HRT 202 Theory Notes PDF
HRT 202 Theory Notes PDF
HRT 202 Theory Notes PDF
), II Semester 2013-14
V Ai Awz zs
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COURSE OUTLINE
13. Elements of landscape gardens
THEORY:
3. Role of
control.
ornamentals
in
pollution
2.
3.
4.
5.
Complete Gardening
Gopalaswami Iyengar
v. Gladiolus
6.
vi. Tuberose
7.
8.
9.
vii. Jasmine
viii. Chrysanthemum
ix. Crossandra
in
India
by
G.S.
x. Marigold
xi. China aster
11. Post harvest handling of cut flowers
12. Principles and planning of landscape
gardens.
SCHEME OF EVALUATION:
Mid Term
20.00
Practical
Exam
15.00
ATT
Assignment
5.00
5.00
Practical
Record
5.00
External
Examination
50.00
Total
100.00
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LECTURE-1:
HISTORY OF GARDENING IN INDIA
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The
Buddha
attained
his
enlightenment under a Pipal tree,
The
great
Emperor
Asoka
adopted
arboriculture as one of his state policies.
2.
3.
4.
the
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LANDSCAPE
FOR
ENVIRONMENT
POLLUTION
FREE
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LECTURE-2
FLORICULTURE
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SCOPE
TO
ENTER
FLORICULTURE
INDUSTRY IN INDIA
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Labour cost is very low in India, nearly 1015 times cheaper than that of similar
employees in the Netherlands, Israel and
Japan.
3
4
Zone
Area around
Delhi, UP and
Punjab
Area around
Bengaluru
Area around
Trivendrum
Area around
Pune
/
Nashik
North Eastern
region
including
Sikkim
Area around
Kolkata
Area around
Srinagar
Area around
Solan, H.P.
Area around
Coimbatore
including
Nilgiris
intensive
Flower crops
Rose,
Carnation,
Chrysanthemum,
Gladiolus
Rose,
Carnation,
Chrysanthemum,
Ornamental
Foliage
Plants and Seeds
Orchids,
Anthurium
and Foliage Plants
Rose,
Carnation,
Gladiolus,
Dahlia,
Chrysanthemum, Aster
and Tuberose
Orchids,
Gladiolus,
Liliums, Gerbera, Salvia,
Anthurium and other
Foliage Plants
Lotus,
Tuberose,
Jasmine,
Chrysanthemum
and
Dahlia.
Gladiolus,
Lilies
Carnation and Rose
Gladiolus,
Other
Bulbous Plants and
Seeds
Jasmine,
Tuberose,
Chrysanthemum, Rose,
Carnation and Orchids
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PROBLEMS
/
CONSTRAINTS
FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY IN INDIA
FOR
Lack of knowledge
exporting countries.
about
importing
and
@@@@
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Flowers
1. Aster
2. Azalea
:
:
3. Carnation (General)
4. Carnation (Pink)
5. Carnation (Red)
6. Carnation (Purple)
7. Carnation (Striped)
8. Carnation (White)
9. Carnation (Yellow)
10. Chrysanthemum
11. Chrysanthemum (White)
12. Chrysanthemum (Yellow)
13. Daffodil
14. Daisy
15. Fern
16. Gladiolus
17. Hydrangea
18. Ivy
19. Lily (White)
20. Lily (Yellow)
21. Lily (Calla)
22. Lily (Day)
23. Lily (Eucharis)
24. Lily (Tiger)
25. Marigold
26. Orchid
:
:
:
:
:
:
27. Primrose
28. Rose (Dark Crimson)
29. Rose (Hibiscus)
30. Rose (Leaf)
31. Rose (Pink)
32. Rose (Red)
33. Rose (Tea)
34. Rose (Thorn less)
35. Rose (White)
36. Rose (White And Red)
37. Rose (White-Dried)
38. Rose (Yellow)
39. Rosebud
40. Rosebud (Red)
41. Rosebud (White)
42. Rosebud (Moss)
43. Roses (Bouquet
44. Roses (Single Full Bloom)
45. Sweet pea
46. Tulip (General)
47. Tulip (Red)
48. Tulip (Variegated)
49. Tulip (Yellow)
:
:
50. Wisteria
51. Zinnia (Magenta)
:
:
:
:
:
:
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LECTURE-3a
HI-TECH FLORICULTURE
Due
to
rapid
urbanization
and
multistoried flats system the local demand
of flowers would definitely be increased.
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Pot plants
Ficus
Dracaena
Kalanchoe
Chrysanthemum
Begonia
Hedera
Azalea
Saintpaulia
Hydrangea
Spathiphyllum
INDIAN SCENARIO
Germany
the
single
largest
market
The
Government
has
identified
floriculture industry as thrust focus area
for export.
is
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TO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Scheme
for
survey,
feasibility,
consultancy and data base, - 40% of
cost and maximum Rs. 20.0 lakhs.
6.
7.
INSTITUTIONAL
ASSISTANCE
FLORICULTURE HI-TECH PROJECTS:
1. NABARD Soft Loan Assistance:
HORTICULTURE
BOARD
@@@@
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CLASSIFICATION OF FLORICULTURAL
PRODUCTS FOR TRADE:
LECTURE-3b
1.
2.
Gladiolus,
3.
a)
4.
b)
c)
5.
6.
Dry flowers
7.
8.
Essential oils
9.
e)
f)
j)
Cornflowers,
Phlox,
Verbena,
k) Cut
flowers/modern
flowers:
Rose,
Chrysanthemum,
Carnation,
Gerbera,
Anthurium, Orchids, Gladiolus, Tuberose, etc.
4) Based on Nature of Growth:
a) Annuals: Nasturtium, Ice plant, Holly hock,
Sweet
pea,
Annual
Chrysanthemum,
Carnation, Cornflower, Sweet Alyssum,
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Lily,
Narcissus,
Tulip,
2.
3.
4.
Harrisons
Universal
Flowers
Ltd.
Collaborated with Universal Plants SA of
France (Meilland groups in France)
Bangalore; 6.0 crores; 2 ha.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Laxmi
Flori-tech
Ltd:
Bangalore
(Nelamangala) with Flodae BV. Holland.
9.
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LECTURE- 4
ROSE
INTRODUCTION:
Rose is Eros (The Greek Love - God).
It is one of the Natures Beautiful
Creations.
Hence, it is universally acclaimed as the
Queen of flowers called by a
Sappho a poetess about more than
2500 years ago.
No other flower is a better symbol of
love, adoration, innocence, peace,
friendship, affection, passion and
other virtues than the rose since
thousands of years.
It is certainly the best known and most
popular of all the cut flowers
throughout the world and has been
growing on this earth for many
million years before the man himself
appeared on earth.
Rose is considered as National flower of
England.
In India, it was referred in old Sanskrit
literature as Tarnipushpa, Atimanjula,
Simantika, etc.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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DISTRIBUTION:
EVOLUTION:
In the beginning some of the rose
species were hybridized in nature and
the present day improved forms have
been evolved over centuries.
Till the 19th century only four species of
roses played a role in the development
of varieties cultivated at that time.
These are
1) Rosa gallica (Red rose) (French
rose)
2) R. canina (Dog rose).
3) R. moschata (Musk rose)
4) R. phoenicia (Phoenician rose)
CLASSES OF PRESENT DAY GARDEN ROSES:
1) Hybrid Tea: Originally developed from crossing
between hybrid perpetuals and Tea
They
are
the
immediate
forerunners of Hybrid Teas. These
are considered to be the offsprings
of R. chinensis, R. gallica and R.
centifolia.
4) Teas: Also called Tea scented China roses they
derived their names from their
distinct aroma, believed to be feet
when a chest of tea leaves are
opened.
They known to have originated
from R. chinensis and R. gigantean
(Manipur Tea rose)
5) Grandifloras: Mainly obtained from crosses
between
Hybrid
Tea
and
Floribunda type. Produces large
number of flowers in cluster with
fine form. Eg: Montezuma (1955),
Queen Elizabeth (1954), Jazor
(2000).
6) Polyanthas: Dwarf with small flowered polyanthas
is the forerunner of Floribundas.
Blooms for several months.
7) China roses: (R. chinensis): It is responsible for
nearly all the present day popular
roses. Bears red to nearly white
flowers in small clusters. Also
called Bengal rose or Monthly
rosesPerpetually flowering types.
Green roses also included in this
group R. chinensis viridiflora. Eg:
Comtessedu cayla (1902)
8) Miniature / Button Roses: Popularly known as
Baby roses with small leaves &
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CLIMATE:
The most important factors are light
(photoperiod,
intensity
and
quality),
temperature (aerial and root zone), humidity,
CO2, ventilation, etc.
