh nwjh ds oxZ ds O;qekuqikrh Inversely Proportional gksrk gSA
fo|qr /kkjk dh eki vehVj uked ;a= ls dh tkrh gSA
;fn fdlh ifjiFk esa /kkjk ,d gh fnkk esa cgrh jgrh gS rks bls fn"V /kkjk Direct Current DC vkSj ;fn /kkjk dh fnkk yxkrkj
cnyrh jgrh gS rks bls izR;korhZ /kkjk Alternative Current AC dgrs gSA
fo|qr {ks= Electric Field %& fdlh ,d fufpr {ks= esa tgka fo|qr ds dkj.k oLrq ij vkosk dk izHkko jgrk gSA mls fo|qr {ks=
dgrs gSA
fo|qr pkyd Electric Conducter %& ftu inkFkksaZ ls gksdj vkosk dk izHkko vklkuh ls gksrk gSA mUgsa fo|qr pkyd dgrs gSA ftu
inkFkksaZ esa Lora= bySDVkuksa dh vf/kdrk gksrh gSA os fo|qr izokg esa mrus gh lgk;d gksrs gSA fo|qr lqpkyd Good Conducter Of
Electricity lHkh mrus gh lgk;d gksrs gSA
fo|qr lqpkyd lHkh /kkrq;sa vEy] {kkj] ekuo 'kjhj vkSj i`Foh vkfnA pkWanh fo|qr dk lcls vPNk lqpkyd gSA
fo|qr dqpkyd Bad Conducter Of Electricity%& os inkFkZ ftuesa ls fo|qr izokg laHko ugha gksrk gSA mUgsa fo|qr dqpkyd dgrs
gSA
tSls & 'kq) ty] ydM+h] dkp] ok;q] cSdsykbV] xa/kd Sulpher
v)Z pkyd Semi Conducter & os inkFkZ ftuesa fo|qr /kkjk de ek=k esa izokfgr gksrh gSA tSls & dkcZu] flfydkWu] tesZfu;e vkSj
lsyhfu;e vkfn v)Z pkyd gSA
;fn v)Zpkyd dk rki vR;f/kd c<k fn;k tk;s ;k muesa dqN vkqf);ka feyk nh tk;s rks os pkyd inkFkksaZ dh rjg O;ogkj
djrs gSA
;fn v)Zpkyd inkFkksaZ dk rkieku ?kVkrs gS rks mudh pkydrk de gks tkrh gS vFkkZr~ dqpkyd gks tkrh gSA
ije 'kwU; rki Absolute Zero Temprature %& bl ij v)Z pkyd inkFkZ dqpkyd dh Hkakfr O;ogkj djrs gSA
pkyd ds i`"B ij vkosk %& tc fdlh [kks[kys xksyh; pkyd Spherical Conducter dks vkosfkr fd;k tkrk gS rks lEiw.kZ vkosk
mldh ckgjh lrg ij jgrk gSA vanj dh lrg ij dksbZ vkosk ugha jgrk gSA fdlh cUn dkj ij fctyh fxjus ij mlesa cSBs ;k=h
lqjf{kr jgrs gS D;ksafd lEiw.kZ vkosk dkj dh ckgjh lrg ij jgrk gSA
rfM+r pkyd Electric Conducter %& rfM+r pkyd dk iz;ksx fctyh dM+dus ds nkSjku edkuksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
,d eksVs rkacs dh ikh ds :i esa ftlds ijh fljs ij dbZ uqdhys fljs cus gksrs gSA bl uqdhys fljs dks edku ds lcls
ij yxk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj nwljs fljs dks rkj ds }kjk tehu esa xkM+ fn;k tkrk gSA
fo|qr foHko Elecric Potential %& fdlh /kukosk dks vuUr ls fo|qr {ks= ds fdlh fcUnq rd ykus esa fd;s x;s dk;Z dks gh foHko
dgrs gSA
fo|qr foHko dk ek=d oksYV gksrk gSA fo|qr foHko dks oksYVehVj ;k xsYosukWehVj ls ekik tkrk gSA
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foHkkUrj Potential Defference %& ,dkad vkosk Unit Charge }kjk pkyd ds ,d fljs ls nwljs fljs rd izokfgr gksus esa fd;s
x;s dk;Z dks nksuksa fljksa ds chp dk foHkkUrj dgrs gSA foHkkUrj dk ek=d oksYV gksrk gSA
fo|qr {ks= dh rhozrk Intensity Of Electric Field %& fo|qr {ks= ds fdlh fcUnq ij tc ,dkad /kukosk Unit Positive Charge
ij dk;Z djus okys cy dks ml fcUnq ij fo|qr {ks= dh rhozrk dgrs gSA fo|qr {ks= dh rhozrk dk ek=d U;wVu@dwykWe gksrk gSA
fo|qr /kkfjrk Electric Capacity%& fdlh pkyd ij ftruk vkosk nsus ls mlds foHko esa ,dkad o`f) gksrh gSA mrus gh vkosk dks
ml pkyd dh fo|qr /kkfjrk dgrs gSA fo|qr /kkfjrk dk ek=d QSjkMs gSA
pkyd dk i`"B Surface vf/kd gksus ls mldh /kkfjrk vf/kd gksrh gSA fdlh pkyd ds lehi nwljk pkyd gksus ls izsj.k
gksrk gS vkSj mldh /kkfjrk c<+ tkrh gSA
fo|qr lkeF;Z ;k 'kfDRk Electric Power %& fdlh fo|qr ifjiFk Circuit esa fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr djus ij izfr lsds.M fd;s tkus
okys dk;Z dks fo|qr 'kfDr dgrs gSA fo|qr 'kfDr dk ek=d fdyksokWV gSA fo|qr 'kfDr dks vokfDr Horse Power esa Hkh ekirs
gSA
1 vokfDr = 746 okWaV
fo|qr izfrjks/k Electric Resistant %& izfrjks/k fdlh pkyd dk og xq.k gSA tks fd fo|qr izokg esa vojks/k mRiUu djrk gSA fo|qr
izfrjks/k dgykrk gSA fo|qr izfrjks/k dk ek=d vkse gksrk gSA
;fn fdlh pkyd dk rki c<+k fn;k tk;s rks pkyd dk izfrjks/k c<+rk gSA ysfdu rki c<+us ij v)Z pkydksa dk izfrjks/k
?kVrk gSA
fdlh pkyd dk izfrjks/k mldh yEckbZ ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA vFkkZr yEckbZ c<+us ls pkyd dk izfrjks/k c<+rk gSa vkSj yackbZ
?kVus ls pkyd dk izzfrjks/k ?kVrk gSA
fdlh pkyd dh eksVkbZ c<+us ij pkyd dk izfrjks/k ?kVrk gSA
vkse dk fu;e %& fdlh fu;r Constant rki ij fdlh pkyd esa izokfgr gksus okyh /kkjk pkyd ds fljksa ds chp foHkkUrj
Potential Difference ds lekuqikrh Directly Propertional gksrh gSA
V = IR

