Economics Part - 2

26.
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(Agriculture)
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#O_ ## = K [= K @ xq`# "~. D û =^ =~ ~ ` # ^KH=@O
[~QÒk. Ja=$kH =^ =~ ZO\ K~ fH~ ^ ~ ` ZO\ Ò =O_^ .
JO^=#, Ò ` H K@O ^~ Jx ~ =# =^ =~ # `yOz#k.
2. H^~ ^` HeOK@
q [=# ^Q~ =# H qx J^ fHx ` HO Q == H~H=#
x~iOK = # H^~ JO\~. JkH H~@, [=x `~K Q H ^~# =~@
"^Q#q H^~ ^~}OQ Z^~# = g\x i+iOK@ Ò H~@ x~~ ,
H ^` HeOK K\# *s KO k. H^~ q [=# H# H=#
=~^ ~ H `# Ò *sKO k.
3. iqu K\
iqu J#Q XH =H Jn#O =O_^y # H=Ò iqux x~~ OK@. iquH qOz
Z=Q =# =# Ò n#O K Hx qx z# ~ ` O} * O k. iqu
x~~ OK@H Ò qq^ ~ qH Qi+ iq`# x~t OK@ [iyOk.
4. H=` gH~}
K @
== J L`^H` H=` q[ #, q @# H~}O JQ@= nxx Z^~#@,
XH =H Jn#O =# qx qH~} K @ XH KH x i~O. z#z# =HQ =# z#
H=`# ~~ JOwH~O` ^ H`Q UHO K@O. qq^ O` =# XH =H
H=`H |^Q XH OÒ P =HH i # UH H=ÒQ =# H \~OK@ = q @#
= HQ ## `yO K=K#.
13
H=` gH~}
H =#Ô ~ ` =^ KO ^ JOwH~O` H~ ukHQ
K@
_ O [iyOk. O*|, ~< =i t= L`~ ^ ~ O`$H ~ O Q qH~}
[iyOk. e ÒQ P ~ == L`` Q}hOQ iQ~. J~`, Ô "Ò Q
iQ}xH fHO> H=` gH~} K H~H=O =O^H_Q< QÒk.
ii) OHuH ~" # =~
1. h\~^ ^
== Lùx qÒ K JO h\ ~^ Ju=Y"# k. W\H Ô 70%
Q =# ^ = h\ H~ =~O < P^~_ =<~. ` O =# h\ ~^ J=H:
Z. q LiÒ O Jq
#^, ~ , K~ =, O@, i[~~ "\ ^~ aOKK# h\ =#~.
a. Q~ [=#~
=, Q@ =, O@ ^~ Q~ [# L yOKH= LOk.
~`^ O =~ 2000 H H~ O@# Q* < ~. 1950-51 O=`~O
H =O 225 H H~ =`" Qh\ ~^ =u Q ^ = =O_q. h\ ~^
^ O ~Q@= qq^ O@# Ô K = q~ O iyOk. h\ ~^ Q =
OY 1135 H iyOk. J~#\H h\ ~^ =` # =iO` qi O* =# P=H`
K H^.
2. <}"# == Lùx OOkOK =H# JOkOK@
i) q`<
=# Ò 1960 =^ HO == L`^H` # OK\xH JkH kQ|_ xK q`< #
" \O k. D q`< # == i^< H O^ J<H O=`~ i^# * Lù K# q.
Wq <}"# q =i "^ # `@HQ =~ O Hq. g\x xH j`+ u i` J#Q}OQ
~OkOKe. == L`^H` # OOkOK@ JkH kQ|_ q`< # JkH "Ò Lù
K = =#k. nxx kOK@ 1963 =# H O^ Ò '*f q`# H~~+< # U~@
*# k. qq^ ~R ` q`# H~~+< # <He<~. g\ ^~ <}"# JkH kQ|_#
WK q`# ~H Lù =i O} [~Q`#k.
Q`HOQ 1960 O=`~ =^ HO JkH kQ|_ q`< # (HYV) == JkH
kQ|_# kOK@ L yOK~. g\H `_Q xt`" # h\ ~^ H~ =O_@O,
Z~= "_@ = O@ Lù Q iyOk. D H~H=x 1966-67 #O_ 1970-71 HO
14
Q^ = O@ kQ|_# OK@ H#yOz q[=O`" < ~. `^ i =i O@ L`` # OK@
b H$`" < ~. J~` z~^< J~# *#, [, ~y =O\ ^< q+ O D q^#O O`$H ~ " #
e `x W=^ . h\ ~^ ^ H~` =i i # Z~= "_H =@O nxH HO`
"~ H~}OQ K =K#.
JkH kQ|_ q`< "_HO JkH ~Qu kOz#\H WOH kOK=Ok ZO` =Ok.
~ ` # JkH kQ|_ q`< "_ qÔ Q ÒK@, "iH H=# == ~ u x JOkOK@
= "~ JkH kQ|_ q`< H#Q K Q`~.
ii) Z~=
Ju p# HO #O_ ~ ` [ ^" # HO Z~=# ~O# "~Q~ @
"_`<~. HO`HO =# 'c_ Q =OK_O = [OQ Jq `= ~ ~`# uiy
O^Q @ [iQk. J~`, JkH == L`` # kOKO> JkH "`^ ~~xH Z~=
"_HO J=~O . =#Ô ~~xH Z~= "_HO 1960-61 H =O 2 H @# "~ =O_k.
Wk H=OQ 1995-96 <\H 139 H @# iyOk.
JkH kQ|_ q`< qxyOz x OKH#@ ~~xH Z~=# "_@
` xi. `y# i=}O h\ ~^ =u =# = ~xH Z~= =~= OÒQ
xK~. H#H ~~xH Z~= "_HO ` @ `y# h\ ~^ ^ x HeOKe.
=#Ô < \[<, ~, \+ Z~= q= x+ u 8-.5 : 2.5 : 1 Q =Ok. g\
P^~ "# x+u H=O 4 : 2 : 1 JO^=, ~ ` JkH "Ò ~~xH Z~=# "_@O HO> `y#
x+u "_#@~` =Oz e ` O^Q `~.
iii) Hq O~H
Hq H@H = =i O@ `Q = O@ ^|uO\~. D = ~ O_ q^#
i~ H=.
"^\ i~O - =O^Q< *Q` =OK@. == i^< O K` Hq H@H#
Z^~x x= Qe# =i ~Q x~^H H Q O@ ~H# Ja=$k ~ @.
~ O_=k ~Q x"~} HqO~H# zHi K @. J~` =#O L yOK Hq
O~H =O^ O@ ZO\ x HQ* x", =#= P~Q=# O QO "\x ~H
=O_e. Jq ~=~}=# ~H" # ~HQ =O_e. r= O|Ok` Hq O~H "
=i r=~~xH L`` # O@ `Q x"~} qxyOKe.
=# Ô =Q K x"~} x~} H~H=O H^. Jk qq^ ~H O@ `Q #
xO`} =i ~ ` O@ `Q xO`} H=# tH}
# WO k.
15
3. Qg} ~ u #OkOK@
Ò`#O`~O =#Ô ~ ` ` = =_ O Q |}=# JOkOK_xH J<H
q` O U~@ K |_<~. H~ ~ u O , Qg} O =i "}[ O
"^Q#q U~@ J~#q. *f ==a=$k O Qg} ~OQxH H=# ~ u x
O QO@ ~O JOkO k. <~ XH J`#` O.
i) H~ ~ u O
Qg} ~ u x JOkOK@O ==Q` " # q H~ ~ u O . Wq ~ ` <~ Q ` =
=_ ~ @ |}# =OE~ K~.
ii) "}[ O, Of Qg} O
"}[O#1969 *f~H~} [iy#C\ #O_ == ~ u x =~@ g\
^<O=Q LOk. g\H `_Q ==a=$k O, Of Qg} O ==
b, z#~` , #H~ ~ ` , Qg} =$u < }OQ qq^ =$u H~ ~ u x JOk< ~.
==a=$k O = "~Q~ H=_xH, =# `=_xH == 11, O`
H#Q K _xH `y# "Ò n~H eH |}# JOkOKK#k.
iii) '<~ (Nabard)
*f == Qg} Ja=$k O (<~) 1982 E U~@ K~. Qg}
~ u x =~@O Wk XH J`#`" # k. Wk <~ Q Qg} [ ~ u x JOkOK^ . H~
O, "}[ O, Of Qg} O QO@ ~O` PiH x JOkO k.
Qg} O` ~ u x JOkOK Jx ~H O #i`x =i _` Qg} ~ u x
JOkO k.
1950-51 == Q`" # Qg} ~ u H =O 7% Q =O_k 1981 <\H nx Ò 63 #
iyOk.
4. W`~ =` H#
== L`` # =~@ K H#@ Ò ~ Q>_ =~@# <HeOk. g\
~ ` \ ^~ =^ `= ~ # J=HQ`~. D =~@ ~ ` , "~, xH O
=i ~R ` OHO Q x~~. D =~@ = ~ ` J<H [< K ~`~.
=~@ O|OkOz# i `|^" # =K~x O^@, `xH H` `y# =}H~ } ,
`|^" # y@@ ^~ "^Q [< <~ Q ~ ` H`~.
H O^ Ò 1957 H On "~ OQ H~~+< O# <HeOk. D H~~+< y_O Q#
<H`~. ~ ` O@# x* @ y_O y H~ Jq HeOK#. W\= HO P~
16
^< x ^ Q =$k KO^~. y_O y H~ O = ~ ` `= O@# HO O_#
O@ OÒ `Q# = H=# u ` Ok.
Q~O KH=# JO
L`^H` # OOkOK JO
X H^~ `y# ^` H#
X iqu K\, qQ = H= O}
X z# z# H=`# UHH$ Ò * @O
X h\~^ =` H#
X JkH kQ|_ q`< , Z~=, HqO~H# <}"# q L yOK@
X Qg} ~ u q~ }

X `y# =~\OQ, y_O y =i x H~ H#
26.4 ~O
D HOk Mm# W=|_# ^` iOKO_
(On Z~=,1963, 225, LiÒ, H~H, Q^ =, =i, 1975,250)
i) .................... O U~@`< =#Ô H=` gH~}
[iyOk.
ii) #^, ~ , K~ =, O@ .................... ~HxH KOk# h\ =#~.
iii) 1950-51 <\H h\ ~^ =u Q = .................... H H~ .
iv) *f q`# H~~+< U~@ * |_# O=`~O ....................
v) ^q HOQ / èi JkH kQ|_ q`< # .................... O@ "_~.
vi) .................... Z~=# Ju p# HO #O_ ~f ==^~ "_`<~.
h"q <~ <=? g~ Uq J^ #O K~?
1. ~` PiH == ==~OQO Ju =Y"# k.
2. ~Q`# [< J=~# ^$+ O^ =OKHx "iH H=# P~O, =_^ ~,
ZQ=`, "^Q "\ H~ == L`^H` # OK=# P=H` H^.
3. q $` ==O, O^ ==O J# ~ O_ q^< == Lùx OOkOK
=K#.
17
4. L`^H` P == H Ò O_ O@ ^ H~ aOK Lù.
5. 1950-51 #O_ qq^ O@ L`^H` H= H=OQ =$k KOk#k. J~` q^`
e` W\H =#^ O@ L`^H` ` =Q< LOk.
6. q Ja=$k ~ K@ ` O, z# i=}O H=`, O^ ==
^` P^~_ =O_@, Qg} ~ u O HH=@O, `y# =~\OQ =`
O =, == L`^H` ` = ~ LOk.
7. L`^H` # "~Q ~K @ `y# ` =#Ô H#Q` =<~.
~O`~
1. ~`^ PiH == ==~OQO ^#`# q=iOKO_?
2. L`^H` J#Q<q? =#Ô qq^ O@ q+ O Q L`^H` O =z# =~
Uq? W`~ ^ == L`^H` ` =#^ == L`^H` # O_?
3. ~`^ O == L`^H` ` =Q =O_\xH Q H~} Uq?
4. == L`^H` # OOkOK@ ZO\ K~ fH" Ò_?
5. OH =^< "O_
Z. q $` ==O =i O^ ==O
a. ~`^ == L`^H`
. OQ` Qg} ~ u O
=^#=
~O - 26.1
1. i) ==O ii) 2/3 iii) iqH iv) Ò v) =Y"#
vi) 1/3
2. i) _ ii) Z iii) a iv)
~O - 26.2
1. i) q $` ii) O^ iii) Lù iv) 20 HO\
2. i) _ ii) Z iii) W iv) v) a
18
~O - 26.3
i) H^~ ii) 70% iii) 4 :2 :1
iv) 8.5 : 2.5 :1 v) < \[< vi) 5% #O_ 10% =~
~O - 26.4
i) H~H ii) Li` iii) 225 iv) 1963 v) Q^ = vi) HO
1. ~O`~ - P^~ :
1. P~O - QO =O
2. =_ ^~
3. ^ # r=<k
4. q^j=~H ^=O
5. iqH L`` _=O_
6. *fÔ "\ =~@
2. H~ O@ kQ|_x == L`^H` Q ~O\~. Q` 44 O=`~ ~`^ O
L`^H` iyOk. J~`, W`~ ^` e` ` =Q LOk.
3. 1. `H q
2. H=` q[ #, q @#
3. h\ ~^ H~ O H =@
4. p# O^~H == ^`
5. JkH kQ|_ q`< "_H =@, Z~=, HqO~H "_H =@O
6. Qg} |} H~ O H =@O.
7. y_O y, =~\ H~ @.
4. Z. ==Q` " # K~
1. =^ =~ / ^~ `yO
2. H^~ `y# ^`
3. i=}O iqu qkO
4. H=` gH~}

19
a. OHuH ~" # K~
1. h\~^ ^
2. "# =_ ^~
3. Qg} ~ u JOkOK@
4. W`~=
5.i) q $` ==O J#Q J<H O@ O_OK@. O^ ==O JO> XH H=Ò JkH
O@# O_OK@.
ii) 26.6 JO
iii) 1. H~ O
2. "}[ O
3. Of Qg} O
4. NABARD (<~) 26.8 (3) K^= O_.
20
27. i=
(Industry)
27.1 L^Ò
U PiH == << =_ ^ # ~OQ =O\~. Jq : ^q H ~OQO, kf ~OQO,
=i `$f ~OQO. 26= ~O =#O ^q H ~OQ" # == ~OQO# QiOz <~ <O.
` ~O kf ~OQ" # i=# QiOz Ò^=.
P~O =# ^ # rq`=~O . P~O` @ =# J<H == J=~= O\~. Jq
^ , K , |, ~"} ^< J~# H , H~, |, @ q=<, q^KH ,
~ , " , @q+#, ~ _ , \.q. * "^Q#q.
i= QO_k "^ q=#O =~ Jx~H = =^ Lù J=`<~.
D ~O =#O ~`^ PiH == iqH ~OQO H `# J^ #O K=. i=
=sH~ }
, iqH ~Qu, iqH =$kH ^ÔK HH i= =i ` iqH
q^#O "II JO QiOz Ò^=.
27.2 H
D ~O= J^ #O K# `~` g~ `H<q.
X ~`^ PiH == i= `# q=iOK@.
X i= =sH~ }
X iqH Qu x qÒ K H~}# q+ O K@
X ÒÒ kOz# HO#O_ <\ =~ ` iqH q^<# `@.
27.3 ~`^ PiH == i= =Y`
i= =#^ PiH= = XH =Y `# x~< ~.
1. i= qxQ== # Lù K < ~
i= qxQ^~ qq^ J=~# f~@ H=# ~H qxQ==
Lù [~QÒk. #, Hy`, x, ^ , K , |, H , @ O`=, ~ _ ,
\.q. * "^Q#q i= ` ~K @ ^~ [ HiH f~K#q.
2. i= Lù x@ H=# iqH == # Lù K < ~.
Lù x@ J~# H~Q~, , P , ~ " "^Q "\H H=# iqH
== # Lù K < ~. g\x =iHx == # Lù K @ qxy~ .
21
L^. ~ ` JkH O@# Lù K @ \H~ , H` O`, Z~=, HqO~H,
q^KH , _l "II J=~= =`~. L`` xO\x i= Lù K < ~. i=
H=# O`, =_ ^~, q^KH "II J<H =^# == # i= Lù K < ~.
3. = JOkOK@O i= LHi < ~
~"} ^< J~# |, @, ~ , "^Q "<# i= Lù K H`
=#O ì` Qu# XH OÒ#O_ H=# OÒ# K~ @ ~"} H~ =# O^= .
i= ~ , =^} O`, WO "^Q L`` ` ~ K H `, =#O
ZO\ H K^ =H#@ ^~= . q^~OQxH H=# H , KH , J< =y
"II J<H L`` # i= ` ~ K < ~.
"^ P~Q sH x~OK@, "^ = H~ "iH H=# ` , ^~ g@~,
~H s H K iH~ =i B+^ Jx i= =~< ~.
=#O =# |O^ = ^ `` =K~O OKH#@ =# H=# =
(H~ , H=~, O, "II) O+OK@ H=# >e# (>e#, H| W`~ =yx) "II
Jx i= Lù K < ~.
4. i= =# O O=$kx He < ~
XH" Ô ZO\ i= H ~< ^ == ` s [~QH ~< =#O, W`~
^#O_ H=# == # kQ=u K H= =Kk. nx= =# iQ == H~` U~_
W`~ ^ P^~_ = =Kk. W W`~ ^ P^~_ @ JO` ~O H^. XH" Ô
Oq Oz =# == # ~ ~ K ^ ^|uO> kQ=` ~OQ _ ~ PiH Jxtu
U~_#. =#Ô Z=Q `# \eO J=~ HO J~ ^ P^~_ =#k. Q ^
HO "\ \eO Lù =i ZQ=u K ^ ^|u#@= =#Ô f="#
\eO H~` U~_Ok.
i= ^ [ J=~ H=# ==# Lù K ^ O O=$kH
^Ô K < ~. Lù =#Ô è~A W`~ ^ P^~_ =O_k. =#Ô
i= =$k KOk# `~ "` Lù =#O O +H` O kOK=.
5. i= ZQ=`# OOk~
UÔ _ #~ Ò O O=$kx kOK^ . J<H == # ` ~ K @
H=# =_ ^~ ` H~` = P == # kQ=u K H#= =O k. J~`, =#O
== # kQ=u K H"O> "\H KeO K ^~ # q^j=~H ^=~O KeO K= =O k. D
q^j =~H ^= P~# =#O == # ` xiQ ZQ=u K =#. =# J=~ "~ qxyOK
22
H#Q qQQ =# L`` # W`~ ^ ZQ=u K `y# q^j =~H ^"x O^Q `=.
1996-97 OII ~` ^ iqH ZQ=` Ô "Ò ZQ=` 75%Q H=. ^~
L`` , |OQ~ #Q, ~OQ, iH~, ~"} iH~, O`, x=@, q^` LH~ } ,
u =, ~ _" _ ^ =i H L`` iqH ZQ=` =Y"# q.
6. r=<kH # / L^Q=H
i= L^Q=H He<~. 1990-91 OII ~`^ iqH ~OQO 5
H@ Q Hi x K < ~. Ô "Ò qH H 1/6 =O` =OkH i= Lkx
He< ~.
== ~OQO` e` i= L^Q=H K Z=Q a < ~. P~ ^~
_=O_ iqÒQ LO_ [ P^~ iQHk P~ `~ ^~/L`` Z= Y~
K @O = "\H _=O_ ~QÒk. ^ , K , Q$, ~ _ , \.q., @q+<, "+OQ
q+<, Q~ "II == _=O_ JkHO Q H^.
[ OY ^ [< iQHk L^Q _=O_ ~Q`< LO@Ok. ~Q`# [<
`y# LkH ## i= HeOK K#q.
L^~} =^ Q~ O [ #<# J<+OK@ J^ <`#"# O`, H$u=
LQ =i W`~ iH~ J=~= `~. g\x i= =~K<~.
Q~O KH=# JO
X ~` ^ PiH == i= XH =Y ` x~< ~.
X qxQ^~, Lù x@ H=# qq^ L`` # i= ` ~
K < ~.
X =# JOkOK\xH i= LHi < ~.
X Ô O O=$k ^# i= _ `<~.
X i= ZQ=`# `< ~ .
X [ LkH # K ~< ~.
X [ =#~# J<+}#, "eH f@ i= =Y ` x~< ~.
~O 27.1
1. D HOk Mm# H@ Wz# ^` iOKO_.
i) ................ ^q H ~OQO H ^ # H~HO (Yx*# "eH f@, ==O)
ii) 1996-97 OII ~`^ ZQ=` iqH L`` Ò ............ (75% ,
25%)
23
iii) 1990-91 OII i= LkHe = # Hi OY .......................(5 H@,
4 H@)
iv) PiH == i= ......................... ~OQxH KO^`~. (^q H, kf)
2. D HOk "\ ` /X QiOKO_.
(i) H =O i= =`" [ J=~ H=# == # Lù K < ~.
(ii) ~"}, P~QO, =K~O =i q^ s# JOkOK@ i= Hi< ~.
(iii) ~`^ O \eO Lù O +H` O He= Ok.
(iv) ZQ=` ^~ OkOz# ^=O# kQ=` = iK H O` ZQ=` H#yOK
|_`#q.
27.4 i= =sH~ }

