Simplified Network

Ultimate Experience

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2016 CALENDAR
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22-25, MWC@ Barcelona 14-17, ONS@ California
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March, IWS@ Shenzhen

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October, SDN & OpenFlow World Photonics Conference
Congress@ Europe
 2017 CALENDAR
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 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

Coherent
Optical Communication
Development
Non-Coherent Optical
Communication

The transmit end modulates optical carrier Simple structure and easy integration
intensity, and the receive end performs
Only ASK modulation
envelope detection on optical carriers.
Limited single-channel bandwidth

Coherent Optical
Communication

One of the key technologies in beyond 100G systems, emerged in the 1980s, and started to be
applied in commercial 100G networks at the beginning of the 21st century

Complex structure The transmit end modulates signals to an optical carrier in external
modulation mode and changes the frequency, phase, and
High single-channel bandwidth amplitude of the optical carrier. The receive end performs
coherent detection on the optical carrier to obtain all
information about the optical frequency, phase,
Multiple modulation formats such as PSK/QPSK/QAM
amplitude, and polarization state.

Advantages

Long transmission distance Large communication capacity

400G
system

200G
system
100G
2000 km 40G system
system

No DCM required No PMD concern Same-level transmission

performance
DCM DCM
100G coherent system
Non-coherent

10G non-coherent system

Coherent Non-coherent Coherent

PMD tolerance PMD tolerance Same level
 Coherent Optical Communication

Transmit end Signal x 4

Coherent system structure
TX DSP

Receive end

DSP
Light source
Modulator

LO light source Balanced receiver

Same frequency

Transmit end The spectrum distribution of electrical signals at the transmit end is adjusted to
(DSP shaping) reduce the spectrum width and linear crosstalk and enhance the capabilities of
withstanding nonlinear effects and passing through filters.
Before shaping After shaping

Coherent Detection
Receive end
The detected current after coherent detection is proportional to the product of
the signal optical power and local oscillator (LO) optical power, ensuring higher
system performance and achieving a longer transmission distance.
The coherent detection technology detects the frequency-mixed optical signals
of signal light and LO light. Only baseband signals can enter the system, and
the signals of other frequencies are filtered out. Therefore, the coherent
system has more flexible wavelength selectivity and implements
ultra-large-capacity data transmission.

DSP Demodulation
The DSP technology mainly compensates for optical fiber transmission
impairment and performs linear equalization, CD compensation, and PMD
compensation. Therefore, coherent systems do not require DCMs, simplifying
the network structure and avoiding the delay caused by the DCMs.
ADC FIR CD and PMD effects are equivalent to
FIR two filters.
ADC FIR Therefore, two filters can be simulated on
the receive end using the filter functions
ADC FIR
opposite to those of the equivalent filters
FIR of CD and PMD effects to eliminate
ADC FIR transmission impairment and restore
symbol elements.
Frequency-domain Time-domain
dispersion PMD compensation
compensation
 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

FEC
Overview
During signal transmission, deterioration or bit errors will inevitably occur. Forward error correction (FEC)
ensures error-free transmission in a communication system with noise and other impairment factors.

History

1988 1996 2008

First FEC Application RS Code Application HD-FEC to SD-FEC
Optical signals have been RS codes were successfully With the innovation of coherent
gradually transmitted using long used in a 7000 km trans-Pacific optical transmission, FEC
wavelengths and single-mode communication system to technologies are also evolving
fibers, and the impacts of noise, provide a 6.2 dB coding gain, from HD-FEC to SD-FEC.
nonlinear effects, and dispersion and were written into G.709 SD-FEC provides up to 2 dB
are increasing. FEC technologies standards. Since then, FEC coding gain improvement and is
were applied in high-speed has become a standard becoming a key technology
configuration for high-speed of long-haul 100G commercial
optical transmission to ensure
optical communication systems. systems.
signal quality.

Position in an OTUk Frame Specifications

Scenario: long-haul DWDM systems

ODUk Implementation: Signal coding at the transmit
end, and identification and correction at the
receive end
Measurement indicator: overhead percentage,
FA OTUk OH OTUk FEC
RS (255, 239) net coding gain (NCG)
ODUk or all 0s Method: HD-FEC, SD-FEC
(4 x 256 bytes)
Type: common FEC, enhanced FEC
OTUk frame structure

Error Correction Mode

Transmit end Receive end

Common Fiber transmission

system 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Bit stream

FEC-based Fiber transmission

system 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

Bit stream FEC redundancy Correct an error bit

The FEC-based system uses redundant coding to correct possible 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
error bits to ensure bit error-free transmission.
 Key Performance Indicator NCG

When FEC is not used, the system bit error

rate (BER) on the 1e-15 level requires a FEC Coding Gain
22 dB OSNR. When FEC is used, the system

BER
1.E-01
BER on the 1e-15 level requires only an 11 dB 1.E-03
OSNR. In this manner, FEC reduces the 11 dB 1.E-05
OSNR requirement.
1.E-07
1.E-09
The reduced OSNR requirement is the NCG,
1.E-11
which is an important indicator for
measuring FEC performance deterioration. 1.E-13 NCG
1.E-15
1.E-17
OSNR-BER-without FEC -2 3 8 13 18 23
OSNR-BER-with FEC OSNR (dB)