pkydrk Conductivity %& fdlh pkyd ds izfrjks/k ds O;qRe dks pkyd dh pkydrk dgrs gSaA pkydrk dk ek=d Mho gS bls
lhesu Hkh dgrs gSA
fofk"V izfrjks/k Specific Resistance %& fdlh pkyd dk fofk"V izfrjks/k pkyd inkFkZ ls cus ,dkad yackbZ vkSj vuqizLFk dkV
Tranverse Section ds {ks=Qy okys rkj ds izfrjks/k ds cjkcj gksrk gSA fofk"V izfrjks/k dk ek=d vkse ehVj gksrk gSA
lcls de fofk"V izfrjks/k pkWnh dk gksrk gSA blfy, pkWanh fo|qr dk lcls vPNk pkyd gSA pkWanh dk fofk"V izfrjks/k
1.6 X 10-8
vkse eh- gksrk gSA
pknh] rkck] ,Y;wehfu;e vkfn /kkrqvksa dh izfrjks/kdrk cgqr de gksrh gSA blfy, buds lao/kZu rkj Promotion Wires cuk;s
tkrs gSA
ukbkse] eSxfuu vkfn inkFkksaZ ds fy, fo|qr izfrjks/kdrk vf/kd gksrh gSA blfy, bu inkFkksaZ ds izfrjks/k rkj Resistance
Wires vkSj "ed rkj Heat Wires cuk;s tkrs gSA
ghVj vkSj izsl esa ukbkse ds rkjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
vkseh; izfrjks/k Ohmic Resistance %& tks pkyd] vkse ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gSA mUgsa vkseh; izfrjsk/kd dgrs gSA
tSls & eSXuht dk rkj] ,Y;wehfu;e dk rkj rkacs dk rkj vkfn vkSj tks pkyd vkse ds fu;eksa dk ikyu ugha djrs gSa mUgsa
vuvkseh; izfrjks/kd Non-Ohmic Resistance dgrs gSA
tSls & Mk;ksM cYo dk izfrjks/k vkSj Vk;ksM ckYo dk izfrjks/k
izfrjks/kksa dk Js.khe lek;kstu Series Combination Of Resistance%& ;fn izfrjks/kksa dks bl izdkj tksM+k tk;s fd izfrjks/kksa esa
leku /kkjk izokfgr gks rFkk fHkUu izfrjks/kksa ds chp fHkUu & fHkUu foHkkUrj gks rks ;g izfrjks/kksa dk Js.khe esa lek;kstu gksrk gSA
vf/kdre izfrjks/k izkIr djus ds fy, izfrjks/kksa dks Js.kh e esa tksM+k tkrk gSA
izfrjks/kksa dk lkekukUrj e es lek;kstu Parallel combination of resistance%& ;fn izfrjks/kksa dks bl izdkj tksM+k tk;s fd gj
izfrjks/k ij foHkkUrj leku jgs rks ;g izfrjks/kksa dk lekUrje lek;kstu gksrk gSA
U;wure izfrjks/k izkIr djus ds fy, izfrjks/kksa dks lekukUrj e esa tksM+k tkrk gSA
fo|qr lSy Electric Sell %& fo|qr lSy ,d ,slh ;qfDr gSa tks fdlh ifjiFk esa vkosk ds izokg vFkkZRk~ fo|qr&/kkjk dks fujUrj :i
ls cuk;s j[krh gS D;ksafd fo|qr lSy jklk;fud tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa cnyrk jgrk gSA
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fo|qr lSy esa /kkrq dh nks NM+s gksrh gSA ftUgsa bysDVkWM dgrs gSA /kukosfkr NM+ dks ,uksM rFkk _.kkosfkr NM+ dks dSFkksM
dgrs gSA ;s NM+s fofHkUu izdkj ds foy;uksa Solutions esa Mwch jgrh gSA bu foy;uksa dks fo|qr vi?kV~; Electrolyte dgrs gSA
fo|qr lSy nsk izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1izkFkfed lSy
2f}rh;d lSy
1 izkFkfed lSy %& izkFkfed lSyksa esa jkllkfud tkZ dks lh/ks fo|qr tkZ esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d ckj iz;ksx djus ds ckn
;g csdkj gks tkrk gSA
tSls

& cksYVh; lSy] ysDyka'ks lSy] 'kq"d lSy Dry Sell] Msfu;y lSy] ckbksesV lSy] vkfnA
&

VkWpZ esa iz;qDr lSy 'kq"d lSy gksrs gSA jsfM;ksa vkSj VkaftLVj esa bUgha dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

& ysDykaks lSy dk iz;ksx fo|qr ?k.Vh Electric Bell vkSj VsyhQksu vkfn ds fy, gksrk gSA
2 f}rh;d lSy Secondary Sell %& f}rh;d lSyksa dks igys fo|qr tkZ nh tkrh gSA rc ;s jklk;fud tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa
ifjofrZr djrs gSA bUgsa jhpktsZfcy lSy Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd bu lSLyksa dks jhpktZ djds ckj & ckj mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA
f}rh;d kSyksa dk mi;ksx] bUosVZj esa] dkj] Vd vkfn ds bUtu dks LVkVZ djus esa betsZUlh ykbZV esa fd;k tkrk gSA
lSy dk fo|qr okgd cy Electromotive Force Of Cell %& lSy }kjk ,d dwykWe vkosk dks iwjs fo|qr ifjiFk esa ,d iw.kZ pDdj
yxkus ds fy, lSy }kjk iznk tkZ dks lSy dk fo|qr okgd cy dgrs gSA
fo|qr okgd cy dk ek=d oksYV gksrk gSA
fo|qr /kkjk ds izHkko %& fo|qr /kkjk ds pkj izdkj ds izHkko gksrs gSA
1 jklk;fud izHkko Chemical Effect
2 "eh; izHkko Heat Effect
3 izdkkh; izHkko Photo Effect
4 pqEcdh; izHkko Magnetic Effect
1 fo|qr /kkjk dk jklk;fud izHkko %& tc fdlh lqpkyd foy;u esa fo|qr/kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks mldk fo|qr vi?kV~u
Electrolysis gksrk gSA bl ?kVuk dks fo|qr/kkjk dk jklk;fud izHkko dgrs gSA
ftl midj.k esa tyh; foy;uksa dk fo|qr vi?kVu gksrk gSA mls oksYVkehVj dgrs gS vkSj ,sls inkFkZ dks fo|qr vi?kV~;
dgrs gSA fo|qr vi?kVu f;k esa tc fo|qr vi?kV~; esa /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks og jklk;fud f;k /ku vkSj _.k vk;uksa esa
foHkDr gks tkrk gSA /ku vk;u dSFkksM ij vkSj _.k vk;u ,uksM+ ij tek gks tkrs gSA
kq) ty eUn fo|qr vi?kV~; gSA] phuh dk ?kksy] bZFkj] isVksy] ,Ydksgy] fXyljhu vkfn fo|qr vui?kV~; gSA blfy, buesa
fo|qr/kkjk izokfgr ugh gksrh gSA
fo|qr vi?kVu Electrolysisdk mi;ksx %&
1- fo|qr ysiu esa In Electro-Plating%& fdlh ,d /kkrq dh ijr nwljh /kkrq ij p<+kus dh f;k dks fo|qr ysiu dgrs gSA ftl
/kkrq ij ijr p<+kuh gksrh gSA mldk dSFkksM vkSj ftl /kkrq dh ijr p<+kuh gksrh gSA mldk ,uksM cuk;k tkrk gSA
2- /kkrq ds fu"d"kZ.k esa In Extraction of metals%& ,Y;wehfu;e] lksfM;e] dSfYk;e vkfn /kkrq;sa fo|qr vi?kVu ls izkIr gksrh gSA
bUgha /kkrqvksa dk bysDVkuW cuk jgrk gSA tc /kkrq ds ued okys ?kksy ls fo|qr dh /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks kq) /kkrq dSFkksM
ij ,df=r gks tkrh gSA
3- /kkrqvksa ds 'kqf)dj.k esa In Purification of Metals %& /kkrqvksa dk kq)hdj.k ds fy, vkq) /kkrq dk ,uksM vkSj 'kq) /kkrq dk
dSFkksM cuk;k tkrk gSA vkq) /kkrq dk ?kksy ds :i esa fo|qr vi?kV; cuk;k tkkr gSA tc vkq) /kkrq ds ?kksy ls gksdj fo|qr
/kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks blesa ls kq) /kkrq fudydj dSFkksM ij tek gksrk gSA
4- jksxksa ds bZykt esa %& 'kjhj esa Dyksjhu] vk;ksMhu vkSj ued ds ?kksy vkfn dks fo|qr vi?kV~; }kjk 'kjhj dh vusd chekfj;ksa dk
bZykt fd;k tkrk gSA xfB;k jksx dk bZykt blh fof/k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
2 fo|qr /kkjk dk "eh; izHkko %& pkyd easa fo|qr /kkjk ds izokg esa izfrjks/k ds dkj.k pkyd ds rki esa o`f) gks tkrh gSA ftlds
dkj.k "ek mRiUu gksrh gSa bl ?kVuk dks fo|qr dk "eh; izHkko dgrs gSA
;g fo|qr ghVj] fo|qr izsl] cYo] V~;wcykbZV vkfn esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bu midj.kksa esa mPprkieku izkIr djus ds fy, mPp
izfrjks/k okys feJ /kkrq ds rkjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fo|qr ghVj esa fufdy vkSj ksfe;e ls cuh feJ/kkrq ukbkse ds rkj dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

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1- fo|qr izsl esa vHkzd ds ij ukbkse dk rkj fyiVk gqvk jgrk gSA fo|qr cYo esa VaxLVu /kkrq dk cuk gqvk fQykes.V dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA cYo esa VaxLVu dk mi;ksx blfy, fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd bldk xyukad Melting Point mPp
3500oC gksrk gSA VaxLVu ds vkWDlhdj.k Oxidation dks jksdus ds fy, cYo esa fuokZr~ dj fn;k tkrk gSA fQj mlesa vf;
xSl Inert Gas vkxZu Hkjh tkrh gSA
2- V~;wcykbV %& bl es dkap dh ,d yEch V~;wc esa vUnj dh nhokjksa ij izfrnhIr 'khy inkFkZ Flurocent Matter QkLQksjl dk
ysi p<+k jgrk gSA V~;wc ds vUnj vf; xSl vkxZu dks dqN ikjs ds lkFk Hkj nsrs gSA V~;wc ds nksuksa fdukjksa ij csjh;e
vkWDlkbM dh ijr p<+s gq,s nks fQykesaV yxs gksrs gSA
3- fo|qr /kkjk dk izdk'kh; izHkko %& fdlh inkFkZ esa fo|qr/kkjk izokfgr djus ij mksftr bysDVkWuksa ds mPp tkZ d{kk ls fuEu
tkZ d{kk esa ykSVus ij izdkk ds :i esa mRlftZr tkZ dks fo|qr dk izdkkh; izHkko dgrs gSA bldk mi;ksx rkinhIr cYo
Incandescant Bulb] izfrnhIr uyh Flurocent Tuve] la;qDr izfrnhIr CFL rFkk ysatj esa fd;k tkrk gSA
LASER ystj Light amplification by Stimulated emission of radiation :- bldk vfo"dkj vesfjdk ds oSKkfud fFk;ksMksj
lkbeu us 1960 esa fd;kA ystj dk mi;ksx vka[k dh ltZjh] izdkk rUrq }kjk nwjlapkj ds ladsrksa ds izs"k.k Transmission esa
/kkrqvksa dh csfYMax esa gksyksxzkQh] CD esa vkadM+kas dh fjdksfMZx ,oa mldksa i<+us esa ystj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
4- fo|qr /kkjk dk pqEcdh; izHkko %& fdlh pkyd ls fo|qr/kkjk izokfgr djus ij pkyd ds pkjksa vksj fo|qr pqEcdh; {ks= mRiUu
gks tkrk gSA bls fo|qr/kkjk dk pqEcdh; izHkko dgrs gSA
1812 esa gStvkLVsZM us loZizFke fo|qr/kkjk ds pqEcdh; izHkko dk irk yxk;k Fkk blds ckn gsujh QSjkMS vkSj eSDlcsy vkfn us bl fnkk esa
egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;sA