i=# [=#O, Lù ~ =i L y` P^~OQ =sHi OK@O [iyOk.
Z) [=#O
O iQ Ò [=#O x~OK|_q, iQ " @ = J[=~+
x~OK|_q. HO`=Ok = OH x~} H#Qq ^ ` =i " @ =
Q= x~OKqQ LO\~.
O x~}, [=#O iQ Ò Jn#O =# O # `~OQ O Q
==i~ . `~OQ O H O^ Ò, ~R Ò =i xH ` x~OKq. ~`
Ô x Hx `~OQ O L^~} WO_ < Z~~< H~~+<, ~` Q" < , i [ ~
H~~+< P WO_ , S \ xQ" .
Hx O HH O Q Ò, HH O Q " @
[=< x~OK|_#. J\ O #
L=_ ~OQO^ L=_ [=# O Q ~ . Wq ~ O_ ~H.
(i) Ò =i q^j HOh Q=O
(ii) Ò =i ^j " @ ~OQO
"^\ ~HxH L^~} : =~f L^y eq>_. Wk HH O Q Ò =i HH O Q
AH, [< HOh Pk` O H#Q`#k.
~ O_ ~HxH KOk#q MTNL (=#Q~ >e< xQ" eq>_) ONGC (\eO =i
[ "= H~~+<) , EIL (WO[h~ WO_ eq>_) , ITDC (~f ~@H Ja=$k
H~~+<) .
a) Lù `~
O i=}x `~ Q ==iO. @|_ i=}O ^ O xK Hi OY
P^~OQ O `~ # x~~ OK^= . `~ # J#iOz i= ~ O_ ~HQ =sHi OK|_#.
24
z# `~ i= =i ^` ~ i=. =#Ô ~ = ^< x P^~OQ K Hx
i= =sH~} K~. ~=^#O ^ @|_ O @|_, O` =i O`
=y He =O\~.
XH iquH |_ O O`, @|_ ~ =# i=# z# `~ i=Q
==i~ . @|_ ikx Ò H#Q}OQ x~~ OK@O [~QÒk. 1996-97 z#
`~ i= @|_ ~. 3 H@Q x~~ OK@O [iyOk. O @|_ ~.3 H@ H# JkHO Q
=# i=# s i=Q ~ .
) L y`î ` =sH~ }
== ~ O_ ~H. qxQ == , L`^H == , O Lù K == ~Hx |\
=_~HO =sH~ } H^. nxx |\, i= qxQ= i= =i L`^H = i=.
(i) qxQ = i=
qxQxH <~ Q L Q_ == # ` ~ K i= LÎI ^ , K ,
|, #, Q_ ~, \.q., ~ _ , * , "+OQ q+< "II#q.
(ii) Lù ^H ==
=` u H LHi OK == # Lù ^H / L`^H == Q ~ . LÎI
Z~=, W#= =i L, " O@, ~xH, iH~, O` "II#q.
27.5 iqH =$kx qÒK H~}
iqH =$k J<H JO P^~_ x~~ OK|_#.
1. =_^ ~ `
Lù H =_^ ~ JÒ` HH" # H~H. J=< H~, ~ u ^ O,
O` =i Hi "^Q#q O=$kQ "` < Lù [~QÒk.
i= OY iQ Hk Z= "Ò =_^ ~ J=~= `~. XH" =_^ ~
`y#O`Q OHH`, i= Ja=$k ^ q~ } O@ _ Òk.
2. OHuH i*#O
i= =$kx x~~ OK JO =Y"# k. OHuH i*#O. J`#`" # OHuH
i*#O JkH ~ O J~` JkH" Ò Lù [~QÒk. =#=H =#~ P^~_
i= Lù H# O` O` #_|_`#k i= Lù Z=Q [~QÒk.
3. J=< H~ `
~_, ~ , q=< , =O`#, _", >e#, h\=u, q^` "II J=<
H~ i= x~}, Ja=$kH K J=~O .
25
^~}OQ H~ i= LùH =^ Q O|OÔ ` HO Q HH ~HO Q =O@Ok.
i= Lù, "\ q~ } , =$k D H~< P^~_ x~~ OK|_Òk.
q^KH H ` Uq [~Q< TOKQ "? Jx H=# =_ ^~ =#\H i=
Lù J<k q^KH H ` H#Q^ .
~"} ^ H ` i= H = TOKO_. XH" ~_, ~ , H `
Z^ |O_ == # ~"} K = =O k.
4. =#= =#~ ` / Hi
iqH =$kx qÒ K JO Hi ` =Y"# k. Hi ~ O_ ~H
XH\ < }O Q "~, ~ O_ < }O x Hi. O x~} * [=# OÒQO
"^Hx, O# #_O K == =~ =#= =#~ QOQ< iQ}O |_`~.
5. L^y =i [=x O|O^
i= H= x~} L^Q [=#O =^ O|O^ ^< `HOQ LO_e. =Oz
HiH O|O^ =# i= Lù H ZO\ W|O^ O_ H#QÒk. XH"
HiH O|O^ H=OQ H ` Jk H =i H J=\ îf JOu=OQ Lù ^|uO@Ok.
JO^= OuÒQ =i $^ ~HOQ / =~^ ~HOQ L^yH =i [=#
O|O^ H#yO J=~O .
6. == `y# 'y~H =O_e
_=O_ =# == # Lù K e. J_ =`" == `y# =~\ ==Òk.
i= # ~ @|_ @@ =~\H ~= L`` / ` ~ K = == #
=~\ Z LO_< JOx ~ [i _=O_ `y#O`Q =# == Lù< ~OaOKe. XH"
_=O_ ` =Q =# ^ _=O_ H ~# Lù ~OaOK~ . JO`HO_, ^j =~@
`y# _=O_` @ ZQ=` K @ `y# JO`~f =~\ _=O_ =O_e. Ò
J<H K~ ^~ i=# ` iqH =$kH ^Ô KOk. i= H=#
J=< H~# ` JOk< ~. a_, # ~~f# HeOK@ ^~ #`#
iqH x@ U~@ ` `< ~.
` i= =$k x JOkOK "Y ~ î OK@ i= q+ J#=~
*HO HeO K@ H< "# k. `^~ ` ^< `H" # `# +OK@ gH` Ok.
Q~O KH=# JO
X i= [=#O, `~ , L y` ukH# =sHi OK|_#.
X [=#O P^~OQ i= ` ~OQO, " @
~OQO =i L=_
~OQOQ =sHi OK|_#.
26
X `~ # J#iOz i= s `~ =i z# `~ i=Q =sHi OK~.
X Ly` P^~OQ qxQ == =i iqH == `s
i=Q =sHi OK|_#.
X =_ ^~ `, OHuH i*# ~, =#=H =#~ Q _=O_
=i ` iqH q^< i= =$kx qÒ K~.
~O 27.2
1. D HOk Mm# iOKO_.
i) ` [=#O` x~OK|_`# O# ................ ~OQ OQ
==i~.
ii) O^< e=~ eq>_ ............ ~OQ O.
iii) ` =i q^j HOh OH [=#O x~OK|_q .......................
(=~f L^Q eq>_ MTNL)
iv) i= @|_ i=}O ......................... H# ` =Q =# "\x z# `~
i=Q ~ . (3 H@, 3 H )
2. D HOk "\ ` /X# QiOKO_.
(i) " O@ qxQ= i= XH L^~}
(ii) O KH OÒ =#=H H< Z= OY =` u K O k.
(iii) J=# H~H >e< XH L^~}.
(iv) O H= x~} HiH, [=# O|O^ J=~O ^ .
27.6 ` iqH q^# f~#O
iqH q^#O Ò H#Q}OQ ~OkOK Jx x|O^# =i K\
H =O\~. iqHH~ } ^~ ` e `# O^@ ~` Ò Hx iqH f~<,
q^<# " \O k. Ò`#O`~O ~` Ò iqHa=$kH "^\ "@Q U 6,
1948 èiqH q^# f~<x H\ O zOk. `~ "` 1956 ^xx "~Q~ @O [iyOk.
Wk iqHa=$k #O 1991 =~ =~^ ~ OQ xezOk.
=MO
1956 iqH q^# f~#Ox =MO HOk qÔ Q L<~.
1956 f~#O i=# =_ *a` HO^ =sHi OzOk.
27
*a` Z
*a` Z 17 i=<~. g\H Ò ^ `~OQO ^ ` =O k. Jq
` i=, P^, J}H, W#=, L, s q^` iH~, ~ , q=#, <H
x~}O, >e#, q^` Lù =i O} "^# q.
*a` a
*a` a 12 i= H=. H` O# `" Ok. ` Q=x
OKO@Ok. J~` ~ "@ ~OQO H` O # U~@ K \xH Q#, ` O # qi OK_xH
J=H x~HiOK^ .
O` iH~, ~xH ^~, Z~=, ~_ =i =^ ~"} "^Q#q.
*a`
*a` Z =i a K~ x i= xH =~. D i= Ja=$k "@ ~OQxH
W=|_#.
qÔ Q ` =i "@ ~OQ =^ ^ `# ql OK@O = ~` PiH == XH
q= PiH ==Q H\ ` " # k. q= q^#O " @ , ` ~OQ XH ^x` XH\ ~ ~
H~O` ~Qux k~.
Ô iqH ~ ` O z, *f, JO`~f =~\ ~ \x Z^~< ~H
~` PiH ==# xÔ K L^ O` ''#`# iqH q^# f~#O 1991 H\ O K~.
D q^#O " @ ~OQxH JkH =Y`# WK~. ~O `~OQxH H \~OK|_#
i= "@ ~OQxH " O J#=uOK~. 1956 iqH q^#O i[~ K |_# 17
` ~OQ O 9 i=# "@ ~OQO "t OK@ J=HO HeOK~. Jq W#=, L
i=, q^KH, q=##O, <Hx~}O =i s O`.
a) iqH xOQ q^#O
iqH xOQ J#Q i= # H=# J#=`# Ò #O_ O^@.
iqH q^#O J= ~ ` i=# xOuOK@ WOê ^ # H O. iqH xOQ
q^#O x =Y H.
1. ` q^< J#Q}OQ i=# Ja=$k ~K @
2. ^ `~ i= q~ } # xOuOK` PiH H H OnH$Ò HO_ i~HO K@
3. z# `~ i= `y# ~H} # He, ^ i=#O_ Z^~Q \x ÒK@
4. =` Ofa=$kx ÒK@
5. =#~# =~= OÒQ H=OQ qxyOK@
6. Lk J=H# $+O K@.
28
U"# \H xOQ q^#O ^ i= `y# \ #O_ ^~OQ =OKÒk. 1991
iqH q^#O H=H=OQ # O^@ H=# x|O^# # ~m H$Ò KO k. ` O
H =O 15 i= =`" xOQ q^#O HO^ fHx ~|_#.
27.7 z#`~ i= `
~`^ O z#`~ i= JO> D i= O` iH~ @|_ ~.3 H@
H< ` =. z#`~ i=# z# `~ \~ i=Q ql OK~. <==` @|_`
@O| H = O^` ^` ^~, = =# ` ~ K i=# \~ i=
JO\~.
z# `~ i= @O| ` @ W`~ Hi` Lù H#QÒk =i
P^ xH Lù ^` # \~ .
Z) z# `~ i= =Y`
~` PiH == z# `~ i= JÒ` ^#` W=|_#k. nxH Q H~}
1. s L^Q J=H
z# `~ i= ` = @|_` _#q. =#Ô JkH[ # OY ` = =^# O
=# i` ~Q`# L^Q HO Z^~ K# P z#`~ i= `y#x
L^Q O J=`~.
2. =~`# _=O_ `y# Lù #=<# U~@ K g
z# `~ i= ` =~ Lù H~H =# "\ =~`# _=O_ H_
J#Q}OQ Lù #=<# =~HQQ g H^.
3. xH x}# L yOK@ J=HO
~`^ O Jx O` =# [ < }O Q "~ =O\~. "~ O^~H =
` s `y# g}O# î OQ ~. z# i= x~ xH x}# L yOKHQQ
J=HO Z=Q LO@Ok
4. PiH J=#`# `yO K@ Hi< ~
s i= P^ =i O^ Hk=Ok iqH "` =^ H OnH$Ò J=`~.
z# `~ i= = PÔ J<H= OkH OK|_Òk. `^~ PiH J=#`# `yO K=K#.
5. Of Oèà =$k
z# `~ i=# Ô qq^ O` <H@ J#"# q. Ô u =~=
O` _ g\x <HQ`=. JO^= qq^ O` =^ =#"# Ja=$k kOK@
z# `~ i= Hi~.
29
qÔ Q z# `~ i= ~` ^ PiH == XH =Y `# x~< ~.z#
`~ i=# Ja=$k ~ @ Ò K\ # K~ # `HO^=.
a) \~, z# `~ i= Ja=$kH ` K~
1. Hx == Lùx z#`~ i= H \~OK@
z# `~ i=# ^ i=` e Jq P^ xH OHuH i*# "_HO =~\OQ,
~ u , =_ ^~ H~} , "^Q J<H =#~# O^@# \x Z^~#= =O k.
JO^= z# i=# J=#"# \ i` #O_ ~HO K@ Hx ~H == Lùx z#
`~ i= H\~OK@ [iyOk. D i[~ ==# H=O z# `~ i= Lù
K = LO@Ok.
2. ` H#Q ^#` W=@O
z# `~ i= `= L`` # =~\OQ K @ J<H =# Z^~O@ =<~.
J~` Ò J<H H K~ ^~ "\ L`` `y# =~@ He# k. ` H#Q
z#`~ i= L`` `y# ^#` x< ~.
3. ~ u x =~@O J=HO
"}[ O#O_ ~ u x O^@ z# `~ i= `y# ux^ O W=|_Òk.
1990 OII z# i= Ja=$k O# U~@ K~. Wk z# `~ i= H=#
@|_# =~O k.
4. P^ hH~}
z# `~ i= ` OHuH i*#O, ` O`` H#Q` =<~. JO^=#
g\ Lù =O Z=Q =O@Ok. JO^K` g\ L`` f="# \x =~@ Z^~#=
=O k. JO^=# Ò qq^ ^H ^~ z# `~ i= H=# P^ xH O`#
H#Q K @ K `xO k.
27.8 ` O ~OQO - ~`^ PiH == ^x `
~`^ PiH == ` ~OQ O XH =Y `# x~< ~.
1. j Qu iqHH~ }
@|_ @@ J#O`" # J=H =# ~OQO ` ~OQO. #xH O^` He `
q^< J#Q}OQ ==iOKQ =~` ` ~OQ O H^. JO^= Wq j Qu#
iqHH~ } kOK@ ZO` ^^_ `<~.
2. O^ / PiH H H OnH$Ò HO_ x~kOK@
` ~OQ O =[O K` x~OK|_k. UHk=Ok = K` =O_^ . JO^=<,
30
` ~OQO i= # = =[O# [#O K ~Òk. nx e ÒQ PiH H
H=OQ =#` ukH =[Ox Jx =~ OK|_Òk.
3. " @ ~OQO K@ x i= # =i =$k
O @, _", ~ , h\~^ * "II s i= JkH" Ò @|_
J=~= Òk =i "\#O_ u HO n~H O "z=O_= =O k. JO\ i=
# "@ = W+` HxOK^ . Hx i= = ^ PiHa=$kH HH" # k. JO^= D
~HO i=# <H@, =$k~ @ ` ~OQ ^ `.
4. Oè` Ofa=$k
~_, q^KH, h\=u, ~"} ^, q^H~ "^Q ^qH H~
JO^@ =#_ =`" "@ @|_ ^~ i=# <H`~. "#H@ Q O`
# ~# H~ =O_=. JO^= `" ` = Ja=$k KOk# O` `~OQ O #
U~@K @. ^~ Oè` Ofa=$kx kOKQ ` Ok.
5. #@|_Q L y~
"@ ~OQO K=~ O PiOz# [=#O # OKHO\~.
`~OQO ZO\ OHO =O_^ . JO^=# `~OQ O PiOK uiy
@|_Q =~Òk. e ÒQ iqHH~ } "QO Q OAO@Ok.
27.9 ` ~OQ O =
~`^ PiHa=$k ZO` HH" # `# `~OQ O x~ L<~. J~#\H
Jq J<H =# Z^~O@<~.
Jî\ P WO_ eq>_, \eO =i [ "= H~~+<, ~` g
ZHH eq>_ "^Q O ~# * # \H JkH OY =# `~OQ O #
O^`<~. LÎI i [ ~ H~~+< P WO_ , ~+ S\ xQ" , WO_ Z~~<
H~~+< "II "~ ~O Q ^ ~HOQ=. WO^Q H~}.
1. "~ ^$+ O # [~QH =@O
` ~OQ O h "#H|_# O` Oè` Ofa=$k ^# H O` U~@
K |_#q. Jq "~ ^$HÔ <H |_qH=.
2. ` *HO
` ~OQ O x~} qugi# ` *HO = x~ ~OkOK@, J=
f="# *O [~QÒk.
31
3. ^ ` ~Ò, `y# `H H =@
=~=OÒQ xK# L^Q ZO\ `H H=@O. Z=ix ^Q
x~t OKH =@O = " O# Z=~ H~}" x~~ OKH =@O.
4. * =O K Z=
H= }oH O, *O = * J= "\ =Of=OQ iy`<~.
5. '\ H =_O
` ~OQ O KHOQ UH=OQ H#Q` LO_@O, "@ = "t OK@
J#=uOKH =@O =# "\H `y# \ H Lù =# `yO KH#@ Hh, <}`#
OKH#@ Jq ZO\ Ò K ^ .
6. JkH OY L^Q
` ~OQ O JkH OY L^Q L<~. g~ J=~O qOz =O_@= Lù
= iy, ~=# `y ~<~.
27.10 iqH ~OQO xf~
xf~ JO> iqH =$k~ @. iqH Lù zH (IIP) P^~OQ nxx H~ .
1. iqH Lù
kQ=# K|_# \ H 27.1 IIP 1950-51 #O_ 1995-96 OII =^ HO W=|_#.
1980-81 `# =}H OIIQ (1980-81100) Q H OK~.
\ H 27.1
O=`~O IIP (IIOII 1980-81100)
1950-51 18.3
1960-61 36.2
1970-71 65.3
1980-81 100
1990-91 180.9
1995-96 283.3
27.1 \ H W=|_ iqH LùH ijeOK 1950-51. Wk 1950-51 #O_ H=OQ
~Q `< =Ok. iqH =$k Q` 45 OII 16 ~ @ iyOk. =$k ~ @ ^|O #O_ ^|O
=^HO =~ <# k. 1980-81 #O_ 1990-91 =^ HO =$k~ @ 81Ò, Wk Q@ #
"iH =$k ~ @ 8 ÒQ H^.
32
2. Hx xi+" # ZOHK
|_# i= xf~.
Hx ZOHK
|_# i= xf~# ijeÔ.
\ H 27.2 D i= xf~
i= x@ 1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 1995-96
Q H @# 323 552 763 1190 2251 2920
\eO II 3 5 68 105 330 351
O`
iH~ ~. H 30 80 4300 16920 77310 10530
P\" " 16.5 54.8 87.9 121.1 366.3 676
~ "Q# II NA 9 11 13 25 19
<IIZ~= " @# 9 99 830 2164 6993 8762
"O@ H @# 27 80 143 186 480 693
u= H@ 421 674 760 837 1543 1725
Q` <Q ^ HO i= OY iyOk. iqH L`` J~# O`,
L`` , ~xH ~"} iH~ =i OHuH i=# ZHxH "II "QO Q
=$k KOk<~. g\ =$k O^~H = i = H# "QO Q =Ok.
3. z# `~ i= xf~
iqH ~OQO "Ò "~O z#`~ i= "\ 40% "Ò iqH
ZQ=` g\"\ 45% =i "Ò ~`^ ZQ=` 34% "\# Wq He= <~.
Lù D i= 11.4% =$k~ @# 1995-96 OII # He =<~. "Ò iqH
=$k ~ @` e` z# `~ i= =$k~ @ Z=Q< LOk.
4. ` ~OQ O xf~
_~" O@ P aH ZO@~[ ~ "~ "iH `~OQ O xf~# H ~ . 1995-
96OII 104 ` ~OQO O 51 i= xf~ J^ÒQ =O_Q 2 i= xf~
J[#HOQ ^ .
W\= HO, ` ~OQ O xf~ ^ HOQ< H#QÒk.
Q~OKH=# JO.
X ~`^ O q= PiH ==# He= Ok. ` =i "@
~OQ `#
x~t OK|_#. 1956 iqH q^< ` ~OQO# Z= ^#`#
HeOK#. J~` 1991- iqH q^#O `~OQ ` `yO K|_#.
X ~`^ O i= <# *s K @ Hx =YH
33
Z) ` q^<# J=~K @, a) s i= q~ } [~Q ^~#
`yO K@ ) \#O_ z# `~ i=# ~HO K@ _) Oè` Ofa=$kx
kOK@ P Lk J=H# OOkOK@.
X z# `~ i=# ~`^ O <H@O D HOk JO# iQ}#xH
fH|_#.
Z) Lk H# =~ O, a) xH < }O Q "xH =~# L yOK@
) PÔ J=#`# `yO K@ =i _) Oè` Ofa=$k
X z# `~ i=# i~HO K@ ` K~ :
L`` `y# i[~+# J=~ K@
~ u ^ x HeOK@
P^ hH~} _@ O
X ` ~OQ O ^ iqHH~ } J`=~O . PiH H Hk=Ok |_
iqH"` K` H OnH$Ò HO_ LO_@, "@ = U~@
K x i=# ` ~OQO O ^~ Ò U~@ K @, Oè`
Ofa=$k =i # uiy @|_Q =K@ `~OQO
J=~O .
X "}[ ^~}` i= # [~QH=@O, JuQ Ò *HO `y#
`H H =@O, Z=i ^ `# QiK H =_O =i JkH OY
L^Q =O_@O =O\ =# ` ~OQ O Z^~O@<~.
X ~` ^ iqH L`` 1950-51 #O_ 1995-96 =^ HO 16 ~ @
iQ~.
~`^ "Ò iqH Lù 40% z#`~ i= =~ `<~.
27.3 ~O
1. D HOk Mm# H@ W=|_# ^ i # ^xx ZOKHx iOKO_.
i) 1956 iqH q^#O i=# ................ +_Q =sHi OK#. (2, 3)
ii) 1991 iqH q^#O 17 ` ~OQ O ............ O # i[~_ #O_
`yOK#. (9, 10)
iii) xOQ q^#O ....................... i= q~}# x~kOK@ ^<OO.
(^` ~ , z# i=)
iv) ....................... i= q# W`~ i= xOQ *s =. (15, 25)
v) z# `~ i= ..................... O^` Hq (@|_, qH)
34
~O`~
1. ~` PiH == i= =Y`# q=iO=.
2. iqH =$kx qÒ K qq^ H~} qbHiOK=.
3. ~` iqHa=$k ZO^ z#`~ i= JkH ^#` HeOK|_< `=.
4. OH =^< "=.
Z) i= =sH~ } ukH Uk?
a) 1956 iqH q^#O H x~ Uq?
5. xOQ *sK @ Q =Y H# ~#O_.
6. z# `~ i=# OOkOK@ Ò K\ # K~ Uq?
7. ~` ` ~OQ O `# q+ O K=.
8. ` ~OQ O Z^~O@# = Uq?
9. iqH ~OQO x~# ` x"kH ~OkOKO_.
["|
~O 27.1
1. (i) ==O (ii) 75 (iii) 5 H@ (iv) kf
2. (i) ` (ii) X (iii) ` (iv) `
~O 27.2
1. (i) ` (ii) "@ (iii) =~f L^Q eq>_ (iv) 3 H@
2. (i) ` (ii) X (iii) X (iv) `
~O 27.3
(i) 3 (ii) 9 (iii) s (iv) 15 (v) q
~O`~ H P^~
1. (i) qxQO, Lù H~ H=# == ` s
(ii) = ~OQ L``
(iii) O O=$kH ^^Hi
(iv) ZQ=`# ÒK@
(v) r=<kH =O
(i) [ =#~ J<+} _ #.
2. (i) =_ ^~ `
35
(ii) OHuH i*#O H ` (iii) =#= H =#~ `
(iv) [=x =i L^y O|O^ (v) == _=O_
3. (i) JkH Lk =~ O
(ii) =~`# _=O_ J#Q}OQ =~
(iii) xH < }OQ "i =~ O L yOKH#@
(iv) P^ J=#` `yO _ @
(v) Oè` Ofa=$k
4. Z) =_ u kH. [=#O `~ =i L y`
a) ` =i "@ ~OQ# x~zOK@
5. (i) ` q^< J#Q}OQ Ja=$k (ii) s `~ i= =$k / q~ } x~kOK@
(iii) '\ #O_ z# `~ i=# H_@
(iv) Oè` Ofa=$k
(v) =#~ H= qxQO
(vi) Lk J=H# "~Q~ @
6. (i) Hx L`` i[~+<
(ii) ` H#Q ux^ O
(iii) |} =OE~ ^#`
(i) P^ hH~} O
7. (i) j iqHH~ }
(ii) PiH H H OnH$Ò HO_ x~kOK@
(iii) "@ = O x i=<H@
(iv) Oè` Ofa=$k
(v) uiy @|_Q =~@.
8. (i) "}[ ^$+` i= # [~QH =@
(ii) qugi# ` *HO
(iii) `H# =i ^ ` =HQ ` O Q H =@
(iv) * JkH =O` _#q
(v) \ H =_O
(vi) JkH OY |Ok =O_@
9. 27.10 K^= O_.
36
28. === =i iqH
~OQ= ~ ~ P^~=
(Interdependence of Agriculture and Industry)
28.1 L^`=
==-iqH ~OQ PiH == r=O (lifeline) =O\q. ==O [ J=~" #
P~ ^~= # JOkO k. iqH ~OQO [H~ W`~ == # =GO, Q$=, q^`,
|@, H , ~"}^< "^# "\x JOkO k. P~, P~ `~ == ~ O_# =#=
r=<x H#yOK_xH J`=~" # q. H|\ ==-iqH ~OQ= ~ O_ XH O O
LO_ f~=O^. [ H~# O`$ iK q+ O D ~ O_ ~ ~ ~H. ~ O_ =H=OQ
=$k KOê. ==~OQ=$k kOK O_ iqHa=$kx kOK= . J^ qÔ Q iqHa=$k
O_ == ~OQ=$kx kOK= . _=O_ O|OkOz D ~ O_ XH^xHH\ P^~.
==~OQO xK"~ iqH == # _ _=O_ K~ . iqH ~OQO xK"~
==~H == # _=O_ K~ . ==~OQxH iqH L`k`= J=~= . iqH
~OQxH ==~H~OQ= =_^~=# JOkOk. H|\ D ~O_ ~OQ =^ ~~
O|O^= O^<k +O . D ~O H O D ~ ~ P^~ O|O^x qbHiOK_O .
28.2 H
D ~O= J^ #O K# `~` g~ `H<q.
X == ~OQO iqH ~OQ P^~x q=iOK@.
X iqH ~OQO ==~OQ P^~x q=iOK@.
28.3 ==~OQO iqH ~OQO UqÔ Q P^~_ Òk?
==~OQ= iqH ~OQxH D HOk qÔ Q _ Òk.
1. iqH ~OQ= ==~OQ= #O_ =_^ ~# O^Òk.
qq^ i= J=~" # =_^ ~= # ==~OQO JOkO k. \ H 28.1. #O^
==~OQO JOkO k. \H 28.1. #O^ == ~OQ= #Oz Hx i= UU =_^ ~#
O^` K_=K.
37
\ H 28.1
i= =_^~=
1. =Gi= =_u
2. #<i= #<yO[, H|i "IIq.
3. OK^~ K~
4. *o L`` *o
5. \ `
6. H H yO[
7. >~ =i @| <K ~ ~|~
H` O # (enterprise) O KHk, L# O qi O|_, =_ ^~= _=O_
~QÒk. D iy# _=O_# H =O == L`` =`" s K QQ`~.
2. == ~OQO P^~_ # [< iqH = _=O_ K~ .
=#"o "`xH P~O ^q H J=~O . D J=~O fi# `~ "` =#O W`~ == #
=, |@, W, H , iOQO, \H~ , @q+#, Q" , ~ _ , * , \.q. "+OQ
q+< "^Q "\x =# H~ f~H=_xH Pt=. g\xO\h iqH ~OQO JOkOO k.
~`Ô ^^ 2/3 =O` [<, ^^ 60 H@ =Ok [ == =i
== J#O^ =$` x=Q=~<~. giH P~ `~ == J=~O _ LO@Ok. giH
=, W, |@, i K~ , q^`, "< "^# q _ H= LO@Ok. g\xO\h iqH
~OQO JOkO k. nxx |\ == ~OQO iqH ~OQO ZO`Q P^~_ L#^ TOK =K.
==~OQOx "iH P^ ` =Q L#@~`, "i iqH == _=O_ _ ` =Q
LO@Ok. H|\ iqHa=$k ==~OQa=$k P^~_ LO@Ok. iqH ~OQxH
==~OQ =$k J`=HO. iqH ~OQO xK "i P^ ~QO>, ==
~OQO xK "i P^ _ ~Q= LO@Ok.
3. iqH ~OQxH J=~" # q# == ~OQO JOkO k.
XH Ja=$k KOk# Ô ^q HOQ ==~H Ô . PiHa=$k [iQ Hk ==
~OQO q `<`H J=~O `Q ` Ok. nxH =YOQ ~ O_ H~}. "^@Q PÔ
iy#Hk P~^~= _=O_ ~QÒk. Hx =O^Q=# ~@ ~QÒk. =#=_
P~x ` = i=}O qxy_ . W`_ =YOQ <}"# P~x H~O\_. H|\
P~ ^~= _=O_, =O^Q= # ~ @ ~QÒk.
38
~ O_= H~}O, "~Q # i*#O, <}"# q`< , Z~=, ~Q=O^, `Qh\ ~^
=` "^Q H~=# ==~OQO H~ Q@ L`^H` ~QÒk. H|\, xq`
i=}O, J^ "Ò Lù K _xH, QÒ H< Z= q J=~O J=`~. HOk
L^~}# ijeÔ.
XH xq` i=}O, 10 =Ok q <Qe =O\ ~`# Lù ^` O`
xK < ~x qÔ. W_ giH <Q #O \H~ =O\ J^ xH O`# WK~x J#OÔ.
W_ QÒ "_# 10 =OkH |^ #Q~ ^ S^Q~ q J^ q i`~. H=#
qye# q qQ q J=`~.
=~H " PiHa=$k kO|_, P^ =$k KOk iqH == _=O_ "QO Q
~QÒk. i= ~Q_ O =# J^# q J=~O J=`~. L^~}x qQ
q D iqH ~OQO ~ @ K |_`~. q ~Q`# _=O_ H~}O
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J=~" # q# JOkO k.
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== ~OQO =#=xH ^q H J=~" # P~x JOkO k. Wk H^<,
^<, ~Q, O_, QO^ k# =i h# JOkO k. [Oî JO>, iqH
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iqH ~OQO x=Q"# "~ `HOQ == ~OQO P^~_LO\~. P~
^~ ` x W|O^ H` iqH x@ # =O K`~. P~ `x
@# q_ Q=xOz#@~` J`_ iqH~O QxH |kb H=_xH ^K _ . iqH
O` H="# P~^ ~ `, iqHa=$kH ^q H x|O^# .
5. iqH ~OQxH ==~OQO x^ =~O .
Qg} O`x [ "i ^# O#, #, W`~ ^=O
# [=K~ . Hx iq` =# g~ "i ^# ==~OQO @|_ K _xH
^K ~ . nx= D Qg} ^ O ^~ @} O`x i= @|_Q
=~`~. ==~OQOx JkH P^= JkH ^, iqH ~OQO JkH @|_
îf~. D H~}OQ iqH ~OQxH =#~ ` ~QÒk. nxx |\ _ iqHa=$k
==~H =$k` ` H O|OÔ L#^x K =K.
=#O # ~# JO iqH ~OQ Ja=$k == ~OQ Ja=$k P^~_ L#^x
KiOK=. J~` Wk ~ ~ P^~xH XH" =`" . Wk ~ O_" ~ ~ P^~O. == ~OQ
Ja=$k _ W^ "Ò iqH ~OQ Ja=$k P^~_ LO@Ok. U qÔ Q ==~H =$k
iqHa=$k P^~_ LO@O^< q+ x W_ ijeÔ.
39
28.4 iqH ~OQO ==~OQO U qÔ Q P^~_ LO@Ok?
== ~OQO iqH ~OQO D HOk qÔ Q P^~_ = O@Ok:
1. iqH ~OQO ==~OQxH q`< JOkO k.
=Oz <}` Hey# q`< ==~OQxH J`=~" # L`k`. JkH kQ|_x WK,
p__ # `@H#QeQ , xH i` J#"# (JO> q, "`=~} i` XH O`xH
=~H O`xH =~Ò\~) "~H" # q`< # ~OkOK_xH i^# ZC _ [~Q
Ò\~. D i^# Uq H"e? D i^# J`^ xH iH~, j`bH~} WOH Z<
#g# ^ Hey# Q H"e. nxx |\ ==~OQO iqH ~OQO P^~_
L#^x `H=K.
D i^# J=~" # #`# OHuH i*<x, #=<#, q^<#, iH~#
=i iH~} # Ja=$k iKk iqH~O Q" . D qÔ Q iqH ~OQO == ~OQO
P^~_LOk.
2. ~xH Z~=# JOkOK_O .
~`^ O ~ ` O^HOQ "H =i = #O_ =z# =~# ~x
OK_xH Z~=Q "_`<~. nx He ^~ Jg ==~H H~H #O_ aOK".
nxH `=OQ ==~OQO JkH L`kH`# WK Z~= P=H` H=OQ ~QK#k.
nxH `=OQ ~xH Z~= #Q#|_~. D ~xH Z~= "H ~Q^
J=~" # +H# JOk~. D ~xH Z~= qxQO ==~OQO Q}hOQ ~Q_ O
=# == L`^H` iyOk. D Z~= Lù K ^ ` H qH i= f<~.
qÔ Q == ~OQO L`^H` ~Q_ xH iqH ~OQO ^^_ Òk.
3. h\ ~^ H~ J=~" # iH~# iqH ~OQO JOkO k.
`Qh~ JO^H ` "H ~Q= . =#Ô ^ #"# h\=#~ =~Ò. =~ 70
Ò Q|_ L# q ~`=< =# HeQ =~^ ~" # q. J~` =~^ ~O ~ O_ H~}
=# #=^y#kH^. "^\ H~}O, =~` i=}O."# H$ uK x~iO|_` ` =#=x
H$+=# H^. Hx O^~ =~Ò LO_^ . =iHx O^~ K ` =Q LO@Ok. nx
=# == L`^H` Q}h"# `Q ^ HxO k. =~H" JkH =~Ò O@ ^+"x
He ~. ~ O_=H~}O =~Ò #"^ HO. XHHi O@ J=~" # HO =~ ~==.
i # HO =~ H ` O@ <#O J=`~.H|\ =#Ô h\~^ H~#
Q}hOQ qi OK=# J=~O LOk.
h\~^ H~ H# qiqQ =, K~=, H=, _", i[~~,
Q@=, KuO =i O@# U~@Ke. g\ x~}xH ^qHOQ
40
W@H,"O\,W#= "^Q#q J=~O J=`~. Wq ZH_#O_ =#O O^=K? W=h
iqH~O QO Lù K |_`~. J^qÔ Q O@ =O\ O` _ i=< Lù
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==~OQxH J=~" # x=@# ` ~K~ .
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=~^ ~ ~OQOQ =`" qyeÒk. U W`~ h\ ~^ H~ Ja=$k LO_^ .
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x HeOKx ~Q=O^ J=H` =#Ô ZO` L#k. g\x iqH~O QO ~OkOK=
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==~OQO xK"iH _ Wq J=~" . giH D == # iqH ~OQO JOkOz "i
J=~# f~O k.
41
8. ==~OQxH x^ # HeO k.
==~OQO xK "i` e iqH~O QO xK"i ^~ @ Z=Q
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28.1 ~O
D HOk Mm# H@ Wz# ^` iOKO_.
(On Z~=, P~O, 70%, 66%, [~|~, ~xH Z~=)
1. >~ i= ==~OQO JOkOK =_^ ~= .................
2. ..................... =#=*uH ^qH J=~O.
42
3. ~`^ O ............... Ò =Ok [ ==~OQO x=Q"< ~.
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xK "iH P~x JOkO k. iqH~O QxH Wk XH x^ =~O .
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==~OQxH x^ =~O _.
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1. ==~OQO iqH ~OQO UqÔ Q P^~_ Òk?
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(H< 28.3 # K^ ==)
43
2. i) <}`` _# q`< JOkO k.
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3. i) H< 28.3# K^= O_.
ii) H< 28.4 # K^= O_.
44
29. ~"} =i H=xH+#
(Transport and Communication)
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qxQ^~xH ^x Lù ^~xH Lù^~xH =~H Lù ^~xH O|O^x HÒk. qq^
45
~ L# H, Jx ~H =L ùH ^^_ Òk. ~"} Lù^~x #Oz Lù^~xH,
Lù^~x #Oz qxQ^~xH = `# JOkO k.
XH O # J=~" # O`# ~"} JOkO k. Wk [<# =i =yx XH
OÒ #Oz =~H O`xH K~" ~. J^ qÔ Q JOu= == # Lù ^ O #O_ qxQ
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P. H=xH+# : =i >eQ, >b<, >eH=xH+# "^# q.
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46
\ H 29.1
~`^ O = J=< H~
x@ 1950-51 1994-95
H =#~
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2. q^KH Lù 100 H@ (KWH) 5 351
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P^~O : PiH ~ , 1996-97.
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47
ii) cH , @`, +qOQ H" "^# q J=< H~ L^~}.
iii) J=< H~ i= =`" J=~O , ==~OQxH J=~O ^ .
iv) , >b<, H, \\ "^# q qq^ =K~ ^< .
29.4 ~"} ^< (Transport)
=#O W_ J=< ^# OQ ~"}# KiÔ. ~"} ~ #, } # XHK@
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48
29.2 ~O
i) JOu= == =~\ q~ } ~"} == ^^_ Òk.
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29.5 ~_ ~"} (Road Transport)
J. ~_
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2. ~R ~ ^~
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49
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u Q$xH ` =i K~" ` ~_ ~"} ^~ =`" ^ O. D ~"} =~ ~ O Q
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50
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53
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54
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2. i) `C ii) XC iii) XC
~O 29.6
1. i) XC ii) `C iii) XC iv) XC v) XC
61
~O 29.7
i) XC ii) XC iii) `C iv) `C
v) `C
vi) XC vii) XC viii) `C
~O`~
1. 29.4 # K^ ==.
2. 29.5 (Z) # K^ ==.
3. 29.6 (a) # K^ ==.
4. 29.7 # K^ ==.
5. 29.7 (a) # K^ ==.
6. 29.8 # K^ ==.
7. 29.9 # K^ ==.
8. 29.3 # K^ ==.
62
30. H ~OQO
(Energy)
30.1 L^Ò
^~# "_ K @, \ O Q , =#+#, O`# XHK\ #O_ =~H K\H K~
" @ H J=~O . U q^" # "_K J=HO O_ XH WO\x h= TOKQ "! =# WO\
=O_< Jx ^~ "_ J=~O . J^ qÔ Q pH\ x ~^_xH HOu J=~O . D H~H
H J=~O J=Òk. H qq^ =~ ^~ a O k, qq^ J=~ "_|_Òk. L^~}
q^KH "Q# WO k. J^ qÔ Q "_ K _xH _ Òk.
Hs , W, P , @, , W=h Hx qq^ ~ qq^ J=~
"_O\~. Hs , q^KH x O`# x K~OK_xH "_`~. WH_ H =#~x H~H
TOK= . z=iH ~~t O^ =H Ke#O_ `## ~HO KH=_xH "_ H x ~x #Oz ` HO Q
O^`_.
H qxQO O xH H` H^. ~`# HO #O_ =[O H P^~_ LOk. H
=#=x J=~# ` HO Q f~_" HH ~HO Q = = LùH _ ^^_ Òk. D
~O g~ H =#~ P=H`# =i qq^ H =~# Ò\~.
30.2 H
D ~O Kkq# `~` g~ D HOk JO Ò\~.
X qq^ ~OQ H =#~ P=H`# q=iOK@.
X ~`^ O x qq^ H =~# H=O "_O.
X H =#~# #~=$`= =i #~=$Ò Hx =~Q ql OK_O .
X ~`^ O x qq^ H =~ = ~x Ò\~.
X ~`^ PiHa=$k H P=H`.
X H ~OQ= H =Y =.
X H =# JkQ qOK_xH f# / fH"e# K~ .
30.3 qq^ ~OQ H P=H`
H =#~ Jx ~OQ ==, i=, ~"}, Q$ =i " ~OQ qiqQ L yOK
HH J=< H~ XH\ .
63
1. Q$~OQO (House Hold)
Q$~OQO ^# OkH H~H x~} Hx ` HO Q L y~ . D ~OQO ^ #OQ
Hx L_HO K_xH "_`~. Qg} O` == =$^, _ "^Q "\ ^~ H Lù
K~ . @} O` Q, q^KH , H~< P~ =O\ "\x L yOz Q$ H~H#
x~~ . H =O L_HO K J=~ xq`" HH Hx , HOux O^_xH _ "_`~.
2. ==O (Agriculture)
~HO == H~H =#= = O`< Qq. =# ^#_xH
=# L yOK"~. HH" } = #O \H~ qxQO iyOk. \H~ _l ^~
H =~Hx xK~. |` =< Jxtu =# h\ H~x Q@ =, O@ ^~
=~= =zOk. D OuH LH~ } qxQO L`^H` # , JO> XH H~ q #O_
=K ì Lù, OzOk. H O O_ D ^< # == ~OQO L yOK^ .
3. i= (Industry)
== LùH i= qq^ O`# qxy~. D O` Lùx OK_" HH,
Hx qQ~. i=` O` x K @ H ^^_ Òk. qq^ "_K H~H,
qq^ ~ H qxQO [~QÒk. h= W# == ` ~ K =Hx KLO\=. J`_
== # ` ~ K _xH =O^Q W#=# "_ K_ . `~` ^xH ~x W_ . i= _
WQ Q# , Yx[ #<# q^KH x "_ zg O` "_x Lù K = ` s K~.
O _OQ, ~eOQ =O\ H~H _ "_ J=~O ZO` LOk. J^ qÔ Q HOu O^_xH _
H ZO` J=~O .
4. ~"} =i =xH+# (Transport and Communication)
Hx qiqQ "_ =~H ~OQO ~"} ~OQO. ~_ ~"} ~OQxH \, _r J=~O . ~
~"} ~OO Pqi O`# qxyOz#\H, P^ xH HO ~ \, _r# qiqQ
H =~O Q "_`<~. =K~ =~# ~ _ , >eq[< "^Q#q _ q^KH =O\ H
=#~< P^~_ ` ~.
30.4 H=~
Hx ^~}OQ xK QeQ =~ OQ x~zOK=K. J<H ~H# H =~ L<~.
QÒ O O Hx H= #~Q qiqQ "_"~. W\H Q= D =#~# "_`<~.
J~` =#=_ Z_ H` H =~O HO Ò K < L<_. ~ q= O Q ^#`
JOîH èO^. P^ xH O qq^ ~# Hx L y< ~.
64
X Q
X Yx[ #< =i ["=
X q^KH - J}, ^~ =i _ ZHH
X =O_KH , == =$^, _H =i |Q
X ~H, "H, >_H
30.5 H= #~ =sH~ }

