Biodiesel Production in Brazil Current Scenario and Perspectives
Biodiesel Production in Brazil Current Scenario and Perspectives
Biodiesel Production in Brazil Current Scenario and Perspectives
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 31 December 2013
Received in revised form
16 August 2014
Accepted 1 October 2014
As a result of the search for energy stability and for the guarantee of national security after the oil crisis
in the 70s, many developed and developing countries started studies and researches in order to develop
alternative energy sources. Currently Brazil stands out in this eld by diversifying its energy mix, having
a large share of renewable energy sources, so much that in 2010 it stood in second place in global
biodiesel production, just behind Germany. This fuel is to Brazil's economy a renewable and effective
source, which aims to complement the national energy matrix and to ensure the security of the country
against the impact caused by the uctuations of the value of petroleum in the exportation market.
Moreover, despite of the fact that soybean oilseed crop is the responsible for most of the production of
biodiesel, the country has continental extensions and a favorable climate that proposes the cultivation of
a wide range of other oil crops that can supply the demand for raw material needed in order to obtain
the fuel. Due to its large installed production capacity and favorable condition concerning raw materials,
Brazil could become a point of reference for biofuel production and, together with its noble destination
in producing, for other forms of fuel too, such as biokerosene and aviation biofuel.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Biofuels
Energy crops
Renewable energy
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biodiesel fuel: denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vegetable oils in biodiesel production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index of energy balance (IBE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second generation animal fatty material and microalgae for biodiesel production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Expansion and use of biodiesel in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prospects and market challenges for biodiesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.1.
The potential of biokerosene associated with biodiesel in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Introduction
The oil crisis in the 70s led to the end of an era marked by
abundant and low cost fuel [1]. Since then, many developed and
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.004
1364-0321/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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42,4%
86,8%
13,2%
57,6%
Fossil
Renewable
Fossil
Renewable
Fig. 1. Share of renewable energy in Brazil energy mix. Source: BEN [155].
P. Andr Cremonez et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42 (2015) 415428
Table 1
Oil content in some oilseeds cultivated in Brazil.
Oilseed
Source
Babassu
Canola
Crambe
Palm
Oilseed Radish
Sunower
Jatropha
Lupin
Soybean
Peanut
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
Almond'soil content.
417
carboxylic acids and glycerol. Apart from the triglycerides, vegetable oils present phospholipids and sterols that must be removed
from the oil during the production of biodiesel [26]. The oil
content in the main oilseed cultivars from Brazil that may be
potentially used in biodiesel production are shown in Table 1.
The living organisms synthesize a large number of fatty acids,
indicating that the vegetable oils are formed from a wide variety of
triglycerides. The composition of these oils are directly inuenced
by the raw material used for their production and by the
characteristics of the management employed on the crop. For
example, the melting point of the triglycerides depends mainly on
the number of instaurations in the fatty acids [27], which leads the
produced biodiesel fuel to suffer direct inuence from the raw
materials used in its production.
Although soybean feature low oil content, it is the raw material
mainly used in the production of biodiesel fuel in Brazil, that is
because its by-product (bran) is used as animal feedstock and can
be exported together with the grains. Furthermore, it is basically
produced throughout all the Brazilian territory [40].
In the same way that oil extraction is a supported practice
because it adds value to the protein product sold overseas, the
production of biodiesel from soybean oil is also very supported by
the market trend. Although in the second case, the impact it
causes notorious, especially in Brazil.
The production of biodiesel in Brazil is carried out in the same
way as it is the production of ethanol, which is another biofuel
rooted in the food base, therefore, its price is a reection of the
commodity of its base products. Regarding the ethanol, meanwhile, power plants in Brazil are ready to produce what is mostly
convenient for them, and sugar from sugarcane is the product that
is the most directly proportional in price. As to the biodiesel fuel,
the product that it has direct connection to is the soybean, and
although it is not produced in the same environment, it is
correlated to the above in terms of choice.
The palm oil corresponds to 21% of the total global supply of oil
and fats, and just 1-2% is destined to energy production [41].
Besides the palm oil content being relatively higher than most of
the other oilseed crops found in Brazil, it also presents many
advantages and it is the crop that best adapts to the north and
northeast regions of the country, especially in Amazonian edaphoclimatic conditions. This crop also contributes to an intense regional
development based on the diversication of activities [42].