HD-FEC vs. SD-FEC

Fiber transmission
channel BER
u Encoder c r=u+e r External u
information 1.E-01 20%SD-FEC
c=u*G e processing 7%HD-FEC
1.E-03
1-bit Black-and 1.E-05
quantification -white photo SD-FEC HD-FEC
1.E-07 NCG: ~11.2 dB NCG:9.3 dB
Fiber transmission
channel 1.E-09
u Encoder c r=u+e r External
information u
1.E-11 1.3/G.975.1
SD-FEC Enhanced
c=u*G e processing 1.E-13 NCG:11.5 dB NCG: 8.99 dB
1.E-15
N-bit
quantification Color photo 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5
Q (dB)

Implementation
Type Overhead NCG Line Rate
Difficulty
Simple
HD-FEC 7% Low 112 Gbit/s
(1-bit quantification)
15% Medium 130 Gbit/s
Difficult
SD-FEC (N-bit quantification)
25% High 134 Gbit/s

The difference between HD-FEC and SD-FEC lies in the number of bits used to quantify
a signal. HD-FEC uses only one bit, 0 or 1. SD-FEC uses multiple bits and corresponding
algorithms to improve the decision accuracy.

Compared with HD-FEC, SD-FEC has more complex hardware and larger processing delay and
power consumption. Therefore, comprehensively consider specific scenarios and requirements
before selecting an FEC type.
 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

100G WDM Key Parameters

Key Parameters

CD and PMD

Chromatic dispersion (CD): Different Polarization mode dispersion (PMD): Optical

wavelengths have different transmission signals of different phase statuses are
speeds, causing optical pulse broadening. transmitted at different speeds, causing optical
pulse broadening.
CD
Delay difference
Distance L (km) PMD
Fast axis
Distance L (km)
1 1
2 2
3 3 Slow axis
... ...
Pulse broadening causes intersymbol interference (ISI) and bit errors. Dispersion increases with
the transmission distance. Therefore, dispersion tolerance limits the transmission distance.
The dispersion tolerance is related to the specific fiber type and physical environment. For example,
when typical G.652 fibers are used for transmission over 3000 km without electrical regeneration,
the CD tolerance of 100G devices should reach 60,000 ps/nm or even higher, and the PMD
tolerance should reach about 18 ps.

OSNR
BER

Optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is used to quantitatively Maximum correctable BER

detect the degree that optical noise interferes with signals.
The system requires that post-FEC bit errors do not occur on
devices when the OSNR is low.
The 100G system needs to fully share the optical cable and
site resources of the legacy 10G system. Therefore, the OSNR
tolerance of 100G devices must reach the same level
as that of 10G devices, which is about 10.5 dB. B2B OSNR tolerance OSNR (dB)

Nonlinear Effects

Nonlinear effects caused by scattering and refractive index changes will broaden frequency
spectrums and distort pulses.
The nonlinear effects such as self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) will
affect signal phases and cause pulse chirping, which exacerbates the pulse broadening caused by
dispersion.
 Fiber Type and
Nonlinear Effects Nonlinear Penalties

Nonlinearity coefficient ( ) The system rate, incident optical power, number of spans, fiber
attenuation, and channel spacing are closely related to nonlinear
1/Aeff effects.
Effective cross-sectional area
2
(unit: m ) Dispersion coefficient

s
tie
Channel spacing
Aeff er

al
Fiber attenuation w

en
Baud rate
l po ans

rp
a p
tic f s

ea
lin op r o
Nonlinear on t
n b e
penalties N de m
80 72 50 ci u
In N
G.652 LEAF G.653

Pre-FEC BER

Bit error rate (BER) is the ultimate indicator for measuring transmission quality. Factors such as noise,
dispersion (PMD/CD), and nonlinear effects cause waveform distortion and generate bit errors.
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

To detect the OSNR using the traditional integral method, the OTU laser must be turned off to
measure noise power. Therefore, the pre-FEC BER is generally used for system performance
evaluation. The pre-FEC BER of a 100G system is generally on the 1e-3 or 1e-2 level.

Other Concerns in a 100G System

ROADM cascading Guard band for hybrid transmission Percentage of high-power

capability of 10G and 100G signals optical amplifiers (OAs)

WSS WSS
10G 100G
Guard band
WSS

WSS

High-power OA Common OA

ROADM flexibility facilitates 100G signals are severely affected High incident optical power
network expansion but causes by XPM, and a guard band between will cause more severe
OSNR penalties. 10G and 100G signals needs special nonlinear effects.
attention.

To meet high-speed transmission requirements and extend the signal transmission distance, 100G
devices need to use optical digital signal processing (DSP), forward error correction (FEC), and
modulation technologies to overcome the previous physical factors.
 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

100G Optical Modules

100G optical modules are evolving from unpluggable to pluggable and support for parallel signals to
support for single-channel signals, and their dimensions and power consumption are gradually
decreasing.
Client-side: CFP, CFP2, CFP4, CXP
WDM-side: 300-pin/168-pin transponder, 100G coherent CFP
Client-side optical modules use directly modulated laser technologies and do not process digital signals.
Therefore, client-side optical modules are miniaturized faster than WDM-side optical modules.

Common 100G Optical Modules

300-pin/168-pin transponder is an unpluggable optical module on the WDM side.

300-pin/168-pin
CFP is the first-generation 100G pluggable optical module transponder
specified by the CFP multi-source agreement (MSA).

