3 Basics of Vibration Measurement by Torben Licht
3 Basics of Vibration Measurement by Torben Licht
3 Basics of Vibration Measurement by Torben Licht
and
basics of Vibration Measurement
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Torben Rask Licht, B&K Denmark
Product Manager Vibration Calibration Systems
MSc EE, solid state physics, 1968
Career 43 years at B&K
9 Years R&D, Vibration Transducers/Calibration
3 Years R&D & Marketing Acoustic Emission
7 Years Vibr. Transducer R&D Group Manager
6 Years International Product Manager Vibration
Transducers & Calibration Systems
3 Years Technology Monitoring and Innovation
3 Years Project Manager Customized Projects
4 Years Project Manager Innovation
5 Years Product Manager Calibration Systems
2 Years Vibr. Transducer R&D Group Manager
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Standardisation work
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Audience profile assumptions
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Agenda
Introduction to Vibration
Vibration Transducers
Vibration instrumentation and analysis software
Transducer Calibration
Calibration and standardisation
Primary calibration methods and systems
Secondary calibration methods and systems
Questions
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Introduction
to
Vibration
What is vibration
Why measure vibration
Signal types
Vibration Signal Descriptors
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Introduction to Vibration
What is vibration
Why measure vibration
Signal Types
Vibration Signal Descriptors
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Definition from Shock and Vibration Handbook
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Vibration In Everyday Life
2637 retr
fgkj jgf lkdsd
6475 kgha
pwwpodj
deo
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Useful Vibration
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Mechanical Parameters and Components
Displacement Velocity Acceleration
d
v a
k
c m
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Simplest Form of Vibrating System
Displacement
Displacement
d = D sinnt
D
Time
T Frequency
1
T
m
Period, Tn in [sec]
k 1
Frequency, fn= T in [Hz = 1/sec]
n
k
n= 2 fn =
m
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Mass and Spring
time
m1
k
n 2fn
m m1 m
Increasing mass
reduces frequency
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Mass, Spring and Damper
m
100m 200m 300m 400m 500m 600m
[s]
k c1 + c2
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Forced Vibration
e
Displacement i m
T
Frequency
m Magnitude
dm
k c
dm = df
dF
Phase Frequency
+90
0
-90
Frequency
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Response Models
. Single Degree of Freedom Multi Degree of Freedom
SDOF MDOF
Magnitude Magnitude F
f0 Frequency Frequency
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Introduction to Vibration
What is vibration
Why measure vibration
Signal Types
Vibration Signal Descriptors
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Why Make Frequency Analysis
B C
Amplitude Amplitude
E
CD
B
A
A
Time
Frequency
E Vibration
D
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Forces and Vibration
1
1 20
100m
x 0
= 100m
10m
-20
10m
1m
1m 0 100 200 300 400 500
0 100 200 300 400 500 [Hz]
0 100 200 300 400 500 [Hz]
[Hz]
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Why Do We Measure Vibration?
To verify that vibrations do not exceed the
material limits
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Why Do We Measure Vibration?
Vibration Testing
Standard Driven
Standards as MIL 810
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Why Vibration Testing
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Practical example
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Why Do We Measure Vibration?
To verify that vibrations do not exceed the
material limits
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Mechanical Models of the Human Body
Whole body Shoulder girdle Hand-arm
(4 - 5 Hz)
Eyeball,
Lung intraocular
volume Chest wall structures
(ca. 25 Hz) Head
(50 - 60 Hz)
(axial mode)
(20 - 30 Hz)
Lower
arm Abdominal Mass (4 - 8 Hz)
Seated
Spinal column person
(axial mode) Hand grip
(10 - 12 Hz) Legs (50 - 200 Hz)
(Variable from
ca. 2 Hz with knees flexing to
over 20 Hz with rigid posture)
Standing person
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Why Do We Measure Vibration?
To verify that Vibrations do not harm the human body
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Why Do We Measure Vibration?
Compliance
EU Directive 2002/44/EC
ISO 8041:2005
ISO 2631-1:1997
ISO 5349-1 and 2:2001
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Why Do We Measure Vibration?
To verify that Vibrations do not harm the human body
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Why Do We Measure Vibration?
To verify that vibrations do not exceed the
material limits
To
To plan
plan maintenance
maintenance on
on machines
machines
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Diagnosis
B C
Amplitude Amplitude B
E
CD
A
A
Time
Frequency
E Vibration
D
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Why Do We Measure Vibration?