The babassu, with its elevated oil content, is exploited in Brazil
since many decades and the interest in its use for biodiesel fuel
production was restored with the national biofuel program. Unlike
the Palm, its fruits are extracted from natural forests, mainly from
indigenous ones, and a signicant share of the nancial income
goes to the peasants' families [43,44].
The peanut is in fourth place among the world's most important oilseed crops. Despite this fact, the oil production corresponds
to less than 5% of all vegetable oil produced. In Brazil, So Paulo is
the main peanut producer, with 80% of all national production
rotating with sugar cane crop [4547].
The Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) is also an interesting crop for
the production of biodiesel fuel since it is genetically modied in
order to achieve greater productivity and because it contains nonedible oil, it can be explored to develop a renewable fuel without
compromising the food production [4851].
It should be taken into account that Brazil has vast elds of
arable land available.
The oil's chemical composition varies considerably for each
oilseeds. Babassu, for example, has a high concentration of lauric
acid, while canola is rich in oleic acid, in the same way that the
crambe presents high percentage of erucic acid, and the radish
oilseed has the oleic acid as its predominant fatty acid the oleic
acid (such as canola, however, in minor proportions). In this
418
P. Andr Cremonez et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42 (2015) 415428
Table 2
Prole of constituent fatty acids of the oil found in some Brazilian agro-ecosystem oilseeds.
Fattyacids
Canola
[59]
Crambe
[60]
Oilseed Radish
[61]
Palm
[62]
Sunower
[63]
Jatropha
[64]
Cotton
[65]
Soybean
[66]
Peanut
[67]
5
6
44
17
0.2
0.48
2.13
6.16
1.72
0.68
2.56.5
0.6
0.83.0
53.070.0
15.030.0
5.013.0
0.11.2
0.14.3
0.6
2.0
1.1
17.8
6.1
2.8
1.7
6.7
3.7
56.7
7.9
1.4
3.1
29.1
16.3
12.7
8.2
14.1
1.2
22.1
0.25
1.91
4.32
37.2
20.6
0.47
0.22
6.0
4.4
20.5
65.8
0.1
0.3
1.1
20.21
18.08
1.03
7.34
38.81
34.65
23.91
0.42
0.08
2.81
16.26
52.68
0.12
0.31
0.15
0.1
11.64
2.89
24.36
53.83
8.02
6.14
1.56
51.26
35.59
2.54
0.97
1.94
4.5
14
2
Table 3
Index of energy balance (IBE) for biodiesel production from different sources.
Culture
IBE
Source
Oilseed Radish
Canola
Crambe
Sunower
Palm oil
Castor beans
Soybeans
8.44
2.19
8.98
2.37
4.6
1.28
5.44
[68]
[13]
[69]
[70]
[13]
[71]
[72]
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419
Table 4
Fatty acid compositions of animal fats.
% (By weight)
Lauric acid
(C12:0)
Myristic acid
(C14:0)
Palmitic acid
(C16:0)
Palmitoleic
acid (C16:1)
Stearic acid
(C18:0)
Oleic acid
(C18:1)
Linoleic acid
(C18:2)
Linolenic acid
(C18:3)
0.2
2.72
0.5
1.7
25.33
24
23.2
27
17
2.02
5.8
2.7
34.7
5.8
10.4
24.1
29.87
38.2
42.8
40.7
59.4
0.75
23.8
19.1
19.6
1.9
64.7
420
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Table 5
Oil content of some microalgae.
Microalgae
Botryococcus braunii
Chlorella sp.
Crypthecodinium cohnii
Cylindrotheca sp.
Dunaliella primolecta
Isochrysis sp.
Monallanthus salina
Nannochloris sp.
Nannochloropsis sp.
Neochloris oleoabundans
Nitzschia sp.
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Schizochytrium sp.
Tetraselmis sueica
2575
2832
20
1637
23
2533
420
2035
3168
3554
4547
2030
5077
1523
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The biodiesel program in Brazil differs from programs developed in the United States and in Europe Union because the
Brazilian government aims to convert the biodiesel production
into a tool for promoting social inclusion in family agriculture. This
is done by the development and dissemination of crops that adapt
to specic conditions of each region in the country and by the offer
of raw materials conditioned to the producer's prole [108].
In order to ensure this inclusion through raw materials diversication, Brazilian government, via programs provided by the
Ministry of Agriculture (MDA), stimulated the cultivation of oil
seeds like castor seeds, palm and canola, offering tax exemption
policies to power plants that buy materials for biodiesel production.