CFP2 and CFP4 are 2nd-generation and 3rd-generation modules

respectively specified by the CFP MSA.
They have smaller sizes and consume less power.

CXP is the pluggable optical module specified CFP CFP2 CFP4

by InfiniBand. It uses MPO ports and parallel fibers and
applies mainly to short-haul transmission.

CXP

Evolution of 100G Optical Modules

Client side

100G CFP 100G CFP2 100G CFP4 400G CFP8

100G CXP

WDM side

100G DP QPSK CFP 100G/200G CFP2 ACO

300-pin transponder

4x28G ODB CFP 4x28G MLSE CFP

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year

Note: Currently, there is no unified CFP8 standard.
 Implementation Mechanism

Client Side

Single-Mode Multi-Mode

2 1
1 10/25 Gbit/s 1
ROSA ROSA
R point DEMUX 10/4 R point

MPO Interface
3 ROSA ROSA
Gearbox/ 4 n
Retimer
1 1
Driver Laser Driver Laser
S point MUX 10/4 S point
Driver Laser Driver Laser
4 10/25 Gbit/s n
2 1

1 4 x 25/28Gbit/s optical<->electrical
2 4 x 25/28Gbit/s electrical<->10 x 10Gbit/s electrical (For CFP only)
3 CFP uses Gearbox while CFP2/CFP4 uses Retimer.
Gearbox Performs conversion between 10 x 10 Gbit/s and 4 x 25/28 Gbit/s services.
Retimer Recovers clocks and data.
ROSA Optical receiver, corresponding to point R in the optical module specifications.

WDM Side
Functional block diagram of a coherent CFP module

Board side Optical module side

OTN SD-FEC PM-QPSK

DAC OUT
Mapper Encoder Modulator

Clock Clock Tunable

Module Module Laser

DSP PM-QPSK
OTN SD-FEC
Demodula ADC Integrated IN
Demapper Decoder
tor Receiver

Performs FEC Performs Performs Converts the signals into

decoding. digital signal sampling. analog electrical signals.
processing.
 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

Beyond 100G Transmission

Key Technologies to Achieve Beyond 100G Transmission

High-order modulation format

16QAM

8QAM
QPSK

BPSK
Single-carrier
30G Multi-carrier
60G

Higher baud rate

Dimension 1: Modulation Format

Shannon Limit
According to the Shannon theorem, higher spectral
Distance

efficiency (SE) indicates a larger capacity and requires a

higher optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) for bit error-free
transmission. The excessively high OSNR dramatically
reduces the optical transmission distance.
SE (bit/s/Hz)
32T 21T 16T 10.6T
400G
1SC 2SC 2SC 2SC
50 GHz 75 GHz 100 GHz 150 GHz
<10%
Transmission 50%
60%
distance 100%

Modulation format* PDM-64QAM PDM-16QAM PDM-8QAM PDM-QPSK

Constellation
diagram

Spectral efficiency
(bit/s/Hz)
8 5.3 4 2.6

Single-wavelength
400G 200G 200G 200G
line rate (bit/s)

Baud rate (baud) 45G 32G 45G 64G

*: solutions being discussed in the industry

 Dimension 2: Higher Baud Rate

With the same modulation and coding, a line rate improvement increases the baud rate. Due to
limited chip bandwidths, the baud rate of current beyond 100G products in commercial use is
about 70G.

BPSK QPSK QPSK

Baud rate 20G baud for 40G 30G baud for 100G 64G baud for 200G
modulation
50 GHz spacing 37.5 GHz/50 GHz spacing 75 GHz/100 GHz spacing

Spectrum
bandwidth

Dimension 3: Multi-Carrier Transmission

As the baud rate increases, the spectrum width is broadened, and therefore spectrum utilization
faces challenges.The Nyquist WDM technology filters and shapes each sub-carrier in a
frequency domain to approximate to a rectangle, so that multiple sub-carriers in the frequency
domain can be concurrently transmitted with minimized channel spacing to improve spectral
efficiency.

Standard
Shaped
200G PDM-16QAM 400G Super Channel

1 2 1 2
VS. Spectral efficiency
50 GHz 100 GHz 75 GHz
200G PDM-QPSK 400G Super Channel
30%
1 2 VS. 1 2

100 GHz 200 GHz 150 GHz

In the future, network bandwidth traffic will exponentially grow along with
continuous emergence of new services, and beyond 100G transmission will
become the mainstream solution for optical transport networks.
 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

T-SDN
T-SDN Evolution

In 2006, Stanford University In 2010, the first SDN In 2012, the industry
introduced the concept of network was deployed first T-SDN controller
OpenFlow. in Google G-Scale WAN. prototype was released.

In 2014, the ONF and OIF

In 2015, Telefonica In 2014, China Telecom organized multi-vendor
completed the first deployed the first multi-domain T-SDN
IP+optical trial. commercial T-SDN network. interoperability tests.