LIGHT INTENSITY:
HUMIDITY:
o RH is very important with respect to pests and
disease incidence especially mildews and
black spot as they are closely associated with
high RH in greenhouses as the high humidity
results in condensation of water on flowers
and leaves.
o About 60% RH is the most ideal for rose
production.
AERATION/VENTILATION:
o An exchange of air in greenhouse is desirable
for normal growth and development of roses.
o Air circulation ensures an adequate supply of
CO2 and O2 for physiological process
occurring in the plants and also reduces the
RH.
CARBON DIOXIDE:
o In western countries an additional 1000-3000
ppm of CO2 are ejected into the greenhouse to
2.
Garden display:
The first step in the selection of rose
cultivation for this purpose will be the
kind of roses, which will suit the
location and fulfill the object.
Form, size, shape, floriferous-ness, color
and fragrance have to be taken into
consideration.
Cultivars should be resistant to insect
pests and diseases.
Cut flowers:
The HT cultivars producing beautiful
shaped blooms of long lasting quality,
Born singly on long straight stalks.
The cultivars which open slowly and the
blooms last for a longer period when
placed in water are suitable for export
purpose. Eg. Cultivars like Passion,
First Red, Sonia Milland, Mercedes,
Red Success, Miracle, Orange Gate,
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a. Stem cuttings:
H. T. Specimen bloom:
b. Floribundas:
In this section the main considerations is
the floriferousness and quality of the
spray.
Time of budding:
of plants than
grafting, as a
desired scion
of buds for
PROPAGATION OF ROSES:
Methods:
Seed
propagation
propagation:
and
vegetative
Vegetative propagation:
1. Cutting:
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ROOT STOCKS:
Characteristics/ qualities of good root stock:
It should produce strong fibrous root system.
It can be easily propagated by cuttings.
It should have vigorous growth habit, healthy
and resistant to pests, disease and frost.
are
PLANTING :
There are two types of planting systems are commonly
followed in rose production, viz,
1. Pit system: 45 cm3(Length x Breadth x Depth)
2. Trench system:
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IRRIGATION:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
more
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
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First dose
15 days after pruning
(when the new growth has started)
o However,
chemical
method
is
economical, convenient and efficient
in eradicating weeds by one or two
applications.
Eg: 2, 4-D @ 2 kg 1600 liter per hectare
(before flowering) controls broad
leaved weeds.
Nitrofan @ 9 lb a.i. / acre
PRUNING:
Pruning refers to the removal of certain portion
of the plant.
It is an important operation for maintenance of
floriferousness and
To improve the quality of flowers along with
vigor of roses.
The pruning consists of two operations:
1) Thinning: Thinning comprises removal of old,
weak, dry, twiggy and diseased stems and
branches from the point of start.
2) Shortening: Means shortening of the remaining
shoots, aims to cutting down the last years
growth to a desirable height.
MULCHING:
Mulches are used for a number of purposes on
rose beds or in green houses.They conserve;
Soil moisture
Supply humus
Suppress the weeds
WEED CONTROL:
o Weeds pose very serious problems in
rose cultivation.
OBJECTIVES OF PRUNING:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
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TIME OF PRUNING:
The purpose of pruning will not serve, if it is
done at the wrong time.
Sufficient time must be allowed for the new
shoots to mature and flower.
Late pruning delays flowering as well as reduce
the production considerably.
The best time for pruning in rose is the period
when the activity of the rose plant is least and
the plant is at dormant to near dormant stage.
Pruning time will depends entirely on the
climate condition of the region.
In temperate climate it is normally done in
spring.
Over a large area in India (Indo-Gangetic
plains) pruning is done only once in a year.
The most usual time for pruning is during
October-November after rains are well over
and the cold season is approaching.
The staggering of pruning at weekly interval
from September end to October end will
provide a regular supply of flowers
throughout the winter.
In some regions pruning is practiced twice a
year, i.e. in May and October for monsoon and
winter flowering, respectively.
WHERE AND HOW TO PRUNE?
Every rose stems has eyes (buds) alternating on
opposite sides in the leaf axils (usually
outward and inward).
The basic rule in pruning is always to make the
cut about half a centimeter above a vigorous
bud that finds in the direction one desires the
new shoot to grow.
Since the rose bush has to be kept open in the
centre.
The cut is made at an outward growing bud in
standard roses as well as in floribundas.
Where as in climbing roses the pruning is done
at a bud pointing more or less upward.
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6.
LECTURE- 6
SPECIAL CULTURAL PRACTICES TO IMPROVE
THE QUALITY OF ROSES:
1.
5.
7.
Pinching:
4.
De-suckering:
3.
Thinning:
2.
Defoliation:
8.
Disbudding:
HARVESTING:
The stage at which flowers should be cut, either
for decoration or for cut flower dispatch is the
tight bud stage.
When the bud shows full color but the petals
have not yet started unfolding.
Harvesting at this stage will help the flower to
last longer in vases or during transportation
for better retention of colour and freshness.
The optimum stage may varying slightly
depending on cultivar and one has to
experience to judge the right stage for cutting.
Because a flower bud of a red cultivar when cut
at a little early stage may fail to open later.
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Size of
the flower should
representative of the cultivars
be
Vase life:
Senescence in cut roses is characterized by
decrease in concentration of anthocyanin,
protein and tannic acid and an increase in
most amino acids, glutamine, Maleic acid and
free ammonia in the petal tissue.
The advances in senescence are due to increase
in ethylene production and membrane
permeability.
Pre-cooled and pulsed flowers stored better in
general. However some of the preservatives
like 8HQC @ 300ppm, 8HQS @ 150pm, AgNO3
@20-30ppm, citric acid @ 200ppm have been
found to be good for prolonging the vase life
of cut roses.
PESTS & DISEASES OF ROSES:
PESTS
DISEASE
General requirements
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LECTURE- 6b:
PROTECTED CULTIVATION OF ROSES
MEDIA:
GROWTH REGULATION:
Primary bending
:
o Have to be takenup 5-6 weeks after planting to
build a strong frame work.
Secondary bending :
o 4-5 weeks after first bending to get more
number of strong shoots.
Gradual pruning
:
Harvesting of flower shoot will take care of this
operation.
MANURING:
IRRIGATION:
PLANTING:
6-18 months old budded plants may be
planted during May-June.
The soil should be loose and humid but
not too wet nor muddy.
Planting may be in 2-row system.
Per compartment of 6.40 metre 6 rows
of plants can be planned.
be
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BASAL SHOOTS.
Depending upon the growth and potentiality of
a cultivar the number of basal shoots are
formed.
Per plant 2 to 3 well-formed shoots are allowed
to continue growing, if more shoots were
formed it is recommended for bending out of
these shoots.
This way a plant has got the use of more active
leaf canopy to supply enough energy for
development of a heavy crop with first quality
flowers.
SPECIAL OPERATION:
1.
BENDING IN ROSES:
After planting, shoots will develop quickly.
Only after the flower bud becomes clearly
visible the shoots are bend-out towards the path
and the flowers are removed, this process is
known as bending.
Since the plants grow about 40 cm above the
ground, it is possible to bend down the stems
deeply.
Be careful not to break the shoots, the plant
should remain capable of transporting sugars
from these areas to the new developing shoots.
Flower yield ranges from 100-150 stems, 200225 and 250-350 stems per m2 in large hybrid
tea, medium types and small and sprays,
respectively.
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LECTURE - 7
CHRYSANTHEMUM (Asteraceae)
(Chrysanthemum morifolium /Dendranthema
grandiflora)
INTRODUCTION:
Chrysanthemum is a popular commercial
flower crop of the many countries.
It is next only to rose in value of flower trade in
the world market.
The word Chrysos means golden and anthos
means flower.
It is commonly known as Queen of East/
autumn queen/ guldaudi.
Japanese National Flower.
ORIGIN:
Loose flowers
worship etc.
In
garland,
for
veni,
Dutch
cut
flower
auction,
chrysanthemum ranks 2nd after rose.
CLASSIFICATION
Class 1. Single
Class 3. Anemone
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Class 4. Pompon
Class 5. Incurve
Class 7. Decorative
Ray florets from short and broad to narrow, long
and pointed, they generally reflex, although upper
florets may tend to incurve.
Blooms more flattened than globular,
e.g., Otome Pink, Princess Anne.
Class 8. Reflex
Bloom globular with equal depth and breadth and
a full centre, or somewhat flattened.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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i) Disbudded inflorescence
ii) Spray inflorescence
Loose flowers
Potted/bed plants
2.