To verify that vibrations do not exceed the
material limits
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Forces and Vibration
1
1 20
100m
x 0
= 100m
10m
-20
10m
1m
1m 0 100 200 300 400 500
0 100 200 300 400 500 [Hz]
0 100 200 300 400 500 [Hz]
[Hz]
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The Automotive Industry
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Introduction to Modal Testing 1
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Introduction to Modal Testing 2
Consequences
Structures become inherently weak
Resonances move down into the
frequency region of excitation forces
Structures fail because of dynamic
loads
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Beyond Modal Testing
Finite Element Prediction of test model Modal Testing
Modelling, FEM
Damping data
Comparison and
Validation of Vali- Curve Vali-
Modal Model dation fitting dation
Update
Final Model
Simulation: Trouble
What if Shooting
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The Aerospace & Defence Industry
What is vibration
Why measure vibration
Signal Types
Vibration Signal Descriptors
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Types of Signals
Stationary signals Non-stationary signals
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Deterministic Signals and Harmonics
Time
f1 2f1 Frequency
Time
f1 Frequency
Time
2f1 Frequency
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Random Signals
Time
Frequency
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Impact-Impulse-Shock Signals
.
Time
Frequency
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Signal Types and Spectrum Units
Correct use of Units
Time Frequency
Determistic, U2 Power
U PWR
Periodic Signal
Time
Freq.
Time
B Freq.
Time
T B Freq.
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Introduction to Vibration
What is vibration
Why measure vibration
Signal Types
Vibration Signal Descriptors
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Linear vs. Oscillatory Motion
Displacement
Detroit D
35 Miles
Time
Speed Velocity
limit V
65 MPH
Time
TEST
0-60 MPH Acceleration
in 8.6 A
second
Time
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Conversion from Displacement to Acceleration
d maximum
Displacement, d
D
d = D sin t
Time d=D
Velocity, v v = dd = D cos t
v=0 dt
v = D = D2f
Time
d 2d
Acceleration, a v= 2 = D2 sin t
dt
Time a = D2 = D42f 2
a minimum
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Vibration Parameters
Relative Amplitude
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Which Parameter to Choose
Disp.
Disp. Disp.
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Units of Vibration Signals
1g 9.80665 ms-2
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Real World Vibration Levels
ms-2 dB
1000 180
1 120
0.001 60
0.000 001 0
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Vibration
Transducers
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The Measurement Chain
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GIGO
Filename, 53 920046
Early Methods of Vibration Measurements
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Mechanical Lever
Application:
Obsolete, but still found in
a few old power stations
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Eddy Current Proximity Probes
Applications:
Relative motion
Shaft eccentricity
Oil film thickness
Etc.
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Velocity Pickup
e = Blv
Limited frequency
range:
10 < f < 1000 Hz
Filename, 57 800289
Piezoelectric Accelerometer
Principles of operation F
F
F F
V mV F V mV F
Q pC F Q pC F
Filename, 58 800290/2
Types of Accelerometers
Planar Shear Centre-mounted Compression ThetaShear
P S
M M
R P R
B M
P
B B
P P
E R M
M M R
P E
B B B
Filename, 59 800284
Operational Range of Vibration Transducers
Relative
Amplitude
108:1
Piezoelectric
106:1 Accelerometer
10 000:1
Velocity
transducer
100:1
Eddy current
Proximity probe
1
0.2 2 20 200 2k 20kHz Frequency
Filename, 60 930656
Choosing an Accelerometer
0.003-0.01
0.0001-0.001
Frequency
~0.1 ~1 5-12k 15-30k Hz
Filename, 61 800299
Brel & Kjr Delta Shear Design
Piezoelectric
material
Clamping
Ring
Seismic
Mass
Base
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Accelerometer Model Spring-Mass System