T-SDN Architecture

Two-level architecture: orchestrator, controller

App App App App
Three-layer model: device model, network
model, service model

NBI
Orchestrator: It abstracts the network model
Service model
Orchestrator as a service model, so that developers can focus
Network model on service applications without being concerned
RESTful about technical details, thereby simplifying
multi-vendor and multi-domain interworking.
T-SDN Network model 3rd-party
controller Device model controller
Controller: It decouples the device model and
SBI network model, and uses RESTful interfaces to
present abstracted network resources to the
3rd-party
DWDM network applications.
network

On-Demand High Efficiency Open Platform High Availability

On-demand bandwidth Network efficiency Open northbound APIs, Carrier-class reliability

provisioning improvement via speeding up service multi-protection
Optical virtual private multi-domain synergy innovation mechanism, enhancing
network (OVPN) for and centralized controller security
VIP algorithm
 Value 1: On-Demand
BW: Bandwidth Actual traffic Leased line

App 1 Applying For Bandwidth on Demand 4 Optical Virtual

Private Network

Tenant 1 Tenant 2
Offline Online

2 Adjusting Bandwidth on Demand

Orchestrator Virtual network
600M +300M

BW
Open NBI -400M
+200M
T-SDN 200M -200M
controller
July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
3 BW Reserving Bandwidth on Demand

100G
Reserve bandwidth for
11th Nov. in advance.
10G Physical network
7th Nov 9th Nov 11th Nov 13th Nov

Value 2: High Efficiency

Centralized Management IP+Optical Synergy Network Visualization
and Control

Customization 25 Alarm
25 Risk
IP 50 Normal
T-SDN 0 100
controller Router
Service Packet loss
Centralized overview rate (%)
service rerouting
Optical
OTN

Multi-layer automatic service provisioning in

minutes
0 60 0 100
T-SDN centralized algorithm Multi-layer service protection and synergy,
increases the rerouting reducing CAPEX Delay (ms) Traffic (Gbit/s)
success rate by 10%. IP+optical algorithm, significantly improving
network resource utilization

Value 3: Open Platform Value 4: High Availbility

BoD App OVPN App 3rd App ... Carrier-Class Reliability Multi-Protection Mechanism
NBI
Remote disaster recovery Application Third-party App
Orchestrator layer authentication
99.9999%
RESTful

T-SDN controller 3rd-party controller Local 1+1 backup

Control RBAC-based AAAA
SBI 99.999% layer architecture

Pure IT hardware
3rd-party
Equipment Communication
network 99.9% layer encryption

The device/network/service model can shield device 99.9999% carrier-class Multi-layer security
technology details, accelerating service innovation reliability, annual mechanism, forming an
interruption duration < in-depth security defense
and ecosystem building. 0.5 minutes system
 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

All-Optical Switching
Optical Switching Promotes Future Transport Network Development
Future networks are flattened cloud networks that use data centers as cores and require a rapid increase
in node switching capacities. New challenges will be emerging.
Transmission devices must provide high bandwidths with low latency and be more eco-friendly.

ENERGY

Low latency
EFFICIENT
Low power
High bandwidth consumption

All-optical switching can solve all preceding problems.

Large Switching Capacity Minimized Latency Low Power Consumption

Optical switching is independent Electrical-layer hops are reduced Electrical processing is greatly
of physical media. to achieve light-speed direct reduced.
Cross-connect transmission.
capacity Per Gbit/s
O/E O/E Electrical
Service Electrical processing
processing processing Power consumption
Backplane Electrical Backplane requirement
processing cross-connect processing
Tens of s Optical processing

WSS/ Optical WSS/

AWG cross-connect AWG
Year
Wavelength rate
ns

Core Optical Switching Technologies

Phase

Rotate

Tilt Blue pixels

Green pixels
Red pixels
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS)

The slope angle of micromirror arrays is Liquid crystal is placed on the top of silicon-based
Basic adjusted to implement wavelength switching. complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), and
principle the image shape displayed by the LCOS is modified to
switch wavelengths.
Switching 320*320 wavelengths (N*80)*(N*80) wavelengths, N 16
capacity
Switching Discontinuous spectrum and non-support for
granularity Flexible Grid Continuous spectrum and support for Flexible Grid

If a micromirror fails, the carried wavelengths A single-pixel failure does not affect wavelengths.
Reliability will be interrupted.
 C-D-C-G

Contentionless Directionless
Any wavelength from Any direction can be Any wavelength to Any transmit direction
added or dropped in the same site
North North

West East West East

Local service wavelengths Local service wavelengths

Colorless Gridless

Any wavelength to Any add/drop port Adjustable channel space, adapted to

400G/1T/2T services
North
North

West East

West East Flexible ROADM

50 50 37.5 75
GHz GHz GHz GHz
100G

100G

200G

400G
Local service wavelengths

Future Optical Switching Devices and Technologies

Optical layer Switching

Architecture (distributed switching
Optical line board centralized switching)
Engine (MEMS LCOS
silicon photonics)
1+1 protection capabilities OXC
Optical Optical
line line
board board
OXC Connection
Fiber connection box
Integrated optical backplane
Optical tributary board
Simple fiber connection, low
insertion loss
Electrical layer Electrical line board

Wavelength Adding/Dropping
Non-blocking adding/dropping
Electrical and high integration
cross-connection M*N
M*N router Add&Drop
Add&Drop
Electrical tributary board
 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

C-RAN Fronthaul Solution

Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) uses centralized BBU nodes to pool computation/processing
WHAT resources for on-demand allocation among different nodes. A truly advanced C-RAN
is implemented in the following stages: (Source: NGMN Alliance)