III.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
IV.
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2. CUTTINGS
Terminal Cuttings:
LAND PREPARATION:
Chrysanthemum requires well prepared soil
for proper growth and development.
The field should be ploughed 2 to3 times
before preparing the beds and leveled well.
A basal dose of well decomposed FYM should
be applied @ 5kg/meter square.
Addition of peat or organic matter improves
the soil structure & helps in the development
of the plant.
Proper soil sterilization with carbendazim
should be done before planting to avoid soil
borne diseases.
CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT
3. Micro propagation
4. Grafting
Among these, propagation through cutting is
the most common and popular method.
PLANTING DENSITY
CULTIVATION:
SOIL REQUIREMENT
ideal
population was
32
PLANTING:
for
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AFTER CARE
IRRIGATION
P
200
400
K
200
200
PINCHING
N
200
400
Micronutrient application
Coated fertilizers
Liquid feeding
(a)
Foliar feeding
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STAKING OF PLANTS
ii)
iii)
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Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT.202; 1+1 II B.Sc. (Agri.), II Semester 2013 -14
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LECTURE- 8
CARNATION
(Caryophyllaceae; Dianthus caryophyllus L.)
INTRODUCTION:
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) belonging
to the family Caryophyllaceae.
It is one of the important cut flower crops in the
International flower market.
It is more preferred to other cut flowers due to
its
Large array of colours,
Excellent keeping quality,
Wide range of forms
Ability to with stand long distance of
transportation,
As well as remarkable ability to
rehydrate after continuous shipping.
Carnations in general are grown only under
protected cultivation of carnation.
It is commonly called as Carnation, Divine
flower, Clove pink, Gilly Flower.
IMPORTANCE AND USES
Popular in flower
decorating homes.
arrangements
for
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TYPES OF CARNATION
Perpetuals:
1. Standard types:
2. Spray types:
SOIL/GROWING
PREPARATION OF BEDS
MEDIA
AND
CLIMATE:
Light is the most important factor, which
influences growth of the plant. About 21.51
lux is considered to be the minimum natural
light intensity required for adequate
photosynthesis of carnations.
Mild climate with a temperature ranging from
5-180C is considered to be the ideal for the
crop.
Day temperature
: 28oC (20 -25 0C)
Night temperature
: 16-18oC (10 -15 0C)
Quantitative Long Day plant (long days
promote flowering)
Critical photoperiod
: 13 hours
and light intensity is10 15 foot candle.
Co2 enrichment in greenhouse: upto 500-1000
ppm improves the flower quality.
RH
:
50
-60
%;
(Beginning: 80-85%; at full growth: 6065 %)
High day & night temperature during
flowering leads to
Abnormal flower opening
Calyx splitting
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PROPAGATION:
Vitrification in carnation
A problem will encounter during the
In-vitro culture of carnation due to the
formation of abnormal leaves and
stem with thickened and translucent
structures.
Shoots with such abnormal leaves
usually turn brown and failed to root
in the rooting medium.
Vitrification in carnation tissues, by
transfer from solid to liquid medium
was accompanied by decreased lignin
content.
PLANTING AND AFTERCARE:
Carnation plants are planted in different
spacing normally, 30-45 plants per sqm is
considered to be ideal.
Different spacings 15x8cm, 15x15cm, 15x20cm
and 15x10cm, are followed. Alternate normal
method of transplanting wherein the plants
are planted firmly to soil, carnation,
Shallow planting is followed. Deep planting
should be avoided.
Shading should be given in the beginning of the
crop for few days.
Care should be taken to maintain the humidity
to prevent plants from drying.
SPECIAL CULTURAL PRACTICES:
SUPPORT MATERIAL:
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DISBUDDING:
Disbudding refers to removal of side buds so
that the central/terminal bud receives
maximum food for the full development.
1.
2.
FOR STANDARDS
FOR SPRAYS
PINCHING:
Single,
Double pinches.
1. SINGLE PINCH
MANURING:
No inorganic fertilizers in first 3 weeks after
planting
Fertilizer application of 40g N, 20g P and 10g
K, in addition to 5kg of well decomposed FYM
/m2 will increase the yield of flowers. OR
250 : 80
: 200 : 125 : 400 g / m2 / yr N,
P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg application in 24 splits once
in 15 days.
IRRIGATION:
3. DOUBLE PINCH
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER
CALYX SPLITTING:
Cultivars with too many petals are susceptible
to calyx splitting.
Due to fluctuation in temperature and
environmental conditions also influences calyx
splitting.
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MEASURES
Selection of cultivars that are less prone to
splitting,
Regulation of temperature and maintenance of
optimal fertilizer level can minimize this
disorder.
This can also be reduced by placing a rubber
band or 6mm wide clear plastic tape is used
around the calyx of the flowers which have
just start opening. This operation is referred as
Calyx banding.
PLANT PROTECTION:
PEST AND DISEASES
Aphids: Aphids suck the sap from leaves of growing
plants and can be most series insect pest
of carnation.
They also transmit
carnation rings spot and carnation
mosaic virus diseases. They are
controlled by spraying of metasystox (2
ml/l), Malathion (2ml/l), endosulfan
(2ml/l) or rogor (2ml/l).
Thrips: They suck sap from leaves causing distortion.
Spraying of rogor (1ml/l) or sumithion
(3.5ml/l) or Malathion (2ml/l) controls
thrips.
Red Spider Mite Spraying with Kelthane (2.5ml/l) or
Wettable sulphur 3g/lit controls mite
effectively.
Nematodes - can be eliminated by growing plants in
fumigated soil. Application of furadan,
aldicarb
or
nemaphox
controls
nematode infestation.
HARVEST AND POST HARVEST:
After planting normally it takes 110-120 days to
come to peak flowering.
STANDARDS:
SPRAYS:
TIME OF HARVEST:
YIELD:
On an average 10-20 flowers / plant/year or
150-300 flowers / m2/ year
Yearly production of 300-400 flower/m2 is
ideal and economical.
After planting normally it takes 110-120 days
to come to peak flowering.
POST HARVEST OPERATIONS:
Harvested flowers are bunched together based
on their physical measurements like length of
stem, diameter of flower etc.
For a good post harvest life, flower stems have
to be trimmed at the base and should be
immediately placed in a bucket of preservative
solution (Acidic pH 4.5) with 2-5 % sucrose
and biocides for 2 to 4 hours.
Carnation flowers can be stored for 2-4 weeks
before marketing.
Flowers have to be packed in cartons lined
with polyethylene be pre-cooled without lid.
The plastic is then loosely folded on top of the
stems and the lid is closed.
These cartons are stored in cool chambers
designed to maintain 00C with good air
circulation and a constant RH of 90-95 %.
Floral preservatives like, 8-HQS or 8-HQC @
200-600 ppm; STS (Silver Thio-sulphate) @ 0.24mM; Cytokinin @ 10-100 ppm; Sugar @ 0.52% and Citric acid @50-100 ppm.
@@@@@@@
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LECTURE -9 a
GERBERA
(Gerbera jamesonii)
INTRODUCTION:
Gerbera is commonly known as Transvaal
Daisy, Barberton Daisy or African Daisy.
It is an important commercial flower crop
grown throughout the world in a wide range
of climatic conditions.
It is ideal for beds, borders, pots ad rock
gardens.
The flowers available in a wide range of colors
and lend themselves beautifully to different
floral arrangements.
Used as cut flowers and the cut blooms have
long vase life.
ORIGIN AND HISTORY:
The genus Gerbera was named in honor of a
German naturalist, Traugott Gerber.
This is native to South Africa and Asiatic
regions.
In India they are distributed in the temperate
Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal at an
altitude of 1300 to 3200 meters.
Gerbera jamesonii is native to Natal and
Transvaal and Gerbera viridifolia from Cape.
Gerbera species of Indian origin are Gerbera
anandria, G. kunzeana, G.languinosa, G.
macrophylla, G. nivea, G. ovalifolia and G.
piloselloides.
Gerbera belongs to the family Compositae.
45 species have been identified, native to
tropical Asia and Africa.
SPECIES AND CULTIVARS:
The genus Gerbera consists of about 40 species.
Gerbera jamesonii is the only cultivated species.
CLASSIFICATION
Standard,
Spider and
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION:
Side shoots, with some amount of heel, is
utilized for.
Divisions/ suckers, cuttings are also used.
MICRO-PROPAGATION:
Following are the plant parts used as
explants for micro propagation.
Shoot tips, Leaf mid-rib, Capitulum,
Flower heads, Inflorescence and Buds
Murashige and Skoog (MS) media
with modification is successfully used
as culture media.