H =#~# qq^ ~HQ =sHi O=K. "\ XH =Y"# =sH~ }
#~=$`=
=i #~=$Ò Hx =#~.
1. #~=$`= =i #~=$Ò Hx =#~
Z) #~=$`= =#~
D q^" # =sH~ } H= #~ iOK~O^ ^! J< JOx |\ [iyOk. uiy O^Qe Q
=#~ _-ZHH H, _H , == =$^, ~H , QeH, >_ H "^Q#q =Y"# q.
a) #~=$Ò Hx =#~
Q, Yx[ #< "^Q#q uiy O^x ^ #~=$Ò Hx =#~. D =#~
H~`Q LO\~. D #~=$Ò Hx =#~ =#Ô n~H eH H J=~# f~=. JO`QH =#
Ô g\ ` _ ` =.
D #~=$Ò Hx H~` =# (Q, Yx[ #<, [ "= "^Q#q) #~=$Ò
J [=#~# qiqQ "_=# P=H` U~_Ok. Q, Yx[ #<, "= =O\ uiy
O^x [=#~ =~H = Wq q $ÒQ O HH=_O. g\ `~e O Y~` _#^
Hx ~H} `H" # k H^. h= D ["= ~_ =~O \OH~ ^~ ~"} K _O K
LO\=. D \OH~ ["=# Lù ^ O #O_ qxQ O`xH ~"} K O \~.
) #~=$Ò J =#~ J# "^#
#~=$Ò J =#~ =_ J# "^# H=. "^@Q, ^~ O` uiy
O^x =#~# `~e OK_O H+" HH, Y~` _#k. xHOQ = #~=$`" # =#~#
~, ", |Q H "OKh =. ~ O_=k, Wq iOK =. =_=k, g\ qxQO ` =
Hx =`" HQ* O k.
~` Ò iOKx / #~=$Ò J =#~ P=H`# QiOz, D =#~ qxQx
`# k. k WO_ < ~ #= Z#s _=" O\ U*h eq>_ (IREDA) # =i 1987
Ò ~OQO, g\ Ja=$k =i ^= J=~# HeOK_xH # JO_ ~ #=| ~ P
Z#s >Hrx (NRSE) U~@ K~.
65
O^ =i O^`~ =#~
H =#~ =sH~} `~` g\x O^ =i O^`~ WO^# =#~Q
=sHi O=K. Q, q^KH , #<, "=, _H , H~ "^Q "\x QÒ L yOK
"~. H|> g\x O^ WO^# =#~. ~H , Qe =i >_ H =#~# O^`~
WO^# =#~O\~. H~}O g\x D =^ HO qxyOK_O "^\~ .
Q~O KH=# JO
X PiH == x Jx ~OQ H J=~O .
X xK QeQ =~x H =#~Q x~zOK=K.
X H =~# ~ O_ ~HQ =sHi OK=K. uiy O^Qe Q =i uiy O^x
=#~.
X Q, #< =i "= "^Q#q uiy O^x H =#~.
X ~H , Qe =i >_ H =#~ uiy O^Qe Q =#~
30.1 ~O
i) H =#~# H =O Q$ J=~ HO =`" L y~ ` iqH, ==~H
J=~HO "_~ .
ii) Q, #< =i "= uiy O^Qe Q H =#~
iii) ~H , Qe =i >_ H "^# q uiy O^x H =#~.
iv) =#Ô ~H `Q "Ò JO^@ H =_O = Ò ^x qxQx x~`
~ Ok.
30.6 ~`^ O = qq^ H =#~
Z. Q (Coal)
Q$ J=~# L_HO K_O =i P~O =O_@O =O\ H~H ^~}OQ qxyOK
H~HO Q. Wk L`= "# =O_ H =#~. Wk #~=$Ò Hx [ =#~. =#^ PiHa=$k
HH ` =Oz#, =OK =~ O Q =#~ Wk. 1970 = ^H O *f~H~} K =~ Q
i= " @ Pn#O LOk. `~` nxx H WO_ eq>_ (CIL) Q =~~. Q Q#
x~ ^~ #O_ ~HO KO^ D =i_ K~. J~` \ ``x OKH<O^, x^
H~`# JkQq OKO^ 1990 = ^H O " @
@|_# QQ # K@O (H" < P) ^~
ÒK~.
66
W\H Q# qiqQ qxyOK ~OQO H ~OQO. W`~ ^ # qxQ^~ : , " O\,
~ , i [ ~ =i Q$ ~OQO. c~, t= OQ, =^ ^ =O\ JkHO Q Q Lù K
~H H, JO, Xi, =~R _ Q J=~# f~_xH Hi< ~.
Q =#~
1992 = O=`~ P~OxH =#Ô Q x 196 ae< @#. J~` 196.02
ae< @#, H =O 144 ae< @## =`" "eHf QeQ q. H~}O OHuH ~" #
=. =~= # OHuH i*#O O` 70 ae< @## =`" "eHf_O PiHO Q
^ HO, JO> ` = =O` "eH fQO.
Q i= =
1. Lù i^
1950-51 = O=`~O =_ H@ 23 H @#Q L# "Ò Q Lù, 1995-96
<\H 27 H@ XH H @# KiOk. J~` Q _=O_ =iO` Q}hOQ iy, Hx O^~
kQ=` K H= =zOk. Zxq^= }oHO`xH Q _=O_ =i L`` =~Q 31
H@ XH H @# =^ ~ _~. H|\ Lù J=~ J#Q}OQ ^ .
2. ` = <}`
~`^ Q <}` ` =. D Q |_^ Ò (=$^QO) Z=, ` = H iH
(Calorific Value) q= (H QO), |_^ Ò 25 #O_ 40 Ò =~ , Hx O^~ 40 H<
Z= Ò LO@Ok. nx = ^~ H~Q~ Z= =~xH, Z= " HxH îfO k.
D <}` J=~# f~H=_xH i= Z= i=}O kQ=` P^~_ @ O =#
Ô q^j =~H ^==#~ ~O _ Òk.
3. `= L`^H`
Ja=$k KOk# ^` e, ~`^ O Q i= ` = L`^H` ~ W|O^#
Z^~O\Ok. Q i= U_ H =OkH Lkx HeOk. gi L`^H` ~ =YOQ
Q$ Q# K ` =Q LOk. D Q$ Q# 80 Ò =OkH L^y` HeOz, H =O 30
Ò =`" "Ò LùH JOkO k.
a. #< =i [ "=
18 =i 19 = ` iqHOQ Ja=$k KOk# J<H ^ Q ^ # H
=#~. 19= `| `~u HO, q#~ P~ qxQO Q# u# K, ^ #H =#~Q
~OkOk. Ò`#O`~O ~`^ O _ ^ i=}, PiHa=$kx "Q= OÒ K _xH,
D q#~ #<# kQ=u KO k.
67
Lù (Production)
O ", =#k _, JO, JOH ~ =i HO (Q[~`), J~}K^ , u~
"^# q [ " xH k Q OK~. 1950 = ^H O =#Ô 2.5 H @# Q@
Lù #O_ 1962 = O=`~xH 10 H @# Q@ LùH KiOk. Q[~`x JOH ~ OÒ,
JO xH Ja=$k K# `~` D Lù =~ O iyOk. t= =^f~O O xH
1974 Hx\, Ja=$k K# `~` 1977 <\H Lù =~ O 100 H @# KiOk. O "
=i t= =^f~O` Ja=$k` @ W`~ xH O` Ja=$k 1989-90 <\H ~`
_ Lù 341 H @# J`kH ~H KiOk. J~` 1989-90 `~` _ Lù HO` "~
H}
O zOk. 1995-96 <\H Lù 351 H @# KiOk.
~`^ O #< =i [ "= ` PtOz#O` "~ n~H eH J=~#
f~=. H|\ }oH ~H~ _ ZC _ D ~OQ Ja=$k < ^$+ H OnHiOK~.
P~ =i <K ~ Q H~~+< eq>_ (ONGC), 1995-96 = O=`~O Ô
"Ò Lù J _ P~ 90 Ò Lù "\# He LOk. qye# 10 Ò "\# P~
WO_ eq>_ =i W`~ Q= "OK~ He L<~. "" xH OÔQ Ô P~
Lù, k, =~\OQ `~OQ O # ONGC, OIL, HPCL, GAIL "^# q K# \H,
Ò P~ "eHf`, P~ =i Q ~OQ Ja=$k, k, =~\OQ "^Q ~OQH
" @ @|_ ` fOk.
_ P~ Lù 1950-51 2.5 H @# #Oz, 1995-96 <\H 351 H @#
iy#\H, D ~Q^ ~Q`# _=O_ J=~# f~^ . 1995-96 \eO L``
qxQO 747 H @#.
Ô \ L`` _=O_ =i =^ JO`~O ~Q_ O `, ~` `
\ L`` kQ=u a Q}hOQ iy q^j=~H ^=O ^ "` "zOK= =zOk.
J^ HO JO`~f =~\ g\ ^~ qsÒQ iQ~. nO` =# kQ=u a =iO`
iyOk.
Ô \ L`` qxQx `yO K_xH Z< K~ f<~. J~#\H, g\
qxQ =$u ~Q`< aHO@ "\ 21 Ò H< Z=Q LOk. XH H g\ ^~ ~Q_ O ,
=~H g\ qxQO ~Q_ O ` kQ=` POL (\eO P~ aHO\) q= zOk.
W^ iu ~## HO _ ^j qxQO H=OQ iQ J=H +O Q L<~.
Ô x \eO L`` ^~ # Ò x~~ O k. =[Ox |# =~# i
~HO KO^ "~ xÒ "_ == # H~<, eH_, \eO, Q =O\ "\ a_x JOkO k.
. H (Power)
=~= # HO q^KH Ju ^ #"# H =#~. D `~ Hx [ =#~# Q, _l,
#<, h "^Q "\ O` Lù K~ .
68
~`^ O q^KH _=O_ JkHO Q#, H=OQ# ~QÒk Ô x Jx ~OQ#
q^KH qxQO ~A~AH ~QÒk. J~`, Ô x == ~OQO D qxQO J`kH
=$k Ò ~Q^ H#|_Òk (\ H 29.1 K_=). Qg} q^nH~ } , e WiQ+< _=O_,
O@, qxQO =O\ H~H= D =^ HO Q}hOQ ~Q_ O nxH H~}O.
\ H 29.1
AP ~OQ P^~OQ q^KH qxQO (Ò O})
~OQO 1950-51 1970-71 1993-94
i= 63 68 40
==O 04 10 30
~ q^` fQ 07 03 02
aH \ O Q 13 10 10
Q$ qxQO 13 09 18
"Ò 100 100 100
qq^ =~ ^~ Lù J q^KH qq^ ~HQ HOk qÔ Q =sHi O=K.
1. ^~ q^KH (Thermal Electricity)
^~ q^KH x Lù K _xH Q, W`~ =_ ^~# Hs #O_, "# #O_ Hi~ .
H|> ^~ q^^ù H~Q~# Q Q# qO xi~ . ^~ Hx _l# qxyOz
_ Lù K~ . Q, _l P~ #~ù KO^x =#~ H|\ g\ n~H O P^~_ @ O
H+O .
=#Ô J<H O` `Q h~ _ H~`Q LOk. `Q h~ O J~#@~` ^xx
WiQ+< "_=K. H|\ q^KH x Lù K _xH h\x "_@O =#Ô ^ O H^. W@=O\
O` ^~ q^^ù L QH~ O .
L`~ ~`^ O ^~ =i _ q^^ù "\ =#O. `~ =i t=
~`^ JkH Ò "\# ^~ q^KH Hey LOk. Q# L`kÒQ JkHO Q qxy< ~.
JO^=< ^ JqxO =i L i= `= O` ^~ H H O^# `= J=~#
f~_xH O KO@<~. Ô "Ò q^` ^~ "\ 55 ÒQ LOk.
2. [ q^KH (Hydro - Electricity)
q^`# Lù K qq^ =~, [q^` #~îO QeQ [=#~. _=#
xiOz, #n[ ^ @~# H O`~. D qÔ Q h\ O` Lù K# q^`# [
q^KH JO\~.
69
D H O^ # JkH =O`#, HO`# _x LOk. J~#\H Wk KH# H Lù
=#~.
Li P=~}= ` = Z` LO_@O =# JkH Ò [q^` ^H} ~`^ O Lù
J=Òk. = `~ L`~ OÒ JkH h\ =#~ ` L#\H "\x `Q qÔ Q
qxyOK_O ^. D [q^`# JkHOQ = _=\ O`# ZQ= O*
qxy< ~.
Ò`#O`~O =#Ô qq^ i=~"s * ~OaOK~. D * ^ # L^ O
[ q^^ù H= #Oz, #^ #Oz, ~ #Oz h\x qxyOz JkH [q^`# Lù
K J=HO LOk.
3. J} q^` (Atomic Electricity)
Wk J`kHO Q =, H=OQ ^ # =#~Q =~`# H =#~. nxx ~ xO
=i îO ^~ Lù K~ . ~`^ O =~ 2000 @# ~ xO x L#@
QiOK~, Wk K O. J~` O K"O Q îO x Q}hOQ 5,00,000 @# =~
L<~. W`~ H =#~` e#C_ J}H JkH L`^H =~x Hey LOk. =~ 10 #O_
11 @# Q` K q^^ùx H =O XH @# ~ xO ^~ K =K J< ^xx |\ =#O
QiO=K. JO`QH, ^~ q^^ù JkH = ` _x LOk. J} =#~ ^~
q^^ù K nxx =#O JkQq OK=K.
^~~, HHO, H\ "^# q J} q^^ù H O^ L^~}.
` O "Ò q^` J} q^` "\ K O. `q^= }oH HO Ô 2225
qe< "@ =~ O Q H O^ # K Ò K~.
=#Ô ~ xO x ` =Q L#\H, J}q^` Lùx, =YOQ îO#
c_~ iH~ "Q= OÒQ O_O ^~, ÒK_xH J=H Z=Q L<~.
H H< _=O_ "QO Q ~QÒ^< "= ~ =#O Q~O KH"e. q^` H qxQO
iqH, ==, Q$ ~OQ q^` qxQO Q}hOQ ~QÒk.
~Q`# J=~ J#Q}OQ, =#~ H~` H~}OQ, q^` Lùx =#O OK= .
H|\ QÒ H =O `~OQ H OnH$`" # q^^ùH " @ , q^j @|_ J=H
HeOK~.
_. ~, " =i >_ H
~ =i " H =#~ O^`~ WO^# =#~. D =#~# JOkKH=_xH
` O Ò K < ~. D =#~ qxyOK_xH =Y H~}O, O^ =#~ H~`Q #,
70
H+O`# LO\~. O^ =#~ H+~ ÒQ#, #~ù K QeQ H}
x Hey
LO\~.
1. ~H (Solar Energy)
~H qiqQ = =#~ J~#\H, nxx KHQ Lù K QeQ OHuH i*<x
JOkKH"e. ~ H~, gk n, Q$q^` J=~, z# H O@ "^# q ~H H
L^~}. 1995-96 = O=`~O 680 gk n iH~, 7470 Q$ HOu iH~, 44938
~ O`~ ~OkOK~. W^ HO 89 KWP q+ L`^H` H Lù K |_Ok. ~H
iH~ qxQx a_ JOkOK_O ^~ `< ~.
2. "H (Wind Energy)
HO_ O`#, H O`# "H qiqQ ==Òk. J~` "=#
L y` HQ ~OkOKQe Q OHuH PiH ` P=HO. Ô g\ ` 10,000 qe#
"@ H< Z=Q LOk. Q` Hx O=`~Q =#Ô "H qxQO Q}hOQ OK_O
H$`H$ `=~Ok. 1995-96 <\H 732 qe< "@ "Ò =~ O` Lù [iyOk. nx 684
qe< "@ =~x " @ ~OQO Hey LOk. Zxq^= }oHO`xH 1000 qe< "@
=~x kOz, J"iH `~` ~ O_= <xH =#Ô K~ O@Ok.
3. >_ H (Tidal Energy)
q $ÒQ H OÒ LO_@O = =# >_ H _ ^ #"# H =~O . D H H O^
# ` = Y~` _#k, = JÒ` OQ LO\~. J~` ` =~ Z=Q
L#C_ Wk ^ O
W. |= (Bio-Mass)
=O@K~ , = _, O@ =$^ "^# q HH |lH =~, g\ ^~

aOK H |=. J<H Qq} O` =O@ K~ ^ # H =#~. Hx @} @O
_ nx qxy~ . Q$ x~}H, i=H, @O| qxQxH KH P=H` ~Q@ O`
J_= K@ OY H=OQ `y ~=~}O ^+"x K`<~. Qq} O` =O@
K~ |^Q q~H #, O@ =$^# L yOz Q$H J=~# f~O@<~.
Ô =~ 100 H@ @# _ O=`~xH ==Òk. O=`~xH H J=~# f~QeQ
O@ =$^ S^ H@ @# ==Òk.
Qq} O` =lH J_= OHO xH | = J=~# f~H Òk.
^^ ìÒQ iQ 70 ~H# K@# ^" O Q OK`<~. JO`QH, |=# HQ =~
iH~ =~ ` WOH OKe# P=H` ZO`< LOk.
71
Z. | - Q (Bio-Gas)
|Q O\ , =#= q~H # P~xH Z~=Q =~O k. D H U~_ Hx
W =O@, \ O Q "_=K. z# =~ O Q == H~H _ nx O`
K =K. 1970 = ^H O =z# P~ ` @ D |Q O\ # # ÒzOk.
Qq} O` g\ U~@ Ò qq^ a_, O# H\ O zOk.
^" O Q 1981-82 = O=`~O |Q Ja=$k *`# * # ` ~OQO
~OaOK~. ^" O Q 120 H Q$ |Q O@ O K J=H Q#, 1995-96
<\H 23.59 H |Q O@# O K~. D @O| ~ |Q O> QH, O^`~
WO^# =#~ =Ou` Y =lH =i O~ " # |Q O@ # # ^ "O Q
Òk.
30.2 ~O
i) ~`^ O aOK Q ` = |_^ QO`, JkH <}`` LO@Ok.
ii) Ô x Jx Q x O*, ~<, [=Hj~< H OnH$Ò J~.
iii) Q# JkHO Q qxyOKk L i=
iv) ~`^ O aOK P~ =i <K~ Q ` O`$ H~O Q ^ .
v) Ô \ L`` ^~ # =~\ _=O_ x~~ O k.
vi) "Ò q^KH Lù ^~ q^KH "\ JkHO
vii) ~`^ O ` = îO x#, Z= ~ xO x# He LOk.
viii) =#O ~H ^~ Hx Lù K O.
ix) |Q O@ Z~=#, Q# ~ O_O\h Lù K~.
30.7 ~`^ PiHa=$k H ^#`
Q, #<, [ "=, h~ =O\ H= #~ Ô PiHa=$kH "^\ #O_ H$+
K < ~. D H =#~# qxyOKH ` t= ^ Ja=$kx kOKq H=. =#Ô _
Ò`#O`~ HO D H =#~ PiHa=$kH ZO`Q< H$+ K~. PiHa=$k g\ J=H`#
QiOz# }oH H~ , nxH JÒ` ^#`# WK~. "^\ OK=~ }oH HO 19.7%Q
L# H \~O, U_= OK=~ }oH HxH 28.2% H K~~.
H~ O QO UU ~OQ Ja=$kH `__O^ HO^ K_O [iyOk.
72
1. r=# <}` ~Q^
=#= r=# <}`# H ZO`Q< =$k KO k. =O@, "`~, ~"}H, "_ LùH,
K^ < x HeOK_xH, OuHH~ } H qxy~ . Ja=$k KOk# ^ JkH r=# <}`
H P^~O. D H uH r=# <}`# OK_" QH, Qq} O` O H PiHa=$kH _
^^_ Òk. L^~} ` = JO` Q Qq} = W =O@ WO^< x, h\ O#
U~@ K _O ^~ Q$ xx `yO z, "iH qq^ L^Q=H HeOK=K.
2. qq^ ~OQ L`^H =~ O^
==~OQ Ja=$k H ^#` JOîH èO^. O@, \H~ , H` O` =O\
H O` xK O` ==~OQO C ^<, "}[O@, ~Q, O_,
W`~ == L`` kQ|_ OK~. D JkH L`^H` = ==^~ P^ iQ~.
H qxQO ~Q^ PiHa=$kH zH. "" xH JkH H ì qxQxH, JkH
ì P^xH =^ Q ^< `H O|OÔ LOk. [<, USA, UK "^Q ^` e`
=#Ô H ì qxQO K ` =. J~` PiHa=$k Q=#O` @ H qxQO _
H=OQ ~QÒk. ~Q`# H J=~# f~_xH, Ô =~ 27.1 H@ @# Q
1995 - 96 O=`~O Lù J~Ok. 1950-51 O=`~O Wk H =O 3.23 H@ @#Q =`"
LOk. J^ qÔ Q 1995-91 q^KH Lù 415.2 ae< KWH 1950-51 =^ HO Wk
H =O 6.6 ae< KWH =`" . W`~ =~# #<, \eO L`` , ["= "^# q
_ =$k Q=<x zOK~.
` O i= == # Lù K _xH H ZO` J=~O . ^^ "}[ H QO
=O` iqH ~OQO qxyOk. J~`, H =#~ ` H =_O, iqHa=$kH XH
^ # P@OHOQ K =K. H qxQO iqHa=$kH HHO, P H ` ` =Q LO_@O
=# qxQ =~ `Q ` <~.
3. L^y` H#
H qxQO ~Q^ Ô L^Q H# OzOk. JO`QH H ~OQO _ L^Q
J=H iQ~. H =O Q i= U_ H =OkH L^Q=H HeOk. nx` @ H
Lù =i qxQ Ja=$kH O|OkOz# J<H `~OQ O , H~ L^Q=H
He< ~. D H~ qe# L^Q# WK~. ~m H$` PiH q^< <^ O " @

~OQO H =#~ Ja=$k Ò|_, J<H L^Q=H D ~OQO HeOK~.
73
30.8 H ~OQ ^ # =
1. Lù J=QO
H = Ô _=O_ =i L`` =^ J=Ò =`" H^. D _=O_ -
=^ `_ J<H ~H# "}[ WO^< # LOk. Hh U "}[ =#~ Lù J=~O "~
~Q_ O ^ . H Lù =$k ~ @, _ P~ L`` =$k ~ @ H H< K "#H|_ L<~.
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H =#~ "QO Q OKO>, JkH "` @|_ J=~O . JO` "`# |_\
H \~OK "@ ^ .
3. JkH J=`
"^@Q, Ô ` = "Ò P~ =i Q x# He LOk. J~` qxQ ~
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LOk.
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D HO^ q=iOz# qÔ Q, ~`^ O H~ O QO J<H f="# J=~` # Hey LOk.
"^\ k : H Ja+}