Centralized Collaborative Clouding

RRU RRU

signal APP Service

LTE-A 5G
signal signal GSM UMTS LTE
RRU RRU RRU RRU Hardware

BBU Cloud BBU Cloud

WHY C-RAN aims to help operators deal with various challenges such as increased TCO
and deteriorated system performance due to increasing site quantity and severe
interference.
Centralized BBUs+CoMP Optimizing Cell Edge Performance Faster Delivery at Lower Costs

Valid Signal Zero footprint Centralized BBUs

Noise
eX2 latency0 Zero site cost

RRU : BBU=1 : 1
eX2

CoMP OFF CoMP ON in IP-RAN CoMP ON in C-RAN 0 0

0
50% C-RAN
50% 0 0
80% 80% IP-RAN
0
No CoMP

CHALLENGE
C-RAN offers many benefits for operators. However, fronthaul
challenges need to be addressed.
Technical Requirements

High Capacity High Reliability High Quality ltem CPRI Specification

Bandwidth 1.23G/2.46G/3.07G/4.9G/
Requirement 6.14G/9.8G*
E2E Latency 100 s
Backhaul Fronthaul
Frequency Accuracy +/-0.002 ppm
BBU Cloud RRU Latency Stability +/-8.138 ns (Single Direction)
Metro/ RRU BER 1e-12
Core Aggr. Access
*Required for a 3-sector, 20 MHz LTE carrier with 4T4R
ETH CPRI RRU configuration:
300 Mbit/s for users, 3 x 4.9 Gbit/s on fronthaul links
Up to 20 km (CPRI 5)
HOW Currently, the following traditional fronthaul solutions can meet the bandwidth and
latency requirements for CPRI transmission.

Dark Fiber Passive WDM

Sufficient fiber resource Low capacity and small rate

RRU Fiber BBU RRU Passive WDM BBU

WDM/OTN Microwave E-band

High capacity and reliability No fiber resource

RRU Active WDM BBU RRU Microwave BBU

Solution Comparison

For large-scale C-RAN deployment, operators must satisfy technical requirements while resolving
cost, deployment, and architecture maintenance issues.
Solution Advantages Disadvantages

Massive fiber resources required

No extra transmission device and power
Dark Fiber supply required No supervisory capability

Only 8 or 16 wavelengths supported in the CWDM

system, reducing scalability

Absent OAM feature hampering fault locating

Passive WDM Cost-effective with low CPRI rates Immature product chain of CWDM optical modules
with high-rate CPRI 5G/10G and other interfaces
leading to high costs

Poor networking capability

Quality OAM, ring protection, high

reliability High costs of devices using traditional
WDM/OTN technologies, requiring innovation
High scalability

Limited transmission distances

Fast deployment in fiber-free scenarios Climate-restricted application scenarios
Microwave for faster TTM
Limited frequency licenses
 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

P-OTS
Rapid bandwidth growth
Complex
Coexistence of large and network OAM
Transport networks require a unified service bearing small granularities
platform that implements unified access, switching,
and transmission of various services to improve
bandwidth utilization and reduce the bandwidth
pressure, meeting the IP-based evolution, flattened
network, and convergence trends.

Difficult service provisioning Coexistence of hard

on multiple bearer networks and soft pipes
L2
(Ethernet) Packet-optical transport system (P-OTS)
incorporates OTN and packet switching technologies
L1 and integrates L0+L1+L2.
(OTN/SDH)
It provides unified switching and grooming of
P-OTS services at the wavelength, packet, ODUk, and VC
L0 levels, thereby fully satisfying future service
(WDM) transmission requirements.

Unified Switching

P-OTS implements flexible and unified grooming of services at different granularities.

Tributary board Agnostic fabric Universal line board

Any service
at any rate
Ethernet PKT
Packet TM+FIC PKT
switching

FC NP
OTN OTN
OTN FIC ODUk FIC proce-
mapping
CPRI ssing
ODUk
VC VC VC
STM-N mapping
VC FIC

TM: Trafic Management FIC: Fabric Interface Chip NP: Network Processing

Flexible bandwidth allocation

0
100%
Bandwidth for ODUk/VC signals Bandwidth for packet signals

"New packet-optical systems increase the value of the transport

layer by offloading much of the aggregation functions provided in
more costly carrier Ethernet and routing systems."
 MPLS-TP

P-OTS uses the MPLS-TP technology. Based on existing MPLS, MPLS-TP implements simple and
efficient packet transmission, removes IP-based forwarding, enhances the OAM and protection
mechanism, and resolves L2 issues for working with the transport network.

MPLS-TP Evolution MPLS Header

MPLS MPLS-TP
Simplified L3 0 20 23 24 31
IP
IP Payload Label EXP S TTL
Enhanced Payload
IP Payload Enhanced OAM and 32 bits
IP Header protection
Label switch-
IP Header ing MPLS Header switching MPLS Header Label: supporting label nesting
Encap Encap Encap EXP: extended field, such as CoS
S: stack bottom flag
PHY PHY PHY TTL: Time to Live

MPLS-TP Principles

MPLS-TP consists of the management, control, and data planes. The management plane implements
NMS management, the control plane implements label distribution, and the data plane implements
data packet forwarding and connection-oriented OAM and protection.
LSP label

Core technologies: PW label

LSP label-based route switching Payload Payload Payload
Multi-service bearing based on
PWE3 emulation
OAM management by layer and segment CE PE PE PE CE
E2E protection switching
Section Section
LSP
PW
Service Models
MPLS-TP networks support point-to-point (P2P), point-to-multipoint (P2MP), and multipoint-to-multipoint
(MP2MP) Ethernet services.
Ethernet service models defined by different standard organizations have different names.