SOIL AND CLIMATE
CLIMATE:
The optimum day and night temperature is
27oC and 14oC respectively
For flower initiation is 23oC and for leaf
unfolding it is 25 - 27oC
Sunny or semi-shady locations are good for
gerbera cultivation.
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SOIL:
BED PREPARATION:
DISINFECTION OF SOIL:
Before plantation of Gerbera, soil disinfection is
absolutely necessary.
In particular, the
fungus Phytophthora is a menace to Gerbera.
The various methods of sterilization are;
1.
2.
3.
Chemical sterilization:
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PLANTING:
While planting Gerbera plants, the crown of
plants should be 1-2 cm above soil level.
As the root system establishes the plants are
pulled down.
Therefore, the crown must be above the ground
level at planting and also throughout the life
cycle.
Plant the seedlings without disturbing the rootball.
Generally, two- three rows may be planted on
one bed at 37.5 to 40cm distance between the
rows and 30cm distance between the plants in
one row.
Row Row =37.5- 40 cm
Plant Plant =30.0cm
6 to 7 plants can be accommodated per sq m.
Rake the soil surrounding the plant every
fortnight for aeration.
After plantation, maintain the humidity at 80
90% for 4 -6 weeks to avoid desiccation of
plants.
Gerbera can also be cultivated in pots as bench
system of planting.
IRRIGATION:
Water quality should be as follows
o pH 6.5 7.0
o EC 0.5 1 ms/cm
Avoid excessive watering to gerbera
To lower the pH of water, add acids in the
water tank and then irrigate the plants.
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DISEASES/ PESTS:
Aphids, Greenhouse Whitefly, Leaf Miner,
Mites, Thrips,
Crown Rot: Caused by Phytophthora
cryptogea results in wilting disease of
Gerbera, Crown of the plant becomes
black.
Root knot Nematode: Yellowing of leaves;
nodules on roots.
Botrytis: Occurs especially when the
relative humidity of the air is more than
92% for two hours in the morning gray
spots on the flower petals rot in the heart
of flower.
NEVER APPLY THE FOLLOWING CHEMICALS
ON GERBERA:
Trade Name
Hostathion
Tilt
Topaz
Contaf
Spark
Polytrin
Ridomil
Consistent
Triazophos
Propiconazole
Penconazable
Hexconazole
Cypermethrin
+Triazophos
Profenophos
Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb
64%
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V Ai Awz zs
9. Copper
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
4. Calcium
5. Magnesium
6. Iron
7. Zinc
8. Manganese
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LECTURE- 10
GLADIOLI
(Gladiolus spp. Iridaceae)
INTRODUCTION:
ORIGIN
DISTRIBUTION:
AND
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CLASSES OF GLADOIOLUS:
On the basis of floret size, gladiolus has been
put into 5 classes, the description of which is as
follows:
Class Designation
Floret size (cm)
100
Miniature
< 6.4
200
Small or miniature
6.4 to < 8.9
300
Decorative
8.9 to < 11.4
400
Standard or Large
11.4 to 14.0
500
Giant
> 14.0
PROPAGATION:
Seeds:
Gladiolus can be propagated through
(i) Corms
(ii) Cormels
(iii) Seeds and
(iv) Tissue culture
(i) Through Corms
CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT:
(ii)
Through Cormels
SOIL REQUIREMENT:
LAND PREPARATION:
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IRRIGATION:
WEED CONTROL:
Post-emergence herbicides, 2, 4-D @ 1.53.0 kg/ha has been found to reduce weed
population.
NUTRITION:
STAKING:
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@@@@@
STORAGE OF CORMS:
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LECTURE -11
JASMINE
(Jasminum spp.)
INTRODUCTION:
Jasmine (Jasminum spp.) is one of the oldest
fragrant flowers.
Jasmine being one of the
important
commercial
flower crops is cultivated
in India.
It belongs to the family
Oleaceae.
As many as forty species of their genus are
known to be in India.
Important Species are
1. Jasminum auriculatum : Vasantha Mallige
2. Jasminum grandiflorum :
Jajimallige/Jathimalli (or) Pitchi (or)
Spanish Jasmine
3. Jasminum sambac
: Gundu mallige
/Malligai / Arabian jasmine
/
Tuscan jasmine
4. Jasminum pubescens (multiflorum)
Kakada
USES AND IMPORTANCE:
They are mainly grown as climbers, shrubs and
rarely as pot plants.
Jasmine flowers, known for their fragrance are
used for making garland.
Garlands are being used for personal adorning by
women and in religious offerings.
Flowers and buds used, bouquets, vent/veni
preparation.
Production of perfumed oils and attars.
The world famous jasmine oil is extracted from
Spanish jasmine (J. grandiflorum).
The essential oil extracted from the flowers is of
high value as starting material for the perfume
industry.
There is tremendous scope for the development
of jasmine essential oil industry for export.
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J. grandiflorum
J. sambac
- Terminal and Semihardwood cuttings.
- Terminal cutting
Spacing
Density(P
lants/ha)
Season
1.5 x 1.5 m
4400
June to
November
2.0 x 1.5 m
1.25 x 1.25 m
3350
- do -
6400
- do -
PLANTING:
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NUTRITION:
Species
J. auriculatum
Quantity(g/
plant)
P2
K2
N
O5
O
60
120 120
J. grandiflorum
100
150
100
J. sambac
60
120
120
Method
Six split doses at
bimonthly
interval
In two split doses
first
June-July
and second dose
at
December
after pruning
Two split doses
first at JuneJuly and second
at
November
after pruning
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT:
FOLIAR NUTRITION:
J. sambac
WEEDING:
Commonly done manually but is expensive.
Chemical weed control is effective and
economical.
Spraying with Oryzalin 1 or 2 applications is
effective.
Mulching also reduce weed population.
HARVESTING:
IRRIGATION:
of flowers to be harvested.
flower buds are picked in the early morning,
while for extraction of concrete only fully
opened fresh picked flowers are required.
Picking
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GRADING:
YIELD:
considerably according to the species and
cultivars and management practices.
Flower
yield
(kg/ha)
Concrete
recovery (%)
Shelf
life of
flowers
J.auriculatum
4636
9022
28-30
hrs
J.grandiflorum
4329
10144
J. sambac
739
8129
0.28 to 0.36
(13.44 to 28.24
kg/ha)
0.25 to 0.32
(13.85 to 29.42
kg/ha)
0.14 to 0.19
(1.18 to 15.44
kg/ha)
24 hrs
28-30
hrs
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2.
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4.
LECTURE -12
MARIGOLD
(Tagetes spp., Asteraceae)
IMPORTANCE:
Marigold has gained
popularity amongst
gardeners
and
flower dealers on
account of its easy
culture and wide
adaptability.
Free flowering and short duration.
STEP II EVAPORATION:
USES:
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SPECIES
There are about 33 species of the genus
Tagetes. Some of the important are as follows
1. Tagetes erecta (African marigold):
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SOIL REQUIREMENT:
PREPARATION OF SOIL:
PROPAGATION:
BY CUTTINGS:
TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS:
WEEDING:
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PINCHING:
FLOWERING
In summer season crop, - commences
by the middle of May with maximum
intensity in the month of June and
continues till the onset of rains.
Rainy season crop - by the middle of
September and the flowering will
continue till December.
Flowering in winter crop - by the
middle of January and will continue
till March.
PESTS AND DISEASES:
Diseases (Fungal):
Measures
Causal organism
PESTS
1. Red spider mite
: Spray Kelthane @ 2ml/l
2. Hairy caterpillar: Spray Endosulfan or Ekolux
@ 2ml/l
3. Leaf hopper : Spray wits Melathian or Rogar
@ 2ml/l
4. Japanese Beetle
5. Tarnished plant bug,
6. Slugs
HARVESTING AND YIELD:
YIELD
No. of flowers
(Million/ha)
1) African marigold 1.5 2.5
2) French marigold 6.0 8.0
Fresh flower
(t/ha)
11 18
8 12
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LECTURE-13
TUBEROSE
(Polianthes tuberosa L.; Amaryllidaceae)
INTRODUCTION:
Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa
L.), belonging to the family,
Amaryllidaceae,
It is essentially a florist's flower
and one of the leading
commercial crops because of
its multifarious uses.
The predominant characteristics of this crop
are its lingering, delightful fragrance and
excellent keeping quality.
It has a great economic potential for cut
flowers trade and essential oil industry.
Due to their great demand it is being
cultivated in most part of the tropical and
subtropical countries.
IMPORTANT AND USES
The flowers remain fresh for pretty long time
and stands long distance transport.