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~ O_=k : H O}, Lùx #
=_=k : H Lù H O^, QQ # , P~ xH x~} J=~` .
30.9 = x~# fH=e# / f# K~
H =#~ J=~" # J=< x~} ^ ` ^~}OQ Ò fO@Ok. J~`
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H ~x OK_xH D HOk K~ # fH=K :
1. P~ "eHf` ^$+ H OnHiOz, P^ xH _ P~ Lùx ~OaOKe.
2. WO^# ^ K iH~} # ÒKe.
3. q^` O} `yOKe.
74
4. \eO WO^< ii =i @|_ OKe.
5. uiy O^Qe Q =#~ Lùx, qxQx OKe.
6. q^KH qxQxH, =~` O^ O|OkOz# JO [ J=Q# HeOKe.
7. uiy O^x =#~ qxQx `yO K_xH `Q a_, ~} ^ HeOKe.
8. O^`~ WO^# =#~# qiqQ "_e.
9. q^KH Lù " @
=i q^j @|_# JOwHiOKe.
~O 30.3
HOk Mm# H@ Wz# ^ i # ^x Z#Hx iOKO_.
i) JkH ì PÔ Q ^ ^~}OQ ..................... H qxQ~ He LO\~.
(JkH, J, #)
ii) q^KH , P~ =i Q qxQO, Q` Hx O=`~ #O_ H=OQ ........................
(~QÒk, `Q ` Ok, ~ O Q LOk)
iii) Qq} O` O> @} O` "Ò "}[ H qxQO ............ Ò#
"_`<~. (` =, Z=, =#)
iv) "Ò "}[ H =~ ....................... Ò "\# i= He LOk. (50%, 20%,
75%)
v) "^\ }oH #O_ }oH H \~O "\ H~ O Q "\Ò .............................
(~QÒk, `Q ` Ok, ~ O Q LOk)
Q~O KH=# JO
X =O@ H~H HO, O`# #_O K_xH, \ O Q, h\ O, "_K @,
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[~QÒk.
X qq^ H ~# D HOk ^ # ~HQ =sHi O=K.
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X Ò uiy O^Qe Q =#~ qxQx Ò k.
X q^KH ^ #OQ =_ ~H Jq : ^~ , _ =i #H ~.
75
X _ H Lùx ÒKe. H~}O Jk uiy O^Qe Q H =#~.
X ~`^ O q^KH Lù#, O} # # Z=.
X ~, " =i >_ ^~ H LùH J=H L<~.
X =O@K~ , O@ =$^ =i _ =O\q ^~}OQ Qq} O` H
J=~ f~~.
X "Q= O`" # PiH =$k kOKO> H =#~ Ja=$k JÒ` P=HO.
X =# Ô H ~OQO _=O_ - J=` =` LOk. ^==#~
`, H qxQO J=#`, qq^ J=~` W`~ =.
X D =# JkQq OK_xH " @ ~OQx ÒK@, WO^# "eHf` =i
`= J=H, WO^# ^ LH~ } qxQO, O^`~ WO^#
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1. qq^ H =~# `=. `Q L^~}# W, UU ~HQ "\x =sHiO=K
èK=.
2. uiy O^Qe Q H =#~# "_@O = HeQ [< KiO=.
3. ~`^ O Q =i #< `# q=iO=.
4. ~`^ O q^KH ` ~x q=iO=. H~ O QO Z^~O@# ^ # =#
gHO=.
5. ~`^ PiHa=$k H~ O QO `# q=iO=.
6. Qq} ~`^ O qxyOK qq^ H J=H# q=iO=.
7. ~`^ O H~ O QO Z^~O@# qq^ = `=. D = ^# f# K~
Uq\?
=^<
~O 30.1
i) ` ii) ` iii) X iv) `
~O 30.2
i) ` ii) ` iii) ` iv) X v) ` vi) X
vii) ` viii) X ix) X
76
~O 30.3
i) Z= ii) ~QÒk iii) Z= iv) 50% v) ~QÒk.
~O`~
1. 30.3 30.5 Q# K^ ==.
2. 30.5 (d) Qx K^ ==.
3. 30.6 A&B Q# K^ ==.
4. 30.6 C Qx K^ ==.
5. 30.7 Qx K^ ==.
6. 30.6 Qx K^ ==.
7. 30.8 30.9 Q# K^ ==.
77
31. q` O
(Financial Institutions)
31.1. L^`=
q $` J~O qÒ JO> Lù H~H# x~OK_xH J=~" # x^ . ~A"s
= ^ ` =, =^# == # H#Q K _xH D x^ J=~= =`~. XH
"~ O ^ Hs ^ =~ "`< ^ r` KeO K_xH ^ =_^ ~ H#Q
K _xH x^ H"e. D x^ # ^ q`x JOkOK O q` O .
D ~O #O^ g~ q` J=H, J=H` # =YOQ q` O # ^$+ LOKHx
Ò\~. J^ qÔ Q q` O JOkOK qq^ q`= ~# _ K^ =`~.
31.2 H
D ~O= J^ #O K# `~ "` g~ `H< JO
X qÒ J~O =i P=H`# q=iOK@.
X O~ " # =i O~ O Hx q`= ~# qk OK@.
X ~`^ O ==~OQxH Q O~ " # q`= ~ q=iOK@.
X ~`^ O iqH~O QxH Q q`= ~# èK @.
X Hx ` H q` O # q=iOK@.
31.3 qÒ - J~O
U^x XH J=~x f~H=_xH ^"x U~@ K _" qÒ .^=O LzÒQ ~^< q+ x
=# @H"e. Wk u x (^~ # ) PtO k. ^"x O^_xH KeO K ^~ # =_ JO\~.
h= XH Lù H~Hx ~OaOz#_ h D x^ J=~O J=`~. h= HO` "Ò
x^ # =`" =~Q=. qye# "\x W`~ =~ #O_ O^= LO@Ok. D qÔ Q
^"x =~_< q` O ^ < xOQ JO\~.
31.4 q` O - P=H`
=#O WO` =O^ `#@ - ==~OQO, iqH~O QO, "~OQ =_O\H
^==#~ J=~O LOk. z# "~ O _ q` =#~ O_ =#Q_ kOK= .
D q` =#~ `= O`x^ #O_ Qh ^ ~}=~ #O_ Qh HiOKe. W`~ =~
78
^~ HiOz# x^ # q` O JO\~. O`x^ ^~ ^"x HiOK# _ D q`
O #O_ O^= LO@Ok.
(J) q` J=H` =i H==k
H==k P^~OQ q` =~# =_~H= Q =sHi OK=K. Wq fH# J=~x |\
=sHi~.
i) HeH J=~. ii) =^ HeH J=~ iii) n~H
eH J=~.
i) HeH ^= J=~
k#"s Y~# Z^~#_xH =~ 15 <H< ` = H==k Q x^ J=~#
HeH =~Q K=K.L^~}, =_ ^~ H#Q ^ q "`<
KeO K_xH ^ ~A"s Y~# KeO K_xH O^ ^==#~# HeH =~Q K =K.
ii) =^ HeH ^=J=~
15 < #O_ 5 O=`~ H ==k Q x^ J=~# =^ HeH x^ J=~Q
K|`~. q, O@, iH~ H#Q "^Q "\H nxx L y~ .Wq HeH J=~
H< Z=, n~H eH J=~ H< ` = Hiqu Hey LO\~.
iii) n~H
eH ^= J=~
Wq ^~}OQ 5 OII H< Z= H==kx Hey LO\~. g\x q, Hs aeOQ
H#Q, q ` Ja=$k H~H, ` ~}= KeO , JkH^ ~ Q O`
H#Q =O K~ .
(P) ^==~\ Vs =^# =~\
HeH x^ J=~x f~ =~\# ^==~\# JO\~. =^ HeH,n~H eH q`x
JOkOK =~@# =^# =~\ JO\~.
Q~O KH=# JO
X Lù, H~Hx ~OaOK_xH iH~, = <, == H#Q K _xH
^=O J=~O .
X ^==#~ J=H`# Hx |\ 1. HeH^=O, 2. =^ HeH ^=O
3. n~ HeH ^=OQ =sHi O=K.
X ^"x O^_xH KeO K u x =_~ @ JO\~.
X HeH ^= J=~# ^==~@ =^ , n~H eH J=~# =^# =~@
f~~.
79
31.1 ~O
HOk Mm# i # ^` iO=
1. U^x XH Lù H~Hx ~OaOK_xH J=~" # _|# ..................... JO\~.
2. ^"x JOkOK_xH Q O # ..................... JO\~.
3. ^"x O^_xH KeO K u x ..................... JO\~.
4. HeH ~ u ..................... < H==kx He LO@Ok.
31.5 ~ u =~
qq^ Lù H~H x~} =# ~ u ZO` J=~O .nx xqÒ =#O ~}#
HiOK= LO@Ok. J~` Wq ZH_ ==`~? J< L`#==Òk. =#O ~ u x
`, |}^`, =[#, |O^ = H Hx ` H U*h# O, H~ O ,
< < H~~+#, x\ @ P WO_ (UTI), rq` c= O (LIC) "^Q "\ #Oz
O^=K. D "Ò ~ u J=H# ~ O_ ^ # ~HQ =sHi O=K.
i) O~ O Hx ~ u J=H =i
ii) O~ " # ~ u J=H.
i) O~ O Hx ~ u J=H
= #O_ O^ ~ u L^~}, |}^` #O_, =[# #O_, ` #O_,
|O^ = #O_ O^ ~ u x O~ O Hx ~ u J=HQ K =K.
ii) O~ " # ~ u J=H
~ u x JOkOK_xH ` HOQ U~@ K# O ^ P~< * + # # O~ " # ~ u
J=HQ K~ . Wq ~ u x JOkOK H O` U~_~. D O # ^=O x _ ~ .
D O~ " # ~ u x JOkOK O L^~}, O, H~ O , c=O , UTI,
\ < < H~~+<, Ja=$k O "^Q#q.
31.2 ~O
D HOk "\ `C / XC# QiOKO_
i) PiH == Hx H~H =`" =# ~ u J=~O .
ii) |O^ =, `, ~}^` "^# q ` H ^= O .
iii) ~ u J=H# O~ " # =i O~ O Hx ~ u J=HQ =sHi O=K.
iv) XH =H ^Q~ # Oz ~ u x Ok#@~` ^xx O~ O Hx ~ u Q K =K.
80
31.6 == ~ u H O~ " # =~
J. P=H`
== ~ u H ~OO O~ " # ~ u J=H =. JO^= O~ O Hx
~ u =~ Z=Q P^~_ " ~. Wq Ò^~Q ==`~. J~` Hx K_ q^< =
JkH ^~ LO@Ok. Jq : "^@Q, |}^` JkHO Q =_~ @ = K~ . ~ O_, |}Q `
(~` ) "Ò ~}x uiy KeO z#\H ` _ iH~ # x~Oz JkHO Q = K~ . |}^`
" i` H~H = ~ ` Z\H ~}x f~H `_.
O~ O Hx ~ u L# D ^_x x"iOK_xH ==~OQO O~ " # ~ u
=~ HeO|_~.
P. O~ " # =~
Ò =i ~` i[~ O (RBI) ~ O_, O~ " # ~ u x Qg} O`
HeOK_xH ZO` H$+ K~. "}[ O, H~O , Of Qg}O (RRB's),
<~ (<+# OH ~ JyH~ JO_ ~~ _=" O\) "^Q#q g\ =Y"# q.
D U[h QiOz W_ =#O KiÔ.
1. "}[ O (Commercial Banks)
1969 "}[ O *f~H~} `~` ==~OQxH ~ u x JOkOK_O "}[
O ` iyOk. *f~H~} ~O D O ==~OQxH ^#` W=^ . 1969
<\H H =O 5200 Op =`" Qg} O` H=. 1996 <\H D OY 39000
iyOk.
"}[ O qq^ H ~ u x JOk~. g\ Z= "\ HeH ~} Hey
LO\~. O@, \H~ , == x=@, = =i Q@ = x~}xH, q
Ja=$kH, <Q , = H#Q =^ HeH ~ u x JOk~. _s x~}, HOHO ,
O^ OHO , `<\ Q OHO , K K~ = "^Q "\H _ "}[ O ~ u
H~x JOk~.
Qg} O` "~Q # =# JOkOK_xH 1988= OII "}[ O b_ OH
^H x ~OaOK~. D ^H O HO^ u Qg} ^ q J~< "}[O `# " OÒ
Hx Q= =x HiOKe. D " OÒ u O ~} O} ` H ^ Ke.
J^ qÔ Q ~ ` _ D b_ O# Ok~ .
2. H~ O
~`^ O H~ L^=O ~ O_ H~} =# =zOk. "^\ H ~}O, ~ ` ==
81
H~H ` = =_~ @ ~ u x JOkOK_O . ~ O_= H~}O, |}^` H|O^ #O_
~ ` # ~HO K_O .
D H~ O =_ JOK == LO\~. Qg} ~ ^qH H~
O (PACS) LO\~. D O # 10 ^ JO`HO > Z==Ok, ^~}OQ J^ Q= ,
He ~OaOK=K. x "\ q= K OQ LO@Ok. H~}O, Q=x x~^ _
nx H=K. ~ O_= ~ l H O^ H~ O(DCCB) x ^q H H~ O
H~O` U~@ K~ .`$f ~ ~R H~ O. l H O^ H~ O H~O`
nxx ~ . ~` i[~ O =O^Q x^ # ~R H~ O JOkO k. "\x l
H~ O JH_#Oz ^q H H~ O `~e ~ . D ^q H H~ O
~ ` ~ u x JOk~.
3. q Ja=$k O (LDBS)
== ^~ n~H eH ~ u H~x ` = =_~ @ JOkOK_xH 1929= O=`~O
"^@Q D q Ja=$k O U~_~. == P # `#M @Hx |}x =OE~
K _O D q Ja=$k O ^ #qk.
D q Ja=$k O ~ O_ JOK LO\~. QO H O^ q Ja=$k O
(^~}OQ ~xH XH\ ) LO@Ok. kQ= H=O ^q H q Ja=$k O LO\~.
4. Of Qg} O (RRBs)
Of Qg} O(RRBs) 1975= O=`~O z# #H~ ~ ` , == b,
Qg} Ku =$` x"~, z# O |} H~x JOkOK@ =i _l\ = H# J<
^ # L^ O` U~@ K~. g\ ^ # ^ ` == ~OQx Ja=$k K _O J#|O^ =$`
J=~" # ^= J=~# =~_O =i W`~ Qg} Ja=$k H~H# ~OkOK_O
=O\q. u Of Qg} O XH l H OÔQ xK O k. ` O "Ò 196 Of
Qg} O, 23 ~ ^^ 15,000 Op xK < ~.
5. <~ (National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development - NABARD)
1982= O=`~O Qg} O` == ~H ~ u =~ ^~ ~ u x
|Ò K _xH <~ U~_Ok.
Wk HeH, =^ HeH =i n~H eH ~}# ~R H~ O , Of Qg}
O, i[~O QiO Ok# W`~ ^=O JOkO k.
H =O == ~OQxH HH == O|Ok` =$` _ <~ ~ u H~x
HeO k. JO`HH == =i Qg} Ja=$kH O|OkOz# i^# # Ò k.
82
Q~O KH^y# JO
X == ~OQO ^q HOQ O ~HO Hx ~ u J=H =Y`
Z=.
X O ~HO Hx ~ u ^_ Z=Q L#O^# Ò =i i[~
O O ~H" # ~ u x JOkOK_xH qq^ O # U~@ K~.
X "}[ O, Of Qg} O, q Ja=$k O H~
O , <~ "^# q O ~H ~ u x JOkOK Hx O .
Qg} O` ~ u x JOkOK Jx O <~ tY~QO .
31.3 ~O
HOk Mm# iO=.
1. |}^` #O_ Ok# ~ u D ................... ~ u =~= .
2. "}[O# ................... O=`~O *fO K~.
3. HeH ~}< HH "}[O ................... ~}# _ JOk~.
4. Of Qg} O# ................... O=`~O O K~.
5. H~ ~ u O ................... JOK ==# He L<~.
31.7 iqH ~ u =~
J. P=H`
i= ~ O_ ~H= # ~ u J=~O . "^\ k =, = <, O`, iH~
"^Q ~ =^# == H#Q xqÒ ~ O_=k, x~} =^# J=~# =_^ ~
H#Q, "`< , r` KeO =i ~A"i Y~# Z^~#@ =O\ "\H ~ u J=~O . ~
=^# =x Z^~#_xH HeH ~ u J=~= =Òk.
== _ ^ iqH "` `# O` x^ ` O# ~OaOKQ Qe. |~` =~
#Oz x^ # HiOKQ Qe. JO`QH, == x@ HO> iqH x@ JkH ~ u
P=H` LO@Ok.
iqH O @} gO H OnH$`" LO\~. |O^ =, `, |}^`
Lù H O^ J=~" # O` "Ò x^ # JOkOK~ . H|\ == ~HO Hx ~ u =~
iqH q` O ` = `# He LO\~.
P. ~ u =~
=#Ô iqH ~ u =Y=~:
83
1. aH W+ ("\ ^ _O K~ ) 2. aH _l@
3. "}[ O #Oz ~}. 4. iqH O.
1. aH W+ ("\ ^ _O K~ ) (Public Issues)
XH iqH O `# O ^"x @|_ @=OkQ ^~} [ |~OQ
P#O W=_O. D P# H@ # Hx K@ O |O^" # q^< =i ` |_ LO@Ok.
O|Ok` ` Y #Oz J#=u Ok# `~` D H@ ## q_^ K e. nx q_^ Hx
x=# \OKe.
D aH W+ ^~ @|_# gHiOK_xH "\# ^ _O K~# *s K e. g\^~
=O^Q< x~~ O|_Òk. nx "\ Ok# = ^ O P HOh [=#Q
iQ}O |_`~. D qÔ Q XH HOh " ^ H "\^~# He LO_=K. J~` _O K~
Ok#"iH HOh [=#O ^ x~} U q^" # ^ ` LO_^ . "iH H =O =O^Q
x~~ Oz# "Ò =_ KeO |_Òk.
n~H eH ~ u H J=~# f~H=_xH iqH H O^ D "\# ^ _O K~#
q_^ K~. Z=~< , = Qh, O Qh, O Qh U ~`~ == ~< D "\# ^
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=^# =~\ [ ^$H^x |\ LO@Ok. "~ i`, =^# =~\ i`
P=OQ #@~`, [ @|_ @_O PHxH xK# " _O J=Òk.D =^ HO
=^# =~\ Jxtu =# iqH O D aH W+ ^~ =#~# gHiOK_O W|OkQ
=iOk.
2. aH _l@ (Public Deposits)
^~} [#Oz |} O^_xH D û "_`~. HOh ^~} [ #Oz
_l@# Px~ . D _l@ ~ " Ò HOh =_~ @# Ke ~. D _l@ Hx x=
x|O^# |_ =O\~. nxH O|OkOz# x=# =#Ô i[~O ~OkO k.
HOh ` xiQ g\x \OK= LO@Ok. ZO`" Ò D =~O ^~ XH HOh x^
HiO ^<k , P HOh [# qx |\ LO@Ok. ^~}OQ, ~# HOh Ja+}
=_~ @` D =~O ^~ x^ # O^`~. H~}O P HOh [# #=HO. #=HO
#ye#_ [ _l@# W=_xH "#H_ Q "~ . ^~}OQ Jx iqH O D
=~O ^~ x^ gH~} Ò K ~. H =O Hx ~# M` HOh =`" D =~x
P~~.
84
3. "}[O (Commerical Banks)
"}[O iqH x@ |}# JOk~. J~` HeH J=~#
f~H=_xH H=# x~} =^< x =`" JOk~. "}[ O ^~}OQ n~H eH
~ u x JOkOK=. J^qÔ Q ^~}OQ "\ =i _O K~ JkH #+
x He LO\~.
H|\ "\x _ H#Q K =. "\ @|_ #x HeyOK J=HO LOk. "}[ O
J#xÒ ^= J=~ LO\~. H|\ "}[O n~H eH ~ u H OnH$Ò K =.
4. iqH O (Industrial Banks)
# =#O `# ^x H~O "}[ O iqH n~H eH ^= J=~ ^$+
H OnH$Ò K =. D @# iqH O s K~.D O Ò`#O`~ HO
O K~.
iqH n~H eH ^= J=~# f~_xH D iqH O# Ò U~@
KO k. H|\ g\x "}[O ~HQ K =K. H~}O "}[ O H =O HeH
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D q^" # Hx ` H iqH ^= O # ~OaOK~.
1. ~` iqH Ja=$k O (IDBI)
2. ~` iqH q` O (IFCI)
3. ~` iqH ~ u @|_ O (ICICI)
4. ~` iqH #x~} O (IRCI)
5. x\ @ P WO_ (UTI)
6. *f z# i= O (NSIC)
7. ~R q` H~~+# (SFCs)
8. ~R iqH Ja=$k O (SIDEs)
9. ~R iqH @|_ O (SIICs)
10. ZQ=u - kQ=u O (EXIM Bank)
Wq H=O Hx L^~} =`". WOH Z< L<~. D O H=O iqH
O ^= O JOkOK_" QH, OHuH H~O, =~\ =K~O, * gH x~OK_O
=O\ = _ K~.
(W) iqH O Vs "}[ O.
1. iqH O "}[O` e HOk ^ # Hey L<~.
85
2. D O =^ HeH, n~H eH ~ u x JOk~. J~` "}[ O HeH
~ u x =`" JOk~.
3. D O ^= " HH, OHuH # =i =~\ =K~x JOk~.
J~` "}[ O H =O ~}< JOk~.
31.8 Hx ` H ^= O
# =#O Hx =Y"# ` H ^= O ~# Wz<=. W_ "\ HxO\x Qi
q=~OQ ÒÔ.
1. ~` iqH q` O (IFCI)
~` ÒK 1948 = O=`~O J\ =~ J= L# O H== D (IFCI)
O# U~@ KO k. Wk i= HeH, n~H eH |} H~x JOkO k.
D O HO^ ~# =Y"# =_ q^ # x~O k:
1. ~}# =i J_## iqH O JOkOK_" HH, Jq *s K#
_O K~# H#Q K O k.
2. iqH O =^# =~\ #O_ HiOz# ~} gxO k.
3. iqH O q_^K# "\, O_, =i _O K~# JO_~~ \
K O k. Wk L`^H, "x OQ, + OQ i= H Lù =i O} O|OkOz#
i= =^ n~H eH ~ u x JOkO k.
U i=H# # XH H\~ Qi+ ~}~ u x, 25 OII Qi+ H~ u H JOkO k.
2. ~` iqH Ja=$k O (IDBI)
~` iqH Ja=$k O 1964 = O=`~O J=H =zOk. Wk H~ u x
JOkOK@ ` O tY~Q O. IDBI H =Yqk. L`^H "x OQ, OQ, + OQ =i
~"} i= @ i= J=~" # iqH x JOkK_O .
Wk * ~}#, JO_~ \ O Q#, ` H KeO # iqH i\# JOkOK@O
^~ i= ` H H~x JOkO k.
W`~ O JOkOz# iqH = Hb# ~}# s < < K O k.
3. ~` iqH ~ u @|_ O (ICICI)
[#=i 1955 ICICI O K~. " \ ~OQO z# =i =^ HeH O # Ja=$k
K L^ O` ~OaOK~. ICICI H O H` i= # # ÒK_O , ` O L#
i= q~ } =i J^ xHH~ } HiO k. JO`HH WO^ J=~" # OHuH, [=#
~" # # JOkOK@O. D O HOk"\x H \~O k.
86
1. n~H eH ^ =^ HeH ~ u H#.
2. W`~ " @ =~ ~} g W=@O.
3. DH\ =^# O #@ =i H`" \, _O K~ *sH JO_~ ~ \ O Q K @.
ICICI ` xH ~ Lù, H qH =O^, ZHH == , >H > , OK^~,
=_Yx[O, #~~, " O\ =i Q L`^H i= O JOk# k. D ICICI,
` ~OQO, " \ ~OQO, *~O\ ~OQO H~ ~OQO L# Jx i= x KOk.
J~` Z= u x OkOk =Ò " \ ~OQ" .
4. ~` z# i= Ja=$k O (SIDBI)
D z# i= Ja=$k O 1990 = O=`~O O K~. Wk IDBI HO^ xK
IDBI O` O.
~`^ O x z# i=xO\ Ja=$kH J=~" # ^= x JOkOK ^q H O.
Wk Ô qq^ ^ <Hx L# z# x@ PiH H~x qi O *O k.
5. ZQ=u - kQ=u O (EXIM BANK)
Ô ZQ=`# qi OK_xH 1982 D ZH" O# U~@ K~. nx =Y
H O, ZQ=u ^~ =# f~@, =^# == ZQ=u =i OHuH = kQ=u
` H ^ =OK@.
6. x\ @ P WO_ (UTI)
i[~ O OHO 1964 = O=`~O nxx U~@ K~. Wk IDBI a_Q 50
`=, qye# 50 `= "\# LIC, \ OH P WO_ , W`~ +_ O. IFCI , ICICI
HeyL<~.
qq^ ^H ^~ z# x@# [ J=_O ^~ Wk ^= =#~# Z=Q O^Òk.
D x@# J=_O =# [ ^ K < PH ~QÒk. nx= @|_ ~Q`~.
D `H H~H" QH UII, H` _O K~ =i +~ #"^ JO_~ ~ \ O Q K O k.
Q~O KH^y# JO
X iqH ~ u H =Y=~: +~ =i _O K~ , "}[OOkOK
~}, ^~} [ #O_ _l@ HiOK@O.
X iqH O ~ u x JOkOK_" QH, i= Ja=$kH _ @_
` H O .
X Hx =Y"# iqH O : IDBI, IFCI, ICICI, SIDBI, EXIM O
"^#q.
87
31.4 ~O
D HOk "\ `C / XC# QiOKO_
i) "}[ O = UTI ^~} [ #O_ _l@ HiO k.
ii) IFCI =^ HeH, n~H eH ~}# JOkO k.
iii) iqH O H=O =O^Q IFCI x U~@ K~.
iv) ~` ` OHO` UTI x O K~.
31.9 q +` L^ O (Future Perspectine)
PiH == Ja=$k KO^ Hn, == iqH " J=< ~OQxO\H PiH
J=~ ~Q`~. H|\ ==~ " # ~ u J=H _ ~Qe. L# iqH O #
|Ò K OK_" HH, H` O # _ ~OaOKe. iqH PiH O Ja=$k
^ PiH == =$kH J`=H=.
~O`~
1. q` O J#Q<q? q` O P=H` Uq\?
2. Hx |\ q` P=H`# q=iO=. D O^~ O ^= =~\#, =^# =~\#
qkO=?
3. O~ " # =i O~ O Hx ~ u =~# qk O=?
4. ==~OQxH O~ " # ~ u `=. g\ U^< XH ^xx q=iO=?
5. ~`^ O iqH ~ u P=H`# `=?
6. iqH ~ u =~O Q aH W+x Qi XH gH "=?
7. ~`^ O =Y"# iqH ~ u =~ Uq\? g\ U^< XH ^xx Qi
O+O Q q=iO=?
8. iqH O U qÔ Q "}[ O` qk ~?
9. i= ^= x JOkOK U^x S^ ^= O ~# `=. g\ U^ XH ^xx
QiOz O Q KiO=?
=^#=
~O 31.1
1. q`= 2. q` O 3. =_~ @ 4. 15 <
88
~O 31.2
1. `C 2. `C 3. XC 4. XC.
~O 31.3
1. == ~HO Hx 2. 1969 3. =^ HeH 4. 1975 5. =_.
~O 31.4
1. XC 2. `C 3. XC 4. `C
~O`~
1. 31.3 =i 31.4 K_=.
2. 31.4 (J) =i (P) K_=.
3. 31.5 K_=.
4. 31.6 K_=.
5. 31.7 (Z) K_=.
6. 31.7 (a) K_=.
7. 31.7 (a) K_=.
8. 31.7 () K_=.
9. 31.8 K_=.
89
32. O H J=#
Q$ P~Q =i q^ H~
(Social Infrastructure - Housing, Health and Education)
32.1 L^`=
XH Ô x =#= P^xH Ju =Y"# =#~. nxx =#= =#~ JO\~. Ô x
[ q^=O`, < }# =i P~Q# Hey L#@~`, "~ <}"# =#==#~
PiHa=$kH @_` ~. ` K Jx Ja=$k ` =#= JO> "i r=#
=}~x, r=# <}`# OOkOK_xH! =YOQ Ja=$k KO^`# ^x =#= =#~
<}`#, q^, "^ ^ # =i W`~ H~# Q$O, i^ O "^# q HeOK_O
^~ OOkOK=K. D ~O =#O qq^ JO# Q$O, q^, P~QO ^ =#=
r=# <}`# Z OOk q=iÔ.
32.2 H
D ~OO J^ #O K# `~` g~ `<q.
X O H J=# J~O `H=_O
X Q$ =u P=H`# , ^#`# J~O K H=_O
X ~`^ O x Q$ H< ^H # KiOK_O
X ~`^ O Q$ =u H# = "#H Q H~}# q=iOK_O
X ` O ~`^ O L# P~Q ^ # `H=_O
X ~`^ O r=# =} ~ H_ èK _O
X Qg} O`x "^ ^ qbHiOK_O
X q^ ^#`# `H=_O
X ~`^ O x =~= # q^ i` ^$+ H OnHiOK_O
X ~`^ O q^ == `yOK_xH f# K~ # q=iOK_O .
32.3 O H J=#
Ô H L`^H` <}`# OK_xH PiH J=# H~ ZO` P=HO. J~`
=#= =#~ <}`# OOkOK J=# _ JO` J=~O . =i Wk UO\? Wk q^, "^
90
^ , i^ , Q$ =u, ~H` =Ozh~ "^# =h D `~ =. g@xO\h He, PiH
==H OH J=< H~ JO\~. Wk PiH ==x =#= =#~ <}`#
OOkOK _xH ^^` ~.
32.4 Q$ =u
W =ux HeO k. H~ =O`" # , =u_ x r=#O HO =Oz =u J=~O . h=
TOK ~[O` H+ _ OÒ qOu fH=_xH XH =u H ` Z LO@O^. h rqÒ
W|Ok =O J=Òk. W JO> <Q Q_, XH H =`" H^. Wk L#O` qOQ#,
H~ =OÒQ#, Qe "`~`# LO_e. h W ~~t, "#, "_, Ke =O\ "\#O_ ~H}
HeO k. Wk XH =HH ~ ` x WO k.Wk XH =#=_ @Ox U~@K H=_xH, O H
r=<x Q_ \ xH ~ O k. Wk XH=H =#H O`` , P#O^xH îf J`x L`^H` #
OKÒk. J~` =iH "_ r=#O <}`, `Q ^ L# "i r=#O` e` ` =Q
LO@Ok. XH=H x=tOK =u J#=Q #@~` J`x uH =~ O |}`HOQLO@Ok.
D =^ HO `= L^Q =Oz =u HeOK ^#`# [=< _ QiOK~.
nx ^#`# QiOz# Ò _ J<H= Ok `^Q Q$ =uHeOK H$+K Ok.
` nx xqÒ Q$ =^ xi< ~. " @ ~OQO _ `# L^Q Q$=ux
He< ~. J<H " @
i= D Ò< L<~.
=Ozh~, i^ O, =~Q h\~^ ^ , q^KH "^Q ^ H#
_ =Oz Q$ =u JO`~Q. `Q ~"} ^ x, ^Q~ x`=~ == aOK
=~\ x O` x=OK_O ZO`H+O . Q$=u <}` , =#= =#~ =~xH =^
` H O|OÔ LOk.
^q HOQ J<H =Ok Q$ x~ Q$=u XH O H H~ HO. J~`
[< ~Q^ JkHO Q LO_@O =# ^ =~ [ Q$ =u ` =YOQ =iOk. nx
= ` ^ [ Q$=ux JOkOKe# P=H` =zOk.
=#Ô Q$ x~} H~H= ~H #, J= ~+ ` ^`. J~` H O^
Ò H~H= HO` x JOkO k.
Z) Qg} Q$ x~} ^H
Qg} O` Q$ =u =# f~_xH Ò Z< ^H# ~OaOzOk.
Qg} O`x |# =~, qx x"~ Hh J=~ H~H=O HOk q
\# Wz, Q$x~}xH H~O JOkOzOk. D ^H O 1971 = O=`~O ~OaO|_Ok.
WOk~ P" [< (IAY)# 1985-86 Qg} O`x +_ , +_
91
`Q KOk# x~^ "\ KHsK q xqÒ " \~ . D ^H O HOk Q$#
=Q xiOz, u =xH J=~" # H~ HeOK~.
OQ JO_ J~< _=" O\ H~~+< (HUDCO) qq^ Qg} Q$ x~} ^H
^= O JOkOK_xH, ^x "Ò x^ 15 Ò P ^H H \~# k.
a) @}
Q$x~} ^H
@}
O` Ò " \# Q$x~} ^H HOk qÔ Q L<~.
i) HUDCO, LIC =i W`~ ^= O
|}=`, ~+ =i #Q~ ~ U[h PiH
O ` qq^ P^ =~ "iH O H Q$ x~} ^H O .
ii)
1989 = O=`~= XH H# O_ 20 H =~ [< Q #Q~ < ~*Q~
[< (NRY) QOQ Q$ x~} =i =u ^ a=$k ^H O (Housing and Shelter
Upgradation Scheme) ~OaOK~.
iii) He@ x=tOK "iH ~u =u ^H O

(Foot path Dwellers Night shelter Scheme) #
1988-89 = O=`~O "iH =u HeOK xqÒ ~OaOK~. P `~` D ^H x @}
~_
H x=OK "iH _ qi OK~.
iv) LIC, HUDCO, "}* O PiH H~O` H~ Q$=^# qq^ P^
=~ "iH JOkOK^.
v) qq^ W`~ ^H # H O^ `^Q Q$ [=# ^H O (OWnership Housing
Scheme), @} =iH "_ ~=~} Ja=$k =i W "~Q ^H O (Enviornmental Improve-
ment of Urban Slums and House Imporovement Scheme), `~OQ O xK L^Q
xqÒ J^ W ^H O (Rental Housing Scheme) "^# "\x qq^ ~+ ` " \~.
) Q$ =u = H~}
# ~# qq^ ^H # " \# \H, Q$ =u H# W\H =Q< LOk. nxH
H~}
i) [< ~Q^
Ô [< Q}} OQ ~QÒk. nx= Q$ _=O_ _ Z=Q iyOk.
ii) @}
H~}

Qg} O` #O_ [ @}
O` `~ _O = @}
O` =u _=O_
iyOk.
92
iii) =#~ H~`
[OîH Q$ H# J=~# f~_xH Ò ^Q~ L# =#~ i=_O ^ .