Centre Piezoelectric x
post Element
mS xS
F
Seismic k L (at
Mass F rest)
mB xB
Accelerometer Fe F0 sint 0
Base
Spring Force: F kx S xB L Equation of motion:
Force on Base: x B F Fe
m B x
x
S
B m
F
FF
m
e
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Force Sensitivity of Piezoelectric Element
+- +- QpC SF pC / N FN
Polarisation
direction
+- +- Q = Generated Charge
+- +- SF = Force Sensitivity
Domains in undeformed state F = Applied Force
Applied Force
-+
+- +- -+ -+
-+ -+
q + +- +- -+ -+
- -+
Applied
-+ Force
+- +-
-+
- +
q
Compression deformation Shear deformation
of domains of domains
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Useful Frequency Range
Amplification Factor A
30
Mounted Resonance
dB Frequency f m
Vibration of Seismic
20 Mass
0 Vibration of
Base
-10 f / fm
0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10
Relative Frequency
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Sensitivity and Frequency Range
Sensitivity
pC/ms-2
31.6
0.004
13 42 180 kHz
Filename, 66 800295
Accelerometer Mounting Fixed
Level
Beeswax
dB
30
20
10
0 Max.40 C
Frequency
200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k 30k 50 kHz
Filename, 67 930616
Accelerometer Mounting Handheld
d
rte
e
Inv
e
ob
Pr
Level
dB
30
20
10
0
Frequency
200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k 30k 50kHz
Filename, 68 930617
Isolating the Accelerometer
Electrical
(Prevention of ground loops) dB
20
Mica
washer 10
0
Insulating
stud
1k 2k 5k 10k 20k 30k 50kHz
Mechanical Filter Frequency
(Protection against high shocks)
dB
10
0
-10
Filename, 69 930618
Choosing a Mounting Position
B
Filename, 70 800305
Loading the Test Object
0,1 pC/ms-2
0.65 g M>7g Dynamic Mass
1
< M
10 pC/ms-2 10
54 g M > 600 g
1000 pC/ms-2
470 g M > 5 kg
Filename, 71 800304
Environmental Effects
Base Strain Corrosive substances
Humidity
Magnetic fields
Filename, 72 800314
Conclusion
Due
Dueto
toits
itswide
widedynamic
dynamicrange
rangeand
andwide
widefrequency
frequency
range
rangethe
thepiezoelectric
piezoelectricaccelerometer
accelerometerisisthe
themost
most
widely
widelyused
usedvibration
vibrationtransducer
transducer
From
Fromthe
themechanical
mechanicalpoint
pointof
ofview,
view,the
thepiezoelectric
piezoelectric
accelerometer
accelerometerisisaaseismic
seismictransducer
transduceremploying
employingaa
spring-mass
spring-masssystem
system
Velocity
Velocitypick-ups
pick-upscan
canbe
bewell
wellsuited
suitedand
andcheap
cheapfor
for
vibration
vibrationmeasurements
measurementsininthe
themid-frequency
mid-frequencyrange
range
Proximity
Proximityprobes
probesare
areused
usedfor
forrelative,
relative,low
lowfrequency,
frequency,
motion,
motion,especially
especiallyfor
formonitoring
monitoringshafts
shaftsininbearings.
bearings.
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Vibration instrumentation and analysis software
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LAN-XI Multi-Purpose Module #1
Multi-purpose module:
DeltaTron & Microphone conditioning
51.2 kHz freq-range
Microphones (200Vp)
Accelerometers
Proximity probes
DC-Accelerometers (diff. input).
AC & DC
Charge via DeltaTron converter
+
Dyn-X
REq-X
TEDS
CIC
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Cost and Time Savings using Distributed System
Reduced
A complexity
Traditional Transducer
Measurement Hub System
System!
- Cabling costs reduced 50-70%
- Instrumentation time reduced 50-70%
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Transducer Calibration
Why calibrate
To find the sensitivity
Why recalibrate
Legal obligation - QA requirement
Good instrument practice
Test for damage
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Calibration Levels
Measurements must be comparable and measurement uncertainty known
Primary calibration
Often performed as absolute
calibration that means as close as I
possible to the fundamental physical units
(MKSA in the SI system)
Field calibration
Field calibrators like III
Field measurements
IV
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B&K Calibration Systems all PULSE based
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Calibration standardisation
Standardisation is important
For vibration there is however far less legal
requirements, but the number is increasing.