fo|qr /kkjk ds pqEcdh; izHkko dk mi;ksx fo|qr pqEcd cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh pkyd dq.Myh Conducter Coil esa yksgs
dh NM+ j[kdj fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks og fo|qr pqEcd esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA
dPps yksgs ds iz;ksx ls vLFkk;h pqEcd Temporary Magnet vkSj bLikr ds iz;ksx ls LFkk;h pqEcd cuk;k tkrk gSA
yksjsat cy %& tc dksbZ vkosfkr d.k fdlh pqEcdh; {ks= Magnetic field esa xfr djrk gS rks d.k ij ,d cy vkjksfir gksrk gSA
ftls yksjsUt cy dgrs gSA bldh fnkk pqEcdh; {ks= dh fnkk vkSj d.k ds pyus dh fnkk nksuksa ds yEcor~ gksrh gSA
vehVj %& vehVj dh lgk;rk ls fo|qr /kkjk dks ,Eih;j esa ekik tkrk gS vksj ,d vknkZ ,Eih;j dk izfrjks/k 0 'kwU; gksuk
pkfg,A vehVj dks fo|qr ifjiFk esa Js.khe Series Combination esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
oksYV ehVj %& oksYV ehVj dh lgk;rk ls foHkkUrj ekirs gSA oksYV ehVj dk izfrjks/k vf/kd gksrk gSA bls ifjiFk esa lekukUrj e
Parellal Series esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
xSyosuksehVj %& bldk mi;ksx fdlh fo|qr ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kkjk dh mifLFkfr irk djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl ;a= dh lgk;rk
ls 10-6 ,Eih;j rd dh /kkjk dks ekik tk ldrk gSA
eYVhehVj %& bldk mi;ksx cgqr vf/kd jsaUt rd dh fo|qr /kkjk rFkk izfrjks/k ukius esa fd;k tkrk gSA
fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k Electromagnetic Induction %& ;fn fdlh cUn ifjiFk esa ls gksdj xqtjus okys pqEcdh; yDl esa ifjorZu
dj fn;k tk;s rks ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kkjk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA bl ?kVuk dks fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k dgrs gSA ;g fl)kar ekbdy QSjkMs
us fn;k Fkk fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k dk mi;ksx islesdj] Mk;ukseks vksj VkalQkeZj cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
?kjksa esa fo|qr dk forj.k Distribution %& ?kjksa esa nh tkus okyh fo|qr 220 Volt dh AC /kkjk gksrh gSA bldh vko`fk
Frequency 50Hz gskrh gSA ?kjksa esa ihNs tkus okys fo|qr /kkjk esa rhu izdkj ds rkj gksrs gSA ftUgsa vyx vyx jax dk cuk;k
tkrk gSA
yky jax dk rkj & djsUV dk
dkys jax dk rkj & U;wVy dk
gjs jax dk rkj & vFkZ dk
;wt rkj %& fo|qr ifjiFk ds cpko ds fy, lcls vko;d ;qfDr Device ;wt gSA ;wt ,sls rkj dk iryk NksVk VqdM+k gksrk gSa
ftldk izfrjks/k Resistance vf/kd o xyukad Melting Point cgqr de gksrk gSA tc fdlh ifjiFk esa vko;drk ls vf/kd
fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gS rks ;wt rkj xeZ gksdj fi?ky tkrk gSA
vPNs ;wt rkj 'kq) fVu /kkrq dk cuk gksrk gSA ijUrq lLrk ;wt rkj rkacs vkSj feJ /kkrq dk cuk gksrk gSA
VkalQkeZj %& VkalQkeZj dk vfo"dkj QSjkMS us fd;k gSA ;g ,d ,slk midj.k gSA ftlds }kjk fo|qr foHko Electric Potential
?kVk;k ;k c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls VkalQkeZj ftuesa mPp foHko High Potentioal dk fuEu foHko esa ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gSA mls
vipk;h Step Down VkUlQkeZj Transformer dgrs gSA fo|qr foHko dks mPp foHko esa ifjofrZr djus okys Vkla QkeZj dks
mPpk;h Step Up VkalQkeZj dgrs gSA
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VkalQkeZj ds }kjk dsoy izR;korhZ /kkjk ds foHko esa gh ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gSA
Mk;useksa %& ;g ,slk ;a= gSA tks ;kaf=d tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa ifjofrZRk dj nsrk gSA
ekbksQksu %& bldh lgk;rk ls /ofu tkZ dks fo|qr tkZ esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g /ofu dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku
rd Hkstrk gSA ekbksQksu fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k Electromagnetic Induction fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
ykmMLihdj %& bldh lgk;rk ls ekbksQksu }kjk izsf"kr fo|qr rjaxksa dks iqu% /ofu rjaxksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA
pqEcd %& pqEcd os inkFkZ gksrs gSA ftuds utnhd j[ks x;s yksgs ds inkFkZ mudh vksj vkdf"kZr gks tkrs gSA
1 izkd`frd pqEcd Natural Magnet
2 d`f=e pqEcd Arteficial Magnet
izkd`frd pqEcd yksgs ds vkWDlkbM gksrs gSA tcfd d`f=e pqEcd dk fuekZ.k yksgs] bLikr ;k dksckYV ls fd;k tkrk gSA
izkd`frd pqEcd yksgs ds vkWDlkbM gksrs gSa tcfd d`f=e pqEcd dk fuekZ.k yksgs bLikr ;k dksckYV ls fd;k tkrk gSA
pqEcd ds xq.k %& pqEcd es ayksgs ds NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA pqEcd ds nksuksa fljksa dks
pqEcdh; /kzqoksa Magnetic Poles ij lcls vf/kd gksrh gS vksj de e/; ;k dsUnz esa gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh pqEcd dks Lora=rk iwoZd
yVdkus ij mkj vkSj nf{k.k dh vksj Bgjrk gSA tks fljk mkj dh vksj gksrk mls mkjh /kzqo North Poles o tks fljk nf{k.k dh
vksj gksrk gSa mls nf{k.kh /kzqo South Poles dgrs gSA
pqEcd ds ltkrh; /kzqo %& pqEcd ds ltkrh; /kzqo Homogeneous Poles ,d&nwljs ls izfrdf"kZr gksrs gS rFkk fotkrh; /kzqo
Heterogeneous Poles ,d&nwljs dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSA pqEcd vU; pqEcdh; inkFkksaZ esa izsj.k }kjk pqEcdRo mRiUu dj ldrk gSA
fdlh pqEcd dks rksM+us ij mlds VqdM+s iqUk% pqEcd dh rjg O;ogkj djrs gSA
fdlh pqEcd dks ihVus ;k xeZ djus ij mldh pqEcdh; 'kfDr u"V gks tkrh gSA
pqEcdh; inkFkksaZ ds izdkj %& pqEcdh; inkFkksaZ dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckVk tkrk gSA
1- izfrpqEcdh; inkFkZ Diamagnetic matter& osa inkFkZ tks pqEcdh; {ks= esa j[ks tkus ij {ks= dh foijhr fnkk esa FkksM+k lk
pqEcfdRk gks tkrs gSA mUgsa izfrpqEcdh; inkFkZ dgrs gSA
mnk- &fcLeFk] ,.Vheuh] rkack] pkanh] lksuk] ,Ydksgy] ued] ty] gkbMkstu vkfnA
pqEcdh; yLd dk ek=d & cscj