e ÒQ =iH "_ ~Q`<~.
Q~O KH^y# JO
X Q$ =u, P~Q, q^, i^ O, ~H` =Ozh~ ` =O\ =# O H
J=# JO\~.
X H~ =O`" # =i =u_ ~ ` r=#O yOKO> `Q Q$ =u ZO`
J=~O .
X H =O uH r=# ^ x =`" Q$ =uQ ~#O. ^x`@ Hh
^ # `Qh~, i^ O, =~Qh\ ~^, q^KH =O\ ^
_ J=~O .
X Qg} O` Q$ =u H# Ò Z< ` H ^H ~OaOzOk.
X @} O` Q$ =u H# L^t Oz _ Z< ` H ^H "
\O k Ò.
32.1 ~O
(i) ~"},H=xH+#, H, h~ XH PiH == O H J=# H LO\~.
(ii) r=# <}`# OOkOKO> q^, P~Q, Q$, `Qh\ ~ ~ =O\ "\x "~Q~K e.
(iii) =[Ox |# =~ Q$ =u HeOKO^ WOk~ P" [# " @|_Ok.
(iv) OQ =i +~ JQ _+< ^H x 50 H H< Z= [< L# #Q~x ^
HO " \~ .
30.5 P~QO (Health)
P~QO-P=H`
'P~Q" =QO J<k `<#_ XH =H P~Q P=H`# Wk è* O k. P~QO
s~H =i =#H +` # zO k. =Oz P~QO O_ =#O rqÒx =Oz "\x
J#q OKO . JO`QH =Oz P~QO O_ r=#O Q Q_xH J=~" # "\x OkOKO .
^~}OQ =Oz P~QO L# [< O O L#_ J`#` =i JkH L`^H` H
îfO k. =Oz P~QxH PiHa=$kH =^ ` H O|OÔ LOk.
93
Ò` =O iu
Ò`xH ~O `Q "^ P~Q^ H =_O = =~} ~ @, t=~} ~ @
K JkHO Q LO_k. J_ ~`^ O P~Q iu P[#HOQ^ . ^~^$ +H ~ " # q+ O
UO@O> ~`^ O JO@"^ , zH< H, H~, =i, > ~_, H
=i J<H JO@"^
H OÔQ LO_k. nxH ` = r=# <}`, ` = P~Q ^ , îH= =i J*#O
`_ ~. 1951 t=~} ~ @ "~H 219 Q#, Q@ r=# =}O 32 O=`~Q#
LO_k.
` iu
}oH `" # Ja=$k P~Q ^ # Q}hOQ OzOk. nxx HOk ^Ò
O` q=iO=K.
i) Ô "^ , P` OY =_ H< Z= ~ @, #~ OY Zxqk ~ @ iyOk.
ii) "^
q^ OY "^\ }oH ~OxH ~O 28 #Oz ` O 106 iyOk.
iii) =z iQ JiH@| _Ok. U1977 =#Ô =z ~ ` Ô Q H\ O K~.
iv) "^ P~Q ^ `x Q}} "# ~Q^ = 1951 = O=`~O "~H
27.4 Q L# =~} ~ @ 1992-93 <\H 60.8 O=`~Q LOk.
v) ~i rq` =}O _ iyOk. 1981 Wk 54 O=`~, =i 1992-93
60.8 O=`~Q LOk.
vi) O O @ ^$H^ =~ =K~. = O~H} # JkH ^#` W=_O
= Ô "i ~i rq` = ~+ H< Z=Q LOk.
~`^ O Q@
r=# ~ @
Ô Q@
r=# =}O JÒQ LO__xH îHO =H~}O. JO@"^ # Q ,
H~, W#O* ^ =z "^Q"\x JiH@_ xH L`= =O^# Hx@_O _H~ , #~
=O^ "^# =h ~Q x"~} ^^ _~. J~#\H O KOx qq^ ^ e
=#Ô r=# =}O P[#HOQ ^ .
\ H 32.1 ~`^ O ~i rq` =
H= ~+ "Ò
1950-51 32.4 31.7 32.1
1970-71 46.4 44.7 45.6
1990-91 58.6 59.0 58.7
94
~i rq` = OK_xH Ô fH# K~
Ò fH# HOk=Y H~H= = =#Ô Q@ r=# = =$kKO kOk.
i) =z, =i, H , +, JO^` O "^Q "\ x"~} *f H~H=#
" \O k.
ii) _ i , HiO` ^Q , e =O\ "^ x"~} ~=~} i` =i
\H H~H= K\ O k.
iii) * J=Q< H~H=
"~ uH, =Q*# , iOQ, ~ _ , >eq[< "^# ^< ^~ *f P~Q
q^|~ [ =O^ *Q` K~ , \H, KH =O^ =O\ "\ P=H`# èOk.
JO`QH gOx ^q H P~Q H O^ ^~ _ q=iOzOk. h= _ qq^ ^< ^~
Ò z# KH=O^, gH$` P~ P=H` WK H~H=# K LO\=.
Qg} O` "^ ^
Qg} P~Q == =_OK ==. O@~, ^q H P~Q H O^ (PHC) =i
H=x\ P~Q H O^ (CHC) Ô ` O =~ 22,000 ^q H P~Q H O^, 1.5 H
O@~ =i 2400 H=x\ P~Q H O^, 6.5 H =Ok P~Q =, 4.2 H =Ok
Qg} P~Q ` @ J<H Qg} P~Q H O^ H=.
D ^ # =iO` qi OKO^ ^ "s }oH ~OkOKe. u 30,000 =Ok
[< (HO_ =i >| O` u 20,000 =Ok [<) XH ^q H P~Q H OÔ u
50,000 =OkH (3000 =Ok HO_ =i >| O`) XH O@~, u XH H= OkH XH
H=x\ P~Q H OÔ 2000 O=`~O <\H U~@ K~ .
J~` = < H~`, =#=H H~`, `Q "Ò =O^ ` H =_O, iH~ H~`
=O\q D H ^# P@OH.
D =# f~_xH Zxq^= }oH=~^ q~ } H# L# "\x "~Q ~K _ O
^$+ \~ .
J^qÔ Q Qg} "^ = OÒQx Ja=$kK , "i "`` ~`# Oz Qg}
[ L`= "# =OkOKx ~<~. D P~Q H~H= [# Q=# K _O
OK~f ~* == L`= ==Q J=ìO k.
@}
P~Q H~H=O
Ô <= =O` H< Z= =Ok [ @} O` x=t< ~. #Q~ @}
x= # "i =~ 40% =Ok =iH "_ L<~. gi P~Q u Qg} O` "i H<
95
` = Q#, Hx O^~ ^~~ O Q# LOk. Hx D @} O` J=< H~ H~``
`= `==`<~.
L`= "^ =OkOK Hx ^ P` H=. Hx ` ^ H~`Q L<~.
Z==Ok _H~ " @ P` xK < ~. "^ =#O K =# Y~ JkHO Q LOk. Hx
"^ ^ ` LOk. ` P` "^ O LzÒQ ==`#\H, "^ <}`
J#=< L<~.
Q~OKH=# JO
X =Oz P~QO = =~#,L`^H` # x~~ O k.
X Ò` =xH ~`^ O P~Q iu P[#HOQ ^ . J<H =Ok
=z, =i, +, JO^` = =i W`~ "^ i#_~ . nxH H~}O
"^ ^ H =_" .
X Ò`#O`~O , D "^ x"~}, x~# qq^ H~H= K\ ~ .
W`~ "^ # H~, HiO` ^Q , >@#, e "^# "\x `Q H~H
^~ x~eOK~.
X Qg} P~Qx =$k K _xH, =_OK ==, H=x\ P~Q H O^,
^q H P~Q H O^, O@~ U~_~.
32.2 ~O
(i) Ô [ L`^H =~x OK_xH =Oz P~QO J=~O
(ii) Ô =z iQ x~eO|_Ok.
(iii) [OîH "^ ^ OkOK< H O kO|_Ok.
(iv) 1980-81 Q@ r=# =}O 58.7 O=`~
32.6 q^ (Education)
Z) q^ P=H`
1. q^ [ <}`# OKÒk.
q^ Hey# [ ^xH P= O\"~. q^ < }#, =~# Oz P^ xHH~ }
#
OKÒk-OHuH "# `H"< l*# q^ OKÒk. nx= #g# OHuH O KO
H_ `~.
96
2. rqÒ ^$H^ =~` O k.
q^ =#=x O~ =H` qHxH, Jx q^# Ja=$kH ^^ _ Òk. K^ =# =H
P^ xH PK## "Q= OÒQ K Q_. Wk x@ [ ^$H^ =~< ` O k. Q_ #=H#,
W|Ok H~" # PK~ ==~# ^~O K O k.
3. @ ^$HÔ =~
q^ , eH @ ^$H^ =~`=_xH _ Òk. [ x^#OQ P_
- =Q =^ qKH} # `y < ~. JO`QH = q + Lk J=H# q^ OKÒk.
=Q " x q^`@ P_ q^ _ D<_ ZO` J=~O . nx= q" JOìOz
`<~.
4. = ~ =~
Qg} = "i O` +OK ` =~ =K~. "~ x` q^# Hey
LO_#\H, "iH Jx` q^# ~ =^ = - \.q. ~ _ - "^# "\ ^~ JOkOK~.
e ÒQ "~ `= @ J=Q# =K~. =~= # HO = ~ OK ^q H _
\K=K.
5. x@ = ^$HÔ =~
q^ x@ = ^$H^ _ =~ ` O k. ` HO g~ `= q + Lk
@ *Q~ H`` ==i< ~. Jx ~OQ# = xK < ~. _H~ Q , K~~ ZHO>O@Q,
"<[~Q , IAS P ~ Q , O \ Q, WO[h~Q , \K~ Q , H ~~ Q , WOH J<H ~OQ =#
g~ K_=K. nx= O H x~}#, O H O|O^# =~ =z "i r=#
<}` "~Q^ =zOk.
6. P^ xH i*# qxQ P=H`
WO` =O^ `#@ K^ =# =H P^ xH PK## `#O`@ `# Ò^~Q J=QÒ
K HO\_. =# i= xK _xH, P^ xH == H~H x~} J=~" #
< }O Q q OHuH q^ ^~ a~ .
7. [< xO`} Hi
q^ ^~ = , JkH [< =# Ô U~_ ^+e`# `Hx, z# @O|
=# "Q K`~. "~ `= r=# ~x OKH"O> @O| i=}x `yOK<
"" x Q ~ . g~ qq^ @O| xO`} ^< # qxyOK@O @ PH K`~.
8. Q_# =H# ~=Òk.
JH~ qq^ "^ ~O_ *Q` fO\~. "~ J#=~" # #=H O_,
=O^ *Q` fHx "^ |O_ K~ .
97
q^ - ` iu
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Ò` HO<\H =#Ô q^~ P[#HOQ ^ . P<_ JkH x~H~ `` @
15 H< ` = Ò JH~ ` ~LOk. = <, |~ @s, |s, P@ "^#
H~ `Q qÔ Q =. H=~, "<*" O\, Pi>H ~, \< xOQ, JyH~, l H Z_H+< =O\
+ # H~ H~ K iqÒQ LO_q. Ju ` = "^ H H=. 1951 = OII
28 "^ H =~ 2700 =Ok "^ q^~ =`" H~.
Ò`#O`~O
Ò`#O`~ HO q^~x OK_xH Ô O|Ok` }oH ~OkOK~.
q^ PiHa=$kH =^ ^< `H O|OÔ LO@Ok. L^~}, OHuH =i + # q^
^~ < }O Q q# O^=K. # q=iOz# qÔ Q, q^# OKH=_O ^~ r=#
<}`# =$kK H=K.
1950-51 2.10 H Q L# ^q H q^, 1994-95 <\H 5.81 H K~~.
W^HO ^q H#` q^ 0.13 H #O_ 1.6 H iQ~. nx e ÒQ, ~`^
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O=`~ JOkOKx x~t O k. J~` Jk W\ =~ J= [~Q ^ .
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q^ "x H~O\~. L#` q^ q^#O H =O @| ^# |@ OÒk. g~O^~
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"i x~^y` Ô ~QÒk.
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= " _O =# =# =#~ =$^ J=`<~. gix "#H ` OK qÔ Q `H K Jk
=# PiHa=$kH _ Òk.
98
a) q^ == x ik^ K~
1. q^ == #~ x~}O
*f q^q^#O (NPE) #, 1986 Ô q^== #~x~}O ^$+\, qq^
^ q^q^# <}` O#, OHuH ~OQ Ja=$kH q^~OQO J=H# q$` O
K _xH ~OkOK~.
2. JH~ `# OK@
JH~ `# OK_xH P~= }oH HO ^q H q^ (x` =i Jx`) H~H=
^~ Z= =OkH q^#OkOK~. U_= }oH _ 15-35 OII =^ = x~H~ `#
1990 <\H Jx` q^ q^#O ^~ x~eOK_O ^$+HOnHiOzOk. J~` D H
kO|_^ . Hh HO` Qu H#_Ok.
Zxq^= }oH HxH 15-35 OII =^ = 10 H@=Okx JH~ Q ` xiQ
K x *f e@~ q+< (NLM) f~xOzOk. ^ "O Q x~H~ `# x~eOK_xH NLM
O~ JH~ ` H~H=x ^q H H~HOQ fOk.
3. ^q H q^# "~Q~K @
JkHO Q L# _J=\# `yO K_xH #`# *f q^q^#O ^ "O Q ^q H
~ # Ja=$k K x xzOk. D ^H x P~ +< H ~Q ==i~ .
PQ+ 15, 1995# Lz` =^ [# ^H x ~[h# q^#, #"^# OK_xH,
=x" "ix `yO K_xH " \~ .
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L#` q^ =i OHuH q^ O|OkOz ^ # L^ O <}`# =i =}#
OK_O .
K~ gH
K~ q^q^# ~ HO` "~Q^# `K~. Q` ^| HO JH~ ` Ò
"Ò Q iyOk. Wk 1981 44% #Oz 1991 <\H 52% iyOk. (\ H 32.2 K_=)
~+ JH~ ` 56% #O_ 64% # =i JH~ ` 30%#Oz 39%# D HO
iyOk.
99
\ H 32.2
~`^ O JH~ `~@
O=`~O "Ò ~+
1951 18 27 9
1971 35 46 22
1981 44 56 30
1991 52 64 39
ZO` kOz#\H, WOH kOKeOk ZO` LOk. ~## ^ _ W^ qÔ Q
Ô =$k~ @ kOz#_ x~H~ ` x~# PO HO_ K =K. JH~ ` q+ O
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X =#= =#~ Ja=$k [ <}` O|OkOz#k. nxx q^# OK_O ^~
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X Ò` HO<\H JH~ ` Ò 25% Wk ` O 52% iyOk.
X JH~ ` Ò ~Q_ xH =YH~}O, }oH#, =[# q^, 6-14
OII "iH Lz` x~O ^ q^, P~ +< H ~ "^Q W`~ ^H ^~ JkH
=x K _O.
32.3 ~O
HOk Mm# H\ W=|_# ^= O` iO=.
(èHQ, <}`, PiHa=$k, 42, =~ =, 52)
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(iii) q^ .................... =^ ` H O|OÔ LOk.
(iv) 1991 = OII "Ò JH~ ` ............. Ò.
100
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5. ~`^ O ` O P~Q ^ u x `=?
6. Ò`#O`~ HO r=# =} ~ @ Uq^" # =~ Oq OK~? ~`^ O
r=# =}x OK_xH Ò f# K~ Uq\?
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~O 32.1
(i) ` (ii) X (iii) X (iv) `
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(i) X (ii) X (iii) ` (iv) `
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2. H< 32.4 (Z) =i (a) K^ ==.
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6. H< 32.5 K^ ==.
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101
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102
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ii) i= ==xH _ Òk.
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10. ~` q^ q^#O # `yOK_xH f# U"< ~ O_ K~ # q=iO=.
103
33. ~`^ q^j "~O - k =i ~
(Direction and Composition of India's Foreign Trade)
33.1 L^Ò
[ J=~ f~_xH Jx ^ = = J=~O . = = LùH =#~ H"e.
h= ~O - 1 Kkq#@, u^xH =#~ iqÒQ =`" LO\~. U ^= `# H"e#
= =xO\h Lù K ^ . D ^ `# =^ O Hh ^ J=~x H< ` =Q =
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K O k UU ^ #O_ H#Q K, UU ^ J=H K O k =O\ JO K^ =`=.
33.2 H
D ~OO J^ #O K# `~` g~ `<q.
X q^j "~= J~x q=iOK@.
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qÔ Q `# =^ J^#OQ L# L`` # W`~ ^ J" Ò K O k. W`~ ^ #O_
== # H#Q K _x kQ=`h W`~ ^ == # J=_x ZQ=`x JO\~.
ZQ=`, kQ=` ~ O_ q^j "~O LO\~. H|\ ~ O_ ^ =^ [iQ "~x q^j
"~O JO\~. J~` q^j "~O H =O == H#Q J=H QH =# + OQ,
W#~#, OHOQ, H#>h = "^Q = J=H H#Q _ [~Q`~.
q^j "~ ` H H}

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^ #O_ kQ=` K #C_, P kQ=` KeO =#O K = LO@Ok. =#^
104
H~ hx P ^ JOwHiOH =K. "~ KeO # `= ^ H~ h ~O Qh ^ O K
"O Q qx= =^ =OQ JOwHiO|_ H~ h ~O =`" JOwHi~ . .Z. _~,
O_ iOQ "^# q D H= KO^`~. H|\ kQ=u K # Ô P kQ=`
KeO Z K e. g\H ` xiQ, P ^ H~ h# Hh, JO`~fOQ P"kO|_
H~ h# OkOKe. H|\ D H~ h# W`~ ^ == # J=_O ^~ JO> ZQ=`
K _O ^~ O^=K. W`~ ^ K KeO ~|_ H< Z"` , ^x = q^j =~H ^=
= U~_Òk. nxx |\ h= O Q kQ=` KeO K _xH ZQ=` ^#`#
J~O K H=K. q^j =~H ^"x QiOz# =iO` J=Q# g ~O 38 HQÒk.
Q~O KH^y# JO
X q^ == # J=_x ZQ=`h, q^ #O_ == # H#Q
K _x kQ=Ò^~.
X W#~#, OHOQ, + OQ "^# =# _ ZQ=`, kQ=` K~ .
X qq^ ^ qq^ H~ h LO_@O = q^j =~H ^= = U~_`~.
~O 33.1
D HOk "\ '`C 'XC # QiOKO_.
i) q^j "~O ZQ=` =i kQ=` ~ O_ LO\~.
ii) W`~ ^ #O_ == # H#Q K _x ZQ=Ò\~.
iii) qq^ ^ qq^ H~ h LO_@O = q^j "~O U W|O^ LO_=.
33.4 q^j "~ ^#`
q^j "~O ZQ=`, kQ=` ~ O_ LO\~. XH ^xH ZQ=`, kQ=`
ZO` =Y`# He LO\~. Jq D HOk qÔ Q L<~.
Z. kQ=` ^#`
ZQ=` H ^#` U Ô << D HOk qÔ Q Hey LO\~.
i) PiH == Ja=$k Hi
iqHa=$kH =^# == # O`, O` iH~ J=~O . J=< H~#
H, ~"} =O\ "\ _ iqHa=$k P^~_ LO@Ok. \H~ , ~ ~ =O\ O`
== ~OQO "QO Q Ja=$k KO^_xH H"e. Z~=, ~Q =O^ "^# q ==a=$k
HH` =~. XH Ja=$k KO^`# Ô D == # ` ~K i*#O He LO_^ ^
105
g\x Lù K ^ . ^ g\x J=~" # "~ Lù K =~x He LO_^ . D @#
kQ=` ^~ _=K. H|\ kQ=` Ô H L`^H` Hx OK`~.
ii) H~` # _@
P~O, =O@ #< =O\ x`=~ == ^j _=O_ , ^j =^ L#
@# kQ=` _`~. L^~}, ÒÒ aOz# è< P~ ^~ H~`
f=OQ LO_k. H|\ ^ "` P~ == # Q^ =, aO kQ=u K H= =zOk.
W\H "l@| #<# =#O J=~O "~ Lù KH `<=. H|\ Jq kQ=u
K |_`<~.
iii) "~Q # r=# ~H kQ=`
q == , HH q == =O\ J`=~O Hx == # Ja=$k KO^`# ^
Lù K =. L^~} >eq[<, H~, "+OQ q+# "^# q. Ja=$k KO^`# ^
~Q`# P^ g\ _=O_# OK`~. D == # XH Ô W`~ ^ #O_ O^=K.
iv) Lù <}`# OK=K
^j L`` <}`# OK_xH kQ=` _` ~. q^j == ` \ _# _,
^j Lù ^~ `= L`` <}`# OK Ò K~ . D qÔ Q K _O =, "~ q^j
Lù^~ =iO` =~` ` \ _` ~. L^~}, ~`^ O H ZHxH == kQ=u
=#Ô x P == <}` ~Q_ xH ZO`Q< ^^_ ~.
a. ZQ=` ^#`
ZQ=` D HOk qÔ Q ^#`# Hey L<~.
i) PiH =$kH Hi
PiH =$kH ZQ=` HOk ~ HiQ LO\~.
ZQ=` Lù ~Q_ xH `__`~
ZQ=` qQ Lùx J=H=_xH L Q_ ` ~. L^~}, ~`^ O `
Lù K QeQ =~ O ^x _=O_ HO> Z=. XH" =#O ` # ZQ=u K H~#@~`,
^x "Ò Lù ` =Q LO@Ok. ` # ~ ^ ZQ=u K _O = ^x Lù
q $Ò J~Ok.
ZQ=` P^, L^y` ~Q_ xH ^^_ ` ~
ZQ=` =~\ i=}x qi Oz L`` ~Q^# `~. s ~ L``
106
JkH =#= Hx qxy~. H|\ Z= =OkH L^Q aOz JkH L^y` =i P^
~Q`~.
O|Ok` i= qi ~
XH i= q $u =~ i= q~ } îfO k. L^~}, ZQ=` XH i=
q~ }
H~}"` , nx = HOQ, ~"} =O\ "\ _=O_ iy, D ~OQ Ja=$kH î fO k.
W`~ == _=O_ ~Q^
ZQ=` PiH == JkH P^, L^y` îf~. P^x ~Q^ [
H#Q HH îfO k, e ÒQ g~ uiy == Lù J~# == `= = OK`~.
D == _=O_x ~Q^ Lù, P^, L^y` ~Q^ H~}==`~. D
qÔ Q PiH == =$k ~O= =Òk.
J# H" # =#~ qxQO
ZQ=` Lù `~ # Oz, #`# OHuH i*# qxQxH ^^_ ` ~. Wk
=#~ J# H qxQxH îf, JkH Lùx J" =#~, ` = Lù =O` k~.
#`# OHuH i*#O = <}`# OK_xH _ _ Òk.
ii) q^j =~H ^= =~#
q^j =~H ^= =~# (J#Q q^j ^==) ZQ=` JkH ^#`# He L<~.
U ^xH< `# kQ=` KeO K_xH q^j =~H^=O J=~O. D q^j ^"x
OkOK_xH ZQ=` XH =~O .
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~O ~`^ O , q^j"~O ^ #OQ " @ ~OQO =`" x~OKk. J~` Ò`##O`~O
~` Ò q^j "~xH O|OkOz qq^ P~< * + # # xqOzOk.
` P~<*+#
` P~< * + # =YOQ JkH QO P~ ^<, W#= Yx*O, q#~ =i "@
=O\ == ^$+ H OnHi< ~. STC (\ >_O Q H~~+<) MMTC (q#~ =i "@
>_O Q H~~+<) "^# q ` U*h L^~}Q K =K. D U*h U~@ =YH~}O
Ò ^ q^j "~O =Y ` =OKx H~H=_O.
107
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H == , ` , H =O\q ^ #OQ D ~OQO ZQ=u K == . D ~OQO =^#
== , qxQ == =O\ "\x kQ=u K O@Ok.
Uk U=~#\H, O~} e ÒQ ` U*h "\ q^j "~O `y, " @
~OQO
` Q}hOQ ~QÒk.
Q~O KH=# JO
X D HOk H~} =# kQ=` =Y"# q
Jq ^ L`^H` Hx OK`~. H~`Q L# J=~" # == # O^_xH
_`~. [ r=# =}~x, = <}`# OK_xH
^^_`~.
X D HOk H~} =# ZQ=` =Y"# q.
ZQ=` Lùx, L^y`#, P^# =$k K~. i= q~ }
H~}==`~. =#~ J# H qxQO. q^j =~H ^"x ^ K~.
X ~`^ O ` " @
~OQ ~ O_ q^j "~O O\~. \
>_O Q H~~+<, q#~ =i "@ >_O Q H~~+# ` ~OQ P~< * + #
L^~}. " @ ~OQO ~ _" _ ^ , ~OQ~, #Q, H ==
=O\q ZQ=u K |_`~. qq^ =^# == # kQ=u K O\~.
~O 33.2
HOk Mm# iO=
i) ^j
H =i ............................ =^ L# @# kQ=` _`~.
ii) ^j Lù <}`# ....................... K _xH ZQ=` _` ~.
iii) ZQ=` ................. =i ........................ # OK`~.
iv) ZQ=` ....................... OkOK_xH =Y =~O .
v) ~`Ô .................. =i ................... ~OQ ~O_ q^j "~O
x=Q"< ~.
33.6 q^j "~ ~
q^j "~ ~ =#O UO ZQ=u KO, UO kQ=u K O\" `Òk.
108
Z. kQ=` ~
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H~` îfOk. H~}O JkH Q^ = O_OK O` H< He~. e ÒQ W`~ ^
#O_ P~ ^< W`~ == ^ "` kQ=u K H= =zOk. u, [#<~ O_OK
O` _ Z=Q H< qb#O K |_~. nx = =_ u, =_ [#=# _
kQ=u K <=.
Q` Hx O=`~ Ja=$k = Ô kQ=` ~ Q}h"# =~ =zOk. PiHa=$k
kOKO>, q+#s, ~"} ^< , =_^ ~, H qH =~ i [ ~, \eO ==
=O\ =^# == kQ=u K <=. nx = P~ ^< ^j L`` Q}hOQ iy,
kQ=` `Q~. Ò P~ ^~ Lù =#O O +H`x kOKO. Ò
Z=Q =^# == , "@ =i q#~, H qH =i i * ~, \eO, #<
=i aHO@ (POL) "^# q. =# PiH == Ja=$k J=~# f~H=_xH kQ=u
K O@<O.
== Q "s ~ - ~`^ kQ=`
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\ H 33.1 ~`^ kQ=` ~ (Ò "\)
= Q O=`~O 1995-96
1. P~ =i J#|O^ L`` 3.6
2. , JO^ POL (20.5) 23.0
3. i*~ 4.6
4. ~ ~, =#H~, # O\ 1.3
5. =^# == 27.8
6. W`~ , g\ 23.5
- H qH (9.9)
- W#= =i L (3.7)
- =`, q"# ~ (5.7)
7. J=sH$ ` == 16.2
"Ò 100.0
109
1. P~ =i J#|O^ L``
H^<, C ^<, r_ C , =O@ #< "^Q == nx LO\~. 1995-
96 = O=`~O D =O "Ò ZQ=` 3.6 Ò "\# He LOk.
2.
Q =i .F.Z (\eO, P~ =i aHO@) "^# q ^ #"# H =~.
Ò`##O`~O iqH =i "~ =$k = D .F.Z J=~O "QO Q iyOk. =#
^j Lù i^. ` O =#Ô D \eO == # ^ "` kQ=u K O@Ok.
"Ò kQ=` Wk SkO@ XH =O` H< Z= "\# He LOk. 1995-96 = O=`~O Q
=i .F.Z He "Ò kQ=` 23 Ò "\# He L<~.
3. Z~=
== ~OQxH Ju =Y"# L`k`= Z~=. =#^j Z~= Lù =# _=O_
H< ` =Q LOk. D = =O "Ò kQ=` 4.6% "\# He LOk.
4. ~ ~ L`` =i # O\
1995-96 O=`~O g\ "\ "Ò kQ=` 1.3% Q LOk.
5. =^# ==
=^# == O^ O`, ~"} LH~ } , ZHxH == "^Q#q LO\~.
"QO Q Ja=$k KO^`# ~` PiH == ~Q`# g\ J=~x f~_xH, =^# ==
kQ=u "\ "Ò kQ=` ~Q`< LOk. 1995-96 = O=`~O, "Ò kQ=`
<eO@ XH =O` H< Z=Q, 27.8 Ò "\# Wq He L<~.
6. W`~ ==
D = =O H qH, =` =i J="# ~, W#= =i @, <<-
~ "@ "^# q LO\~. 1995-96 "Ò g\ "\ 23.5 Ò.
7. J=sH$ ` ==
# =sHi Oz# H@ysH ~x J<H == _ kQ=` Wq_ LO\~. "Ò
kQ=` 1995-96 = O=`~O g\ "\ 16.2 Ò.
a. ZQ=` ~
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ZQ=` ^#OQ == L``#, `, QO^^", Q, W`~ =_^~
110
LO_q. ^ "` # = =i [#<~ L`` # _ =#O ZQ=u K "~O. PiH
== iqHH~ }
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"` O`, ~"} LH~ } , H qH, O|OkH L`` , O_H, K =i =^
L`` ZQ=u K < =. JO`QH H@< aH, ` , [#<~ L`` , QO^ ^"
"^# q _ ZQ=u K < L<~.
= =O "s / ~` ZQ=` ~
\ H 33.2 ` =# ZQ=` ~ 1995-96 O|OkOz# q=~ O^~K | _~.
\ H 33.2 ~`^ ZQ=` ~ (Ò "\)
= =O O=`~O 1995-96
1. == =i J#|O^ L`` 19.2
2. =i Yx* 3.7
3. Lù K# == , JO^ 75.4
- =* =i #Q (16.6)
- #, aH ` s (8.1)
- ~ _" _ Q~@ (11.6)
- O_H (3.5)
4. _ =i \eO L`` 1.4
5. W`~ =i =sH$ ` == 0.3
"Ò 100
1. == =i J#|O^ L``
D = =O ` , H, H^<, QO^ ^", Q, r_ C , #<,
, ~Q, =^ L`` , =_u "^# q LO\~. 1995-96 = O=`~ "Ò
ZQ=` D == h 19% "\# He LOk.
111
2. =i Yx*
D = =O =_ W#=, k K |_# Yx*, W`~ , "H "^# q
LO\~. "Ò =# ZQ=` 3.7 Ò "\# 1995- 96 = O=`~O Wq He L<~.
3. Lù K |_# ==
` =i ` L`` , =* =i #Q, O`, ~"} iH~, ZHxH
== , =~^, ~@H, H@< ~< =i aH, ~ _" _ ^ , O_H "^# q.
g\ LO_#. 1995-96 = O=`~O D Q 75.4% (^^ 3/4 = =O`) # He LOk. D
Q J`kH "\ =* =i #Q, ~ _" _ ^ He L<~. g\ "\ 16.6% =i
11.6% =~Q "Ò ZQ=` He L<~.
4. _ =i \eO L``
"Ò ~`^ ZQ=` XHC _ D Q ^ #"# k. J~` Ô H`Q P~
i# s xiOK_O `, "\ ZQ=` =Y` `yO k. 1995-96 g\ "Ò "\ 1.4%Q L#k.
5. W`~ J=sH$ ` ==
# W=|_# == Hx == # D =O K~~. "Ò ZQ=`
g\ "\ K OQ, H =O 0.3% "\# =`" 1995-96 = O=`~O Wk He LOk.
Hx JO# |\ ~`^ ZQ=` ~ qÔ "#H|_# ^ H} OQ H#_Òk. XH
"#H|_# Ô , ^q HOQ == ~OQO q^ JkHO Q P^~_ , ` = iqHa=$k`#
^~}OQ ==H == # ZQ=u K , Lù K# == # kQ=u K O@ LO@Ok.
QÒ ~`^ O _, ^q H L`` # ZQ=u K , iqH == # kQ=u K H<k.
J~` ~` iqHa=$k "QO Q [~Q_ O `, =# ZQ=`, kQ=` ~ =~ [iQ~.
` , H, aO, QO^ ^" =O\ "\ ZQ=` W\H ~Q`#\H, "Ò ZQ=`
"\ "\ H=OQ `Q ` Ok. ` xH ~` ZQ=` WO[hiOQ == , z#\ iH~,
~ _" _ ^ O_H ` @ =`, =*, #Q, H qH "^# q H=. =# kQ=`
e JkH "\# =^# == , "+#s, \eO =i \eO L`` , W#=
=i L, H qH `k`~= H=. Wq PiHa=$kH PH` D ZQ=` - kQ=`
~x =~ =# PiH == x~}Ox =~# uaOa~ - JO> PiH == "QO Q
Ja=$k KO^Òk.
112
Q~O KH=# JO
X q^j "~ ~ ZQ=` - kQ=` ~# zO k.
X PiHa=$k H~}OQ =# ZQ=`- kQ=` ~ =~ Oq OK~.
X =# kQ=` JkH "\# , =^# == , H qH "^# q
Hey#q. kQ=` JkH QO Lù K |_# == He L<~.
X ` xH, ~`^ O WO[hiOQ == , èH\ O`, ~ _" _ ^ ,
O_ H , =*, #Q "^# "\x ZQ=u KOk.
X ZQ=` - kQ=`x =~ PiH == x~}Ox =~# z~.
~O 33.3
i) 1995-96 "Ò kQ=` \eO L`` "\ .....................
ii) 1995-96 "Ò kQ=` =^# == "\ ...................
iii) Ò` HO <\H ~`^ O ^ #OQ ................. == ZQ=u Kk.
iv) ~`^ O =Y"# Lù K |_# == ......................
v) 1995-96 "Ò ZQ=` Lù K |_# == "\ Ò ..................
33.7 q^j "~ k
~`^ O UU ^ = = ZQ=u K O k? UU ^ #O_ = = kQ=u K O@O^
q^j "~ k q=iO k. k JO> =# ZQ=` ZH_H K~ `<~, ZH_ #O_ =#
kQ=` =< èk. Ò`xH ~O, J#Q a\+ i< HO, =# "~O JkH
Ò a@<`< [iQk. H|\ O QO q^j "~ "\ .H (U.K) He LO_k. J~` Ò`
##O`~O H` "}[ O|O^ U~_~. WC_ =# J`kH "~ "\ Q Ô Q J"iH
J=ìOzOk. `~u < [~h, [<, .H Q=. =#O W`~ ^` _ "}[ O|O^
OKH< ` K < =. =#O WC_ ~`^ ZQ=` =i kQ=` k# qOQ
K^=Ô.
Z. ~`^ kQ=` k
kQ=` k J#Q UU ^ #O_ =#O kQ=` K < " èk. Ò`xH ~O
=# ^ # ZQ=u^~ a@<. Ò`#O`~O , WC_ =#O W`~ ^# USA, [~h, #,
[< #O_ kQ=` K O@<=.
113
\ H 33.3 =# kQ=` =~ 1995-96 O|OkOz# q=~ `Òk.
\ H 33.3
`~^ kQ=` k ("\ `=)
^= O=`~O (1995-96)
1. .H 5.29
2. [~h 8.63
3. W`~ ~ < ^ 12.20
4. .Z.Z 10.53
5. [< 6.63
6. ~ 2.35
7. W`~ `~ ~ 1.06
8. OPEC 20.99
9. W`~ Ja=$k KO^`# ^ 18.32
10. W`~ 13.30
"Ò 100.00
XHXH Ô Q, ~`^ xH ^ #"# kQ=u^~ USA nx "\ 1995-96 O=`~O
10.5%Q LOk. W`~ ^ # kQ=u J=H, W`~ ~ < ^, [~h, U.K [< "^# q.
P YO_O, =# ^ # kQ=ÒkOK Ô [<. 1995-96 = O=`~O "Ò
kQ=` D ^ "\ 6.6% XH<HC _ ~`^ xH ^ # kQ=u ^~ Ô Q L# ~,
H=H=OQ nx "\ `y, "Ò ~` kQ=` 2.3% "\ 1995-96 KiOk. W`~ `~
~ ^# ~"x, O_, OQi "^Q#q 1.06% "\# =# "Ò kQ=` He
L<~.
~Q`# POL J=~, OPEC ^ #O_ ^ "` ZQ=` H~}=~.
OPEC (P~< * + < P \eO ZHiOQ HO\) k J~a, "~\, W~< "^Q
Ô\~. =#^ "Ò kQ=` g\ "\ 1995-96 = O=`~O 20.9%.
W`~ Ja=$k KO^`# ^ (LDC) P , PH L`~ J"iHx Ja=$k KO^`#
^ =#O "~ O|O^x q $Ò K <=. D ^ 18.3% "\# =# "Ò kQ=`
1995-96 = O=`~O He L<~.
114
a. ~`^ ZQ=` k
Ò`xH ~O =# ZQ=` JkH Ò a@< O|_q. J~` Ò`##O`~O
"Ò "~O a@< "\ `y, USA J`kH "\ Hey# UHH H#Q ^~ Ô Q J=ìOzOk.
1995-96 = O=`~xH O|OkOz# =# ZQ=` Q=# \ H 33.4 èK O k.
\ H 33.4
`~^ ZQ=` k ("\ `=)
Ô O=`~O (1995-96)
1. .H 6.31
2. [~h 6.23
3. W`~ ~ < ^ 13.89
4. .Z.Z 17.34
5. [< 6.96
6. ~ 3.3
7. W`~ `~ ~ 0.56
8. OPEC 9.64
9. W`~ Ja=$k KO^`# ^ 25.90
10. W`~ 9.87
"Ò 100.00
USA 17.3% ZQ=u "\ =# == # JkHO Q H#Q K Ô . [<, U.K =i
[~h ^ "\ =~ =~Q 7%, 6% =i 6% Q L<~. XHC _ =# ZQ=` ^ #
H#Q^~ Ô Q L# ~, "Ò "~O `# <x `yO KO@ 33% "\ KiOk. =#
ZQ=` =~ = =O` (25%) Ja=$k KO^`# ^ (OPEC q#) K~ `<~.
1995-96 O=`~O OPEC ^ 9.7% "\# =# ZQ=` He L<~.
33.8 O K "~O ~`^ "\
O K "~O 1950 #O_ ~`^ "\ (Ò) q=~# \ H 33.5 `Òk.
\ H x "^\ =~ H= OY "Ò O K "~O ~` ZQ=` "\# KÒk.
~ O_= =~H= OY O K "~O ~` ZQ=` "\ `x q=iO k. O K "~O
~` "~ "\# =~ OY =_ K|_Ok. =_= =~ L# JOH, u O=`~Ox
"^\ ~ O_= =~ Q@ .
115
\ H 33.5
O K "~O ~`^ "\ (Ò)
O=`~O ZQ=` kQ=` "~O
(1) (2) (3)
1950 1.85 1.71 1.78
1960 1.03 1.69 1.36
1970 0.64 0.65 0.65
1980 0.42 0.72 0.57
1990 0.52 0.66 0.59
1994 0.60 0.63 0.61
\ H 33.5 D HOk q=~ `Òk.
i) O K ZQ=` ~` ZQ=` "\ 1950 = O=`~O 1.85 Ò. Wk H=OQ
1980 = O=`~O =~ H=OQ< H} O zOk. J~` D HO ~` ZQ=` `Q <k
nx J~O H^. D =^ HO ~`^ ZQ=` =$k~ @ H< O K ZQ=`x
=$k~ @ Z=Q LO^x Wk q=iO k. 1980 = O=`~O `~` O K ZQ=` ~`^
"\ H=OQ ~QÒk.
ii) "Ò O K kQ=` ~`^ "\ H=OQ, XH 1980 = O=`~O ` , H} <
LOk. WH_ _ =# kQ=` `Q ` << =# H^. Wk H =O O K kQ=`
=$k~ @ H< ~`^ kQ=` =$k ~ @ ` =Q L<x zO k.
iii) \ H 33.5 x =~ 3 K# qÔ Q "Ò O K "~O ~`^ "\ 1980 =
O=`~O =~ H} Ok. Wk H =O "Ò O K "~O =$k ~ @ H<, ~` q^j "~
=$k~ @ ` =Q L<x q=iO k. 1980 = O=`~O #O_ O K "~O ~`^
"~ "\ H=OQ =$k KO^Òk.
iv) "Ò O K "~O ~`^ kQ=` "\ H< kQ=` "\ JkHO Q LOk.
O K "~O "Ò =#Ô "\ K O (H=O 0.61 Ò). nxx |\ "Ò
O K "~O =#^ "\# qi OKH< J=H Z=x Wk zO k.
Q~O KH=# JO
X q^j "~ k J#Q =#O UU ^ == # ZQ=u K=, UU ^
#O_ == # kQ=u K O\ q=iOKk. Ò`xH ~O =#O
Z= "~O a@<` K"~=. `~u HO D iu =~ =zOk.
` O =# "~O JkH Ò J"iH` K < =.
116
X 1995-96 =# kQ=` J"iH #O_ 10.5% =K~. Wq [~x #O_
8.6 Ò H=. XH ^ #O_ 21% kQ=` [iQ~. ~#O_ kQ=`
`Q ` <~. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ #O_ kQ=` ~Q`<~.
X =# ^ #OQ J"iH ZQ=` K=. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ =#
ZQ=` ~Q`<~. ~ ZQ=` `Q ` <~. 1995-96 J"iH
K# ZQ=` 17% HQ Ja=$k KO^`# ^ K# ZQ=` "\ 26
Ò.
X 1994 = O=`~O O K "~O ~`^ "~ "\ 0.61%. kQ=`
"\ JkHO Q LOk.
~O 33.4
HOk Mm# iO=
i) Ò`xH ~O JkH "~O ........................ Ô [iQk.
ii) "Ò ZQ=` =#O Ja=$k KO^`# ^ ................... Ò# ZQ=u KO.
iii) 1994= O=`~O "Ò O K ZQ=` ~` ZQ=` "\ .................... Ò.
iv) 1994= O=`~O "Ò O K "~O ~` "~ "\ ..................... Ò.
h"q <~<=
W`~ ^ == x J=_xH ZQ=`h, W`~ ^ #O_ == # H#Q K _x
kQ=`x JO\~. ZQ=`, kQ=` ~ O_ q^j "~O H LO\~. ` " @
Z*h ~ O_ q^j "~O O\~.
XH ^xH q^j "~O ZO` P=H=. = = kQ=u PiH == Ja=$kH ^^_ Òk.
Wk Ôx [ = `# OKÒk. Wk [ qq^ ~H=# == qxQxH
`__Òk. "i r=# =} ~x =$k K O k. JO`QH, ^jOQ ` ~ # == # <}`#
OK_xH _, \ f=`# =$k K O k. PiH == Ja=$kH _ ZQ=` ZO` J=~O .
Wk Lù, L^y` =i P^ ~Q^, =#~ L`= qxQxH ^^_ Òk. q^j=~H
^= O^# _ Wk ZO` P=H=.
~`^ q^j "~ f~`# Q` HO`HOQ Q}h"# =~ Q~ O k. QÒ
~`Ô ^qH ==# ZQ=u K, iqH ==# kQ=u KH<k. PiHa=$k
Q}hOQ [~Q_ O `, ZQ=`- kQ=` "\ =~ Oq OK~. ` xH ~`^ O ,
WO[hiOQ == , =`, =*, #Q, ~ _" _ ^ , "^# "\x _ ZQ=u KOk.
117
WH kQ=` ^ #"# q q+#i, \eO =i \eO L`` , W#= =i L,
H qH "^# =^# == H=. D "~Ox Hê H ~` iqHa=$k T~
Q=<x z< ~.
~`^ q^j "~O k ~#^Q =~ Q~ O k. QÒ "Ò =# q^j "~O
.H "\ JkHO Q LO_k. WC_ USA, JkH "~ "\ Q Ô Q J=ìOzOk. `~u <
[~h, [< =i .H Q=.
W`~ ^ =# "~ "\ H=OQ ~Q`#\H, "Ò OK "~O` i
e#C_ =#^ "\ K OQ LOk. ~m H$` PiH q^< = =#^ "\ O K "~
"\ ~QÒk.
~O`~
1. q^j "~ J~x q=iO=.
2. ~`^ O =O\ ^xH q^j "~O ZO^ P=HO.
3. 1995-96 = O=`~O ~` q^j "~ f~`# `=.
4. 1995-96 = O=`~O ~`^ q^j "~ Q=<x q=iO=.
=^<
~O 33.1
i) X ii) ` iii) `
~O 33.2
i) ^j ii) OK_xH iii) PÔ, L^y` iv) q^j =~H ^=O v) Ò, " @

