Plastic Presentation
Plastic Presentation
Plastic Presentation
Presented By:
Neelesh Kant Saxena
Deepakshi Gupta
Aditya Narayan Gupta
Mohd. Anas
Bonds in Plastics
Covalent Bond
Atoms share
electrons in outer
shell
Strongest type of
bonding
Primary bonds in
plastics
Elasticity in thermoplastics
Weaker secondary
bonds enable
elasticity
When under load
within elastic limit,
plastic can return
to original form
When load
exceeds elastic
limit, plastic
deforms
Hardens
Hardens
Softens
COOL
COOL
Permanently
hard
Properties of Plastics
Stronger
More brittle
Low tensile elongation
Low viscosity (in liquid
form)
Higher temperature
resistance
Thermosetting plastic
Thermoplastic
Chemical-resistant
containers
e.g. Food Containers
Fishing
nets
Hinges
Polypropene/
Polypropylene
Bottle crates
Medical
equipment
e.g. syringes
Polyethene/
Polyethylene
LDPE:
Packaging film
Carrier bags
TV cable
Toys
Detergent 'squeezy' bottles
HDPE:
Bottles
Pipes
Bowls
Milk Crates
Buckets
Varnish
Skateboard
wheels
Cushioning &
buoys in boat
hulls
Polyurethane
(can be thermoplastic or thermoset)
Shoe soles
Artificial
sponges
Electrical fittings
i.e. plugs
Wood
adhesives
Textiles
i.e. clothing
Urea-Formaldehyde
Disposing Plastics
Dumping in Landfills
Destroys the
environment
Non biodegradable
RECYCLE
Designated
recycling bins
Hazardous to wildlife
Types of Thermplastics
Polythene
Polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl acetate
Poly-propylene
Polymethyl Metha Crylate
Polystyrene
Acrylonitrile butadiene
Styrene
Nylon
Polycarbonate
Polythene
Polyethylene or polythene (IUPAC name polyethene or poly(methylene))
is the most widely used plastic, with an annual production of
approximately
80
million
metric
tons. Its
primary
use is
within packaging (plastic bag, plastic films, geomembranes, etc.
Granulated Polyethylene
Polyvinyl Acetate
Polyvinyl acetate, PVA, PVAc, is a rubbery synthetic polymer . It belongs
to the polyvinyl esters family with the general formula -[RCOOCHCH2]-.
It is a type of thermoplastic. Polyvinyl acetate is a component of a
widely-used type of glue, referred to variously as wood glue, white
glue, carpenter's glue, school glue or PVA glue.
Polyvinyl acetate is prepared by polymerization of vinyl acetate
monomer.
Polyvinyl acetate was discovered in Germany in 1912 by Dr. Fritz Klatte.
The degree of polymerization of polyvinyl acetate typically is 100 to
5000. The ester groups of the polyvinyl acetate are sensitive
for alkali and will slowly convert PVAc into polyvinyl alcohol and acetic
acid.
Polyvinyl Acetate
As
an
emulsion
in
water,
PVAc
emulsions
are
used
as adhesives for porous materials, particularly for wood, paper,
and cloth, and as a consolidant for porous building stone, in
particular sandstone. Uses:
As wood glue PVAc is known as "white glue" and the yellow
"carpenter's glue" or PVA glue.
As paper adhesive during paper packaging converting
In bookbinding and book arts, due to its flexible strong bond and nonacidic nature (unlike many other polymers). The use of PVAC on
the Archimedes Palimpsest during the 20th century greatly hindered
the task of disbinding the book and preserving and imaging the pages
in the early 21st century, in part because the glue was stronger than the
parchment it held together.
For handcrafted works.
As envelope adhesives.
As wallpaper adhesive.
Poly Propylene
Polypropylene
(PP),
also
known
as
polypropene,
is
a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications
including packaging, textiles (e.g. ropes, thermal underwear and
carpets), stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various
types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components,
and polymer banknotes.
An addition polymer made from the monomer propylene, it is rugged
and unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids.
Poly Propylene
Propylene was first polymerized to a crystalline isotactic polymer by Giulio
Natta as well as by the German chemist Karl Rehn in March 1954. This
pioneering discovery led to large-scale commercial production of
isotactic polypropylene from 1957 onwards. Syndiotactic polypropylene
was also first synthesized by Giulio Natta and his coworkers.