2- vuqpqEcdh; inkFkZ Paramagnetic matter & os inkFkZ tks pqEcdh; {ks= esa j[ks tkus ij {ks= dh fnkk esa FkksM+s ls pqEcfdRk gks
tkrs gSA vuqpqEcdh; inkFkZ dgykrs gSA
mnk- & lksfM;e] IysVhue] ,Y;wfefu;e] ksfe;e] vkfnA
3- ykSg pqEcdh; inkFkZ Ferromagneticc matter& ;s pqEcdh; {ks= esa j[ks tkus ij u dsoy {ks= dh fnkk esa pqEcfdRk gksrs gsA
cfYd Lo;a pqEcd cu tkrs gSA
mnk- & yksgk] fufdy] dksckYV] bLikr vkfnA
pqEcd ds izdkj
pqEcd nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1 vLFkk;h pqEcd
2 LFkk;h pqEcd
1 vLFkk;h pqEcd %& ueZ yksgk 'kh?kz gh pqEcd cuk tkrk gS vksj kh?kz gh bldk pqEcdRo lekIr Hkh gks tkrk gSA blfy, vLFkk;h
pqEcd cukus ds fy, ueZ yksgs dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mnk- & fo|qr ?k.Vh] VkalQkeZj] Mk;useksa vkfn ds vLFkk;h pqEcd ueZ yksgs ds cuk;s tkrs gSA
2 LFkk;h pqEcd %& bLikr ls cM+h dfBukbZ ls pqEcd curk gS vkSj cM+h eqfdy ls bldk pqEcdRo lekIr gksrk gSA
mnk- & ykmMLihdj] fnd~lwpd Compass] xSyosuksehVj vkfn ds LFkk;h pqEcd cuk;s tkrs gSA
pqEcd ds mi;ksx
1- fndlwpd ;a= cukus esa!
2- dEI;wVj ds ykih fMLd esa!
3- ATM dkMZ] sfMV dkMZ ds ihNs pqEcdh; inkFkZ ds ysi dh ,d iV~Vh gksrh gSA ftlesa iz;ksx drkZ dh igpku vkSj dksM
fNIkk jgrk gS!
4- MRI esa Hkh bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
pqEcdh; {ks= Megnetic Field%& pqEcd ds pkjks vkSj dk og {ks= ftlesa nwljk pqEcd vkd"kZ.k ;k izfrd"kZ.k cy dk vuqHko djrk
gSA og {ks= ml pqEcd dk pqEcdh; {ks= dgykrk gSA
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pqEcdh; {ks= dk ek=d

C.G.S & xkSl

S.I. & VsLyk

1 Gouss = 10-4 Tesla

pqEcdh; rhozrk Megnetic Intensity

pqEcdh; cyjs[kk;sa Magentic Lines of force %& pqEcdh; cy js[kk;sa fdlh pqEcdh; cy {ks= esa ,d o`k esa gksrh gSA ;s js[kk;sa
pqEcd ds ckgj lnSo mkjh /kzqo ls nf{k.kh /kzqo dh vksj rFkk pqEcd ds vUnj nf{k.kh /kzqo ls mkjh /kzqo dh vksj yxkrkj tkrh gSA
pqEcdh; cyjs[kk;sa ,d & nwljs dks dHkh ugha dkVrh gSA tgka ij pqEcdh; {ks= izcy gksrk gSA ogka ij pqEcdh; js[kk;sa ikl & ikl
gksrh gSA
pqEcd'khyrk Permeability %& fdlh inkFkZ esa pqEcdh; {ks= gVk ysus ds ckn mlesa pqEcdRo j[kus dh tks {kerk jgrh gS mls
inkFkZ dh pqEcd 'khyrk dgrs gSA pqEcd'khyrk dk ek=d gsujh izfrehVj gksrk gSA
D;wjh rki %& ftl rki ij fdlh inkFkZ dk pqEcdRo lekIr gks tkrk gSA ml rki dks D;wjh rki dgrs gSA
yksgs ds fy, D;wjh rki dk eku 973 dsfYou ;k 7700C
fufdy ds fy, D;wjh rki dk eku 673 dsfYou ;k 3580C
MkWesu %& pqEcdh; inkFkZ esa izR;sd ijek.kq Hkh ,d pqEcd gksrk gS vkSj mlesa vla[; ijek.kqvksa ds lewg gksrs gSA ftUgsa MkWesu dgrs
gSA pqEcdh; inkFkksaZ dk rhoz pqEcdRo bu Domains ds dkj.k gh gksrk gSA
Hkw&pqEcdRo Terrestrial magnetism %& gekjh i`Foh ,d pqEcd dh rjg O;ogkj djrh gSA tc fdlh pqEcd dks Lora=rk iwoZd
yVdk;k tkrk gSa rks og lnSo mkj vkSj nf{k.k fnkk esa gh Bgjrh gSA i`Foh ds vUnj pqEcdRo dk dkj.k izFoh ds vius v{k ij
?kweus ls i`Foh ds vUnj fi?kys inkFkksaZ esa laogu /kkjk;sa Convective Currents mRiUu gksrh gSA ftlds dkj.k pqEcdh {ks= mRiUu gks
tkrk gSA
i`Foh dh pqEcdh; Hkw&e/; js[kk dsjy ds ikl FkqEck ls xqtjrh gSA
ukfHkdh; foKku Nuclear Science %& inkFkZ ds NksVs ls NksVs d.k dks ijek.kq dgrs gS ijek.kq esa rhu LFkk;h ewy d.k gksrs gS&
bysDVkWu] izksVksu vkSj U;wVksuA bu ewy d.kksa dk foHkktu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
bysDVkWu %& bysDVkuW dh [kkst 1897 esa bafXyk oSKkfud ts-ts- Fkkelu us dh Fkh bysDVkWu vfrlw{e _.kkosf"kr d.k gksrs gS vkSj ;s
ijek.kq esa ukfHkd ds pkjksa vkSj pDdj yxkrs jgrs gSA bysDVkWu ij 1.6 X 10-19 dwykWe dk vkosk gksrk gSA
izksVkWu %& bldh [kkst 1919 esa xksYMLVhu us dh Fkh izksVkWu /kukosf"kr d.k gSA budk vkosk bysDVkuW ds cjkcj 1.6 X 10-19 dwyke
gksrk gSA
U;wVkWu %& bldh [kkst 1932 esa pSM+fod us dh Fkh ;g vkosk jfgr d.k gSa ;g izkWVksu dss lkFk ijek.kq ds ukfHkd esa fLFkr gksrs gSA
bldh Hksnu {kerk Penetration Capasity cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA vkosk jfgr gksus ds dkj.k budk mi;ksx ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu
Nuclear Fission esa fd;k tkrk gSA
iksthVkWu %& ;g /kukosfkr d.k gS ftldk nzO;eku vkSj vkosk bysDVkuW ds cjkcj gksrk gSA bls bysDVkWu dk izfrd.k Antiparticle Of Electron Hkh dgrs gSa bldh [kkst 1932 esa ,.Mjlu us dh FkhA
U;wfVuks %& budh [kkst 1930 esa ikmyh us dh FkhA ;g nzO;eku vkSj vkosk jfgr Charge Less d.k gSA
eslkWu %& bldh [kkst 1935 esa ;wdkok us dh FkhA bldk nzO;eku bysDVkuW ds nzO;eku dk 274 xquk gksrk gSA ;g ,d vLFkk;h ewy
d.k Fundamental Particle gSA
QkWVksu %& ;s tkZ ds c.My gksrs gSa tks izdkk dh pky ls pyrs gSA lHkh fo|qr pqEcdh; fdj.kksa Electromagnetic Rays dk
fuekZ.k bUgh ewy d.kksa ls gqvk gSA
ukHkdh; f;k;sa %& ukfHkdh; f;k;sa nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu
2ukfHkdh; lay;u
1 ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu %& bl f;k esa Hkkjh ukfHkd nks yxHkx leku UkkfHkdksa esa VwV tkrk gSA 1939 esa teZuh ds oSKkfud vkWVksgkWu
vkSj LVkWlesu us lcls igys crk;k fd U235 ij eUn xfr ds U;wVkWuksa dh ckSNkj djds ukfHkd nks [k.Mksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk
gSa bl fo[k.Mu es cgqr vf/kd tkZ mRlftZr gksrh gSA bl mRlftZr tkZ dks ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu dgrs gSA ;s nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1- vfu;af=r ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu
2- fu;af=r ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu

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1 vfu;af=r ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu Uncontrolled chain reaction %& bl f;k esa ukfHkd ds fo[k.Mu ij dksbZ fu;a=.k ugh j[kk
tkrk gSA bl dkj.k bl f;k esa tkZ vR;Ur rhoz xfr ls mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj cgqr de le; esa cgqr vf/kd foukk dj ldrh gSA
ijek.kq cEc esa ;gh vfHkf;k gksrh gSA
2 fu;af=r ukfHkdh; f[k.Mu Controlled chain reaction %& bl f;k esa ukfHkdksa ds fo[k.Mu dks d`f=e rjhds ls fu;af=r
fd;k tkrk gSa fu;af=r ukfHkdh; fo[k.Mu ds nkSjku fudyus okyh tkZ dk mi;ksx jpukRed dk;Z Constructive Works esa fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g vfHkf;k ijek.kq fj;sDVj esa gksrh gSA
ijek.kq fj;sDVj Atomic Reactor %& foo esa igyk ijek.kq fj;sDVj 1942 esa vesfjdk ds fkdkxksa fo-fo- esa ,sukfjdksa QehZ ds
funsZku esa cuk;k x;k FkkA ukfHkdh; fj;sDVj esa bZ/ku ds :i esa ;wjsfu;e ;k IywVksfu;e dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ijek.kq fj;sDVj esa
U;wVkWuksa dh xfr dks eUn djus ds fy, Hkkjh ty ;k xzsQkbV dk iz;ksx eUnd Moderator ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA dSsMfe;e
U;wVkWuksa dk cgqr vPNk vokks"kd gksrk gSA blfy, dSMfe;e dh NM+s fj;sDVj esa fu;a=d ds :i esa mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSA ijek.kq
fj;sDVj dk mi;ksx fo|qr mRiknu djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA fj;sDVj esa vusd izdkj ds jsfM;ksa leLFkkfud Isotopes mRiUu gksrs gSA
ftudk mi;ksx] d`f"k] m|ksx /kU/kksa fpfdRlk vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ukfHkdh; lay;u Nuclear fusion %& tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd gYds ukfHkd la;qDr gksdj ,d Hkkjh ukfHkd cukrs gS rks bl
vfHkf;k dks ukfHkdh; lay;u dgrs gSA bl f;k ds nkSjku cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa tkZ eqDr gksrh gSA bl f;k esa nks ukfHkdksa dks
layf;r djus ds fy, 108 K mPprki dh vko;drk gksrh gSa bruk mPp rki ukfHkdh; lay;u }kjk gh mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
gkbMsktu cEc ukfHkdh; lay;u dh f;k }kjk dk;Z djrk gSA lw;Z dh vikj tkZ dk L=ksr gh mlesa gksus okyh ukfHkdh; lay;u
f;k gSA
gkbMkstu cEc] ijek.kq cEc dh vis{kk 1000 xquk vf/kd 'kfDrkkyh cEc gSA
nsk dk igyk ijek.kq fctyh ?kj 1969 esa rkjkiqj esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
Hkkjr ds ijek.kq tkZ dsUnz

123456-

rkjkiqj
jkorHkkVk
dkdjkikj
dsSxk
ujksjk
dyiDde

&
&
&
&
&

&
egkjk"V
jktLFkku
xqtjkr
dukZVd
mkj iznsk cqyUn 'kgj
rfeyukMw
ELECTRONIC PHYSICS

vkt&dy bysDVksfud ;a=ksa dk d`f"k] lapkj] fpfdRlk] j{kk] m|ksx] varfj{k] vuqla/kku bathfu;fjax vkSj ?kjsyw mi;ksx ds ;a=ksa vkfn
fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa mi;ksx gks jgk gSA
Electonic ;a=ksa esa igys osD;we V~;wc dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk tks dkQh LFkku ?ksjrk Fkk ysfdu vc mudk LFkku v)Zpkydksa
Semi conducter vkSj VkaftLVjksa us ys fy;k gSA tks de LFkku ?ksjrs gS vkSj vis{kkd`r lLrs Hkh gksrs gSA vk/kqfud le; esa
/khjs&/khjs buds LFkku ij bUVhxzsfVo lfdZV dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftuesa lokZf/kd fodflr rduhdh ekbskizkslslj ;k
ekbksfpi dh gSA
rkik;fud mRltZu Thermionic emission%& tc ge fdlh nzo dks xeZ djrs gS rks mlds v.kq ry dks NksM+dj ok"i ds :i esa
ckgj tkus yxrs gSA Bhd mlh izdkj tc ge fdlh /kkrq ds VqdM+s dks mPp rki ij xeZ djrs gS rks /kkrq esa ls bysDVkWau dsk rkik;u
dgrs gS vkSj rki ds izHkko ls /kkrq ls bysDVkuW ksa ds ckgj fudyus dh ?kVuk dks rkik;fud mRltZu dgrs gSA bl fl)kar dk iz;ksx
djds rkik;fud ckYo cuk;s tkrs gSA Mk;ksM vkSj Vk;ksM blds mnkgj.k gSA
Mk;ksM ckYo %& bldk fuekZ.k 1904 esa baXyS.M ds oSKkfud ysfex us fd;k gSA
blds }kjk mPp fuokZr esa fo|qr/kkjk izokfgr dh tk ldrh gSA Mk;ksM ckYo dk mi;ksx _tqdkjh Rectifier ds :i esa
fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~k blds }kjk AC dks DC esa cnyrs gSA
Vk;ksM ckYo %& bldk fuekZ.k 1907 esa vesfjdk ds oSKkfud MkW- yh-Mh- QkWjsLV us fd;k FkkA
bldk iz;ksx nksfy= Oscillator] VkalehVj] lalwpd Detector] xzkgh rFkk izo/kZd dh rjg iz;ksx djrs gS izo/kZd
Amplifier dk iz;ksx /ofu ds iqu% mRiknu esa gksrk gSA
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lseh d.MDVj %& ,sls inkFkZ ftuesa bysDVkWfud lajpuk bl izdkj dh gksrh gSa fd dgha bysDVkWu eqDr gks tkrs gS vkSj dgha fjDr gks
tkrs gSA v)Zpkyd dgykrs gSA teZsfu;e vkSj flfydkWu ds v)Zpkyd cuk;s tk ldrs gSA
vfrpkydrk Superconductivity%& bldh [kkst 1911 esa dsejfya?k vksal us dh Fkh vR;Ur fuEu rki ij dqN inkFkksaZ dk fo|qr
izfrjks/k 'kwU; gks tkrs gSA bUgsa vfrpkyd dgrs gS rFkk inkFkZ ds bl xq.k dks vfrpkydrk dgrs gSA bu inkFkksaZ esa fo|qr dk izokg
vklkuh ls gksrk gSA
dksbZ inkFkZ ftl rki ij vfrpkyd curk gSA mls mldk kafrd rki Critical Temperature dgrs gSA
egRoiw.kZ bysDVkWfud fMokbl
1- Vsyhfotu %& bldk vkfo"dkj 1923 esa ts-,y- cs;MZ us fd;k Fkk bles jsfM;ksa rjaxs dk;Z djrh gSA
2- jMkj jsfM;ks fMVsD'ku ,.M jsaftax %& bldh lgk;rk ls jsfM;ksa rjaxksa }kjk ok;q;ku dh fLFkfr vkSj nwjh dk irk yxk;k tkrk gSA
bldk vfo"dkj okVlu ckV us fd;k FkkA
varfj{k foKku esa Hkkjr dh miyfC/k;ka
1962 esa Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku Indian Space Research committee lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA
1963 esa fr:vuriqje ds fudV FkqEck jkWdsV iz{ksi.k dsUnz Rocket Launching Centre LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
1969 esa Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku laxBu ISRO dk xBu fd;k x;k bldk eq[;ky; csaxykSj esa gSA
1972 esa varfj{k foHkkx vkSj vk;ksx Space Department And Commissiondk xBu fd;k x;kA
19 vizSy 1973 dks igys Hkkjrh; mixzg vk;ZHkV~V dks :l ls varfj{k esa NksM+k x;kA

Hkkjr ds izeq[k oSKkfud

MkW- C.V. jeu %& bUgksaus izdk'k ds izdh.kZu Settering ls lacaf/kr jeu izHkko dh [kkst dh ftlds fy, mUgsa 1930 esa ukscy
iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA bUgksaus fLVy dh lajpuk ds v/;;u ij [kkst dhA
izks- lrh'k /kou %& bUgksaus Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA Hkkjrh; d`f=e mixzg vk;ZHkV~V vkSj
jksfg.kh ds iz{ksi.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
MkWa- gkseh tgkaxhj HkkHkk & bUgsa Hkkjr esa ijek.kq tkZ dk tud Father Of Atomic Energy dgk tkrk gSA vki ijek.kq tkZ
vk;ksx ds izFke v/;{k FksA gkseh HkkHkk us dkfLed fdj.kks vkSj Dok.Ve fl)kar Theory ij egRoiw.kZ 'kks/k dk;Z fd;kA Hkkjr
dk izFke ijek.kq fj;sDVj vIljk vkidh ns[k js[k esa gh VkEcsa esa LFkkfir gqvkA
txnhk pUnz cksl & vki ouLifr foKku ds izfLk) oSKkfud Fks vkius ikS/kksa es psruk Consciousness 'kfDr dh [kkst dh
vkSj ikS/kksa esa o`f) ekius dk ;a= dsLdksxzkQ dks [kkstkA
,l- ,u- cksl & vkius vkbUlVhu ds lkFk feydj ubZ lkaf[;dh Statics dk izfriknu fd;k vkSj ijek.kq ds ckslksu uked
d.k dk vfo"dkj fd;kA
MkWa- ,p-,u- lsBuk & Hkkjr esa Nuclear rduhd ds fodkl esa vkidh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA Hkkjr dk izFke ijek.kq ijh{k.k
1974 esa vkidh ns[kjs[k esa gqvkA
MkWa- jktk jeUuk & vkids Hkkjr ds izFke ijek.kq ijh{k.k esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;kA
MkWa- foe lkjkHkkbZ & vki Hkkjr ds varfj{k foKku ds {ks= esa izfLk) oSKkfud jgsA dkWfLed fdj.kksa ds v/;;u esa Hkh vkidk
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA
MkWa- es?kukFk lkgk & vki ijek.kq dkfLed fdj.kks vkSj LisDVe ,ukykbfll laca/kh vuqla/kku ds fy, fo[;kr gq,A
MkWa- ohjoy lkguh & vkidk iqjkouLifr foKku ds {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA J.B. ukykhZdj ds lkFk vkius Theory Of
Relativily ds uohu fl)akr dk izfriknu fd;kA
MkWa- lqcze.;e pUnz'ks[kj & vefjdh ukxfjdrk izkIr Hkkjrh; ewy ds oSKkfud Fks ftUgsa 1983 esa ukscsy iqjLdkj ls lEekfur
fd;kA vkidh [kksts [kxksy foKku lkekU; lkis{krk ds fl)kar ds lanHkZ esa gSA
MkWa- gjxksfoUn [kqjkuk & Hkkjrh; ewy ds vejhdh ukxfjd gSA vkius tsusfVd dksM vkSj d`f=e thu Artificial Gene ij 'kks/k
dk;Z fd;kA budks 1968 esa ukscsy iqjLdkj feykA
Vsyhfotu
csjksehVj
e-education(delhi)