~O 33.3
i) 20% ii) 28% iii) ==O iv) =* =i #Q v) 75%
~O 33.4
i) a@< ii) 26% iii) 0.6% iv) 0.61%
~O`~
1. H< 26.3 K^ ==.
2. H< 26.4 K^ ==.
3. H< 26.6 K^ ==.
4. H< 26.7 K^ ==.
118
34. q^j =~H ~ @
(Foreign Exchange Rate)
34.1 L^Ò
XH Ô H q^j "~O = = ZQ=` kQ=` UqÔ Q LO_< =O^
~O `<O. U ^" # `# ZQ=u K == #Oz P^x O^#. J^qÔ Q
kQ=u K H< == PÔ KeO Ke =K#. J~` qq^ ^ qq^ ^" LO_@=#
"\x =~HO Ke# J=~=#k. D ~OO qq^ ^ ^" U qÔQ =~HO
[~Q`<~? "\ =^ L# =~H ~ @ Uq\? =~H ~ @ UqÔ Q x~
=Q< ^xH Q
H~}=, q^j =~H ~ @ =~ =# =^ Uq\ J<k q=iOK|_#k.
34.2 H
D ~OO J^ #O K# `~` g~ `<q.
X q^j =~H ~ @ J#Q <q?
X q^j =~H ~ @ U qÔ Q x~~ OK|_#?
X JkHiH =~H ~ @ =i =~\ x~~ OK =~H ~ @ =^ `_.
X q^j =~H ~ @ =~ Q H~}
X q^j =~H ~ @ =~ ".
34.3 q^j =~H ~ @ J#Q <q
O KO## qq^ ^ qq^ ~H ^"# HeyO_#. L^~} =#^ ^=O
~ '~~HQ, J^ a@< ^ ^=O 'O_, J"iH ^ ^=O '_~Q L#k. XH ^
^=O =~H ^ ^=O` =~H= K \xH g ^ , ^xx =~H= # L yOK= . nx
=# q^j "~O J<H = ~=K. ~` "i a@< #Oz == # Hx kQ=u
K ê, P a@< "i P == q=# `# ^ ^="# 'O_ ~##. J`# `# ==
^~ 10 O_ J<k =# ~ ZO` =#O J<k =~H ~ @ P^~_ O_#. D
=~H ~ @< q^j =~H ~ @ JO^~.
q^ =#O ZQ=u K# == q=# O^\xH, J^qÔ Q =#O kQ=u K #
== q=# KeO K\xH =# D q^j =~H ~ @ ZO` J=~O . ~f "i J"iH
^ "i #Oz == kQ=u K #@~` J"iH "i `# == `# ^ ^="#
'_~# =`" JOwHi_ . =i, ~f "i ^Q~ J`xH KeO K\xH ~~ =`"
L#q. JO^=# ~f "i, J"iH< _~# `# ^Q~ #~~` H#=#. J_ XH
119
_~ Zx ~ KeO Ke? P KeO K=# _~# ~f "i ZK@ #Oz H#=#?
Wq K =Y"# =i PHH ~ " # . g\x QiOz =K qQO q=iOK|_#k. Uk
U"# \H q^j =~H ~ @ J#Q U ~ @ J~` ~ O_ ^ ^" =~HO K |_`#^ ^xx
q^j =~H ~ @ Jx `H<~. qq^ ^ qq^ ~H# =~H ~ @ LO_#.
KHO #O_ J"iH _~, a\+ O_ Jx ^# K=} L#q. J~` D
~ O_ ^" J<H ^ <~" # q H= J~` P ^ ZQ=` KeO J#Q}OQ
=`" L#q. L^~} ~f ZQ=u ^~ J"iH ^="# _~# Qx, a\+ ^="#
O_# Qx fHO^~.
J<H Ja=$k KO^`# ^ ZQ=` "~ kQ=u K H< "\H< K ` =Q L#q.
^x =# P ^ q^j =~H = U~_#. q^j ^=O` "~ KeO , "iH =K ~|_
H< Z=Q L#q. D =# 34, a #O^ qOQ KiO|_#k.
Q~OKH=e# JO=
X JO`~f "~=# XH Ô H ^"x =~H Ô H ^"xH
=^ =~H ~ @# x~~ OK=.
X q^j =~H ~ @ J#Q XH ^ ^=O =~H ^ ^=O` ZO` =~HO
=K< èK O k.
34.1 ~O
1. u q^j ^=O =~H ^ ^=O` =~H ~ @ LO_#.
2. =~H ~ @ O_ q^j "~O K @ H+O .
3. u ^ ^=O WOHH Ô =~H =}OQ LO_#.
34.4 q^j =~ ~ @ U qÔ Q x~~ OK|_#?
WO` =O^ K #@Q XH ^ ^=O H q= W`~ ^ ^=O ~#\x =~H
~ @ JO^~. D =~H ~ @x x~~ OK\xH ^q HOQ ~ O_ ^` #q.
1. H OÔ< x~~ OK|_# ~ = ~H ~ @.
2. q^j ^= =~\ x~~ OK|_# =~H ~ @
34.5 ~ q^j =~H ~ @ (Fixed Foreign Exchange Rate)
XH ^ ^=O =~H ^ ^=O =~H ~ @# P^ H OÔ x~~ Oz#@~`
^xx ~ =~H ~ @ JO^~. ~`^ O 1991 =~ q^j =~H ~ @# =#Ô H OÔ
120
J~# i[~O x~~OKk. WK@ i[~O =~H~@# UqÔQ x~~OK< =#O
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^xx H O^ O J=~" z#_ =~#. J~` "= OQ =~H ~ @# `yO KH#_ ZQ=`
iy kQ=` `Q # . i[~O q^j =~H ~ @# x~~ OK@" HH q^j ^== |@
" @
#, H ~=@=# _ xOuOK#. ZQ=u ^~ `= OkOz# q^j ^==#
J#=u Ok# "~ =^ =`" =~HO K Hx ^xH =#"# ~# O^=#.
J^qÔ Q kQ=`# ^ "# O`=~ xOuOK@O =# q^j =~H ^==# |@ " O_
K Q=. ## kQ=u^~ J#=uOz# =~H ^~ =^ ~ = ~H ~ @ ~
KeO z q^j ^==# O^=K. W\O\ K~ q^j =~ ^==# Z= "` LOK@
`__#. Hx ~ q^j =~H ^=O @ U~_@O K_=K. JO`HO_ "\ J=~ =
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"\H Y~ @ O_ J=~" # , x`=~ kQ=uH qxyOK=K.
~` i[~O ~ =~H ~ @# ZQ=` OK\xH, kQ=` `yO K\xH Q` 20
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34.6 =hH~}
(Devaluation)
Z) =hH~}
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=# ~ 45 XH _~ WKK<=. Ò ^j i` # |\ kQ=` `yO K@
50 ~ XH _~ W=_x (~.501_~) =hH~} JO^~. nxx |\ _~ ~<
=# ~~ q= `y# k.
a) =hH~}
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HOÔ =~H~@# x~~Oz# `~"`, XHXHi uiy nx =~H~@#
=hHiOK#. ^xx =YOQ ZQ=` OK@, kQ=` `yO K@ K ^~. JO^=#
q^j =~H ^=O =#Ô H =z q^j =~H x ~Q#. JO`HO_ kQ=u `Q@ O =#
_ =~H x ~Q#. Wk =u~H KeO += `yO K@ XH =~O ^xx g~ 28
~OO K^ =Q~.
ZQ=`, kQ=` =hH~} ==# J~O K H#@ XH L^~} fOÔ.
L^~} XH ~f "i J"iH == ZQ=u K~#OÔ. =# ~~H, J"iH
_~ =~H ~ @ ~.45 J#OÔ. ^xx |\ J"iH "i 1 _~ 40 ~ ==
121
HO\_. W_ ~~x i[~O =hH~} K# ^#HO^=. ~~H, _~ =~H
q= 40 #Oz 50 iy#k. (J#Q =# ~~ q= `y# k) ~.50 _. 1, W_ J"iH
"i XH _~ 25 ~~ q= Q == O^`_. (WO` =O^ =#O XH ~~
^~ H H_Q_ XH _~ 45 W =hH~}
`~ "` JO` ^~ Q H_Q_ XH _~ 50
W== =K#. nxx |\ =# == KH J~ J"iH "~ Z= == # H<^~ . nx
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=hH~} =# kQ=` `Q # . =~H q= ~.45 1 _~ J~#_ ~`
"i XH _~ == 45 ~ KeO KQ, =hH~} =# J" == 50~. KeO K#.
nx =# kQ=` q= ~Q#. ^x =# kQ=` `Q # . J~` =hH~} =# ZQ=`
~Q@
O kQ=` `Q@ O J<k D HOk x|O^# L#_ =`" [~Q#.
1. ZQ=` K=H J~ "\ _=O_ iy#_, kQ=` q= iy "\ _=O_ `y# _
2. q^ `# == q= `y# _ "\ _=O_ iy, P _=O_ `Q
x ZQ=u^~
K# _ J^qÔ Q kQ=u `= iy kQ=` `y# _.
3. ZQ=u K ^ == ^~ ~Q O_ LO_e.
4. H@# Z\H _ iKO@ LO_e.
Q~O KH=e# JO=
X q^j =~H ~ @ ~ O_ q^Q x~ =Q#.
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X QÒ ~`^ O D û x J#iOz#k.
X =~H ~ @# x~~ OK@"HH, q^j x |@ " @O, eH ~=\x
H OÔ xOuOK#.
X PiH == J=~H#Q}OQ H OÔ =~H ~ @# x~~ OK#.
X `# ^== H q=# q^j ^=O `yO K\x =hH~} JO^~.
34.2 ~O
HOk Mm# H@ Wz# ^ ~ # Ô ` iOKO_.
1. ~ =~H ~ @# x~~ OKk ................................... (HOÔ, Ò)
2. H OÔ x~~ Oz# ~ = ~ ~ @# .............................. (=~=K, =~_^ )
122
3. xH~q ^j =~H ^=O# ........................... i[~O =~H ~ @# =~# (OK@,
`yO K@)
4. =hH~} J#Q q^j ^"` =# ^=O# .................. (`yO K@, OK@)
34.7 =~\ ^~ q^j =~H ~ @# x~
=Q@
=~H ~ @ q^j ^" _=O_,
^~ x~
=~#_ ^xx K# =~H
~ @Q ~#^~. =O^ q^j =~ =~\ J#Q <q `Hx, `~ "` _=O_
=# `HOÔ.
1. ~< ZHOl =~\
q^j ^= =~H =~\ q^j ^== J=H, H#Q [~Q#. D q^j ^"
=~H= x~OK"~ H OÔ J#=u fHO^~. XH ^=O H =~H ~ @ P ^=O

=i _=O_ P^~_ O_#.
2. q^j ^"xH _=O_
q^j ^==# =YOQ kQ=u ^~ _=O_ K ^~. g~HH q^ " "
_ q^j ^==# _=O_ K ^~.
XH == H _=O_ ^x ^~ =# Z q`=Q< J^qÔ Q XH ^ ^=OH
q= ^x _=O_, =# qÒ JQ#. L^~} a\+ O_ ~` ~~ q=`
i~#K a\+ O_ _=O_ ~Q#, J^qÔ Q ^x q= iy#K _=O_ `Q # .
D qÔ Q< q^j =~H _=O_ ~ Y == _=O_ ~ Y Z_= #Oz _H HOkH "e
O_#.
q^j =~ ^=O H L^z`" # _=O_ \ H HO^x=|_#k.
@O 34.1 q^j ^=O H _=O_ (a\+ )
XH a\+ O_ ^~ ~ a\+ O_ _=O_
~. 30 5000
~. 40 4000
~. 50 3000
~. 60 2000
~. 70 1000
\ H H~O a\+ O_ ^~ 30 ~ L#_ ^x# _=O_ 5000 HQ a\+
O_ ^~ 5~. iy#_ _=O_ 3000 `y# k, ^~ 70H iy#_ _=O_ 1000 `y# k.
123
@O 34.1 q^j ^"xH _=O_
Price of Pound (Rs.)
3. q^j ^=O
Demand of Pound
q^j ^" _ == == Q iQ}O K=K. == ^~ # Z qÒ

K < J^qÔ Q q^j ^=O ^~ ^x x qÒ K #. q^j ^=O ^~ iQ Hk ^x
~Q#, ^~ `Q Hk ^x
_ `Q # .
4. q^j ^=
=#~
q^j ^=O H ^~ =YOQ ZQ=u ^~Q LO^~. "~ ZQ=u K
== u OQ "~ q^j ^"# O^^~ . XH" ~f ZQ=u^~_ == # a@<
ZQ=u K# _ `# == q=# a\+ O_ O^#. =#Ô ## kQ=u^~
a@< ZQ=u K# == Ok# O_ "~ =~\ J=^~. ^xx a\+ O_Q
iQ}O K=K. J^qÔ Q a\+ ~@ =# Ô =z#_ "i ^="# a\+ O_
=#Ô ~~ HO J=^~. JO> =#Ô "~ J<H ^ = # K_@ =#~~
J=~O H=# "i ^==# J=@O_ QO. JO`HO_ a@< x=tOKK#
~f `= OkOz# HO` ^"x `= @Oc W`~ O@O _ [~Q#.
J^qÔ Q a@< ~ =#Ô ` H @|_ @_O _ a@< O_ Q" .
XH T[x`" # q^j ^= (O_) \ H # DHO^ q=iOK=K.
@O 34.2
a\+ O_ ^~ ~ a\+ O_
~. 30 1000
~. 40 2000
~. 50 3000
~. 60 4000
~. 70 5000
124
@O 34.2 q^j ^=O

Price of Pound (Rs.)
Supply of Pound
5. =` =~H ^~ x~
O
=~\ == H ^~ UqÔ Q x~ ==< J^qÔ Q q^j ^=O H ^~ q^j ^=
=~\ x~ =Q#. D =` ^~ "\ _=O_, P^~_ LO_#. D HOk \ H
a\+ O_ H _=O_# \ H 34.1, 34.2 #Oz f<=. nxx \ H 34.3
KOK|_#k.
__ J<k a\+ O_ H _=O_ ~ Y, ZZ J<k a\+ O_ H ~ Y. O_ ^~
50 ~ L#_ , _=O_ =#"# q. nxx aO^= 'W =^ KOK_" # k. D 'W
aO^= _=O_, =#"# aO^=.
@O 34.3 q^j =~H ^=~@ =Ò
a\+ O_ ^~ O_ _=O_ O_
30 5000 1000
40 4000 2000
50 3000 3000
60 2000 4000
70 1000 5000
125
Price of Pound (Rs.) @O 34.3 =` =~H ^~ x~
O
Demand of Pound and Supply