Service Type Multiplex Pipe IETF ITU-T MEF IEEE

Physical Physical
Line EPL
isolation isolation
P2P E-LINE
VLAN
Virtual line VLAN EVPL
MPLS VPWS
P2MP TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD E-Tree TBD
Physical Physical
LAN EPLAN IEEE802.1D bridge
isolation isolation
C-VLAN IEEE802.1ad bridge
MP2MP E-LAN
VLAN S-VLAN IEEE802.1ad bridge
Virtual LAN EVPLAN
MPLS VPLS

S-VLAN B-VLAN IEEE802.1ah (PBT)

 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

IEEE 1588v2 Clock

IEEE 1588v2 is a precision clock synchronization protocol for network measurement and
control systems. It can be used for frequency synchronization and time synchronization.

Wireless Network Requires Transport Network Requires

Time Synchronization Time Synchronization
IEEE 1588v2 can achieve time sychronization with A transport network, serving as a part of the
precision in the sub-microsecond range. bearer network, also requires time
synchronization.

Wireless Frequency Time

Standard Synchronization Synchronization Transport

CDMA2000 0.05 ppm 3 s A B

TD-SCDMA 0.05 ppm 1.5 s Wireless Wireless

LTE-TDD 0.05 ppm 1.5 s

LTE-A 0.05 ppm 1.5 s

E2E IEEE 1588v2 Solution

IP-RAN/PTN
GPS
BC OC
BC
OC
BC SDH/MSTP
TC
BC
GPS

Working path Protection path OTN device

Ordinary Clock (OC) Boundary Clock (BC) Transparent Clock (TC)

Master/Slave Master
Slave Master
Initial or terminal device Intermediate node device Intermediate node device
Only one Master or Slave Only one Slave port and Only delay compensation
port multiple Master ports during clock transmission
IEEE 1588v2 features on the OTN network:

E2E clock application Simple deployment High performance Easy maintenance

IEEE 1588v2 in OSC or ESC mode, adapting to different application scenarios

Section 1 Section 2

Scenario : ESC Scenario : OSC

WDM node OLA BITS Synchronization path

IEEE 1588v2 requires a length difference less than 400 m between the receive and transmit
optical fibers. The OSC single-fiber bidirectional solution should be applied to resolve the
asymmetry delay problem.
East and west IEEE 1588v2 signals
over the same fiber
OSC-1
OSC-2

Fiber

Service channel light OSC light

On a long link with 20 hops, the total time The networkwide E2E clock view is provided
deviation is less than 1 s, and the time to achieve visualized monitoring.
synchronization performance is excellent.

GPS Clock path NE1

OTN#1 NE2
NE3

NE4 NE5
BITS NE6
NE8
NE7

OTN#20 Clock meter

 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

Submarine Cable Network

Submarine Transmission

Special Fiber Better OA Advanced MCS

Lower loss coefficient Project-tailored gain and Larger nonlinear effects

Larger effective area output power tolerance
Constant output power Better receiver sensitivity
Lower PMD control
Combinations of positive and Larger dispersion tolerance
Excellent gain flatness
negative dispersion fibers Higher FEC performance
(legacy non-coherent Lower NF and PDL/PDG
systems) Higher reliability

Project Construction Characteristics

New submarine cable system deployment requires the long-time operation of submarine cable
vessels and undersea robots. Proper fiber pair resources are reserved after new cable deployment,
and multiple expansions can be implemented in the future.

SLTE addition or replacement can be implemented to expand the total capacity. The Overlay and
Lighting Up Dark Fiber methods are widely used in project capacity expansion .

Overlay Lighting Up Dark Fiber

Applies to submarine cable networks with idle Applies to submarine cable networks with dark
bands. The new optical signals can be coupled fibers. The new SLTE and existing SLTE use
into the fiber with original signals through couplers. different fiber pairs and do not affect each
other.
Existing SLTE Original band Existing SLTE Existing SLTE Existing SLTE

New SLTE New SLTE

New SLTE Cable New SLTE
Coupler Coupler
New band New band Dark fiber Dark fiber
 Repeatered System

A submarine cable system using submarine repeaters is called a repeatered system. It supports a
maximum transmission distance of 12,000 km.

BU

Terminal station RPT RPT

Terminal station
Devices in a Terminal Station

NPE SLTE SLM

LAN CTB
PFE

OGB RPT
NMS Terminal station

Because submarine repeaters work in the optical power locking mode, the SLTE fills the unused
channel with dummy light, which does not carry any service signals.

The SLTE EDFA adopts 1+1 pump redundancy design to improve reliability.

Dummy Light EDFA Pump 1+1 Protection

No service signal WDM EDF
Isolator Isolator
Dummy
Light
Coupler
OM
MUX EDFA
OTU

OTU Support for online

replacement
Service signal PUMP A PUMP B

Unrepeatered System

A submarine cable system that does not use submarine repeaters is called an unrepeatered system.
It uses the combination of high-power EDFA, common Raman, enhanced Raman, and ROPA and
supports a maximum of 85 dB loss transmission.