This initiative was taken in order to reduce the dependence
producers have on soybean cultivation [114]. The main raw materials used in the production of biodiesel in Brazil are shown in Fig. 3.
An important factor allied to the oilseed cultivation and
production is the way they are harvested. In Brazil, mechanical
harvesting and dened cultivation practices are applied for soybean, cotton, peanut and canola crops, different from crops such as
coconut, palm and babassu [115,116].
The beef tallow is considered a by-product in meat industry
and widely employed in the production of biodiesel due to its low
cost. In the year 2011, produced 430 000 m of beef tallow [117].
The destination of beef tallow used to be for the direct use in
boilers or yet in soap production. From 2007, with the governmental biofuel program operating, the production of biodiesel
from beef tallow raised 6 times, and from then on it became the
main destination for tallow in national commerce since 2010 [40].
The raw material cost is directly linked to the nal price of
the biodiesel fuel, and in most cases, the fatty material corresponds to the largest portion of the nal cost [118]. Thus, the
soybean shows great relevance in the nal price of the biodiesel
fuel, as it is the most used cultivar in its production and an
extremely important product in Brazilian market. This crop is a
global reference in oil and grain valuation, which can inuence in
the price of other oils [4].
According to the Ministry of Mines and Energy [119], the sales
of raw material for biofuel production moved approximately
2 billion of dollars for family agriculture in the harvest period of
2011/2012; the PNPB served to more than 105.000 farmer's
families. Besides Brazil, the production of fuel registered a strong
growth, mainly in European countries and in the United States
(Fig. 4), noting that Brazil's initial participation happened in 2006,
due to the increase of biodiesel in mineral diesel. The global
production had an exponentially growth from values lower than
116 Mton up to 2010 [120].
Brazil stood among the largest producers and consumers of
biodiesel in the world in 2011, with 2.7 billion liters and $6.5
billion moved by the sector [121]. It is possible to note through
Soybean
Bovinefat
Cotton
Other fatty materials
13,36%
81,36%
4,11%
1,17%
Fig. 3. Mainly raw materials employed in Brazil for biodiesel production.
Source: ANP [79]
421
Fig. 4. Global biodiesel production from 2000 to 2010 (Adapted from LAMMERS
[120]).
422
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3000
0
2004
2007
2010
2013
Year
Fig. 5. Annual evolution of the production, compulsory demand and nominal capacity authorized by ANP in the country.
Source: ANP [113]
300000
authorized capacity
monthly biodiesel production
demand B100
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Center-west
Northeast
North
Southeast
South
Region
Fig. 6. Production, capacity and demand of biodiesel per region in Brazil in the month of October, 2013.
Source: ANP [113]
Table 6
Brazilian soybean bran exportation in the year of 2012 (US$).
Country
Export value
Uruguay
Argentina
Angola
Cape Verde
Nigeria
United Kingdom
Germany
Paraguay
Total
$20,600.00
$3920.00
$840.00
$337.00
$336.00
$214.00
$64.00
$58.00
$26,369.00
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423
3400
3300
Consumption of Biodiesel
Production of Biodiesel
Producer Price
490
Millions of liters
3100
3000
420
2900
2800
2700
350
2600
2500
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Year
Fig. 7. Perspectives of production, consumption and production costs of biodiesel until the year of 2022.
Source: OECD/FAO [133]
2022
3200
424
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9. Conclusion
The biodiesel is, for the Brazilian economy, a renewable and
effective alternative that aims to complement the national energy
mix and ensure security to the country, which reduces the impact
caused by the uctuations in the prices of oil exportations. In short
term, such security will have to conceive the supply for the total
energy demand which can reach 372 millions of tones of oils
equivalent (TOE), led by the transportation sector (railroads and
airlines).
Furthermore, despite of the fact that Brazil has the soybean as
the main responsible for its biodiesel production, it presents great
tracts of arable extensions and favorable climate. Such aspects
favor a wide range of oilseed crops that can supply the demand for
raw material for the production of fuel.
Concerning its social character, a large scale biodiesel production requires some regionalization, which enables a better use of
agriculture development and income generation through agribusiness and the creation of new jobs.
Because of its installed capacity and condition to obtain raw
materials, Brazil has great potential to increase the biodiesel
425
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