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20-30C
is
August.
Tuberoses can be planted all year round in
Bangalore, but a higher flower-yield is
obtained from the April-May planting.
To obtain flowers almost throughout the year,
sequential planting can be practiced.
LAND PREPARATION:
The land is ploughed deep, twice, to a depth of
45 cm.
The first ploughing is done in January and the
second about a month before planting.
At the time of the second ploughing apply FYM
@ 20-50 t/ha and incorporate into the soil.
Then the soil is brought to a fine tilth by
breaking the clods and removing the weeds.
The field is laid out into plots of convenient
sizes with irrigation channels, ridges and
furrows at the recommended spacing.
CULTIVATION:
PROPAGATION:
Tuberoses are propagated by bulbs, bulblets
and seeds.
Multiplication by bulb-segments and in vitro
micro propagation from scale stem-sections
is also possible.
Propagation by bulbs is the most common
method practiced for the commercial
multiplication of tuberoses.
The bulbs remain dormant during the winter
months in places where the temperature is
low and,
If early planting is desired, the dormancy can
be successfully broken by dipping the bulbs
in 4% Thiourea solution for one hour.
Ethylene chlorohydrins can also be used for
breaking the dormancy.
The bulbs are separated from the clumps by
rubbing off the loose scales and the long
roots should also be removed.
Spindle-shaped bulbs with a diameter of 2.6
to 3 cm size are used for planting.
However, if the bulbs are very large they may
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IRRIGATION:
Irrigation is given immediately after planting.
Subsequently, the crop is irrigated at 5-7 days
intervals depending upon weather conditions.
In the summer months, irrigation is recommended twice a week.
INTERCULTURE:
A spacing of 15 x 20 cm (Maharashtra), 25 x 25
cm (West Bengal), 30 x 30 cm (Lucknow), 30 x
22.5 cm (Bangalore) and 20 x 20 cm (for other
part of South India) have been recommended
for this crop.
FERTILIZER APPLICATION:
100 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O /ha is
recommended for tuberose production.
For achieving increased essential oil content in
flowers and for the maximum recovery of
concrete, a fertilizer dose of 80 kg N, 60 kg
P2O5 and 40 kg K2O/ha has been
recommended.
Of the full recommended dose of fertilizers,
half the N, the full dose of P and K has to be
applied at the time of planting and the
remaining half of N is given as a top-dressing
after 45 days of planting.
Apart from N, P and K, calcium, magnesium,
sulphur, iron, zinc, manganese, aluminium,
boron and copper have also been found to
influence the growth and flowering in
tuberoses.
PESTS OF TUBEROSE:
Tuberoses are hardy crops and are not much
affected by attacks of insects, pests and
diseases.
Aphids and grasshoppers are found to feed on
flower buds and leaves.
They can be controlled by a 0.1 % spray of
Malathion or Rogor at an interval of 15 days.
The flowers also get deformed by thrips attack.
The control measure suggested is to spray
Nuvacron (0.1 %) or the application of Thimet
to the soil.
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and
greasy streak nematode (Aphelencoides besseyi)
are reported to cause damage to the crop,
which is characterized by the stunted growth
of the plants. The leaf size is reduced and the
flowers look sickly and, ultimately, the roots
rot. The application of Thimet or Furadan (20
kg/ha) to the soil has been recommended for
control.
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DISEASES OF TUBEROSE:
The fungi, Scelerotium rolfsii, deposits
prominent, coarse, mycelial masses on the leaf
surface or near the soil-level. Later, the
infested spots exhibit a light-green colour due
to rotting which extend and cover the whole
leaf. Drenching the soil around the stem with
Brassicol @ 1 % and the soil with 0.3% has
been recommended for control.
The fungi, Alternaria polyantha, causes leaf-spot
disease, which is characterized by the
appearance of brown spots with faint
concentric rings on the mid-rib. Bordeaux
mixture (0.4%), Zineb (0.5%) or Ziram spray
will effectively control the disease.
The other diseases reported are leaf-spot and
blight caused by Botrytis elliptica, rust and
powdery mildew, which are not serious.
Suitable fungicides may be administered to
control them when the damage is noticed.
HARVESTING AND YIELD:
Flowers are ready for harvest in about 3 to 3
months of planting.
1/
2
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LECTURE-14
CHINA ASTER
[Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees]
INTRODUCTION:
China aster belongs to the
family Asteraceae
Native to China.
The genus Callistephus has
only a single species known as chinensis.
USES:
IMPORTANCE
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GROWING SEASON:
Area
1. Bengaluru ( KNK)
2. Pune (MHR)
3. West Bengal
4. Delhi ( like places)
Growing season
Through out the year
May June
September- October
(with irrigation facility)
June July
October- November
First week of October
August, September
CULTIVATION:
PROPAGATION:
China aster is propagated through seeds.
A seed rate of 625 750 g/ha is sufficient.
The seeds will not have dormancy and
germinate in a week at about 21oC.
The seeds loose viability at a faster rate if
stored in ordinary containers for a longer
time, therefore it is advisable to use only
fresh seeds.
Normally the seeds germinate at a
temperature range of 10-35 C. The
optimum being 21oC + 4oC
NURSERY:
Generally sowing should be staggered by
10 15 days, so that one can get flowers
for longer time and also can avoid glut in
the market.
Seeds can be sown in seed pans for
obtaining seedlings for garden use and in
small quantities.
For commercial cultivation, seed is sown
in raised beds measuring120x60x10cms
(LxBxH).
The seeds are sown thinly to avoid lanky
tall seedlings.
The seeds are sown at 10 -12cms apart and
covered with a mixture of soil and FYM.
TRANSPLANTING:
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The
recommended
fertilizer
is180:120:60 kg NPK/ha.
dose
IRRIGATION:
Irrigation requirement depends upon the
weather, type of soil and season of the
crop grown.
Since China aster is a shallow rooted crop,
it needs continuous soil moisture
throughout the entire period of crop
growth.
It requires irrigation at intervals of 7 to 10
days.
YIELD:
@@@@@@
PINCHING:
Pinching of main shoot at one month after
transplanting promotes growth and
flowering.
Pinching delays first flowering by 8-12
days.
USE OF GROWTH REGULATORS:
HARVESTING AND
POST HARVEST HANDLING:
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LECTURE-15
ANTHURIUM
INTRODUCTION
Anthurium is an evergreen, tropical herbaceous
plant cultivated for its
colourful
spathe
and
unusual attractive foliage.
Originating
tropics,
in
American
PRODUCTION
WORLD
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AVAILABLE GERMPLASM
The genus Anthurium can be categorized into
two distinct groups
o Flowering types and
o Foliage types.
FLOWERING TYPE
Anthurium andreanum,
omaturm, etc.
A. seherzerianum,
A.
FOLIAGE TYPE
A. Clarinervium, A. corrugatum, A.crystallinum,
A. digitatum
A. holtanianum, A. leuconerum A. magnificum, A.
pentaphyllum
A. pedetoradiatum, A. olfersianum, A. hookeri, A.
veitchii
A. warocqueanum, A. watermaliense etc.
Besides these coloured varieties there are many
varieties that are bicoloured.
Such bicoloured varieties are known as Obakes
in trade.
Examples of obakes include;
Madona (Cream obake)
Farao (bright orange with green borders)
Lamboda (white-green obake) and Fla
rose (Peach)
TYPES OF ANTHURIUM
There are three basic types of Anthurium
flowers
1. STANDARD:
They have the most common
heart shape, the spathe lobes
often overlap.
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GROWING ENVIRONMENT
Diurnal temperature, light and humidity play a
major role in the growth and flowering of
Anthuriums.
DIURNAL TEMPERATURE
For a luxuriant growth the cultivated
Anthurium
(A.
andreanum
and
A.
scherzerianum) required 18.3oC during night
whereas
A higher night temperature of 21.2 to 23.9 oC is
essential for initiation of flowering.
Anthurium
cannot
tolerate
freezing
temperature. At the same time Anthuriums do
not prefer temperatures above 35 oC.
If the temperature exceeds 35 degree centigrade
coupled with low relative humidity leaf
scorching is common.
LIGHT
FLORAL DEVELOPMENT
SHADING
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GROWING STRUCTURES
Depending upon the area of cultivation, the
growing structures can be modified to suit the
local climatic conditions.
Commercial scale Anthurium cultivation can be
taken up in
SHADE HOUSES
In many of the commercial Anthurium growing
areas, shade houses are the most popular
structures because of the simplicity of
construction and low cost.