Poly Propylene
Melt
processing
of
polypropylene
can
be
achieved
via extrusion and molding. Common extrusion methods include
production of melt-blown and spun-bond fibers to form long rolls for future
conversion into a wide range of useful products, such as face masks,
filters, nappies (diapers) and wipes.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic, often
used as a light or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It is sometimes
called acrylic glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl
methacrylate. The material was developed in 1928 in various laboratories,
and was first brought to market in 1933 by Rohm and Haas Company,
under the trademark Plexiglas. It has since been sold under many
different names including Lucite and Perspex.
PMMA is an economical alternative to polycarbonate (PC) when extreme
strength is not necessary. Additionally, PMMA does not contain the
potentially harmful bisphenol-A subunits found in polycarbonate. It is often
preferred because of its moderate properties, easy handling and
processing, and low cost, but behaves in a brittle manner when loaded,
especially under an impact force, and is more prone to scratching
compared to conventional inorganic glass.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
PMMA acrylic glass is commonly used for constructing residential and
Polystyrene
Polystyrene
Polystyrene
Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 by Eduard Simon, an apothecary in
Berlin.
Polystyrene
Polystyrene can either be a thermoset or a thermoplastic. A thermoplastic
polystyrene is in a solid (glassy) state at room temperature, but flows if
heated above its glass transition temperature of about 100 C
(for molding or extrusion), and becomes solid again when cooled. Pure
solid polystyrene is a colorless, hard plastic with limited flexibility. It can be
cast into molds with fine detail. Polystyrene can be transparent or can be
made to take on various colors.
Polystyrene (PS) is economical, and is used for producing plastic
model assembly kits, plastic cutlery, CD "jewel" cases, smoke detector
housings, license plate frames, and many other objects where a fairly
rigid,
economical
plastic
is
desired.
Production
methods
includethermoforming and injection molding.
Polystyrene foams are good thermal insulators and are therefore often
used as building insulation materials, such as in insulating concrete
forms and structural insulated panel building systems. They are also used
for
non-weight-bearing
architectural
structures
(such
as
ornamental pillars). PS foams exhibit also good damping properties
Acrylonitrile butadiene
It is a copolymer made by polymerizing styrene and acrylonitrile in the
presence of polybutadiene. The proportions can vary from 15 to 35%
acrylonitrile, 5 to 30% butadiene and 40 to 60% styrene. The result is a
long chain of polybutadiene criss-crossed with shorter chains of
poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile). The nitrile groups from neighboring chains,
being polar, attract each other and bind the chains together, making
ABS stronger than pure polystyrene. The styrene gives the plastic a shiny,
impervious surface. The butadiene, a rubbery substance, provides
resilience even at low temperatures. For the majority of applications, ABS
can be used between 20 and 80 C (-4 and 176 F) as its mechanical
properties vary with temperature. The properties are created byrubber
toughening, where fine particles of elastomer are distributed throughout
the rigid matrix.
Nylon
Nylon is a thermoplastic, silky material, first used commercially in a nylonbristled toothbrush (1938), followed more famously by women's
stockings ("nylons"; 1940). It is made of repeating units linked
by amide bonds and is frequently referred to as polyamide (PA). Nylon
was the first commercially successful synthetic polymer.
Nylon was intended to be a synthetic replacement for silk and
substituted for it in many different products after silk became scarce
during World War II. It replaced silk in military applications such as
parachutes and flak vests, and was used in many types of vehicle tires.
Nylon
Characteristics
Polycarbonate
Polycarbonates
received
their
name
because
they
are polymers containing carbonate groups. Most polycarbonates of
commercial interest are derived from rigid monomers. A balance of useful
features including temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical
properties
position
polycarbonates
between
commodity
plastics and engineering plastics.
Polycarbonate is a very durable material. Although it has high impactresistance, it has low scratch-resistance and so a hard coating is applied to
polycarbonate eyewear lenses and polycarbonate exterior automotive
components. The characteristics of polycarbonate are quite like those
of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, acrylic), but polycarbonate is stronger,
usable in a wider temperature range but more expensive. This polymer is
highly transparent to visible light and has better light transmission
characteristics than many kinds of glass.
Polycarbonate
Applications:
Electronic components
Polycarbonate is mainly used for electronic applications that capitalize on its
collective safety features. Being a good electrical insulator and having heat
resistant and flame retardant properties, it is used in various products
associated with electrical and telecommunications hardware.