cs;MZ
VksjhlSyh

izeq[k vfo"dkj

J.L.

Page 105

fo|qr cSVjh
lkbZdy
Mhty bZ/ku
QkmUVsu isu
xzkeks Qksu

Hkki batu
VkalQkeZj
eksVj lkbfdy
ekbksQksu
VsyhQksu
jsftjsVj
FkkeZl ykLd
xzgksa dh xfr dk fu;e
law of Motion of planets
jsMh;e
lkis{krk dk fl)kar

Theory of Relativity

fo|qr pqEcd izsj.k

ukfHkdh; fj;sDVj
Mk;ukebV
MkWa- FkekZehVj
gsyhdkWIVj
xSl batu
jsy batu
rfM+r pkyd

oksYVk
esd feyu
:MksYQ Mhty
okVj esu
Fkkel
vYok
,Mhlu
tsEl okV
ekbdy QSsjkMs
Mseyj
xzk csy
xzk csy
tsEl gsjhlu
Mscj
dsiyj
esMe D;wjh
vkbUlVhu
ekbdy QsjkMs
,ufjdks QehZ
vYsM ukscy
QkWjsu gkbV
czsdsV
Mk;eyj
tktZ LVhQsalu
sadfyu

Electric Conducter

cky isu
lsVh jstj
nwjchu Telescope
VkaftLVj
jsfM;ks
lsVh ysEi
gkbMkstu ce
fo|qr cYc
ijek.kq ce
Atom Bomb
Vk;j
fyV
ysal dSejk
fjokWYoj
jMkj
dSydqysVj
iuMqCch Submerine
eqn.z kdyk Printing
Technique

e-education(delhi)

tkWu ts- ckW.M

ftysV
xsySfy;ksa
lksdys
ekdksZuh
gEh Msoh
MkWa- ,MoMZ Vsyj
,Mhlu
vkWVksgkWu
Muyi
,l- th- vksfVl
thal
dksYV
vkj- MCY;w- okV
ikLdy
cqkusy
xqVsuoxZ
Page 106

ekbksLdksi
fefyVh VsSad
isVksy pfyr dkj
flLeksehVj
ekhu xu
iSjkkwV
XykbMj
ckWy isu
bZ- esy
flykbZ ekhu
VsyhxzkQ
dEI;wVj
Electronic Computer

tsuLku ,.M tsUlu

fLoxVu
dkyZosat
jkoVZ eSysV
tsEl idy
,- th- xkuZfju
lj tkWtZ Qs;yh
tkWu ts okW.M
js VkWefyalu
bfy;kl goks
ekslZ
pkYlZ oscst
VwfjaXl
IMPORTANT FACT

flfydkWau ds cus gksrs gSaA

fdj.kksa ml le; mRiUu gksrh gSa tc mPp tkZ okys bysDVkWau mPp xyukad okyh /kkrq tSls VaxLVu ds y{; ls Vdjkrs

IC Chips
X ray

gSA

X fdj.kksa dh mRifk ijek.kq dh Hkhrjh d{kkvksa Inner Orbits esa bysDVkaWu ds lae.k izosk djuk ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
X d.k nks vk;fud ghfy;e ijek.kq gksrs gSA
jfM;ksa ,fDVork dk ek=d D;wjh gSA
Y fdj.kksa ds mRltZu ls ijek.kq la[;k vkSj ijek.kq Hkkj nksuksa vifjofrZr jgrs gSA
dkCkZu MsfVax ls thok'e Fossil dh vk;q Kkr dh tkrh gSA
isV ds X ray ijh{k.k ds iwoZ csjh;e f[kyk;k tkrk gSD;ksafd csjhs;e X ray dk vPNk vo'kks"kd gksrk gSA blls fp= esa isV
dks vU; {ks= dh rqyuk esa Li"V ns[kus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
gkbMkstu ysEi dk rUrq VaxLVu ,oa vk;ksMhu dh feJ /kkrq dk cuk gksrk gSA
QehZ ukfHkdh; f=T;kvksa Nuclear Radius dks ekius dk ek=d gSA
ukWVhdy ehy leqnzh nwjh ekius dk ek=d gSA
1 Notical mil = 1852 m.
vkstksu ijr dh eksVkbZ ekius dh bdkbZ Mkclu gSA
i`Foh dh Hkw&e/; js[kk ij vkstksu ijr lcls iryh vkSj /kzqoksa ij eksVh gSA
vkstksu ijr dks uqdlku igqpkus okyh xSl CFC gSA
cgrs gq, nzo dks ekius dk ek=d & D;wlsd
rkjs dk jax mlds rkieku dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
uhys jax ds rkjs dk rkieku vf/kdre gksrk gSA
fdlh orZu esa rSjrh gqbZ cQZ ds VqdM+s ds iw.kZr% fi?ky tkus ij ,d & leku cuk jgrk gSA
leqnzh rV ij ok;qe.Myh; nkc 1000 fefy;u ckj gksrk gSA
ok;q e.Myh; nkc dks ekius dk ek=d ckj gksrk gSA
Hkkjr dk igyk mixzg vk;ZHkV~V 1975 esa NksM+k x;kA
Black Hole theory dk izfriknu lqcze.;e pUnzks[kj us fd;k FkkA
leqnzh xgjkbZ ekius dh bdkbZ Qsne gksrh gSA
1 Qnse 1- 8 m.

e-education(delhi)

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1A = 10-10 m.
1 QehZ 1015 m.

