Olesen International Standards Indoor Environment PDF
Olesen International Standards Indoor Environment PDF
Olesen International Standards Indoor Environment PDF
ENVIRONMENT.
WHERE ARE WE AND DO THEY APPLY WORLDWIDE?
Bjarne W. Olesen
Technical University of Denmark, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Nils Koppels Alle, DTU
Building 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark, e mail: [email protected], http//www.ie.dtu.dk
Abstract
On the international level ISO (International Organization for Standardization), CEN (European
Committee for Standardization) and ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers) are writing standards related to the indoor environment. This presentation will
focus on the development of standards for the indoor thermal environment and indoor air quality.
In the future, recommendations for acceptable indoor environments will be specified as classes. This
allows for national differences in the requirements and also for designing buildings for different quality
levels. This will require a better dialogue between the client (builder, owner) and the designer. It is also
being discussed how people can adapt to accept higher indoor temperatures during summer in naturally
ventilated (free running) buildings.
Several of these standards have been developed mainly by experts from Europe, North America and
Japan, thus guaranteeing a worldwide basis. Are there, however, special considerations related to other
parts of the world (lifestyle, outdoor climate, and economy), which are not dealt with in these standards
and which will require revision?
Critical issues such as adaptation, effect of increased air velocity, humidity, type of indoor pollutant
sources etc. are still being discussed, but in general these standards can be used worldwide. It is
nevertheless important to take into account peoples clothing related to regional traditions and season.
Keywords: Thermal comfort, indoor air quality, ventilation, standards,
Category: Indoor air quality
1.
Introduction
Table 1: Three categories of thermal environment. Percentage of dissatisfied due to general comfort
and local discomfort (ISO EN 7730, 2005, CR 1752, 1998.)
Category
Operative temperature
o
C
PPD
%
PMV
Winter(1 clo)
Heating
<6
23,5 25,5
21,0 23,0
0,18
0,15
< 10
23,0 26,0
20,0 24,0
0,22
0,18
< 15
22,0 27,0
19,0 25,0
0,25
0,21
Vertical air
temp. diff.
K
<2
<3
<4
Floor surface
temperature
C
19 - 29
19 - 29
17 - 31
2.1
Air velocity
The air velocity in a space can lead to draught
sensation, but may also lead to improved
comfort under warm conditions. The draught
model, which is included both in ASHRAE
Standard 55 and in ISO EN 7730, is listed
below:
DR= ((34-ta)*(v-0.05)0.62)*(0.37*v*Tu+3.14) (1)
where:
DR
is the draught rating, i.e. the
percentage of people dissatisfied due to
draught;
ta
is the local air temperature in
C;
v
is the local mean air velocity in
m/s; and
Tu
is the local turbulence intensity
in per cent.
ASHRAE standard 55rev and ISO-7730rev.
include a diagram to estimate the air speed
required to offset an increase in temperature
(Figure 1). Toftum and Melikov (2000)
experimentally verified the diagram (Figure 1)
for occupants having individual control (ceiling
Figure 2: Acceptable operative temperature ranges for naturally conditioned spaces according to
ASHRAE 55rev.-2003. Range shown for different climatic areas.
2.2
Adaptation
The above-mentioned requirements are based
largely on laboratory studies with test subjects
mainly from Europe and North America. But
studies with Asian and African subjects
3
INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND
VENTILATION
(2)
Az =
Pz =
Rp =
Ra =
Q=
person/m
Category
CEN
Occupants only
l/s person
l/sm2
ASHRAE
CEN
Rp
Single
office
(cellular
office)
0,1
Landscaped
office
0,07
Conference
room
4.
(3)
3.2
Analytical procedure
All of the listed standards have also an
analytical procedure, either in the standard text
or in an informative appendix. In this procedure
the required ventilation rate is calculated on a
comfort basis (perceived odour and/or
Type of
building/
space
l/s
Table 3
G
(Ci Co ) Ev
0,5
CEN
CEN
lowpolluting
building
Non-lowpolluting
ASHRAE
Total
l/sm2
CEN
Low Pol.
Ra
building
10
1,0
2,0
0,7
1,4
1,4
0,4
0,8
0,8
10
1,0
2,0
0,7
1,4
1,2
0,4
0,8
0,7
10
1,0
2,0
0,7
1,4
4,2
0,4
0,8
2,4
2,5
2,5
2,5
DISCUSSION
ASHRAE
0,3
0,3
0,3
1,7
0,55
0,48
1,55
5.
REFERENCES