The shade houses can be constructed by taking
the support of existing tree trunks if the
Anthuriums are grown in multistoried
plantation cropping.
In open areas wooden, granite or pillars can be
erected at regular intervals connected by GI
wires as a mesh on top.
Shade net can be covered on the top to provide
the required shade 75%, (ie., 50 +25%, shade
nets).
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3) Lack of flowering
Symptoms Mature plants produce many
leaves but few flowers. No flowers on the
lateral shoots.
Control Increase light level to 1800-2500 footcandles. Maintain higher light intensity as
long as leaves do not develop symptoms
mentioned in 1) above.
GROWING MEDIA
A). IN POTS
Tree bark
Chicken manure
Coffee husk
Peat
Coffee parchment
Wood shavings
Rock wool
CULTIVATION:
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PLANTING DENSITY
Depending upon the varieties, Anthurium is
also planted at a distance of ,
30 cm x 30 cm (accommodates 6 to 7 plants/m2)
/30 cm x 60 cm/45 cm x 60 cm.
The optimum spacing for commercial
cultivation of Anthurium is 45 x 45cm, which
accommodates 5 plants/m2.
A closer planting of 30cm apart is also
recommended to accommodate 7 to 10
plants/m2 (61,750 plants/ha).
At higher plant densities though Anthuriums
produce more, dense planting restricts air
circulation and interferes with spray
penetration.
Hence, disease and pest
management becomes difficult.
IRRIGATION
Anthurium requires generous watering and
should be irrigated at least twice a day in
summer months.
In field grown plantations besides ground level
irrigation, the plants can also be watered using
overhead sprinklers.
Irrigation can be accomplished by flooding
beds or by installing micro-sprinklers at the
plant level.
NUTRITION
Anthuriums prefer smaller doses of fertilizers at
frequent intervals rather than larger doses in
longer intervals.
For pot cultivation it is advisable to apply 5g of
any complex fertilizer in 500ml of water (1%)
once in a month.
Anthuriums can also efficiently
nutrients thorough foliage.
take
up
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PROPAGATION:
BY SEEDS
3.
TISSUE CULTURE
Anthuriums are highly amenable for in-vitro
propagation using different parts as explants.
HARVESTING
in
cultivars
are
poor
BY SUCKERS
THROUGH CUTTINGS
Anthurium can be vegetatively propagated
through cuttings obtained from fully grown
plants.
Since, the vegetative growth is slow; the plants
require at least 3-4 years to elongate and to
produce 5-6 nodes and internodes.
Cuttings can be made by cutting just below the
node, so that each cutting has single eye or
bud in it.
The buds sprout in 20-30 days from the cuttings
treated with growth hormones especially, the
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PESTS:
PACKAGING
Anthurium packaging is into boxes of white
surfaced corrugated cardboard,
The lids which have been printed with 3-colour
logos and lettering.
European Carton Sizes-100x20x10cm, 100 x 40 x
12 cm and 100 x 40 x 14.5 cm
In Hawaii standard master cartons are 43 x 23 x
11 inches and contain smaller boxes inside,
called trays.
DISEASE:
Bacterial Diseases
Soft rot (Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora),
Xanthomonas blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv.
Dieffenbachiae),
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides),
Phytophthora leaf spot,
Flower blight, and
Root rot (Phytophthora parasitica)
Nematode:
Burrowing nematode decline (Radopholus similis)
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LECTURE-16
POST HARVEST TECHNIQUES OF CUT
FLOWERS
IMPORTANCE OF POST HARVEST HANDLING OF
FLOWERS:
The quality of flowers, which reaches the final
consumer, depends on the pre-harvest and
post-harvest handling.
diseases
and
pests,
INFLUENCING
POST-
Carbohydrate reserves,
Osmotic concentration,
Stomatal functioning,
Lignifications,
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OPTIMUM
Sl. No.
1
2
STAGES
OF
Flowers
Rose
Jasmine
Anthurium
Chrysanthemum
Carnation
Gerbera
7
8
Gladiolus
China Aster
HARVESTING
Purpose
Cut flower
Loose flower
Oil extraction
Cut flower
Standard
Spray
Pompons and
decorative
Anemones
Standard
Spray
Cut flower
FOR
IMPORTANT FLOWERS:
Stage of Harvest
1-2 petals beginning to unfold. At tight bud stage.
Matured, unopened bud stage
Fully opened flowers
Spadix almost fully developed 1/3rd of flowers on spadix
mature. Change of colour from base to top.
When outer florets fully expanded
Flowers open but before shedding of pollens
Centre of the oldest flower fully open
Open but before central disc florets begin to elongate.
Paint brush stage when flowers are half open
At least two flowers fully open
Flowers open but outer two rows show shedding of pollens
(fully mature)
1-5 florets show colour
Fully opened flower with long stalk
Fully opened with short or no stem
Cut flower
Cut flower
Loose flower
and
oil
extraction
9
Tuberose
Cut flower
When few flowers open at the base
Loose flower When all the flowers are fully opened
and
oil
extraction
Why immediately after harvesting of flower the stalk
Temperature, Relative humidity, Light,
ends should be kept in water?
Ethylene
Cut stem is a living entity, deprived of
Pathogens are import factors determine the
natural source of water further,
storage life of flowers.
The flowering buds require water for
Flowers should be of good quality free from
opening.
injury, pest and diseases otherwise prone to
The turgidity of the floral parts and cut
ethylene production and infection with
stem depends on water absorption by the
pathogens.
stem, to meet water loss through
Harvested at optimum stage,
transpiration,
FACTORS
FLOWERS:
AFFECTING
Quality of flowers,
Stage of harvest,
STORAGE
LIFE
OF
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Crop
Rose
Anthurium
Gerbera
Precooling
temp.
(o C)
1-3
13
4
Dendrobium
Carnation
Chrysanthemum
Crop
Cymbidium
Gladiolus
Bird of
Paradise
Precooling
temp.
(o C)
0.5-4
4-5
7-8
5-7
0.5-1
0.5-4
Wet storage :
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Wet
Anthurium
Carnation
Dendrobium
Gerbera
Gladiolus
Tuberose
Rose
13
0.5-1
5-7
4
4-5
7-10
2-3
14-28
21-28
10-14
4-7
7
3-5
5-7
BUNCHING / BUNDLING
Flowers immediately after harvest, are made
into bunches of 5, 10, 12 or 20 stems and
loosely tied with rubber hand at the base and
close to the bunched head.
Bunching should be done carefully to avoid
bruising.
Remove lower leaves, uniform fresh basal cut is
given manually or mechanical.
Bunching helps for easy packing and handling.
Flowers such as gerbera, orchids, anthurium,
and standard chrysanthemum are packed
individually.
Dendrobium and anthurium are kept moist by
putting them in specially designed vials filled
with water or in moist wool.
The bunches are held in polyethylene sleeves or
the buds are wrapped in corrugated paper to
protect them from mechanical damage.
PACKING METHODS FOR CUT FLOWERS:
The method of packing depends on crop,
flower, method of transport and market.
The principle of packing is to keep the flowers
for long time and retain quality by lowering
the rate of transpiration and cell division
during transportation and storage.
The ideal packing should be air tight, moisture
proof and strong enough to withstand
handling, transport and staking.
Corrugated fiber board boxes possessing
isothermic properties, light in weight and
reusable are generally suitable.
The dimension of packing boxes depends on
stem length, type of flower, efficient
utilization of space in the cargo, refrigerated
trucks, etc.
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Length
(cm)
100
80
120
100
Width
(cm)
40
50
50
40
Height
(cm)
20
23
15
30
Weight
(kg)
13
15
15
17
PACKAGING:
1. Protection
Mechanical
Injuries
(Cuts,
bruises, mechanical,
punctures, abrasions)
Unfavourable environment.
Exposure to harmful gases.
Enables transport.
2. Preservation
3. Presentation
Display of Info about the product/
communication & advertizing, trade mark
Market penetration & competitiveness
Value Addition - silent salesman
TYPES OF PACKAGING
Primary packaging
container that
directly holds the
product
Eg.,
Wrapping materials (paper,
polythene),vases, bouquests, carton, crates, etc
Secondary packaging - any outer wrapping
that help to store, transport, inform, display
and protect the product
Eg. CFBs, decorated carton, gift boxes, etc
Tertiary packaging - grouping of products for
storage and transportation.
Eg.
Pallet
Boxes,
plastic/wooden boxes
CFBs,
cartons,
LABELING:
The packed boxes should be labeled,
o Crop,
o Variety,
o Colour
o Grade or standard,
o Grower identification
o Date of harvest
o Quantity etc.