ijkJ`O; Ultrasonic ;k ijk/ofu Super sonic xfr dk ek=d & esd

pqEcdh izsj.k dk ek=d & xkSl
jsfM;ksa ,fDVo inkFkZ dh lf;rk dh bdkbZ D;wjh gSA
lkcqu ds vUnj dk nkc ok;qe.Myh; nkc ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
nw/k ls he fudkyus ij vidsUnzh; cy Centripetal yxrk gSA
/kwi ds pesa dh {kerk kwU; 0 Mk;ksIVj gksrh gSA
vfrpkydrk Super Conductivity dh [kkst lu~ 1911 esa uhnjyS.M ds oSKkfud dsejfyax vksUl us dhA
vR;ar fuEu rkiksa ij dqN rkiksa dk fo|qr izfrjks/k Electric Resistance 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA ftUgsa gh vfrpkyd dgrs gS vkSj
bl xq.k dks vfrpkydrk dgrs gSA
dksbZ inkFkZ ftl rki ij vfrpkyd curk gSA mls mldk kafrd rki dgrs gSA orZeku eas vk/kqfud vuqla/kkuksa ls vfrpkyd
inkFkZ ds fy;s kafrd rki Critical Temperature dks yxHkx 240K rd igqpk fn;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj us Qjojh 1991 esa jk"Vh; vfrpkydrk foKku rduhdh oksMZ Super Conductivity Technology Board dh
LFkkiuk dhA tks vfrpkydrk ls lacaf/kr [kkst dk;ksaZ dk izca/ku djrh gSA
izd`fr esa dqN inkFkZ ,sls gksrs gS tc mu ij mPp vkd`fr ;k NksVh rjax)S;Z dk izdkk ijkcSxuh izdkk UV light Mkyk tkrk
gS rks os mls vokksf"kr Absorbe dj ysrs gS vkSj vis{kkd`r fupyh vko`fr Low Frequency ;k ph rjax)S;Z High
Wavelength dk izdkk mRlftZr djrs gSA bl ?kVuk dks izrhnhfIr Fluroscence vkSj ,sls inkFkksaZ dks izrhfnIr inkFkZ
Fluroscence Matter dgrs gSA
tSls & yksjLikj] dquhu lYQsV] iSVksy] ;wjsfu;e vkDlkbM] csfj;e IysVhuks lk;ukbM vkfnA
izrhnhIr inkFkksaZ ds nSfud thou esa dbZ mi;ksx ns[kus dks feyrs gSA tSls & budh lgk;rk ls vk[kksa ls u fn[kkbZ nsus okys
ijkcSxuh fdj.ks] X&fdj.ksa fdj.kksa dk irk yxk;k tkrk gSA X& fdj.kksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, csfj;e IysVhuksa lk;ukbM dk
mi;ksx djrs gSA tks gjs jax ds izdkk dks mRlftZr Emmitte djrs gSA
vktdy ?kjksa es iz;ksx dh tkus okyh V~;wcykbV izrhfnIr V~;wcykbV Fluroscene Tube us fofHkUu izdkj ds izrhnhIr inkFkksaZ dk
ysi p<+krs gSA ftlls muls fofHkUu jax ds izdkk mRlftZRk gksrs gSA eSXuhfk;e VaxLVsM + ftd csfjfy;e flfydsV dk ysi p<+kus
ij izrhnhIr V~;wc 'osr jax dk izdkk mRlftZr djrh gSA
izrhnhIrh inkFkksaZ ij tc rd izdkk Mkyk tkrk gSA rHkh rd muls izdkk dk mRltZu gksrk gS ysfdu dqN inkFkZ ,sls Hkh gksrs gS
fd tc mu ij izdkk Mkyuk can dj fn;k tkrk gS rks os mlds ckn Hkh dqN nsj rd izdkk dk mRlftZr djrs gSA bl ?kVuk
dks LQqjnhIrh Phosphorescence dgrs gS vkSj ,sls inkFkskZ dks LQqjnhfIr inkFkZ Phosphorescence Matter dgrs gSA
tSls & ftad lYQkbM] dSfYk;e lYQkbM
vktdy ?kM+h dh lqbZ;ksa ij lkbu cksMksaZ] fctyh cksMksZa vkfn ij LQqjnhIrh inkFkksaZ dk ysi p<k;k tkrk gSA ;s inkFkZ fnu esa lw;Z ds
izdkk dk vokks"k.k djds jkr esa pedrs gSaA
pqEcdh; {ks= Magnetic Field dk ek=d CGS i)fr esa xkSl rFkk SI i)fr esa Vslyk gksrk gSaA xkSl = 10&4 Vslyk
?kjksa esa nh tkus okyh fo|qr /kkjk esa 3 izdkj ds rkj mi;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSA ftUgsa fo|qre; ;k thfor Live] mnklhu
Neutral rFkk Hkwrkj vFkok vFkZ dgrs gSA ;s ek% yky] dkys] gjs jax ds gksrs gSA
;wt ,sls rkj dk VqdM+k gksrk gSA ftlds inkFkZ dk xyukad Melting Point cgqr vf/kd gksrk gSA vPNs ;wt dk rkj fVu dk
cuk gksrk gSA
rkjksa dk jax muds rki dks nkkZrk gSA
varjf{k ;ku esa i`Foh ds pkjks vkSj ?kweus ls varfj{k ;k=h dks Hkkj ghurk Weightlessness dk vuqHko gksrk gSD;ksafd ;ku ij
dk;Z djus okyk ;ku dks vfHkdsUnzh; cy Centrifugal Force miyC/k djkus es [kpZ gks tkrk gSA
i`Foh dsUnz Center ij fdlh fi.M dk Hkkj 'kwU; gksrk gS tcfd /kzqoksa Poles ij vf/kdre gksrk gSA

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d`f=e mixzg ds ek/;e ls lapkj ds fy;s lw{e rjaxks Micro Waves dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
'khrdky esa isSaMqye okyh ?kM+h rhoz xfr ls py ldrh gSA tcfd xfeZ;ksa es iSMqye okyh ?kM+h lqLr Slow gks tkrh gSA
cSjksehVj jhfMax esa vpkud fxjkoV vk tkus ls vka/kh rwQku vkus dk ladsr feyrk gSA
tyrs gq, fo|qr cYo ds fQykesaV dk rki 20000C-25000C gksrk gSA
;fn ty dks 00C & 100C rd xeZ fd;k tk;s rks bldk vk;ru Volume igys ?kVrk gSa] 40C ij U;wure Minimum gks
tkrk gS rFkk fQj c<+us yxrk gSA
;fn ty dks 0&100C rd xeZ fd;k tk;s rks bldk /kuRo igy cM+k gsS fQj ?kVrk gSA
Tokykeq[kh Volcano dks i`Foh dk lqj{kk okYo Safty Valve dgk tkrk gSA
gS.Miai dk ty lfnZ;ksa esa xeZ gksrk gS D;ksafd lfnZ;ksa esa tehu ds vanj dk rki ok;qe.My ds rkieku ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
jaxhu diM+s "ek ds vPNs vokks"kd Good Absorber tcfd lQsn diM+s cqjs vokks"kd Bad Absoryer gksrs gSA
rki c<+kus ls /ofu dk osx Velosity c<+ tkrk gSA tcfd ok;q dh vknzzZrk Humidity c<+us ij Hkh lsa /ofu dk osx c<+
tkrk gSA
o"kkZ ds fnuksa esa /ofu dh pky xehZ dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA
10C rkieku dh o`f) ls ok;q esa /ofu dh pky 0-61m/s c<+ tkrh gSA
cqudjks n~okjk fofHkUu izdkj ds jaxhu fMtkbu ns[kus ds fy, dSfyMksLdksi dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Optical Fibre dk vfo"dkj T.H. ebekg us fd;k FkkA
e- bySDVkWau ekbksLdksi dk vfo"dkj 1933 esa ukWy vkSj jLdk esa fd;k FkkA
jeu izHkko izdkk ds izdh.kZu Scattering ls lacaf/kr gSA ftlds fy, MkWa- jeu dks 1930 esa ukscy iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA
/kwi ds pes dh {kerk 0 Mk;ksIVj gksrh gSA tSls dh {kerk dk ek=d Mk;ksIVj gSA
ekuo us= esa mky ySal Convex lense gksrk gSA
nks lekUrj niZ.kksa Parellel Mirror ds chp j[kh oLrq ds vuar izfrfcEc Infinite Image curs gSA buesa ls nwljk izfrfcEc
lokZf/kd pedhyk gksrk gSA
fo|qr /kkjk ds pqEcdh; izHkko dh [kkst oSKkfud vksjLVsM us dh FkhA
ysal dk fu;e tkZ laj{k.k Energy Conservation ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS bl fu;e ds vuqlj fdlh ifjiFk Circuit
esa izsfjr Induce gksus okyh fo|qr /kkjk dh fnkk geskk ,slh gksrh gSA fd og ml dkj.k dk fojks/k djrh gSasA ftl dkj.k og
mRiUu gksrh gSA
Blood Cancer dks fu;af=r djus ds fy;s Co-60 jsfM;ks/kehZ leLFkkfud Radio Active Isotope dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Vsi fjdkWMZj dh Vsi ij QSjkseSXusfVd pw.kZ dk ysi gksrk gSA
issV dk ,Dljs djus ls igys csfj;e ehy f[kyk;k tkrk gS D;ksafd csfj;e X-Ray dk vPNk vokks"kd gSaA blls isV esa fp= dks
Li"Vrk ls ns[kus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

ukfHkdh; fj;sDVj esa tdksZfu;e dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g U;wVkWuksa dk vokks"kd gSA

VkbVsfu;e Hkfo"; dh /kkrq Metal Of future ;k j.kuhfrd /kkrq Strategic Metel dgykrh gSA
vR;ar fuEu rkiksa ds v/;;u dks fuEurkfidh Cryogenics dgrs gSA fuEurkfidh batu dk iz;ksx Space 'kVy varfj{k ;ku
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
;wjsfu;e vkWDlkbM dks Yellow Cake dgrs gSA ftldh lhek ij rLdjh Poaching dh tkrh gSA
gSykstu ySai dk rarq Filament VaxLVu vkSj vk;ksMhu dh feJ /kkrq Alloy dk gksrk gSA
vfrpkyd Superconducter ds fy;s fljsfed uked inkFkZ dh uohure [kkst dh xbZA
fdlh jsfM;ks,sfDVo inkFkZ dh v)Zvk;q Half Life og le; gSA ftlesa fdlh jsfM;ks/kehZ inkFkZ dk nzO;eku Mass vFkok
mlds ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k vius izkjafHkd Earlier nzO;eku dk vk/kk jg tkrk gSA
jsfM;ks/kfeZrk dk izekf.kd ek=d D;wjh gSA
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1 D;wjh = 3-7 X 1010 fo?kVu@ls- Decomposition/Sec.