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Survey of the ISO 5347/16063 series and status
Number Title Status
5347-0:1987 Basic concepts revised, 16063-1:1998
5347-1:1993 Primary vibration calibration by laser revised, 16063-11:1999
interferometry confirmed 2005/2010
5347-2:1993 Primary shock calibration by light cutting withdrawn
5347-3:1993 Secondary vibration calibration revised, 16063-21:2003
confirmed 2008
5347-4:1993 Secondary shock calibration revised, 16063-22:2005
5347-5:1993 Calibration by Earths gravitation confirmed 2004/2009
5347-6:1993 Primary vibration calibration at low withdrawn
frequencies
5347-7:1993 Primary calibration by centrifuge confirmed 2004/2009
5347-8:1993 Primary calibration by dual centrifuge confirmed 2004/2009
5347-9:1993 Secondary vibration calibration by withdrawn
comparison to a reference transducer
5347-10:1993 Primary calibration by high impact shocks confirmed 2004/2009
5347-20:1997 Primary vibration calibration by the revised, 16063-12:2002
reciprocity method
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Survey of the ISO 5347/16063 series and status
Number Title Status
5347-11:1993 Testing of transverse vibration sensitivity revision, WD 16063-31,
lack of project leader 2010
5347-12:1993 Testing of transverse shock sensitivity confirmed 2004
5347-13:1993 Testing of base strain sensitivity confirmed 2004
5347-14:1993 Resonance frequency testing of undamped confirmed 2004
accelerometers on a steel block PWI- 2008
5347-15:1993 Testing of acoustic sensitivity confirmed 2004/2010
5347-16:1993 Testing of mounting torque sensitivity confirmed 2004
5347-17:1993 Testing of fixed temperature sensitivity confirmed 2004
5347-18:1993 Testing of transient temperature sensitivity confirmed 2004
5347-19:1993 Testing of magnetic field sensitivity confirmed 2004
PWI- 2010
5347-22:1997 Accelerometer resonance testing confirmed 2004
-General methods
16063- Primary angular vibration calibration by laser confirmed 2010
15:2006 interferometry
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Survey of the ISO 5347/16063 series and status
Number Title Status
16063- Calibration of laser vibrometers Approved 2011
41:2011
The ISO 16063 series of documentary standards has specified upgraded and new standard methods to
allow metrological traceability to be extended to all six motion quantities (vibration and shock).
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Accelerometer Check
Frequency = 159.2 Hz
= 1000 rad/sec Power
Amplifier
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Primary calibration
methods and systems
Filename, 88
Absolute Calibration by Laser Interferometry
Primary
Vibration Transducer
Calibration System
Type 9636
1993
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Fringe counting principle ISO 16063-11, method 1
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Basic formula
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DPLA calibration history
Calibration History of Transfer Standards
NIST PTB
Transfer Std. 1: B&K Type 3506 no. 15.3506.5
1.01 1.01
1.00 1.00
0.99 0.99
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ISO Method 3, 1999
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Primary methodologies, ISO method 3
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Goals for new systems according to Method 3
Simpler
Easier to use
Wider frequency range
Phase measurement
Automated to save manpower
Higher accuracy
Lower price
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(B&K) Setup with quadrature output (2. Generation 2004)
Power amplifier
0 90
Detectors
Shaker
Laser
Interferometer Mirror
Accelerometer
Filename, 96
B&K Setup with quadrature output (2. Generation 2004)
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Determination of the Mod angle
u1(ti), u2(ti)
Mod(ti)
1
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ISO 16063-11: Primary vibration calibration by laser interferometry
u 2 (t i )
Mod ( t i ) arctan p
u1 (t i )
where the integer p has to be chosen properly to avoid discontinuities.
In the standard these results are then used to create N+1 equations
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DFT, FFT and analyzers
SignalB (t )
x(t ) arctg
4 SignalA(t )
It has been proved that using DFT (or the faster
FFT) with appropriate sampling and taking out the
values for the proper frequency is identical to the
described sine approximation method using least
square fitting.
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Laser cal. system Type 3629 using PULSE FFT Analyzer
Accelerometer
Calibration
Harddisk Data
Generate simulated
raw data
Show results
(Application)
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Laser calibration system using PULSE FFT Analyzer
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Laser calibration system using PULSE FFT Analyzer
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Determination of the Mod angle at high frequencies
u1(ti), u2(ti)
Mod(ti)
1
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Determination of the Mod angle at high frequencies
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Laser calibration system using PULSE FFT Analyzer
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Result of simulation, as shown in the application.