Forward ROPA Backward D

Raman pump Raman
M E
U M
X EDFA Enhanced ROPA Enhanced EDFA U
Raman gain Raman X
unit
 Simplified Network, Ultimate Experience

Silicon Photonics
Epoch-Making Integration Technology
As a newly emerged technology, evolved from the silicon-based complementary metal-oxide-
semiconductor (CMOS) technique platform, bringing the dawn to the optical communication industry.
Silicon photonics has large-scale and automated production techniques, rich material sources, and
efficient integration processes, thereby leading a technical revolution in the optical communication field.
Large-scale and
automated technique
platform
Ultra-high-density
photonic integration
technology
Si
26.30%
Others
25.10%
O
48.60%
Inexhaustible
raw materials

Three Advantages Building High Competitiveness

Low costs: CMOS techniques are used for large-scale production, which breaks the high-cost
bottlenecks of traditional optical component production.

vs
Manual check and coupling, Efficient and mature CMOS assembly line
time-consuming

High integration: Silicon materials have a high refractive index, which is the technical basis for
high-density integration.

CFP Waveguide

vs
CFP4

Traditional PLC technique Silicon photonics technique

Lower refractive index, larger waveguide bend Higher refractive index, smaller waveguide bend
radius, and larger component size radius, and smaller component size

Low power consumption: Without crystal lattice defect, minimal inner coupling loss, low bias
voltage, and high energy conversion efficiency
lnp SiO2 LiNbO3 SiO2
lnp Si
MZ Bias / V P=UI

VS
5V 1.5V
Traditional Silicon photonics Traditional Silicon photonics
Multiple materials, high Single material, low inner High bias voltage, high Low bias voltage, low
inner coupling loss coupling loss power consumption power consumption
 All Component Silicification, Covering Various WDM Applications

MUX/ MUX/
DEMUX DEMUX
OTU OTU
OA OXC OA

3 5

1 2 5 4 5 4 5 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6

Grating Modulator Switch AWG Waveguide Detector

Silicon photonics Silicon photonics transmission Intra-backplane and inter-chip

Scenario scheduling

Optical scheduling Long-haul Metro DC Backplane Inter-chip

system interconnection interconnection interconnection
Requirement > 500 km 500 km to 80 km to 500 m to 10 cm to < 10 mm
1500 km 500 km 10 km 10 m

Large-scale High performance/ High density/Low power

cross-connect/ Low power Large capacity High-speed
Miniaturization consumption consumption/Low costs bus
Application Server Photonic
Switch 1T 10*100G 400GE 16*25G interconnection chip

Waveguide Device
100G ICT/ICR 100GE 4*25G interconnection

Evolution of Silicon Photonics: Leading New Optical Technology Trend

Industry trend: Higher integration, more simplified technique, and lower costs

Discrete Hybrid Monolithic Full Optoelectronic

Components Integration Integration Integration

Substitutional silicification Light source mounting, One-step molding and One silicon chip
with unchanged structure involving multiple direct light source integrating all optical
and form materials and technique growing and electrical functions
processes

Note: Some images come from the Internet, and the copyrights belong to original authors.
 Huawei WDM/OTN Overview

Huawei WDM/OTN Global R&D Centers Global Optical Network

Market Share
PID & silicon ITU standards & (2014 Q4 to 2015 Q3)
innovations DSP research
Ipswich Amsterdam
Gent Munich

Huawei
22.9%
Others
Architecture, 50.3%
production, Ciena
DSP research & T-SDN, 13.5%
tech. innovations
Silicon valley submarine
Dallas Shenzhen ALU
Software Wuhan
Ottawa development 13.3%
Tianjing
Bangalore Chengdu
Source:

Capitalizing on global R&D expertise, Huawei is No. 1 in the optical network field.