TRANSPORT:
The flowers are usually transported by air and
by refrigerated vans.
For short distance and local markets, transport
through rail or non-refrigerated insulated
trucks can be used.
The flowers such as gladiolus, snapdragon,
antirrhinum and freesia which show bending
of tips should be hold vertically during
transport.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING FLOWER
SENESCENCE:
Loss of dry matter due to hydrolysis of
macromolecules such as starch, sugars,
proteins and nucleic acid.
Break down of starch into sugars which are
transported to the flowers.
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MEANS TO
FLOWERS:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
OF
CUT
LIFE
Cleaning.
1.
VASE
EXTEND
plant
China aster
Birds of Paradise
Carnation
Chrysanthemum
Gladiolus
Lily
Orchid
Rose (HT Rose)
Spray Rose
Tuberose
: 5 to 10 days.
: 1 to 2 weeks.
: 03 weeks.
: 1 to 2 weeks.
: 6-12 days
: 4 to 14 days.
: 3 to 4 weeks
: 7 to 10 days.
: 7 to 10 days.
: 7 to 10 days.
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Crop
ROSE
GLADIOLUS
CARNATION
CHRYSANTHE
MUM
Grading method/s
Based on stem length,
Long stemmed graded from 40-90 cm with difference of 10 cm,
Short stemmed from 40-65 with 5 cm difference.
Leaves dark green, healthy, free from dust, residue pest and disease.
Buds should not be bull head, too opened, too tight, bent neck, and strong stem.
Generally based on stem length,
Number of florets per spike,
Long spikes with more florets fetch better price.
Stem straight,
Colour of florets,
Optimum stage of openness of florets, etc.
According to North American Gladiolus Council (NAGC), USA
Minimum No. of florets
Grade
Spike length (cm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fancy (Grade A)
107
Special (Grade B)
96-107
Standard (Grade C)
81-96
Utility (Grade D)
<81
Based on the degree of bud opening
Flower diameter
Stem length, strongest of stem etc.
According to Society of American Florists, USA
Minimum flower
Grade
Diameter (mm)
Blue
Tight
50
(Fancy)
Fairly tight
20
Open
75
Tight
44
Red (Standard)
Fairly tight
56
Open
69
Tight
<50
Fairy tight
< 50
Green (short)
Fairy tight
< 50
Minimum
(cm)
stem
length
55
43
30
GERBERA
16
14
12
10
1.
2.
3.
Minimum flower
diameter (cm)
Blue (fancy)
14.0
Red (special)
12.1
Green (short)
10.2
Based on straight, strong, length of stem (40cm minimum),
Flowers uniform in size, not less than 7 cm.
Minimum
(cm)
stem
length
76
76
61
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ANTHURIUM
TUBEROSE
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LECTURE-17
3.
Dried
flowers
are
throughout the year.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Biodegradable.
12.
13.
INTRODUCTION:
There is an increasing demand all over the
world for decorating living and working
places with eco-friendly things like flowers
and foliages.
Fresh flowers and foliages though exquisite in
their beauty are highly expensive.
Also they are perishable and delicate in nature
and cannot retain their beauty and fresh look
for a long time even with the use of best
technology for enhancing vase life.
Moreover, there is a non-availability of fresh
flowers and foliages all round the year in all
places.
In this context, flower can be dried, preserved
and processed to retain its beauty as well as
everlasting value.
The beauty and value of the dried flower are
that they can be kept and cherished for years,
which survive the cold of winter and heat of
summer.
At present dry flower industry is growing very
fast with more than 60 per cent share to the
floriculture industry in India.
available
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f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)
t)
TECHNIQUES
FLOWERS:
a.
PRODUCTION
OF
DRY
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3. AIRFLOW:
Sun drying
Air drying/Drying under shade
Polyset drying
Press drying
Embedded drying : a) in room
b) in sun
6. Hot air oven drying
7. Microwave oven drying
8. Vacuum drying
9. Freeze drying
10. Skeletonizing
11. Drying through treatment with
glycerin
12. Dyeing
1. Sun drying- Most common method
Season bound
uncertainties.
resulting
in
supply
2.
3.
Time consuming
4.
Shrinkage of petals
5.
6.
No
special
involved.
Time consuming
Weather dependant
Shrinkage of petals
equipment
Disadvantage:
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8. POLYSET DRYING:
It is a polymer preservation method which is
applied to the flower 45 minutes before drying. It is a
chemical pre-treatment application which is used
before air drying to improve the quality of the dried
flower.
Advantages:
9. PRESS DRYING:
The flowers and leaves while press drying is
placed between the folds of newspaper sheets
or blotting papers giving some space among
flowers.
These sheets are kept one above the other and
corrugated boards of the same size are placed
in between the folded sheets so as to allow the
water vapour to escape.
The whole bundle should be placed in a plant
press for 24 hours.
Then it in kept is electric hot air oven for 24
hours at 40-450 C.
FOLIAGES:
Thuja, Cassia biflora, Haematoxylon, Marigold,
Casuarina, Calliandra, Rose foliage, Grevillea robusta,
Taxodium distichum.
11. EMBEDDED DRYING:
To overcome the problem of petal shrinkage
and other morphological changes in dehydrated
materials due to air drying, the flowers are dried in
embedding technique. The embedding materials cover
flowers in such a way that the original shape of the
flower is maintained.
Advantage:
Retains colour and form.
Support the petals more rigidly and
maintains shape on drying.
Disadvantage:
Labour intensive.
Expensive since it involves the cost of
embedding materials.
12. COMMON EMBEDDING MATERIALS:
Sl.
No.
1.
Material
Properties
Silica gel
Corn meal
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Borax
Sand
Alum
CHARACTERISTICS
MATERIALS
EMBEDDING
1. Fineness: - The material should be very fine (0.020.2mm) to fill the crevices and
cavities present in flower and
completely envelope them leaving no
gaps.
2.
4.
5.
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Unbelievably fast
Quality product
Advantages :
VACUUM DRYING:
Faster dehydration
Principle:
Disadvantages :
Costlier
Brittle flowers
humidity.
due
to
lack
of
Procedure:
Freezing phase.
2.
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Microwave
drying
Microwave
drying
Microwave
drying
Lavender
Mollucella
Rose
oven
Allium,
Helipterum,
Leucodendron, Mimosa,
Gomphrena, Verbena
Spray carnation
oven
Chrysanthemum (small)
oven
Iris, Orchids,
William, Tulip
Sweet
GLYCERIN TREATMENT:
It refers to replacing the moisture content in a
flower with a mixture of glycerin and water. Here the
flower is actually preserved and not dried.
Two types of glycerin treatments
1. Systemic treatment: - It allows the plant to absorb
the glycerin through the stems naturally.
2. Immersion treatment: - Here glycerin is forced
through the stems under pressure.
Flowers suited: - Caspia, Ming, Tree fern,
Salal.
Advantages:
SKELETONIZING :
or
immersion
in
glycerin
Air drying preserves
fragrance
Air
drying
with
glycerin
Air
drying
with
glycerin
Air drying
FOR
DIFFERENT
Crops
Anemone,
Freezia,
Zinnia, Narcissus
Snapdragon,
cosmea,
Delphinium
Dahlia
Foliage
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Procedure
Select a branch about 18 inches or less in length.
Remove lower leaves and branch or split the
stem end of wood materials about 4 to 6
inches to increase absorption.
Make a mixture of 1 part glycerin and 2 parts
warm water.
Stir well and pour into glass containers.
Mark the level of mixture on the containers.
As the branches absorb mixture, add a reserve
mixture which contains 1 part glycerin + 4
parts water to the original marked level.
Soft stem takes 3-6 days for absorption whereas
woody stems takes 2 to 6 weeks.
Foliage colour will gradually change as
glycerin is absorbed.
DYEING OR COLOURING:
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
VALUE ADDITION :
Value added products
Dried flower are exported as assortments of
value added items.
DESCRIPTION OF DRIED FLOWERS
The International Trade centre (ITC) of the
United Nations Commission on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD) in conjunction with the
GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) had
developed the following product description for
dried flowers.
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2. Potpourri
3.
EXPORT
OF
MATERIALS:
INDIAN
DRIED
FLOWER
2.
Potpourri
3.
4.
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Liners
ARRANGEMENTS :
a.
Exotics
4.
Floral handicraft
Collages
Flowers pictures
Cards and covers (press-dried
flower and foliage)
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ECONOMICS:
It is possible to start a home-scale establishment
with a meager amount of Rs. 15,000/- and one may
supplement ones income by employing his family
members. A small scale industry can also be started if
the market for dry flowers and floral craft items is
explored in our country and world. There is quite high
margin of profit in this venture.