lj oh-Mh- czkxyh kal 1929 & bysDVku dh rjax izd`fr Nature Of Wavelength dh [kkst
vusZLV vks- yksSjsUl vesfjdk 1939 & lkbDyksVku dk fodkl
bZ- ,iYVu foVsu 1947& vk;u e.My Ionosphere dk v/;;u
fofy;e 'kkDys vesfjdk 1956 & VkftLVj dk vfo"dkj

vusZLV jLdk teZuh 1986 & izFke bysDVkWau ekbksLdksi dk vfo"dkj

izeq[k ukscy iq:Ldkj fotsrk Physics ds oSKkfud

jksUVtu 1901
& X- fdj.ksa
J.J. Fkkelu 1906 & bysDVku
uhYl cksj 1922 & ijek.kq fl)kar
,u fjdksQehZ 1938 & ijek.kq HkV~Vh Atomic Reacter
S. pUnzks[kj 1983 & rkjksa dh mRifk ,oa lajpuk ds fy;s
,UMjlu 1936
& iksthVkWu
vYcVZ vkbaLVhu 1921
&
eSDl Iykad 1918 & Dok.Ve fl)kar
A.N. gsujh vkSj ih;jsD;wjh 1903
& Redio Activity
;fn fdlh can ifjiFk esa xqtjus okys pqEcdh; yDl esa ifjorZu fd;k tk;s rks ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kkjk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA fo|qr
/kkjk mRiUu djus okyh bl ?kVuk dks fo|qr pqEcdh; izsj.k Electro Magnetic Indux dgrs gSsA
pqEcdh; yDl esa ifjorZu ls mRiUu fo|qr /kkjk dks izsfjr fo|qr /kkjk rFkk fo|qr okgd cy Electro Motive Force dks
izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy dgs gSA ifjiFk esa izsfjr fo|qr /kkjk dk vfLrRo rc rd jgk gSA tc rc yDl ifjorZu gksrk gSA fo|qr
pqEcdh; izsj.k dk mi;ksx n; ds fy;s d`f=e islesdj] Mk;useks] VkWlQkeZj vkfn cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
pqEcdh; {ks= esa j[kh gqbZ lrg ds yEcor~ Longitudinaly xqtjus okyh dqy pqEcdh; js[kkvksa dh la[;k dks ml lrg dk
pqEcdh; yDl dgrs gSA pqEcdh; yDl dh SI Unit WB oscj gSA
izfr bdkbZ {ks= Per Unit ls yEcor~~ xqtjus okyk pqEcdh; yDl ml fcUnq dk pqEcdh; {ks= dgykrk gSA
pqEcdh; {ks= dk SI ek=d Vslyk gksrk gSA
1 Vslyk = 1wb/m2
pqEcdh; {ks= dks xkSl essa Hkh O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
1 xkSl = 10-4 Tesla
fo|qr ghVj dh dq.Myh dk rkj ukbkse dk cuk gksrk gS ftlesa Ni, Cr dh feJ /kkrq gksrh gSA yky rIr Heated voLFkk esa
ukbkse dh dq.Myh dk rkj 800&10000C gksrk gSA
?kjsyw fo|qr izsl esa vHkzd Mica ds ij ukbkse dk rkj fyiVk jgrk gSA vHkzd ,d vPNk izfrjks/kh gSA tks mPp rki ij Hkh
ugha fi?kyrk gSA
VaxLVu ds vkWDlhdj.k Oxidation dks jksdus ds fy;s cYc ds vUnj fuokZr Vaccume dj fn;k tkrk gSa dHkh &dHkh iw.kZr%
fuokZr u djds mlds vanj N ;k Ar xSl Hkj nh tkrh gSA rkfd mPp rki ij VaxLVu dk ok"ihdj.k Vaporization u gksA
mPp rki ij VaxLVu ok"ihdj.k gksdj oYc dh nhokjksa dks dkyk dj nsrk gSA ftls CySdfuax dgrs gSA

lk/kkj.k cYc esa nh xbZ fo|qr tkZ dk 5&10% Hkkx gh izdkk esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA
V;wcykbV ds vanj vf; Inert xSls tSls Ar dks dqN ikjs ds lkFk Hkj nsrs gSA V~;wc ds nksuksa fdukjksa ij Covering p<+s gq,
2 fQykesaV yxs gksrs gSA tc rarqvksa esa /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks mlds e- mRlftZRk Emmittee gkssrs gSA
tks V~;wc esa Hkjh xSl dk vk;uhdj.k djrs gSa ftlls mRiUu vk;uksa ds izokg ds QyLo:i V~;wCk esa /kkjk cgus yxrh gSA
ftlls V~;wc esa fLFkr ikjk xehZ ikdj okf"ir gksrk gS vkSj blls fo|qr mRltZu gksus ds dkj.k ijkcSxuh fdj.ksa mRiUu gksrh gSA
tc ;s fdj.ksa V~;wCk dh nhokjksa ij iqrs izfrnhIrh 'khy inkFkZ Fluroscent Matter ls Vdjkrh gS rks os mUgsa vokksf"kr djds
fupyh vko`fr ds n`; izdkk mRltZu djrh gSA
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 V~;wc esa "ek tkZ de mRiUu gksrh gSa blfy;s yxHkx 60&70% fo|qr tkZ izdkk tkZ esa cny tkrh gSA

fo|qr rkj cukus ds fy;s dkij mke ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd blesa Lora= bySDVkuksa dh vf/kdrk gksrh gSA

dkaUlVsVu vkSj eSxfuu dk rki izfrjks/k xq.kkad Heat Resistant Coefiecient cgqr de yxHkx ux.; negligible) gksrk gSA
vr% buls izekf.kr izfrjks/k certified resistant cuk;s tkrs gSA
40 K ij ikjs dk izfrjks/k 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA
fo|qr dh og ek=k ftlls 108 xzke pknh dSFkksM ij tek gksrh gS 1 QsjkMs dgykrh gSA
1F = 96500 dqyke@xzke
kWu gkWQj js[kk,s lw;Z ds Specturem esa ik;h tkus okyh dkyh js[kk,sa tks lw;Z ds vkarfjd Hkkx ls mRlftZr izdkk ds o.kZe.My
chromosphere esa fo|eku vusd rRoksa dh ok"i n~okjk p;fur vokks"k.k selective absorption dj fy;s tkus ls curh gSA
Vk;ksMokYo 3 e- IysV] fxzM] fQykesaV okyh ,d fuokZr ufydk vaccume tubegS ftldk fuekZ.k lu~ 1907 esa vesfjdk ds
yh-Mh- QkWjLV us fd;k FkkA
Vk;ksM okYo dk iz;ksx Amplifire, Osilator, Transmeter or ditedor dh rjg djrs gSA
vory ySasl ls izfrfcEc geskk oLrq dh vksj gh ySal rFkk Qksdl ds chp cukrk vkSj ;g vkHkklh virtual lh/kk rFkk oLrq ls
NksVk gksrk gSA
xSYosuksehVj fdlh fo|qr ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kkjk dh mifLFkfr crkus okyk ,d lqxzkgh Good receptive ;a= gSA bl ;a= dh
lgk;rk ls 10&6 AMP rd dh fo|qr /kkjk dks ekik tk ldrk gSA

loZizFke jksej uked oSKkfud us czgLifr xzg ds mixzgksa dh xfr dks ns[kdj izdkk dk osx Kkr fd;k FkkA izdkk dk osx lcls vf/kd fuokZr esa gksrk
gSA
fuokZr esa izdkk dh pky dk lokZf/kd Lohd`r eku 1]86]310 ehy izfr lsd.M ;k 2]99]776 fdeh-@ izfr lsd.M gksrk gSA

ikuh ds vanj gok dk cqycqyk fn[kkbZ rks mky Convex ysal dh Hkkafr nsrk gSA ijUrq O;ogkj vory Concave ysal ds
leku djrk gSA
jMkj dk iwjk uke Radio Detection And Ranging gSA bldk iz;ksx ok;q;kuksa ds lwpuk izkIr djus] cknyksa dh fLFkfr ,oa nwjh
Kkr djus] /kkrq o rsy ds Hk.Mkjksa dk irk yxkus esa] ok;q e.My dh mPpke ijr vkSj vk;u e.My dh pkbZ Kkr djus esa
fd;k tkrk gSaA blesa jsfM;ksa rjaxksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
eslj MASER Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiadion & eslj ds vfo"dkj dk Js; rhu
vesfjdh oSKkfudksa xksjMUk] xhxj] vkSj VkmUl dks gSA eslj Hkh mlh fl)kaUr ij dk;Z djrk gS ftl ij ystj dke djrk gSA
yslj esa izdkk fdj.ksa mRiUu gksrh gSA tcfd eslj esa lw{ke rjaxsa Micro Waves mRiUu gksrh gSA
eslj rjaxksa dk mi;ksx jMkj esa djds d`f=e mixzgksa vkfn dk Bhd&Bhd irk yx;k tkrk gS vkSj dbZ xzgksa ds laca/k esa vko;d
tkudkjh izkIr dh tkrh gSA eslj fdj.kksa dk mi;ksx leqnz ds vUnj lUnsk Hkstus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

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