O_ H ~~` =` ^~ 50. =` ^~ H< =~H ~ @ Z"# @~`
~Q#, _=O_ `Q # . J^qÔ Q =` =~H ~ @ H< ` = L#@~`

`y
_=O_ ~Q#. WO\ i` ^~ , _=O_,
=~ [iy uiy =` ~ @ U~_#.
D =~ ~OO 17 q=iOz# =~= LO_#. J~` JH_H WH_H `_ Uq@O> JH_
== # QiOz KiOK=. WK@ q^j ^= q=# =~\ U qÔ Q x~~ O|_#^ q=iOK=.
Q~OKH=# JO=
X U =~\<` q^j ^== H J=H, H#Q [~Q< ^xx q^j
=~H ^==~\ JO^~.
X == = q^j =~H ~ @, ^x _=O_ q=#` O|O^= #k.
X U ~ @ =^ =i _=O_ =#OQ LO\ Jk =` q^j
=~H ~ @.
34.3 ~O
1. q^ L# =~\# q^j =~H =~\ JO^~.
2. q^j =~H =~\ q^j = "~= [~Q#.
3. U ~ @ J~` ZQ=`, kQ=` =#OQ LO_< ^xx =` =~H ~ @ JO^~.
4. q^j ^==## _=O_, ^x =~H ~ @# x~~ OK#.
126
=` =~H ~ @ =~
=O^ K #@Q =` =~H ~ @ J#Q q^j ^=O H _=O_, =#OQ
L#_ U~_k. J~` D =` ~ @ =~ J=H=#k. q^j ^=O H _=O_ iy<,
`y< , J^qÔ Q P ^=O H iy<, `y< ^ ~ O_O\ =~ =z< =` =~H
~ @ =~ J=H=#k.
kQ=` =# q^j ^=O H _=O_ ~Q#, ZQ=` =# ~Q#. ^xx
|\ kQ=` ZO\ =~ =z##, ZQ=` =~, q^j ^=O =~ =z##
=` ^~ =~ J=H=#k. D =~ == == _=O_, =~=
LO_#. ^xx =#O ~O 17 `<O. =` q^j ^= q= =~ == H
=` ^~ Z =~< J^ qÔ Q LO_#.
q^j ^=O H _=O_ =i Z _ =~` LO_#. ^xH H~}=
ZQ=u, kQ=` =~O_@" JO`HO_ q^j @|_, q^j =#^xH ~=@O
"^Q H~} H=K. ^x =# =` q^j =~H ^~ _ =~Ò_#. g~ ~A
k#uH q^j ^" q= =~`#@ K^ =K<~. Hx~ D =~H ~ @ =~
Hx ^q Q LO_#. D f="# =~ ZQ=u, kQ=ux ^|f@= HO_ "Ò PiH
== ==# K#. =#^= <` ~` i[~O D q+ # Q=xOK#. XH"
q^j =~H ~ @ Q iy#@~` i[~O q^j ^==# =~\xH q_^ K #. nx
=# =~H ~ @ ~Q^ `Q # . JO> i[~O q^j ^=O# =~\xH K #.
J#Q ^~xQ LO_#. JO^=# qx=~ @ ~Q`#_ Wk K #. J^qÔ Q
q^j =~H ~ @ `Q K #@~`, Z=Q LO_ _=O_ ` =Q LO_#. D i`
i[~O H#Q ^~xQ LO_ x `yO K#. nx =# q^j x i[~O ^Q~
~Q#.
q^j =~H= =` ^~ ~Q@ =O> ~~ q= _~ ~Q@ O, ~~
`~ Q^ U~_#^x J~O . ~ =~H ~ @ HO ^xx ~~ q= `~ Q^ J#=K. ~~
q= `~ Q^ ==, =hH~} =# U~_# == XHqÔ Q LO_#.
Q~OKH=# JO=
X _=O_, =~ ^ ~ O_O\ =~ =# q^j =~H =`
~ @ =~ =K#.
X =` ~ @ ^ `_ =# q^j "~O L# "~ HH, PiH ==
"`= =O K#. ^xx ~ O Q LOK\xH i[~O q^j ^==#
H#@ ^ J=@ K #.
127
34.4 ~O
1. q^j =~H =` ^~ =~^ .
2. q^j =~H =` ~ @ U~_ f="# =~ PiH == xH~= .
3. q^j =~H =` ~ @ =~# `yO K@ ~` i[~O K~ fH##.
~O`~
1. q^j =~H ~ @ J~= # q=iOKO_?
2. ~ = ~H ~ @, =~\ x~~ OK =~H ~ @ `_# q=iOK=?
3. q^j =~H =~\ ~ @ UqÔ Q x~ =Q< q=iO=?
4. q^j =~H ~ @ =~ H~}=# q=iO=?
5. q^j =~H ~ @ =~ ==# q=iO=?
=^<
~O 34.1
1. X 2. X 3. `
~O 34.2
1. H OÔ 2. =~=K 3. OK@ 4. `yO K@
~O 34.3
1. ` 2. ` 3. ` 4. X
~O 34.4
1. ` 2. X 3. X
~O`~
1. H< 27.3 # K^= O_.
2. 27.5, 27.7 H< # K^= O_.
3. 27.7 H< # K^= O_.
4. 27.7 H< # K^= O_.
5. 27.8 H< # K^= O_.
128
35. "~ +O =i KeO +O
(Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments)
35.1 L^Ò
q^j "~=#Q XH Ô W`~ ^ K "~O, nx Ô #Oz K ZQ=`,
W`~ ^ #Oz =K kQ=` LO_#. `# kQ=u K # == KeO [~_ O , `#
ZQ=u K# == KeO JO^H=_O nx ^ #"# k. J~` "~O `# ZQ=u
K# == Ok# q=# kQ=u K H# == KeO q= `_# "~ +O
JO^~. D KeO , ~|_ =# ^ ^= ~O LO_e# J=~O ^ . == ZQ=u,
kQ=` =# =K ~|_ KeO #O_ W`~ ~|_, KeO += # QiOz D ~OO
`HQ~.
35.2 H
X "~ KeO += , J^$O += # QiOz `H#Q~.
X H~ O@ M`, =i @|_ M`# QiOz `H#Q~.
X H~ O@ M`, @|_ M` =^ `_ QiOKQ ~.
X H~ O@ M` @# QiOz `H#@ =i ^x == QiOz `H#@.
X Oi` @|_, @|_ M` ~ @# QiOz Ò\~.
X KeO +O QiOz Ò\~.
35.3 "~ +O J#Q
XH Ô H == ZQ=`, kQ=` XH O=`~HO Q `_# "~ +O Q
~#=K. == ZQ=` q=, == kQ=` q= Q `_# "~ +O Q K =K.
L^~} =#Ô XH O=`~ HO == ZQ=` q= ~. 10,000 J#HO> J^
O=`~O kQ=` q= ~. 6,000 J#HO> "~ +O (10,000-6,000 4,000)Q ~#=K.
nxx "~ +O qQQ K =K. nxH H~}O ZQ=` Z=Q LO_, kQ=` ` =Q
LO_@O =# "~ +O qQ U~_#k.
J^qÔ Q == ZQ=` q= ~. 8,000 =i kQ=` q= ~. 10,000 J~`
^xx @ "~ +O Q ~#=K. (8,000 - 10,000 -2,000).
129
WK@ =YOQ Q~O KH=#k "~ ^ == ZQ=`, kQ=` =`"
iQ}#H fO\~. ^x =~ W`~= LO_=. == ZQ=`, kQ=` ^$O
"^gQ ~#=K. JO^=# "~ +O ^$O +O Q ~#=K.
=#Ô ÒÒ `~ "` #Oz "~ +O @ L#k. D HO =# ZQ=`
~Q^ ` =Q#, kQ=` ~Q^ Z=Q# LO_@" ^ # H~}O. [< ~Q^
=# qxQO ~Q^ PiH ==# Ja=$k K @, @|_ == kQ=` =# _
D kQ=` iQ J=H=#k. J~` W^ HO ZQ=` iy<, kQ=` iy#O`
~Q ^ . ZQ=` ~Q^ ` =Q LO_\xH J<H H~}#q. nxH ^ # H~} =#
== <}` ` =Q LO_@O, ^~ Z=Q LO_@O =# \ =~\ x|_H =_O XH
H~}O HQ xHOQ _=O_ Z=Q LO_@O =# =#O Z= "` ZQ=u K =.
\ H 35.1
~`^ O H "~ +O 1980 - 1981 #Oz 1993 -94 =~ W=|_#k
O=`~O ZQ=` q= kQ=` q= "~ +O
1980-81 6,576 12,544 5,967
1989-90 22,229 40,642 -12,413
1990-91 33,153 50,086 -16,934
1991-92 44,923 51,418 -6,495
1992-93 54,762 68,863 -14,101
1993-94 71,146 78,630 -7,484
35.4 J^$O ^ +O
J^$O = =Y"# q. g\ + OQ, q^j }O, @|_ =K PÔ,
|kb KeO "^Q#q =Y"# q. D HO^ XH ^x `~ "` XH\ KiOK_" # k.
1. = - OHOQ, c=, + OQ
OHOQ, c=, + OQ =i H#>x = XH Ô =~H Ô # JOkOK#. XH Ô
D =# WOHH Ô # JOkOz#_ ^xx = ZQ=u JO^~. nxH ZQ=u K# Ô q^j
^=O PÔ O^#. J^qÔ Q XH Ô D =# WOHH Ô #Oz kQ=u K #_
q^j ^=O KeO K=#.
2. q^j ~@H ~OQO
q^j ~@H ~OQO J<k q^j ^=O O^\xH, KeO K\xH =~H =#~. q^j ~@_
XH Ô Oî J`# ^=O# ~ \OK Ô Y~ K e. J^qÔ Q P ^ [ =~H Ô
OîOKê J`xH P ^ ^=O H=# =K#. nx =# q^j ^=O |@ " #.
130
3. @|_ PÔ
XH Ô `# =~H Ô \# @|_ =K =_ XH PÔQ LO_#. P ^
q^ \# @|_ , =i =_ _ LO_#. D P^ _ q^j ^=
~O LO_#. J^qÔ Q =# Ô q^j \# @|_ =_ KeO , _qO_\ ^~
=# Ô #Oz q^j ^=O |@ " #.
4. |kb KeO
q^ x=OKK#"~ `= @Oc, ` |=` OK^ ~ . g\x
UHH KeO JO^~. J^qÔ Q =# Ô x = W`~ ^ L# "i |O^ =, `
|=` OOK^~ . WO\ |kb KeO =# q^j ^=O Ô eH =K#. J^qÔ Q
Ô #Oz |@ " #.
D J^$OO "Ò ~|_, "Ò KeO `_# J^$O KeO +O JO^~.
J^$OO =K ~|_, KeO H< Z=Q##K J^$O ^ qQQ#, J^qÔ Q
` =Q L#K J^$O ^ @Q# K =K. D HOk \ H 35.2 J^$O ^
~|_, KeO =i xH~ += KOK|_#k.
\ H 35.2
O=`~O ~|_ KeO xH~ +O
1980-81 5669 1580 4311
1989-90 12684 11459 1025
1990-91 13394 13829 -435
1991-92 23449 19191 4258
1992-93 23901 22564 1337
1993-94 30262 26143 3849
\ H H~O ^$O` e ~`^ O J^$O H u JO` ` =Q ^ .
D^ ~|_ KeO H< 1990-91 O=`~O ` qye# O=`~ Z=Q L#k. =#
H q^j =~H ^=O J^$O ^ KeO H< ~|_ Z=Q L#=x K =K.
Q~OKH=# JO=
X q^j "~ += # ZQ=`, kQ=`# P^~OQ q=iOK^~ .
X ZQ=u K == q= Z=Q LO_, kQ=u K H# == q=
` =Q ##_ q^j "~O qQQ# LO_#.
X J^qÔ Q ZQ=` ` =Q#, kQ=` Z=Q# L#>` q^j "~
@ L#^x K^~ .
131
X =#Ô H q^j "~O @ LO_\xH Q H~}O =# ZQ=`
` =Q ~Q@
O, kQ=` Z=Q ~Q@ O.
X qq^ ~H# = =YOQ q^j @i[O, @|_ =K PÔ, |kb
KeO "^# q J^$O=. D J^$O= =K ~|_, KeO
`_# J^$O += JO^~. ~`^ O D += "~ +O ` e
HO` "~QQ LO_#.
35.1 ~O=x
D HOk Mm# iO=.
1. ZQ=u == q=, kQ=u == q= =^ `_# ..................... ("~
+O , @, O )
2. J^$O ZQ=` q=, kQ=u q= Q `_# ................... (J^$O
`_, +O , qQ, @)
3. ÒÒ =z# ^Q~ #Oz ~`^ O "~ +O ........................ =i J^$O
+O ...................... L#k. (@, qQ)
35.5 H~ O@ ^ M` KeO +=
Current Account of Balance of Payments Account
"~ ^ , J^$O ^ He, H~ O@ M`Q ~#=K. =~H ~HO Q, "~ += #,
J^$O += # He H~ O@ M` += Q K =K#.
H~ O@ M` KeO +O ^$O J=H, H#Q =i J^$O [iy#
"^gQ ~#=K. =#Ô H H~ O@ M` KeO += # D HO^xz# 35.3 \ H
q=iOK_" # k. \ H H~O =#^ "~ += Z_ |}`HOQ< L#k. J^$O
Z= O=`~ qQQ< L#k. H~ O@ M` += # "~ += =i xH~ J^$O#
HeyO_#.
\ H 35.3
O=`~O "~ +O xH~ J^$O H~ O@ M` +O
1980-81 -5967 4,311 -1657
1989-90 -12413 1025 -11388
1990-91 -16934 -435 -17369
1991-92 -6495 4258 -2237
1992-93 -14101 1337 -12714
1993-94 -7484 3849 -3636
132
QiOKH=# JO=
X H~ O@ M` "~ ^ =i J^$O ^ He LO_#. JO^=#
"~ += =i J^$O += He H~ O@ M` +O Q ~#=K.
H~ O@ M` =#Ô Z _ @# Hey#k. J~` Z= O=`~
H~ O@ M` @, "~ @ H< ` =Q L#k. J^$O` qQ
=# Wk ^ _ K#k.
35.2 ~O
D HOk Mm# iOK=.
1. "~ += #, J^$O qQ He` =# ............................ =K#. (H~ O@
M` += , KeO += )
2. QÒ Z= O=`~ =#^xH H~O@ M` += ........................ (qQ,
@)
3. H~ O@ M` @ J#Q XH^ O W`~ ^ #Oz == # `# ZQ=u K = =
H< ...................... kQ=u K H##. (Z=, ` =)
35.6 KeO +O @|_ M`
@|_ M` Ô H =K @|_, Ô #Oz " @|_ q=~ LO_#. "\
=Y"# q q^ #Oz JQ f#q. J^qÔ Q q^ =#O JQ WKq LO_#. JO`HH
=#^ , O q^j O +~ H#_ "\ #Oz =K ~|_, J^qÔ Q =# O
q^j KeO K _q_O_ D `~ LO_#.
D @|_ LO_ JO= D HOk qÔ Q =sHi OK=K#.
1. O i` @|_ ==~ 2. ~ @ @|_ ==~
1. O i` @|_ "^g
q^j Ô \# @|_#, =#Ô H =KqQ LO_#. Wq q^j ^=O ~}
LO_#. J^qÔ Q =#^ q^ > @|_#, |@ " qQ K =K. WO\
@|_ x~ , "\ =K P^~_ O_#. KeO +O qQ, ^ @ g^
Wk P^~_ O_=. JO^=# "\x Oi` @|_ "^gQ iQ}O K^~ .
@|_ M` O i` "^g =# Ô x q^j ^=O xH~O Q |@ " K#^,
J^qÔ Q Ô xH =KK#^ `H=K. H~ O@ M` += # xH~ + = # HQ KeO
+O "Ò@ ^ qQ `H=K. D qQ ^ @ =# @|_ "^g
~ @ [~Q#.
133
2. ~ @ @|_ "^g
KeO +O qQ ^ @ =# "~ ==~ [~Q_ O # ~ @ @|_
"^gQ K =K. KeO +O @ LO_\xH H~}= P Ô kQ=` KeO Kk, P
Ô ZQ=u K Q ~|_ H< Z=Q LO_@". D @# W`~ ` ^ O K O
O\ JO`~f O #Oz |} ^ O Ok _H#= =K#. D ~|_#
~ @ ~|_ JO^~.D û @ iQ _H ~#@~` @ += # ^= ##
q^j =~H x^ #O_ _H#= =K#. nx=# ^x# q^j =~H x^ `Q # . J^qÔ Q
KeO += qQ L#@~` q^j "^g U~@ K =K. ^ q^j ^=
x^ # OKH=K ^ ~ O_# x~OK=K.
Q~OKH=# JO=
X @|_ M` ~ O_ ~H= # "^g LO_#.
1. O i` 2. ~ @ "^g
X Oi` "~ ==~ "\H" x~OK|_#. "\x KeO +O
@Q<, qQ Q< iQ}O K=K. ~ @ ==~ KeO +O
qQ, ^ @# iK H#@ [~Q#.
35.3 ~O
D HOk Mm# iO=.
1. @|_ M`x KeO += ........................... (ZQ=u, kQ=u, @|_) #,
iQ}#H fH##.
2. KeO +O x @|_ M` ...................... =i .......................... "^gQ
ql OK=K. (O i`, ~ @, == , =)
3. Oi` @|_ KeO += x H~ O@ M` ............... (Ò`" # q, P^~" # q)
4. ~ @ @|_ ~|_# U~@ K @ ^~ H~ O@ M`x Q=# s K ^~.
(@, qQ)
35.7 KeO + M`
KeO + M`# J~O K H#@ =# ^ 1990-91, 93-94 KeO += #
fH#=K.
134
D \ H 35.4
1990-91 =i 93-94 O=`~= KeO += # K|_#k.
1990 - 91 1993 - 94
1. kQ=` 50086 78630
2. ZQ=` 33153 71146
3. "~ +O -16193 -7484
4. xH~ J^$O -435 3848
5. H~ O@ M` -17368 -3636
6. @|_ M` (xH~) 12898 30852
7. "Ò +O (5{6) -4470 27216
8. SZOZ #Oz (xH~) -2177 587
9. ~Q^ (-) `~ Q^
({) q^j ^= x^ 2293 -27803
\ H H~O 9= ^x =# q^j ^= x^ ~Q^, ^ `~ Q^ KeO +O
=Ò K #.
U_= ^x =# 1990-91 O=`~= KeO +O "Ò 4,470 H@HQ, "= OQ H~ O@
M` 17,368 H@ ~ @ LO_Q, J~` @|_ M` xH~~ |_ 12,898 H@Q K|_#k.
\ H 5= ^x, 6= ^x =< "Ò KeO +O @ 4,470 H@ ~. ^x
HO` Q= (12,177 H@) JO`~f ^= xk #Oz =#= fH#q. qye# @ 2,293 H@
q^j ^= x^ `~ Q^Q ~#=K. D qÔ Q "Ò @ s HO` JO`~f ^= O
#O_ =iHO` QO q^j ^= x^ #Oz O^|_Ok.
J^qÔ Q 1993-94 KeO += H iu 1990-91 e` =~HqÔ Q L#k.
H~ O@ M` 3,636 H@ ~ @ LO_Q @|_ M` 30,852 H@ qQ L#k.
@|_ M` qQ H~ O@ M` @ H< Z=Q L#k. JO^=# "Ò KeO +=
qQ 27,216 H@ ~. D O=`~O JO`~f ^= xk #Oz 587 H@ ~
=z#k. ^x =# q^j =~H x 27,803 H@ ~ xH~ ~Q^ U~_#k.
~ O_ O=`~ H~ O@ M` @ L#k. XH^ KeO +O H u x ^x
H~ O@ M` iu x |\ JOK< " ^~. H~ O@ M` |}`H += # Ô `# H~ O@
M` "^g# *Q`Q x~OK#. WOHH ~HO Q KO> P Ô Z _ ZQ=u OKHx,
kQ=` `yO KH"e =K#.
135
PiH Q}OH ~O Q K =#O> KeO +O Z _ =Ò LO_=#. nxH "Ò
_a\ "Ò H_\ =#OQ LO_@@ KH#=#. H~ O@ M` += =i O i`
@|_ M` "i += "`= @Qh, qQ Qh K=K#. ~@ @|_
"^g` D @Qh, qQ Qh =#OQ LO_=#. H~ O@ M` @, O i`
@|_ M` @ ~ @ @|_ M` qQQ KOK=K. nx \ H 35.4, S@" 7
"Ò +O 4,470 H@ ~ 1990 - 91 @Q ~#=K. Wk @ JQ@ =# ~ @
@|_ "Ò =O^ |}`H =`= LO_#. J^qÔ Q S@" 8, 9 ~ @ @|_
"^g "\ "Ò ~. 4,470 H@. JO^=# "Ò @ D ~ @ @|_ ^~ _|_#.
JO^=# D KeO += =Ò U~_#. J^qÔ Q 1993-94 = O=`~xH H~ O@
M` +=, ~@ @|_ += He ~. 27,216 H@ ~. Wk ^<`H ({)
OH `= HeyO_#. ^xx \ H 7= S@"Q KOK~. J^qÔ Q S@" 8 =i 9
~ @ "^g "\ "Ò -27,216 H@ ~. "Ò g^ qQ "Ò Z_
=#OQ LO_=#. D =Ò K H~H =YOQ JO`~f ^= xk ^~ "^g,
W`~ ^ O, q^j ^= x^ ~Q^, ^ `Q ^ .
D ~OO K |_# Jx JOH "Ò ~ W=|_#k. =#O q^j ^=O QiOz
KiOKK, =i ~ q=iOK\x g~ P~=K. "= OQ D "` _~
aOK#. J~` ìÒQ J~O K H=\xH ~ W=|_#k.
Q~OKH=# JO
X H~ O@ M` =`= KeO +O @ ^ qQQ ~#=K.
X O i` "^g ^~ D @# ^ qQ# ~ H =K.
X KeO += Z _ KeO =i ~|_ =#OQ LO_=#. Wk
~ @ "^g ^~ [~Q#.
35.4 ~O
1. KeO += H u @|_ M` ^~ è* =K.
2. H~ O@ M` += , @|_ M` += "Ò P Ô H "Ò @ ^ qQQ
K=K.
3. KeO +O "Ò KeO =i "Ò ~|_ Z _ =#OQ LO_#.
4. ~ @ "^g KeO +O =Ò# HQK #.
136
g~ <~#k
KeO +O "~ ^ , == ZQ=` =# =K ~|_, = kQ=` =#
U~_ KeO Q LO_#. q^j =~H ~|_, q^j =~H KeO H< Z=Q L#@~`
P Ô H "~ ^ qQO_#. J^qÔ Q q^j =~H ~|_, q^j =~H KeO
H< ` =Q##@~` q^j =~H KeO @ LO_#. =# ÒÒ =z# ^Q~ #Oz =#
"~^ =# @ L#k. nxH H~}= =# ZQ=` ~Q^ H< kQ=`
~Q^ ~ @ Z=Q L#k.
J^$OO =Y"# q F_ ^~ ~"}, OHOQ, c= "^Q = LO_#. q^j
~@H~O QO, =_ =i q^j ~} _q_O_, @|_ =K , UHH KeO
"^Q#q LO_#. J^$O=` q^j ^=O ~} =K ~|_ =i KeO `_#
J^$O += Q K =K. D J^$O= ^~ =K ~|_ ^xH K KeO H<
Z=Q L#@~` ^xx J^$O= qQQ#, J^qÔ Q KeO Z=Q LO_ ~|_
`=Q L#@~` J^$O= @ LO_#. Hx O=`~ q#~Oz =# ^xH
J^$O= qQ L#k.
"~+ = #, J^$O= += # He` =# H~ O@ M` += è#. ~`^
H~ O@ M` Z_ @ LO@#k. Q D@ ~Q` L#k.
=~H M` @|_ M`. D @|_ M` KeO += , @|_ ^ ~|_
=i KeO `_# `#. D @|_ ^ XH ^= |}# fH=@O, ^ W`~
^ |}#OkOK@O, J^qÔ Q q^j O +~ H#@O, q^ +~ J=@O "^Q#q
LO_#. @|_ M`x "^g# O i` =i ~ @ "^g JO^~. H~ O@
M`` O|OÔ O_ JO> @, ^ qQ` O|OÔ O_ ÒÒQ LO_ ^xx Oi`
@|_ JO^~. J~` ~ @ "^g =Ò H~ O@ M` @ ^ qQ P^~_
O_#.
H~ O@ M` += , O i` @|_ M` "^g +O ` He` XH Ô H
KeO +O Q ~#=K. ~ @ @|_x "^g @ ^ qQ "Ò KeO
+O qQ ^ @# _#.
~O`~
1. "~ +O `_ J#Q<q?
2. "~ +O # J^$O += # `_# q=iO=?
3. KeO +O H~ O@ M`# @|_ M` `_# q=iOKO_?
4. Oi` "^g, ~ @ "^g `_# q=iO=?
5. U^x Ô H KeO +O H J~x q=iOKO_?
137
=^<
~O 35.1
1. "~ + 2. J^$O `_ 3. @, qQ
~O 35.2
1. H~ O@ M` += 2. @ 3. Z=
~O 35.3
1. @|_ 2. O i`, ~ @ 3. Ò`" # q 4. @
~O 35.4
1. `C 2. XC 3. XC 4. XC
~O`~
1. H< 35.3 K^= O_.
2. H< 35.3 =i 35.4 K^= O_.
3. H< 35.6 35.6 K^= O_.
4. H< 35.6 (i) & (ii)
5. H< 35.7
138
36. =^# "O
q^j @|_ =i =
(Inflow of Capital : Foreign Capital and Foreign Aid)
36.1 L^Ò
J"iH, H #_, <, [<, OQHOQ, OQ ~ =O\ Hx ^x H ^ ~ =#H izÒ
D ^x [ J`#` =}` rqO _@O =#H `. Hx, O KOx 1/4 = =O`
[< =`" D Ja=$k KOk# ^ x= < ~. 1/3 = =O` [< "#H|_# P , PH
=i ^H} J"iH ~`^ O , H<, |OQ^ , Wk
=O\ ^ x= < ~. îHO,
x~H~ ` =i malnutrition "\ "`" #k. Ja=$k KO^`# ^=O^# = "i
r=# =}# OK_O . =~ =@ KO> PiH == Ja=$k KO^= L#k.
WO` HÒ ~O PiHa=$k J#Q Uq\ `<~. qQ` H~}` @ PiHa=$k
=^# O JÒ` (=Y"# ) Q}h"# ` + O ^x _ K^ =<~. Hx =^# H~`
D ^ ^ =# H} O. JO^=# JkH =^# = He LO_@" =. D @|_x
JO`~` =#~ ^~ J#Q =HQ ` ^ ^~, =i =#~# |}, x^ ^x
q^j @|_ ~O O^=K#. D ~O q^j =^# =#~ J#Q W`~ ^ ^
JO`~f O #O_ XH Ô =^# O JO`~ "O, Qi q=iO k.
36.2 H
X PiHa=$k H=O =^# O `# q=iOK_O .
X JO`~` =i =^# =~# QiOK_O .
X XH ^ PiHa=$k q^j=^# O H J=H`# Qi q=iOK_O .
X q^j =^# JO`~ " qq^ ~# =~ q=iOK_O =i u JO`~ "
L QO Qi q=iOK_O .
X ~` PiH == Jx ~H q^j =^# JO`~ " ` QiOz q=iOK_O .
36.3 JO`~` =^# =#~
XH Ô ^x H ` PÔ "`x qxQxH "_#C_ JO`~` =^# "O
~O^Òk, Hx D H=O HO` Qx ^K, =iO` Lùx OOkOK_xH @|_Q
139
@_xH LyOk. ^ K_O =i @|_ @_O J< [O@ xx, =^#O
~OkOK_O Q ~#=K.
XH Ô H ^, PÔ x qq^ PiH qQ ^ "Ò . =# Ô D PiH
qQ# D HOk qÔ Q ql ~ . 1. Q$ - = H x O # ~ , P`
"^# q. 2. " \ H~~\ qQO - ^ "}[ O =O\ HOh# Hey LO_k =i 3.
` qQ =i ` O # Hey LO_ aH ~OQO. ~`^ O J`kH ^ (=~
80%) Q$ qQO #O_ =O k. " \ H~~\ qQO =~ 15 Ò ^ #Ok, aH H~
"\ K ` =Q#, Hx ~ <Q \" Q# LO@Ok.
Ò`#O`~O H<@ ^ ~ @ K ` =Q LO_k (*fÔ =~ 10
Ò). Jk WC_ =~ 25 `xH iyOk. Hx, Ja=$k KO^x ^ W\H JO`~O yH
^ ` K ` =Q LO@<~. =i JO^=# "i Ja=$k H~H= H~H q^j
O #O_ s =^< "O ~=# J=~O ZO`< LOk.
36.4 q^j =^# O (Foreign Capital)
Z. J~O (Meaning)
=^# O J<k @|_ HO "_ "` =i O k. uH~O =^# O JO> Lù
q^#O L yOK O` =y, O@, O` =~. JO^=# ^ "` ^~
= K ^"x H~} , Q$x~}xH, Lù HO L yOK =y HO L yOKe.
=~ qÔ Q KO> ^ =i =^ J< ~ O_ # He =^< x $+ ~.
XH Ô x=OK [ `= ^ "`# @|_ qxy, P =^< x ^j
=^# O JO\~. =i P =^# O P ^ [ OÒ Hx, PÔ x=OKx = , q^j
O , q^j ` H#H @|_ =i "\x q^j =^# O JO\~. =i P
=^# O P^ x" Hx "i H OÒ. JO^=#, L^~} HHH Hs q^j
=^# @|_ HO^ =~. q^j x"` D H\, JC, x^ ~O @|_ @=K.
D q^" # qq^ ^` q^j @|_ Ô H =~.
a. q^j =^# O J=H` (Need for Foreign Capital)
U @|_ H QO q^j = O`" J^ q^j =^# O J=Òk. OQ KO>
Jk q^ KOk# ^ "Ò =i PÔ * HO @|_Q "_|_Òk. Ja=$k
q^#O PiH xH, q^j =^# O KC H^Q `# + O k. ` = Ja=$k KOk# ^
K J=~^` (Land laps), J#Q J` ^ Ò, "#H|_# OHuH i*#O, ` = q^j
=~H ^=O =O\ "\` ^ _ ` LO\~. D ^ Ja=$kH D @@# `yOK=
140
LO@Ok. @|_ x^ , #`# OHuH i*#O, q^j =~H ^=O =O\ "\x =~_O ^~
q^j =^# O D J=~^# JkQq OK_O L Q_ Òk. WH_ =#O =^# O _,
=i Ja=$k q^<x "Q= OÒK =_ ^" # JO`~# Qi KiÔ.
i) ^ JO`~O (Saving Gap)
` = Ja=$k KOk# ^ K ` = P^x Hey LO\~. =i JO^=# P^
@|_H Z= ^ K H `~. Hx @|_~ @ # Q}hOQ OK_O , =i Z=
~ LO_@@ K _O PiHa=$kH J=~O . Ô x ^ "` ` =Q LO_@O =#,
q^j =^# O (J#Q q^j ^ "`) D JO`~x xOÒk. D qÔ Q q^j =^# O
^j =^# ~ ~ `__, PiHa=$kH J=~" # x^ gH~}
_ Òk.
ii) q^j =~H ^= JO`~O (Foreign Exchange Gap)
` = Ja=$k KOk# ^ O` =y =i W`~ iH~, "\ Ja=$kH J=~O
LO@Ok. P q^" # JkH QO O` =y, iH~ =i W`~ == P^ Lù
J=#. H=# "\x ` H Ja=$k KOk# ^ #O_ kQ=u K H= LO@Ok. kQ=`H
KeO K=# q^j =~H ^=O, ZQ=` ^~ =`" OkOK Q~. ` = Ja=$k KOk# ^
ZQ=` K `=Q LO@Ok H#H, "i q^j =~H^= O^#, "i iQ kQ=`
KeO # i_# O` LO_=. U^ qÔ Q q^j =~H ^=O ` H =~H= LO@Ok, xK
O` =y "^#q kQ=u K~. q^j =^#O D JO`~x J#Q H=# q^j
=~H ^=O =i q^j =~H ^= x =^ ^ x _, "i H Ja=$k Ô ì`Qu #
LO__xH _ Òk.
iii) OHuH i*# JO`~O (Technology Gap)
Ja=$k KO^x ^ OHuH i*# "#H@` `= `==` LO\~. D ^x
Lù ^` ~`#"# q =i L yOK =y _ `q J~ LO\~. D ` =y
OHuH i*#O, #`# OHuH i*#O` =~=# J=H` PiHa=$k H~ K = LO@Ok.
nx H~H J^ <`# O` iH~, Ja=$k KOk# ^# kQ=u K H= LO@Ok. q^j
WO[h~ =i OHuH x} = _, P #`# iH~ x~}xH =i H` q^<#
Qi# tH} ZO` J=~O . Jx ~H "~# J#Q Lù, J*=~+, J=H `s^
"^# JxO\H #`# O` kQ=u =i q^j x} =, P^ OHuHa=$kH
ZO`< J=~O . q^j =^# O #`# i*#O` _# O` =y kQ=uH `__Òk.
=i x} =# qq^ ~OQ O^\xH L Q_ Òk. g\ =`" Ô "Q= O`" #
Ja=$kx O^Q QÒk. H|\ q^j =^# O, OHuH i*# JO`~O , J#Q Ô =
"#H|_# i*<xH, #`# i*<xH Q JO`~x _O k.
141
Q~OKH=# q+
X q^j =^# O JO>, P ^xH KO^x O > @|_.
X Jk ^j =^# H `_ J=Òk.
X Jk JO^@ L# q^j =~H ^= =i H=# q^j =~H ^"xH
Q JO`~x _O k.
X Jk "#H|_# OHuH i*xH J^ <`# OHuH i*<xH Q JO`~x
_O k.
36.1 ~O
i) Ja=$k KO^x ^ "\ H PiHa=$k H "i @|_# OOkKH= LO@Ok.
ii) ` = Ja=$k KOk# ^ "\ ^j ^ "` / x, q^j =^# O` `_
K H=K.
iii) q^j =^# O, q^j =~H ^= JO`~x _ _O k.
iv) U Ô _ ^x Ja=$kH q^j =~H ^= JO`~x L yOKH^ .
v) XH Ô x=OKx = H ^ "`# "_H=_O, J^ q^j =^< x zO k.
36.5 =^# ~ (Forms and External Capital)
q^ #O_ =K =^# O =YOQ ~ O_ ~ LO@Ok. Jq 1. q^j ` H @|_
(FDI) nx< =HQ ` =^# O Jx _ JO\~. 2. JO`~f |} =i x^ , (FII) nx<
q^j H~O ^ = Jx _ JO\~. =~ q^" # =^# ~|_ "}[ |}
J#Q q^j O #O_ JC, @|_ O =i "}[ O #O_ JC, Hx W\H
"}[ |} ` K ` =.
36.6 q^j ` H @|_ (FDI) (Foreign Direct Investment)
q^j ` H @|_ ^ =HQ ` q^j =^# O HO^ Jx q^j HOh, = , O qq^
PiH == H Q > @|_, =~. D q^" # @|_ =M^ =
Q_O K_O . H|\, @|_ JkH # K ~ H~H H~ =`" =~. P q^" #
@|_ JkH QO ^ q^j HOh "i H qQ#, H~# Ja=$k KO^x
^ @_O ^~ K~. P q^" # qq^ ^ @|_ > P ^ q~ } Hey# ^ q^j
HOh# =b<+ # H~~+# (MNC's) ^ | *u O Jx JO\~. Q iz`" # ~#
H, HHH "^# =b<+ # H~~+# ^ | *u O =#Ô xK < ~.
142
J. q^j `H @|_ (FDI) [< /
q^j ` H @|_ [< Hx D qÔ Q L<~.
i) Wk ^j @|_ `_=Òk
"Ò @|_x, ^j x` ^ = ^xH< ^k Q K O k. ~Qx @|_ PÔ
PiHa=$k ì` Qu# kOK@ `__Òk.
ii) Wk KeO x (Balance of payments) H Uq^" # = HeOK^
q^j @|_^~ `= O` O` iH~#, =yx `~ . JO^=# kQ=`
=O ~Q^ =i KeO xH U q^" # = LO_^ .
iii) Wk JO`~f |} KeO O|OkOz# = `=h^.
q^j ` H @|_ q^jK ` H= Q# =i KO ^=Q# @|_#q J#@O
=#, Jk @|_ uiy KeO =i "\ =_ KeO =O\ = O_ K O k. H=#
Jq U q^" # q^j =~H ^= = O_ K~. nx [~|_ XH XH KeO #
q^ O_O , Hx WH_, Wq Lù OK_O _ Òk. =i ZQ=`, "\ ^~
q^ # O_xH J=~" # q^j =~H ^=O OkOKH=_xH ^^_ Òk.
iv) Jk J^ <`# i*#= =i <}"# x~} "=# `H=_xH `__Òk.
q^j @|_ ^~ H` H~Q~ @_" HO_ "i O` WO[h~# , x}#
=i H~ x~H |Okx f =~ . D x}` H x K ^j [ "i #O_
i*<x O^@ ^ "i HO^ tH} Ok P i*<x W`~ H~H "_`~.
P. q^j ` H @|_ =# #
Wq ` = Ja=$k KOk# ^ PiHa=$k =Oz ` + x #q#\H, ~`^ O
Ò`~ ~A J#= O Jk =# ~QuH u|O^H O Q =~@O Hx O k. q^j ` H
@|_ =# Hey #, Hx D HOk qÔ Q LO\~.
i) Wk ^j @|_ `_=\xH |^ K~ ^j HOh# <#O K \xH =i
Ja=$kx O@~ _xH ^Ô K O k. ^j i= K~ q^j Ju ^ i=` \
_@
O q ==@O =#, Wk "\ ="` H~}==Òk, =i `^~ PÔ ÒQ
q^j HOh P^~_ = =O k.
ii) Jk OHuH i*# P^ hH~}
_ Ò^< "Ô x[O H^. J`kH q^j HOh "i
i*<x JÒ` ~ OQ LOK`~. ^j [ "i #O_ <~ H=_xH Z= J=H#
O^~.
143
iii) Wk KeO +O (Balance of payments) q+ O = $+O K^# _O x[O H^. "@" ^\
Jk Xu_x HiyOKH =_O x["< , Hx =O Q_ # Hk Bop q+ O Xu_ JkH= =Òk.
ZO^=# #O>, D HOh Ju^ "`#, , ~b, x~H ~O ~ q^
|kb K~ =i Ys^# q_ Q#, x~} =yx kQ=u K O\~.
iv) Wq ^ `= [#H~ i= *a` ## i=< JkH PiOK
i=xH =~. Ò`xH =O^ q^j @|_ JkH QO *o i=, `
`@xH =K~. (U"` q^j =~@ J=|_ JkH # HQK ), Hx ^xH J=~" #
, " O@ =i W`~ s i= z# K K_|_~.
Q~O KH=# JO
X q^j =^# O H ~ O_ q^ 1. q^j ` H @|_ (FDI) =i
2. q^j |} =i x^ .
X q^j ` H @|_ K He L<~. 1. ^ @|_ `_=Òk.
2. KeO +O U q^" # Xu_ HQK
^, 3. q^j JC uiy KeO
= LO_^ . =i iv) J^ <`# i*<x "_ H=_xH _ Òk.
~O 36.2
i) q^j =^# O, q^j ` H @|_ =i JO`~f |} =i x^ ~O
=Ok.
ii) q^j ` H @|_ J#Q Ô L# HOh +~ q^j PiH O H#_O
iii) q^j =^# O =i q^j O ~ O_ _ Ja=$k Ô "_H=K#.
iv) |*u O J#Q PiH == =O Kx z# HOh
36.7 q^j O =i H~O
q^j O =~H q^" # =^# ~|_ q^j x^ Ô H JO`~f |} =i
QO@ ~O ~=_O q^j OQ K |_Òk. D |} ^ QO@# ^~}OQ
q^j ` ^ O K O =O\ Hx JO`~f O qq^ ^ "\ Ja=$k H~H=H
W~. QO@ =~ f~=# J=~O x^` , |} xs` HO uiy KeO K= LO@Ok.
JO^=# QO@ q^j ` ^ O WK XH ~H" # O J~`, |} O
HO^ D HOk i` =`" =|_`~. 1. ZC_` JC f< ^ J#=Q LO_
qÔ Q ` = =_ =i Z= uiy KeO K =O =O\ " @ Hey L#C_ 2. |}
144
"}[ L^ O Hey#_ J#Q |} xK Ô D |}# W=_O ^~ ~< ~= =kQ
Hey#C_ Hx, Jx q^ x H = _, q^j = H x~K#O #O_ ^~}OQ
q#~O|_`~.
J. ^ HH =i | H O
XH Ô "~H ^xH WK x ^ HH O JO\~. JO^=# nx ~ O_ H
=`" O\~. J#Q O WK"_ =i O KH<"_. H|\ J"iH ~`^ xH
K O WO^ XH L^~}.
J<H ^ H x^ h Q K XH ^xH O K _x | H O JO\~.
D qÔ Q Z~_ WO_ H< iO ( ` O WO_ _=" O\ ~" Q =|_`#k) ~`^ xH
O qq^ ^ == K O | H xH XH L^~}, O K OH,
WO@~+# _=" O\ J +<, P Ja=$k O =O\ JO`~f O #O_ =K
x JO`~f O JO\~. nxx | H O Jx_ JO\~. ZO^=#O> D
O qq^ ^ L=_ H~K~} =i x^ =~ =# <H|_q .
P. ^~} =i x~O ^ =
^~} ^ K = J#Q = f< Ô P =# `= `z# U
* << "_< K ^ Ò`= LO@Ok. P ^= # `= J## * J=
O|OkOz# Uq^" # iH~# =i =yx, U ^= #O_ H#@H< D x^ # L yOKH#
K LO@Ok.
D x^ # ` H * < "_=## Hx, = K Ô U q^" # x|O^# <<
\# _, J =# x~O ^ = JO\~. D ~ x XO^= q=iOz# *
H~ =`" L yOKe. JO^=# nxx * x~O ^ O JO\~.
XH Ô x W, P x^ # L yOz U Ô #O_ ~ # H< x~t Oz#@~`
^xx = x~O ^ ^ ^ x~O ^ O JO\~. D ~H x JO^< Ô `#
J## Ô #O_ ~ kQ=u K H< K Hey LO_^ , Hx XO^ x~t O|_# ^
#O_ =`" kQ=u K H#Q~.
W. q^j O H #
XH O ^~} ^ x~O ^ "` , P x JO^< ^xH XH qa#"# O
LO@Ok. P ~H" # q^j O (|} =i QO@), JO^< ^ "\ =Y`H
J#Q}"# * =i H~H= H~ "_H#=K#.
145
J~`, =O^ K #@Q, D ~A O, Z=QO ÒÒQ "_HQ qÔ Q
x~O ^= HO_ LO_@ ^. Z=QO q^j O ` H * , =i O K
^ =~@ x~O kOK|_ LO@#k. x~O ^ x "_< Ò`=# J_ `Q Òk
J#Q x JO^< Ô "\H JkH ^#"# * H~ x "_H=. ZO^=##Q
^xH x~t O|_# * O^ =`" L yOK=K. =i O K ^xH x~O kOK|_`,
Jx iH~#, ~ # PÔ #O_ =`" H#= LO@Ok. L^~}H, J"iH, ~`^ xH
x~O ^ JO^K , ~`^ O J"iH #O_ =`" ~ # H#= LO@Ok. ~
^~ , [# LO_ ^~ ~ \O J#OÔ, J_ J"iH #O_ x~O ^ H#Q [# #O_
H#Q ~ OY` e, QO ~ # =`" P x^ # L yOz H#QQÒk. H|\
P x~O Ô , O H "= q=# `y O k.
x~O ^ =# `_ LO_ = HH q^j = XH =Y"# = U=#Q
Jk = JO^< Ô JkH ~} ~x HeyO k. ~}~= JO> z#"` ~}x
=i P ~}O =_x uiy KeO K_O . HO Q_ # Hn D ~}= KeO ~Q`~ =i
P Ô H q^j =^H ^= PÔ Q}h"# "` Y~ J=`~ L^~}H 1991
~`^ H~ O@ M`x 1/3 = QO H# Z= = (~ =i = ZQ=` ^~
=) |} =H L yO|_ L#k. W\H H~ O@ M` = 1/4 = QO H< Z=
=# ~} = KeO H `#k. x~O`~O fO@LO_ ~} XH Ô H JO`~f
JC# OKÒk. =_ # =i ` JC H "~^# KeO K@H XH H` JC# K =
=K =O XHi =Ok. XH Ô ` JC# f~@H H` JC# fH= =K D iu x
|} # '_a\ \ (Debt-Trap) JO\~. D iu =^H~ " # k ZO^=# J#Q P ^=
|} =~x HÒk, Wk q^j =^# = H ~|_x uOQ qÒ K O k.
36.8 ~`^ O K fH#|_ q^j =
x~t Ò =i L yÒ (Authorisation and Vtlilisation)
XH ^= JO^< q^j = ~ O_ q^Q K |_Òk.
1. x~t Ò (Authorisation)
x~t Ò J#Q q^ =i JO`~f O XH ^xH JO^K _xH XC#
"Ò . Wk O K ^ =i O J#=uOz# ^ XC# "Ò J~`
x JO^< Ô "= OQ "_# q^j "Ò x~t `x zO k. qQ` ^
x J#=uOz#_ "Ò x XHi W=O. H#Q}OQ J<H x|O^# |_
J#Q * "^@@, qq^ ^ =~ i K @ "^# "\ ^$ O "~^
q_^ K |_Òk. x~t ` =i L y` = =^ Q `_x OKx = ^
OK=# = JO\~.
146
~`^ xH ÒÒ =z#\ #O_ 1996 =i z=i =~ x~t `" # q^j =
"`= 1,60,481 H@ nx 89% |} ~=# =i qye# 11% x^ ~=#
L#k. Z= Ò O O K OH (IBRD) =i International Development Association
#O_ =z#k. ^ *# J`kH "` x ~`^ xH JOkOzOk. qq^ ^, O
JOkOz# = \H 36.1 q=iOK|_#k. Ò`= #O_ =i 1996 =~ L yOK|_#
"`= = 1,16,652 H@ J#Q "`= x~t O` # = 73% =`"
\ H 36.1
"`= ~`^ = JO^# q^j = (=i 1996 =~ )
Ô O Wz# "Ò L yOz# "Ò
"Ò (~II) Ò "Ò ~II Ò
IBRD 35568 22.2 27002 23.2
IDA 33389 20.8 28020 24.0
P Ja=$kOH 12717 7.9 7169 6.1
[~h 8247 5.1 7836 6.7
[< 25793 16.1 16234 13.9
J"iH 6966 4.3 6730 5.8
~ (USSR) 14029 8.7 2716 2.3
<> _ HOQ_" 6217 3.9 5305 4.6
H #_ 2040 1.3 1413 1.2
< 2985 1.9 2939 2.5
OPEC 2078 1.3 1894 1.6
W`~ 10452 6.5 9392 8.1
"Ò 160481 100.0 116652 100.0
(=O : i[~ O i~, 1995-96, vol- II, P263)
36.9 ~`^ PiHa=$k q^j `
~`^ }oH|^" # PiH Ja=$k q^j = =Y` +OzOk. Jk OK=~
}oH PiH O K _O ^ JO`~O yH ^ ` = J=@O = =z# JO`~x _Ok,
P qÔ Q ^ }oH He kOK_O L Q _O k. J~` K Hk "Ò J#Q 190 H@
q^j = =`" "^\ OK=~ }oH L yOK|_Ok, ^x "Ò `^ i }oH
147
Q}hOQ iy 8 = }oH 28,700 H@ ~H KiOk. Wk Ô Z= @|_ @_xH
^^ _O k.
JkH "` q^j ~|_ iqHa=$kH L yOK|_Ok. q^j O Ô
^ L H~Q~ =i P q^" # =Y"# s q^`, ~"} ~OQO =i >eH=xH+<
=O\ i= x~}xH _O k. Jk W`~ i=# Q, Z~=, "< =O\ ~OQ
Ja=$k KC H^Q `# +OzOk. h\~^ * =i J^ <`# == q^<
xiOK_O ^~ ==a=$kH q^j O `__Ok.
#`# =i JÒ` J^ <`# iH~ kQ=u ^~ q^j = # K # "\H<
=iO` =Y"# `# +OzOk. H~H= QOQ ~`^ O ~ \OK q^j WOlh~,
x} H~ x~H |Ok =# i*#= (Knowledge) =i xK ^` "~Q__ O
H$+ ZO` K~. Hx, q^j = # HeyOKx n"# =O\k H^, Jk =# ^xH K
=# $+O zOk. ~|_ Z= ~, J=#OQ#, ~+O Q# LO_@O =#
JxtuH îf Ja=$k O@__ xH <=kQ [~Q_ xH H~}O J=Òk. =#Ô q^j O
P^~_ LO__xH _ H~}O J~Ok. g@xO\ H< ` O ~`^ O |} =i "\
=_ KeO q^j |}O ~Q_ O = =# Z^~O\Ok.
36.10 ~`^ q^j |}O
Ô H~H= HO x~O`~O K JO`~f JC =# ~`^ q^j |}O =i
1990 < PY~ 75 ae< _~ (1,30,199 H@) KiOk. =i Wk =i 1995 99 ae#
_~ (3,11,792 H@) KiOk. J~` =i 1996 Wk 92 ae< _~ (3,15, 435 H@)
`yO k. ~`^ q^j JC iu \ H 36.2 K L#k.
\ H 36.2 ~`^ q^j |}O (=i < =O`xH)
1994 1995 1996
n~H eH |}O 8906.8 7473.9 8715.9
HeH |}O 362.7 425.9 503.4
"Ò |} 9269.5 9900.8 9219.3
HeH |}O GPP ÒQ) 3.9 4.3 5.5
J GDP x+u 36.9 33.0 28.9
JC - " x+u 26.7 27.5 26.4
=O : i[~O i~ - 1995-96, vol- I, PPX-31
148
XH ^ PiH iu JC H =O =i ^x H JO`~f |} =~x
JC GDP (debt - GDP) x+u` H~ . D x+u 30% H< Z= LO_@O P Ô JO`~f
JC ` _ =_x zO k. x*xH 1990-91 30.4% L# D x+u 1991-92 41%
H Z^Q_ O ~`^ JC ` ~@ KO k. J~` D x+u D =^ HO 1991-
92 L# J`kH ~ #O_ 1995-96 =~ 29% H `yO k. J~` =# ~`^ O P |}
` #O_ |@_# \H, W\H =^H~ O Q ^xH ^Q~ < LOk. D q^ JC `
~~# W`~ ^, Mexico, Thailand, Philippnies, Indonesia =i ("HH) =+
36.11q^j =^# O ` q^#O
~Q`# q^j JC =i JO`~f _ =K< x~O`~ O f="# =Q
=iOk. E 1991 ~` Ò H` iqH Ò`x (Industrial Policy) q_^ KO k. D
ÒÒ Ò H û x q^j O #O_ q^j ` H @|_ " K# "Q `@
Ò Q Hx O k. JO` =O^ HOx Ò`= q^j =^# O " LO@ q^j ` H @|_
K iq`" # i=< J#=uO|_Ok. nxH `_ ~f "i @|_ JkH QO
LOK` x~ Z= J^ Hey LO_#k x=O _ LO_k. H` Ò`= ` O JkH
"Ò , q^j @|_ ^~ Z= i= OKH=_x J#=u WO k. =Y ~OQ~#
q^` Lù, H=xH+< "^# "\H q^j @|_ PxOK|_Òk.
"@"^@ 34 JkH ^# iqH ~OQ# q^j OKH=_xH
QiO|_~. D ~OQ *a` =iO` qi Oz K i= q^j DH\ 51% #O_ 74% H
OK|_Ok. D K `" # Ò`= =# q^j ` H @|_ ~|_ "~Q J~#k. 1991
Ò J#=uOz# q^j @|_ ~. 535 H@ =`" HQ Jk `~ "` O=`~O ~. 3,882
H@ iyOk =i 1995 =iO` iy ~. 30,882 H@ KiOk. _~ KO> 1992-
93 0.4 ae# _~ q^j @|_ 1994-95 4.9 ae# _~ KiOk. =ix ~~f
HeOK_O ^~ ~`^ O q^j =^# O O=`~xH 10 ae# _~ K~ Ò^x PtO.
Q~O KH=# JO
X q^j JC =i x^ ~O q^j `, O K O =O\ "\
#O_ Ô H K~ x^ q^j OQ K |_Òk.
X XH Ô =~H ^xH K O ^ HH O.
X Jx ^ x^ # Q K XH ^xH O K _x | H O
JO\~.
X Ô x JO`~` ^ ` =Q LO_@O = L`#= JO`~x q^j
O iO k.
149
~O 36.3
1. XH ^xH ~~f` _# q^j |} W=_x q^j O JO\~.
2. XH ^xH JC q^j ` H @|_ HO> L yOKH=_O Z= K# HQK ~.
3. XH Ô Jq uiy KeO K_O U q^" # =# HeyOKH =_O =# Jiq`" # q^j
|}# O^=K#.
4. Ja=$k KO^x ^ Ja=$kH K ` O HO> x~O ^ O ZOKH#|_Òk.
5. XH Ô JO` =O^ K# JC f~_xH H` JC K iu JO`~f |} =
JO\~.
g~ <~#k
Ja=$k KO^x ^ JkH "` =^# O ì` Qu# PiH Ja=$kx kOK_xH
J=~= J=Òk. D ^ JO`~` ^ K ` =. JO^=# q^ #O_ JO`~`
O #O_ D ^ =^# O J=~O . XH Ô H q^j =^# O (I) q^j ` H @|_
^ (II) q^j JC =i x^ (q^j O) ~O =~.
q^j ` H @|_ JO`~` @|_H `_=Òk. Jk |} KeO = $+O K^
=i #`# i*<x J= K _O _ Òk Hx M.N.C #O_ =K P =^# O
Hx =# $+ O k. q^j HOh ^j Lù^~ Q\ \x W~ =i Hx ~
^j Lù^~# <#O K~. q^j @|_ =#~# |\H O@@ K~ U qÔ Q
J#Q ~=, ~b ~O q^ KeOK= ~=_O ^~ D q^j HOh
Hx~ ^ q^j OHuH q*#O# OK_O , `s^ W=_O `_ K~.
H|\ q^j O nx HO> "Q ZOKH|_Òk ZO^= JO> P Ô ^x =Y`#
J#iOz =^< x "_H=K. Hx, q^j O Hx ~ xi+" # * =i =~@
x~O kÒ J=_O = ^xH "_H iq` |_ LO@Ok. iq` x x~O`~ |}
q^j |} ~x OKÒk. Wk |} KeO x+ux K OK_O ^~ PÔ |} =
z<@ K O k.
H|\ PÔ q^j |}# `yO Kx ` H @|_# PxOK= =O k. E 1991
H #`# iqH q^#O q^j @|_^~ J<H ~~f# HeOz J<H i= "ix
<@ @ KO k. =i K ~OQ# q^j ` H @|_ J#=uOzOk. D K `
^` =# q^j ` H @|_ Q}hOQ iQ~.
150
~O`~
1. q^j =^# ~|_ J=H`# q=iOKO_. =Y"# =^# ~|_ =#~ Uq?
2. q^j ` H @|_ J#Q <q? XH Ja=$k KO^x ^xH nx =# [<q\?
3. ` = Ja=$k KOk# ^ q^j ` H @|_ =# ^+e `# q=iOKO_?
4. q^j O J#Q <q? q^j O H =Y"# "# q=iOKO_?
5. XH ^ Ja=$k H=O q^j O, q^j ` H @|_ H< U qÔ Q JkH L QH~ = ?
6. kHH =i | H = =^ JO`~= # ^~}=Q q=iOKO_?
7. x~O ^ O J#Q Uq? x~O ^ O JO^< Ô Z^~< =# q=iOKO_?
8. JO`~f |} = J#Q<q? nx = _ O_@ Uq K e?
9. ` = Ja=$k KOk# ^ PiHa=$k q^j O H `# q=iOKO_?
=^<
~O 36.1
i) XC ii) XC iii) XC iv) `C v) XC
~O 36.2
i) XC ii) `C iii) XC iv) `C
~O 36.3
i) XC ii) XC iii) `C iv) `C v) XC
~O`~3
1. 29.4 29.5 K^= O_.
2. 29.6 (Z) K^= O_.
3. 29.6 (a) K^= O_.
4. 29.7 K^= O_.
5. 29.7 () K^= O_.
6. 29.7 (Z) K^= O_.
7. 29.7 (a) K^= O_.
8. 29.10 K^= O_.
9. 29.9 K^= O_.
151
37. #`# "~ q^#O, =i ^x =
(New Trade Policy and its Implications)
37.1 L^Ò
XH ^ "~ q^#=#Q ^ J=~ H#Q}OQ ZQ=`#, kQ=`# xOuOK@,
Ja=$k KO^x Ô , PiHa=$kH qq^ ^H J= K K#_ ^x "~" Ò ~Q^
=i "~O## ZQ=`, kQ=` =~ Oq OK#, PiHa=$kH Ô ^ "`
@|_ == , =_ ^~= =i W`~ J`=~ == kQ=u K H#K#k, JO^=#
=#O kQ=` KeO K =O ~QK#k. J~` ZQ=` JO`Q ~Q@ O ^ . ^xH H~}O
=#O QÒ ZQ=u K == , =# i=< L yOKK<=, J~` ` O =#O
Lù K == W`~ ^ _=O_ LO_@O^ , ^xH ^ # H~}= "\ ` = <}`
=i JkH Lù =O. JO^=# ^xH XH "~ q^#O H"e. D q^#O =# J=~O x
== kQ=u `yO K_O , Ja=$k Ô J=~" # ZQ=` Ò Wz KeO +O
= ~O_ LO_@@ K @O, JO^=# P Ô kQ=u x|O^# # J= K = =K#.
=YOQ kQ=u #, kQ=u H\ =i \i q^< J= K =#. J^qÔ Q D
"~ q^#O =# U == kQ=ux J#=uOK O_ LO_@O, U == # ZQ=uH ÒK@O
J<k `H=K. ZQ=` H"e# `= Ò JOkOK=#. nxx |\ "~q^#O
ZQ=`# xOuOKK, ÒKK Ô H "Ò Ja=$kx OOkOK=#.
37.2 H
X "~ q^#O QiOz `H<^~ .
X XH^ O # "~ q^#O ZO^ J=~" `H#Q~.
X ~` "~ q^#=# JOK< " Q~.
X ZO^ #`# "~ q^#O J=~" q=iOK^~ .
X #`# iqH q^#O H H}
# q=iOK^~ .
X #`# "~q^#O =# q=iOKQ ~.
X ~~ =~H= # QiOz q=iOKQ ~.
X ~~ =~H= UqÔ Q =# ZQ=`# OKQ ^ q+ O K Q~.
152
37.3 O~} =O^ "~ q^#O
Ò`= =z#\ #Oz =# ZQ=` kQ=` H< ` =Q L#q. D |}`H
"~ q= 197071 ~ 100 H@ HQ, Wk 199091= O=`~=# 10,000 H@ P~#k.
J~` Ô Ja=$k H~H= H=e# kQ=` KeO Ke# "Ò ZO` J=~" # \H, =#O
ZQ=u ^~ O^ O^# K ` =Q L#q. JO^=# kQ=`# `yO z ZQ=`#
OK qÔ Q H=û K~ fH"e# J=~" ~_#k. kQ=` xO`} =~= OÒQ
qkOK@O, ZQ=`# ÒK@O nx ^ #"# q.
Z. kQ=`# xOuOK\xH fH# K~
1. kQ=u # : kQ=` q^#=# H+ ` ~ O K~. Ò #Oz J#=u
O_ Un kQ=u K _^ ,
2. kQ=u H\ : D q^#O HO^ kQ=u K H< == i=}=# x~~ OK^~ .
kQ=u H\ i=}=# D û HO^ x~~ OK^~ .
3. \i ^ H+= OH : kQ=`# ÒK O_ LO_\xH "\ Z=
H+= OH qkOK^~ . XH" "\x kQ=u K H##, D OH =# "\
^~ JkHO Q LO_ _=O_ `Q # .
4. kQ=` #iH@@ : J=~O x Hx == kQ=ux J#=uOK~ .
a. kQ=u xO`} H :
# K #k, =iHx kQ=u xO`} D HOk "\ =# =`HOQ L#@ K =K.
1. KeO +O JkH @ : KeO += f="# @ L#k. nxx ` =~H
f~=\xH Hi# kQ=u xO`} J= ~K e.
2. J=~O x == kQ=ux `yO Ke : J=~O x == kQ=ux `yO K@=#
q^j =~H ^=O# JÒ` J=~O Q == # O`, O` iH~, =_~
kQ=u K H=\xH L yOKH=K.
3. ^j i= ~H} HeOK=K : ^j i= ~H} HeOKe# J=~= #k.
#`#OQ Ja=$k KO^`# ^j i= ` = =, Z= <}` Q qnj
== \x `@H#=. XH" q^j == ky=ux J#=u Jq \
x|_= . JO^=# ^j i= == Ô J=HQQ\xH q^j ==
kQ=ux xOuOKe, ` J#=u O_ ZO\ == # kQ=u K =.
P^qÔ Q Hx == q+ O ` Oz ZQ=` xO`}# Zu" e. D
J#=uOKx == =YOQ ^j J=~ iq`" LO_@O, ^ xH J=~Q
153
LO_=#. "= OQ ZQ=`# Ò # " @ HeOK@O, ^=~" #
QO@ W=@O, ZQ=u a_ W=@O "^Q#q K =#.
37.4 O~} J=~O (Need for Reforms)
kQ=` xO`} q^#O ^xH JO`Q aOK^ . q^j \ #_ ^j Lù^~_