LOCATION OF DRIED FLOWER INDUSTRY:
EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL:
2.
3.
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9.
LECTURE-18
Fernery:
It
LANDSCAPE GARDENING
10. Archidorium:
1.
It
Landscape gardening:
It
11. Archeology:
It
(OR)
an area or piece of land into a
garden by utilizing naturally existing
features like undulations, terraces and
plain surface so as to look to have
more naturalistic effect than artificial
in order to imitate nature
Bringing
2.
3.
Landscape architecture:
It
4.
5.
Arboriculture:
It
6.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Gardner:
Any
8.
1.
Arborist:
arborist is a person who cultivates
and conducts research on tree species.
Conservatory:
The
glazed
structure used
for
maintaining/growing different plant
species or displayed for scientific
study or commercial cultivation with
or without environmental controlling
facility.
An
7.
Landscape architect:
Person
Ornamental gardening:
It
PRINCIPLES OF GARDENING:
1. INITIAL APPROACH:
In theory, everyone would like to have a perfect
plot of land, but in actual practice the plot
available for gardening, in three out of five
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2. AXIS:
3. FOCAL POINT:
6. SPACE:
4. MASS EFFECT:
5. UNITY:
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7. DIVISIONAL LINES:
9. TEXTURE:
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12. MOBILITY:
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13. STYLE:
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LECTURE-19
STYLES OF GARDENING
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Mughal Gardens,
Persian gardens,
Italian gardens,
French gardens
English gardens and
Japanese gardens
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represented
death
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and
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The Japanese
based on positions,
important types are;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(1} Hill Garden:
A Flat garden is not necessarily as flat as a pancake. Since it stimulates a mountain valley,
low rounded hills designed with the help of
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of
deciduous
predominate.
should
i.
trees
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LECTURE-19
The
government,
municipalities,
city
corporations, and some other agencies maintain
some sort of gardens and parks in many parts of
India.
These gardens generally fall into two
categories.
1. Botanical Gardens - Gardens which are
meant for research as well as recreation
where all kinds of botanical species are
maintained for the benefit of the students
of botany and general public.
2.
bagh
Botanical
is
the
Karnataka
Garden
State
situated
at
Bangalore.
The
garden,
water
3.
GOVERNMENT
The
tall
majestic-looking
Araucarias,
especially Araucaria excelsa (syn. A. cookii)
which steal the eyes of the visitors.
The avenue of the large Ficus benjamina near the
glasshouse is definitely a special feature of the
garden.
Plants such as Tecoma argentea,
Tabebuia avalandii and Tabebuia spectabilis are
prize collections of the garden.
GARDENS,
OOTACAMUND (Ooty)
BOTANIC
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rockeries,
a pond with two islands,
In the background of this garden is a bluishgreen hill range which ahs been incorporated
in the designing of different garden features.
plants.
7. THE INDIAN BOTANIC GARDEN, SIBPUR,
KOLKATA (WEST BENGAL)
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THE
AGRI-HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY
A collection of Bougainvilleas
Childrens corner,
NATIONAL
RESEARCH
(WEST BENGAL)
BOTANICAL
Important features:
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Rose gardens,
Conservatory,
SAHARANPUR (U.P.)
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Dr. M.S. Randhawa, when he was the VicePresident of the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, once decided to lay out a chain of
Japanese style gardens and with this in view
he visited the famous Japanese landscape
architect Prof. K. Mori in 1958.
SHALIMAR GARDEN:
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The
beautifully
designed
flowerbeds and the avenue of
Chenars attract immediate attention
of the visitor.
III. CHASMA-E-SHAHI:
IV. VERINAG:
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was
and
17.
THE
MUGHAL
GARDEN,
PINJORE
(HARYANA)
V. ACHABAL:
VI. BIJBEHARA:
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@@@@@
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LECTURE-20
GARDEN ADORNMENTS
1. GARDEN SEATS
3.
4.
2.
SUNDIALS
BIRD BATHS
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These
are
ornaments.
The height of the column should not exceed 6090 cm or the dial will not be visible easily.
JAPANESE LANTERNS
6.
FLORAL CLOCKS
highly
sought-after
garden
7.
ORNAMENTAL STONES
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8.
FOUNTAINS
10.
PLANT STANDS
The
Plant
9.
These
STATUES
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DESIGNS
LECTURE-21
GARDEN ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF
GARDEN DESIGNS
The planning of a garden is an art. A garden
architect should learn enough of geology, geography,
garden history, styles of gardening, and above all
should have a profound knowledge about plants.
Basic Principles of Landscaping / General Principles
of Garden Design:
1.
Simplicity:
Garden design should be simple.
It should not have scope for under
complexity.
Visitors should catch entire effect.
Visitors should know purpose of garden
design/plan.
2.
3.
1.
Major elements
2.
Minor elements
: Stones, bricks, tiles, tar,
metal, grass, plastic, wood, sculpture etc.,
3.
Other elements
touch, food etc.,
Major elements:
Light,
sound,
smell,
1. PLANTS:
Classification of plants based on utilities and
functional value:
1. Aesthetic purpose:
a) Avenue planting- flower parade
b) Ground planting
c) Shrubbery, rockery, topiary, hedges,
edges
d) Potted plant, flower beds, boarders
e) Ground cover
f) Water garden
2. Functional purpose:
a) Control pollution
b) Reduces noise
c)
d) Wind break
e) Deciduous plants can utilize to
increase temperature during winter
4.
5.
6.
Natural grade
consideration.
to
7.
of
greens
taken
in
8.
9.
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v.
SCULPTURES:
Artistic material adds beauty to the
garden with the use of stones,
granites, sandstone, marbles, metals
Sculptures includes
being, animals etc
vi.
Functional use: Water will nourish the
plant, increases growth and development
vii.
ii.
As paving material
MINOR ELEMENTS:
i.
STONES:
For creating rockery, statues or
sculptures, to imitate natural water
falls, garden benches, path/walks
human
birds,
viii.
ix.
OTHER ELEMENTS:
i.
ii.
Sound:
water falls,
running streams,
WOOD:
iii.
iv.
iv.
surface,
sculptures,
paving,
Garden
benches
v.
2.
3.
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ii.
Mulching
iii.
Ground covers
iv.
factor-
climate,
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Grouping/selection of drought
tolerant plant, trees, shrubs,
annuals, cacti and succulents
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LECTURE-22
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Trough
Window
Jar
The
Terrarium
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LECTURE- 23
THE DIFFERENT FEATURES OF A
GARDEN
GARDEN WALLS
FENCING
Wire netting fence is cheaper than chainlink fence but is less durable.
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(B) PATHS
A garden path should never be less than 60cm
wide but should be preferably between 90 and
120cm, if sufficient space is available.
A wider path allows easy passage for wheel
barrows and other garden implements.
HEDGE
(A) DRIVES
(a) Gravel drives:
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Casuarina
equisetifolia,
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iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
ARCHES
EDGING
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PERGOLAS
TOPIARY
It
It
Characteristics of plants
For
It
Ability
to
withstand
clipping/pruning.
frequent
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enough
Suitable plants
1. Annuals: All annuals may be accommodated
in the rockery depending on their height in
between shrubs and other perennial plantsAsclepias, Calliandra, Clerodendron, Crossandra,
Cuphea, Euphorbia .
2. Shrubs: Duranta, Juniferous, Lantana sellowiana,
Russelia juntia, Thuja orientalis etc.
3. Cacti and Succulents: Adiantum, Pony tail
plant, Opentia, Cerus, Mumalaria, Agave,
Kalanchoe, Sansiveria, Yacca, Hawarthia, Furcrea,
Sedum etc.
4. Ferns: Nephrolepsis, Polypodium and Adiantum
etc.
5. Shade
plants:
Imparatiens
sultaniana,
Pedilanthes
tithymaloides,
Pilea
muscosa,
Portulaca sps, minature roses, Zebrana pendula,
Tradescantia albifolia, Vincea rosea etc.
11. CARPET BED:
Plant characteristics:
a.
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e.
f.
HERBACEOUS BORDER:
Mixed border:
13. SHRUBBERY:
14. BORDERS:
15. ARBOUR
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18. BONSAI
17. LAWN:
Common grasses
a. Calcutta doob b. Mexican grass
c. Korean grass d. Kentukey blue grass
e. Zade velvet
f. Bermeda g. St. Augustian
grass
h. Green gem i. Polypogium
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BONSAI STYLES:
There are many styles in bonsai, which have
been developing over the ages. The following are the
principal classical bonsai styles developer over the
years.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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