Construction materials
The second largest consumer of polycarbonates is the construction industry,
e.g. for domelights, flat or curved glazing, and sound walls.
Data storage
A major application of polycarbonate is the production of Compact
Discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. These discs are produced by injection molding
polycarbonate into a mold cavity that has on one side a metal stamper
containing a negative image of the disc data, while the other mold side is a
mirrored surface.
Automotive, aircraft, and security components
In the automotive industry, injection-molded polycarbonate can produce
very smooth surfaces that make it well-suited for direct (without the need for
a basecoat) metalised parts such as decorative bezels and optical reflectors.
Its uniform mold shrinkage results in parts with greater accuracy than those
made of polypropylene.
Polycarbonate
Polyester Resin
Polyurethane
Synthetic Resin
Natural Rubber
Synthetic Rubber
Polyester Resin
Polyurethane
Polyurethane
Synthetic Resin
Synthetic resins are materials with a property of interest that is similar to
natural plant resins: they are viscous liquids that are capable of hardening
permanently. Otherwise, chemically they are very different from the various
resinous compounds secreted by plants (see resin for discussion of the natural
products).
The synthetics are of several classes. Some are manufactured
by esterification or soaping of organic compounds. Some are thermosetting
plastics in which the term "resin" is loosely applied to the reactant or product,
or both. "Resin" may be applied to one of two monomers in a copolymer (the
other being called a "hardener", as in epoxy resins). For those thermosetting
plastics which require only one monomer, the monomer compound is the
"resin." For example, liquid methyl methacrylate is often called the "resin" or
"casting resin" while it is in the liquid state, before it polymerizes and "sets."
After setting, the resulting PMMA is often renamed acrylic glass, or "acrylic."
(This is the same material called Plexiglas and Lucite).
Synthetic Resin
The classic variety is epoxy resin, manufactured through polymerizationpolyaddition or polycondensation reactions, used as a thermoset polymer for
adhesives and composites. Epoxy resin is two times stronger than concrete,
seamless and waterproof. Accordingly, it has been mainly in use for industrial
flooring purposes since the 1960s. Since 2000, however, epoxy
and polyurethane resins are used in interiors as well, mainly in Western
Europe.
Synthetic casting "resin" for embedding display objects in Plexiglass/Lucite
(PMMA) is simply methyl methacrylate liquid, into which a polymerization
catalyst is added and mixed, causing it to "set" (polymerize). The
polymerization creates a block of PMMA plastic ("acrylic glass") which holds
the display object in a transparent block.
Synthetic Resin
Synthetic Resin
Synthetic Resin
Natural Rubber
Natural rubber, also called India
Rubber
or
caoutchouc,
is
an elastomer (an elastic hydrocar
bon polymer) that was originally
derived from latex, a milky
colloid produced by some plants.
The plants would be tapped,
that is, an incision made into the
bark of the tree and the sticky,
milk colored latex sap collected
and refined into a usable rubber.
The purified form of natural rubber
is the chemical polyisoprene,
which can also be produced
synthetically. Natural rubber is
used
extensively
in
many
applications and products, as is
synthetic rubber. It is normally very
stretchy
and
flexible
and
extremely waterproof
Natural Rubber
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. Rubber's stressstrain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect, the Payne effect, and is often
modeled as hyperelastic. Rubber strain crystallizes.
Rubber latex is extracted from rubber trees. The economic life period of
rubber trees in plantations is around 32 years up to 7 years of immature
phase and about 25 years of productive phase.
The soil requirement of the plant is generally well-drained weathered soil
consisting of laterite, lateritic types, sedimentary types, nonlateritic red or
alluvial soils.
The use of rubber is widespread, ranging from household to industrial
products, entering the production stream at the intermediate stage or as
final products. Tires and tubes are the largest consumers of rubber. The
remaining 44% are taken up by the general rubber goods (GRG) sector,
which includes all products except tires and tubes.
Natural Rubber
Synthetic Rubber
Synthetic rubber is any type of artificial elastomer, invariably a polymer. An
elastomer is a material with the mechanical (or material) property that it
can undergo much more elastic deformation under stress than most
materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation.
Synthetic rubber serves as a substitute for natural rubber in many cases,
especially when improved material properties are required.
Synthetic Rubber