Huawei WDM/OTN Product Family Overview

OSN 9800 OSN 8800

OSN 810
WDM FO for
CPRI Fronthaul

U16 U32 U64 T16 T32 T64

OSN 850
WDM CPEfor 5.6T 12.8T 25.6T 1.6T 3.2T 6.4T
Leased Line

OSN 1800

Data Center
Interconnect OADM
Chassis

E2E WDM/OTN solution, covering access, metro, and backbone networks

 Acronyms
A N
ACO Analog Coherent Optics NBI Northbound Interface
ADC Analog to Digital Converter NCG Net Coding Gain
Aeff Effective Cross-sectional Area NF Noise Figure
API Application Programming Interface NGMN Next Generation Mobile Networks
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying NMS Network Management System
ASON Automatically Switched Optical Network NPE Network Protection Equipment
AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating O
B OAM Operation, Administration and Maintenance
BBU Baseband Control Unit OC Ordinary Clock
BC Boundary Clock ODB Optical DuoBinary
BER Bit Error Rate ODUk Optical channel Data Unit - k
BITS Building Integrated Timing Supply OGB Ocean Ground Bed
BoD Bandwidth on Demand OIF Optical Internetworking Forum
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying OLA Optical Line Amplifier
BU Branching Unit ONF Open Networking Foundation
C OSC Optical Supervisory Channel
CD Chromatic Dispersion OSNR Optical Signal-to-noise Ratio
CFP Centum Form-factor Pluggable Transceiver OTN Optical Transport Network
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor OTU Optical Transponder Unit
CoMP Coordinated Multipoint Transmission/Reception OVPN Optical Virtual Private Network
CPE Customer Premises Equipment OXC Optical Cross-connect
CPRI Common Public Radio Interface P
C-RAN Cloud Radio Access Network PBT Provider Backbone Transport
CTB Cable Terminal Box PDG Polarization-dependent Gain
CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing PDL Polarization-dependent Loss
CXP 120 Gb/s eXtended-Capability Form-Factor Pluggable PDM Polarization Division Multiplexing
D PFE Power Feeding Equipment
DAC Digital to Analog Converter PLC Planar Lightwave Circuit
DCM Dispersion Compensation Module PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion
DEMUX Demultiplexer P-OTS Packet-Optical Transport System
DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying PSK Phase-shift Keying
DSP Digital Signal Processing PTN Packet Transport Network
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing PWE3 Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge
E Q
EDF Erbium-doped Fiber QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
EDFA Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
EPL Ethernet Private Line R
EPLAN Ethernet Private LAN Service RAN Radio Access Network
ESC Electric Supervisory Channel ROADM Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
EVPL Ethernet Virtual Private Line ROPA Remote Optically Pumped Amplifier
eX2 enhanced X2 interface RPT Submarine Repeater
F RRU Remote Radio Unit
FEC Forward Error Correction RS Reed-Solomon
FIR Finite Impulse Response S
FO Full Outdoor SBI Southbound Interface
H SD-FEC Soft Decision FEC
HD-FEC Hard Decision FEC SLM Submarine Line Monitor
I SLTE Submarine Line Terminal Equipment
ICR Integrated Coherent Receiver SPM Self-phase Modulation
ICT Integrated Coherent Transmitter T
IP-RAN Internet Protocol-Radio Access Network TBD To Be Defined
L TC Transparent Clock
LAN Local Area Network TCO Total Cost of Operation
LCOS Liquid Crystal On Silicon T-SDN Transport-Software Defined Networking
LSP Label Switched Path TTM Time to Market
M V
MCS Modulation and coding scheme VC Virtual Channel
MEMS Micro Electro Mechanical Systems VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching VPLS Virtual Private LAN Service
MPLS-TP Multi-Protocol Label Switching Transport Profile VPWS Virtual Private Wire Service
MPO Multi-fiber Push On W
MSA Multi-Source Agreement WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
MSTP Multi-Service Transfer Platform WSS Wavelength Selective Switching
MUX Multiplexer X
MZ Mach-Zehnder XPM Cross-phase Modulation
 OTN Multiplexing and Mapping Structures

1 OPUCn Vendor specific

(S)
1 ODUCn
OTUCn (S) 80 ODU0
1 ODTUCn.1 ODU1
OPUCn 40
1 (S) ODU2
ODTUCn.2 ODU2e
ODTUGCn 10
ODTUCn.8 ODU3
PT=22
2
ODTUCn.20 ODU4
80/ts
ODTUCn.ts ODUflex
ODU4
to ODU (S) ODU4 1 OPU4 1 Client signal
1 (L) (L)
OTU4[V] 80
1 1 ODTU4.1 ODU0
1 ODU4 OPU4 40
ODU4 (H) (H) ODTU4.2 ODU1
to ODU (S) ODTUG4 10 ODU2
ODTU4.8 ODU2e
PT=21
2
ODTU4.31 ODU3
80/ts
ODTU4.ts ODUflex

ODU3 1/X Client signal

to ODU (H,S) OPU3-X
ODU3
1 (L) 1 OPU3 Client signal
(L)
OTU3[V] 16
1 ODTU13 ODU1
1 ODU3 OPU3 4
ODU3 (H) (H) ODTU23 ODU2
to ODU (H,S) ODTUG3 32
ODTU3.1 ODU0
PT=21
3
1 ODTU3.9 ODU2e
32/ts
ODTU3.ts ODUflex
16
ODTUG3 ODTU13 ODU1
PT=20 4
ODTU23 ODU2
ODU2e 1 OPU2e Client signal
ODU2e
to ODU (H,S) (L) (L)
ODU2 1/X Client signal
to ODU (H,S) OPU2-X
ODU2
1 (L) 1 OPU2 Client signal
(L)
OTU2[V] 4
1 ODTU12 ODU1
1 ODU2 OPU2 8
(H) (H) ODTUG2
ODU2 ODTU2.1 ODU0
PT=21 8/ts
to ODU (H,S) ODTU2.ts ODUflex
1 ODTUG2 4
ODTU12 ODU1
PT=20

ODU1 1/X Client signal

to ODU (H,S) OPU1-X
ODU1
1 (L) 1 Client signal
OPU1
OTU1[V] (L)
1 ODU1 OPU1 1 ODTUG1 2
ODU1 (H) (H) PT=20 ODTU01 ODU0
to ODU (H,S)
ODU0 ODU0 1 OPU0 1 Client signal
to ODU (H,S) (L) (L)
ODUflex ODUflex 1 OPUflex 1 Client signal
to ODU (H,S) (L) (L)

Multiplexing Mapping
 Conversion of Optical Power in mW and dBm

Optical Power in mW Optical Power in dBm

1000 30
500 27
200 23
100 20
50 17
20 13
15 11.8
10 10
5 7
2 3
1 0
0.5 -3
0.2 -7
0.1 -10
0.05 -13
0.02 -17
0.01 -20
0.001 -30
0.0001 -40

Reference formula: dBm = 10lg (optical power/1 mW)

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and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
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