Ellipticity 0.8
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Simulations
Amplitude Deviation Result of simulation with Ellipticity 0.8 and 1
Result of lasersimulations
0,8
0,6
Amplitude Deviation %
0,4
0,2
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
-1
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency [Hz]
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Simulations
Amplitude Deviation difference in percentage results
of simulation with Ellipticity 0.8 and 1
Difference in Results of lasersimulations, Ellipticity 1 and 0.8
0,03
Amplitude Deviation Difference %
0,02
0,01
-0,01
-0,02
-0,03
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency [Hz]
Filename, 110
Phase deviation results with ellipticity 0.8 and 1.
Result of lasersimulations
0,02
0,015
0,01
Phase [ re 0]
0,005
-0,005
-0,01
-0,015
-0,02
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency [Hz]
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CONCLUSION
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Quadrature system in rack
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Acceptance test
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Quadrature system testing
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Quadrature system testing
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Quadrature system testing
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LNE installation
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LNE installation
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Uncertainty budget
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Uncertainties
Frequency Configuration Magnitude Phase
Range (Hz) Expanded Expanded
Uncertainty Uncertainty
(%) ()
0.1-0.2 LF exciter 2 0.5
0.2-0.4 LF exciter 1 0.5
0.4 2 LF exciter 0.4 0.5
2 - 10 LF/HF exciter 0.4 0.5
10 2000 HF exciter 0.3 0.5
2000 - 5000 HF exciter 0.4 0.7
5000 - 7000 HF exciter 0.5 1
7000 - 10000 HF exciter 0.6 1.5
10 to 15 kHz HF exciter 1.5 2
15 to 20 kHz HF exciter 2.5 3
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Conclusion
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Secondary calibration
methods and systems
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ISO 16063-21, 2003
Vibration calibration
by
comparison to a reference transducer
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Comparison set-up
1 Exciter
2 Amplifiers
3 Power amplifier
4 Frequency generator
and indicator
5 Reference transducer
6 Transducer to be
calibrated
7 Voltmeter
8 Distortion meter for
occasional checks
9 Oscilloscope for
visual inspection
(optional)
10 Phase meter
(optional)
Filename, 125
Calibration using Back-to-back method
Multi-
analyzer
Accelerometer Power
under test Amplifier
Reference
Standard
Accelerometer
Shaker
Filename, 126
ISO 16063-21, 2003
Magnitude uncertainties
Example 1 Example 2
Filename, 127
ISO 16063-21, 2003
Phase shift
(Not mandatory)
Example Example
1 2
Filename, 128
ISO 16063-21, 2003
Environmental conditions
Example 1 Example 2
Filename, 129
Comparison calibration for Force transducers
Filename, 130
Fifth Generation
Vibration and Shock
Transducer Calibration System
Type 3629
Filename, 131
System Configuration (Vibration)
Filename, 132
Accelerometer Calibration System Type 3629
Filename, 133
Back to Back Calibration System
3560C
Pulse Sound & Vibration
Analyzer
Filename, 134
Type 3629 System Variations
Conditioner Calibration
Filename, 135
Comparison calibration, Back to back
By back-to back mounting of the accelerometers, both accelerometers
are subject to the same vibration. This is assumed to be a perfectly
linear motion perpendicular to the accelerometers common
mounting surface.
The sensitivity in this direction of the DUT accelerometer can then be
calculated
Suut = Sref x (G ref x Vuut ) / (G uut x Vref )
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Calibration by substitution
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Measurement results and formulas
H is the frequency response function
S is the sensitivity
Su ( f ) * H B ( f ) S x ( f ) * H A ( f ) H u ( f )
*
S x ( f ) * H A ( f ) Sr ( f ) * H B ( f ) H r ( f )
giving the result
Hu ( f )
Su ( f ) S r ( f ) *
Hr ( f )
Filename, 138
% Uncertainty under different conditions
f- 160 > 2 to >5 > 10 > 20 > 40 > 0.5 > 1,25 >2 >4 >5 > 7 to
range Hz 5 Hz to 10 to 20 to 40 to 500 to 1,25 to 2 to 4 to 5 to 7 10
Hz Hz Hz Hz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz
HPL
-DUT 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.56 0.56 0.61
4809
HPL
-DUT 0.34 0.42 0.42 0.34 0.34 0.41 0.47 0.47 0.57 0.84 0.84
4808
OPL
-DUT 0.58 0.87 0.71 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.90 0.93
4808
OPL
-DUT 0.58 0.62 0.62 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.64 0.66 0.95
4809
OPL
+DUT 0.61 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.75 0.77 1.20
4809
Filename, 139
Thank you for your
attention !!
QUESTIONS ?
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