<t~HO == # Lù K @O, Lù =x `yO KH =@O K #. WO\ ` = <}`
Qey#q, Z= ^~ Hey# "\H q^ ZO\ =~\ LO_^ . ZQ=u^~# ZO` Òz<,
"iH Z< " @ HeOz< =# ZQ=` ~Q ^ . KeO +O @ ~Q@ O, q^j
=~H^ = x^ x = L~_#k. D iu 1991 =iO` =Q =i XH ae<
_~ _# k. D x YzÒQ =# kQ=`# KeO K\xH ~ O_ "~ i=#. J
=_ KeO K\xH _ =# q^j =~H ^=O ^ . q^j J KeO # KeO KH ^+ J
J=H=#k.JO\ iu =# ~`^ = H |} û O K ^ qO H
J=H=#k. nx =# =#â=$kH H"e# x^ ~O_ LO_ iu L~_=K. ^x =#
iqH, q^j "~, q^j @|_ q^#O =~ J=~O . JO` HO_ Hq^#O
_ O~} ~=#.
Q~OKH=# JO=
X O~} =O^# "~ q^#O ^ #"# q.
1. kQ=` xO`H 2.ZQ=` `=# K~
X 'kQ=`#, kQ=u # ^~#, kQ=u H\^~#, H+" _\
^~#, kQ=`# J#=uOKH =@O ^~ xOuOK=K.
X D x|O^# PtOz#O`Q L Q_ = . JO^=# O~} H=#.
37.1 ~O
1. Ja=$k KO^`# Ô `# q^j "~x xOuOKe.
2. ÒÒ =z# `~ "`, ~`^ O kQ=` ZO\ xO`}# qkOK^ .
3. ~`^ O kQ=` xO`} kQ=u #, \i q^#= J= ^~ qkOK#.
4. J=~O x == kQ=ux KQ J#=uOKK Ja=$kH H=# kQ=`# J#=uOK
^.
5. kQ=` Z= xO`} =# ^ Lù^~ J=HO Wz#@ K =K.
154
37.5 #`# "~ q^#O (The New Trade Policy)
#`# q^j"~ q^#O QÒ ## q^#O f="# =~ f=z#k. "~
q^#O \i # `yO K@ =i \i û =~, 2 kQ=u ## ~m H~} O
K @O Z= kQ=` # #O_ q#~O. 3. =~H ~ @ O~} =i ~~
=~H= # J#=uOK "^Q#q g\x HO^ qOQ KiOK|_#q.
1. \i q^#O O~}
kQ=u K H|_# == OH u O=`~O ~QK L#q. nxH H~}O `xH
J^# ~|_x O^\xH. JO^=# OKO ~`Ô J`kH \i qkOK ÔQ
iQ}O K|_#k. L^~} 1991 J`kH H+" OH 35 `= JO`HO_ Q@ \i
~ @ 85 `=Q ~#=K.
#`# "~ q^# O =# \i ~ @ Q}hOQ `yO K_# q. ^xx |\ 1997 J`kH
\s ~ @ QxH `yO K|_#k, Q@ \i ~ @ ==O` `yO K|_#k. J~#\H D \i ~ @
O K^ ` e` J`kHO Q L#q. L^~} ^~O_ Q@ \i ~ @ 11 Ò, P^
qÔ Q WO_<+ =i W`~ Ja=$k KO^`# ^ _ P^qÔ Q L#k. J~` Ja=$k
KOk# ^ D \i ~ @ 7 ÒQ L#q. nxx|\ ~`^ O , WOH# \i ~ @# `yO K=
LO_#.
2. kQ=u xOQ O~}
Jx == kQ=uH 1991 =~ # J=~O . U kQ=u ^~_< == # kQ=u
K H=\xH # O^=#, D # Ò ZO` "Ò == # kQ=u K H#K<~
è~ =#. U == << Ò kQ=u x+kOz#^ P == kQ=uH # W=^.
J#=uH qOz# = i=}O# kQ=uH J#=uOK^ . Wk i=}`H xO`}x JO^~. W"
HO_ D i=}`H xO`} K H+O Q#, J=~O Q# L#q. nx=# kQ=u ##
O^\xH K ~A @K #k. nx =# Jqhu iy "~ i=}O J#=~O Q iq`
=QK#k.
q^j "~ q^#O O~} 1991 "^~#q. QÒ q^j "~O ## J<H
xO^# ~^ K |_#q. J<H kQ=`# # ik #Oz f" @ =# "\x KQ
kQ=u K H=\xH J=HO U~_#k. J~` kQ=u x+kOK|_# == e+# ` ~ K |_#k.
D kQ=uH x+kOK|_# == U"< kQ=u K ^z#@~` `= #Oz # J=~O .
D x+kOK|_# e+ x == # Z_# ZO`< kQ=u K H=K D x+kOK|_# ==
qxQ == , =O^, ~< =i W`~ == , z#`~ i= Lù K
== "^Q#q L<~.
155
ZQ=` x+Ô # _ ~m H~}
Ki . ZO\ xO`} O_ == # ZQ=u
K =K. J~` ZQ=u _ Hx == # x+kOzi. ZQ=uH x+kOz# == # Ò
ijeOK#. ~=~}=#, =~` J#OQ x == # ZQ=uH x+kOK|_#q. J`=~
== _ x+kOK|_# == L#q. OuH "~` =# O|OkOz# Jx ==
ZQ=u x+kOK|_# e+ L#q, , [O`=# _ ZQ=uH x+kOK|_#q.
D qÔ Q 1991H =O^ q^j "~O ZQ=`, kQ=` # ^~ xO`}
K |_#q. #`# "~ q^#O =# J<H" # #, =i xO`} x+kOK|_#q.
ZQ=`, kQ=` Z= Q= KQ K H=K. J~` Hk == =Ò ZQ=u,
kQ=u # H"e=K#.
3. `~OQ q^j "~ O ` `yO K|_#k
D #`# 1991 "~ q^#O =# q^j "~O `~OQ O kQ=u K H<
== OY `yO K|_#q. =YOQ H O^ "~ O =i Yx* =i "~
O D q^j "~ ~OQO i UH=O Hey#q. ^ O Q@ =# Z= i=}O
== # kQ=u K # OQ Wq ` = ^~ =^ == # kQ=u K H#Q=x ~= _Q =x
LOK~. Hx Jq ## KqK# q. JO^=# ZQ=` kQ=` \`` O x*~f`
\HO D #`# "~ q^#O \ ^~ "~O K == OY# `yO z#k.
4. =~H ~ @ [=< O~}
@= 37a =~H ~ @ x~ û x K^ =H<~. q^j^=O q= |~OQ =~\
, _=O_ x~~ OK#, ''=~\ x~~ Oz# =~H ~ @ Q ~#=K. XH" = ~H ~ @Q#H
i[~O x~~ Oz#@~` ^xx ''JkHiH =~H ~ @ JO^~. D ~ O_ ~ @ ^~}OQ "~ Q
LO_#. XH" JkH~~ @ Q#H Z=Q LO_ =~\ x~~ Oz# ~ @ ` =Q L#@~`. ^=O
q= ` =Q L#@ K =K. J^ JkH~ ~ @ ` =Q L#@~` ^x q= Z=Q L#@~`,
^=O q= ` =Q L#@ K =K. J^ JkH~ ~ @ ` =Q L#@~` ^x q= Z= q=QkQ
LO_#.
~`^ O JkHiH =~H ~ @ Z _ =~\ x~~ Oz# =~H ~ @ H< ` =Q
LO_#. JO^=# ~` ~~ ''JkH q= HeyO_#. nx i}=O =# ZQ=`
~Q^ "Q# kQ=` ~Q^,kQ=u xO`}#q ` =Q LO_#. "@" ^\ Q
1991 qx=~ @ O~}# " \i . ~~ =~H ~ @# 20Ò =hH~} = A
XH\ # =i E 3 # K~. ^x =# =# ZQ=` ~Q@ " HO_ q^j =~H^ = =#
OkOK=K.
`~ "` 1992 =i ~m H~} qx=~ @ [=# û # " \i . ^xH =O^
"~ `= OkOz# q^j =~H ^==# JkH~=i_ ~@ HOÔ
156
=iOK==Kk. H`Q " \# #`# q^#O ZQ=u^~ 40 Ò =`" H OÔ
=iOK=#. qQ` 60Ò |~OQ =~@ J=H=K. nx=# JkH~ ~@ =^H<
|~OQ =~\ "~ Z= ~ O^"~. nx =# ZQ=u^~ =ix ==
ZQ=uH uOK"~. D ~m H~} qx=~ @ [=# û =# ~ O_ ~H qx==~\
LO_q. 1. JkH~ =~\, 2. |~OQ =~\ ~ @. D ^= qx= ~ @ û =# "~
~m H~}
= K @ HO_ ~~ =~H= # =~= "# @Q #. P `~ "` 1993 =i
Ô^ qx=~@# ~^K~.nx #O . _=O_ x~~OK =~\ _=O_ ~@#
J#=uOK~. ` O "~ M` ~~ =~O # J#=uOK~. nx H~O == ZQ=u
^~ OkOz# q^j =~H ^==# ZQ=u^~ |~OQ=~\ `= OkOz# "`= #
qH~OK=K. ZQ=u^~ KQ `= ^Q~ # q^j ^==# J=H=K. P^qÔ Q kQ=u
^~ `= H"e# q^j ^==# |~OQ =~\ H#=K.
P `~ "` =i 1994 H~ O\ M` ~~ =~H= # J#=uOK@O, ^xx =iO`
~m H~}
K @OQ ~#=K. nx =# == #, =# ZQ=u K ZQ=u^~ `=
OkOz# q^j ^==# =~\ x~~ Oz# ~ @ =^ J=H=K.
J~` ~~ =~HO iQ^ . i =~HO J#Q H~ O\ M` |}= "^Q"\
^~ =z# q^j =~H ^==# ~~H |~OQ =~@xH =~H=@O. Wk "^\ ^
WH ~ O_=k ~~x q^j ^=OH =~H=@O. J~` nxx =Ò J#=uOK^ . nx q+ O
_ ` [~QK#q.
Q~O KH=# JO
#`# "~q^#= g\H ukOK|_#k.
X 1. \i ==, 2. kQ=u xOQ û , 3. ` ~OQ O `#
`yO K@O =i 4. =~H ~ @ [=#O
X kQ=u OH# Q}hOQ `yO K@O.
X J<H ~H kQ=` xOQ #Oz q#~O.
X `~OQ O `# `yO K_O .
X H~ O@ M` ~~ =~H= # J#=uOK@O.
~O
D HO^ "\ '`C / 'XC# QiOKO_.
1. D #`# iqH q^#= 1991 ukOzi. ^xH H~}= q^j "~=# ~m H~} O
K@.
157
2. #`# "~ q^#O =# kQ=` \i ~ @ OK|_#q.
3. J<H ~H kQ=` # xO`} Zu"
|_#q.
4. Hx x+^ == kQ=uH WOH# # J=~= #k.
5. H~ O@M`, @|_ M` ~~ =~H= iQ J#=uOK|_#k.
37.6 "~ q^#Ox O~} =O
"~ q^#Ox O~} `H~O Q L#q. q^j "~=# ~m H~} K @,
kQ=u ## ~^ K @, H~ O@ M` ~~ =~H= , "^Q#q "~ #=H=#
U~~z#q. nx =# q^j "~O iy#k.
1. ZQ=u kQ=` =O
ZQ=` Q}h"# ~Q^ U~_#k. ZQ=` ~Q^ 199091 1.5 Ò
|}`HOQ LO> J^ 199293 3.5 Ò ^< `H=# ~Q^ U~_#k. P `~ "` 199394
20 Ò, 199495 18 Ò, 199596 18Ò, 199596 "^\ QO 24.2 Ò iy#k.
J~` 1991 kQ=`12.7 Ò, 199293 6.5 Ò iy#k. nxH H~}O iqH
H~H =Ô U~_#k. `~"` 1994 95 kQ=` 22.9 Ò iy#k. JO`
HO_ 199596 "^\ QO D kQ=` 29.3 Ò iy#k. D ~Q^ H~}O iqH
=OÔ ^ # H~}Q H=K.
2. J^$O ~|_ ~Q^
#`# iqH q^#O =# J^$O ~|_ iy#q. =YOQ =~\ x~~ Oz#
qx= ~ @ =# q^ #Oz =# ~|_ iy#q. q^ #Oz " @
|kb, 199091
207 H@ _~ LO_Q Jk 199495 620 H@ _~ iy#k.
3. H~ O@ M` =Ò
= = ZQ=` Q}h"# ~Q^ =# =# ^ "Ò ~|_ =z#q. nx
=# H~O@ M` ~Q^ U~_#k. H~O@ M` @ 199091 968 H@ _~
#Oz199495232 H@ _~ `y# k.
4. @|_ M` =O
@|_ M` KeO +O q^j `H @|_ ~Q^ U~_#k. D `H
@|_ 199192 16 H@ _~ #Oz 199495 480 H@ _~ iy#k.
5. q^j ^= x^ =O
H~O@ M` ~Q^ @|_ M` ~Q^ =# q^j ^= x^ Q}hOQ
158
iy#q. =# ^ q^j^= x^ 199091 ^~}OQ 100 H@ _~ _ Q, J^ ^=
x^ 19972900 H@ _~ Ki#q.
# KiOz# qq^ q+ =# q^j "~ q^#O O~} =# ~` PiH ==
Q}h"# =~ U~_#q. J~` D ~OQO WOH K =#k L#k. \i == WOH
O~} J=~O .
=O^ K =#k
J`kH \i ~ @ `yO z# Q@
\i ~ @ WO_<+
, ^~O_ =O\ ^` e
K Z=Q L#k. kQ=uH J#=uOKxq, \i qkOK == OY Z=Q L#k. "\
OY# WOH `yO K= =K#.
J~` O~}# =iO` J= K =O^ P # `" <, HiO\ ^
J#" # iQ}#H fH#=#. D ^ ZQ=u` _# =$k` Q}hOQ OKH#k.
J~` 1995 `~ "` "\ Ja=$k `y `#k. qKH}
~ ÒQ "~ ~m H~}
K @ =# q^j
^=O ~=K< #=HO^ . nx =# q^j KeO K @O ^|u< J=HO L#k.
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x~
fH#=# nxx J#=u q^j ^= x^ =O "~H qÔ Q LO_#.
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X J^$O K H^Q ~Q^ U~_#k.
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X ` H @|_ ~Q^ L#k.
X q^j ^= x^ ~Q^ L#k.
37.3 ~O
D HOk "\ '`C / 'XC# QiOKO_.
1. =# Ô QÒ ~ O_ ~H =~H ~ @ LO_q. "\ XH\ JkHiH, ~ O_ =~\
x~~ Oz#k.
2. "~ q^#O O~} ~`^ ZQ=` \ ``x Oz#k.
159
3. H~ O@ M` ~~ =~H= =# ZQ=u ^~ `= U~_#k.
4. #`# "~ q^#O =# KeO +O =~ U~_#k. =i q^j^= x^
~Q^ U~_#k.
g~ <~ H#k
q^j "~ q^#O ^ J=~H#Q}OQ "~x xOuOK_O Q ~#=K. Ô
ÒÒ Ok# ^Q~ #Oz Ò kQ=` xO`}O U~~z Ja=$kH H=# kQ=`#
x"iOKK q^j ^"x ^ K K#k. nx HO J<H" # ^` =YOQ #,i\,
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"^# q J= K K#k.
Hi# "# ky=u x|O^# =# ^j i= ~HQ L#k. nx =# Z= =O`
==# Lù K_O Jq q^j =~@ \H x H=@O =# #+=K<=. Zx
`H Wz< =# ZQ=` ~QH =@O ^ # = J~ KeO +O = U~_#q.
D iu 1991 K #u H =i#k. q^j ^= x^ JÒ` J ~ #Oz =O^ H@
_~ `y ~#k. nx `~ "` #`# iqH 1991 ukOK~. D q^#O HO^ \i
==# ~ +#* K # `yO . xOQ û x Hx == Zu" _O Hx ==
q#) =~H ~ @ q^#O O~}, ~~ =~H ~ @# H~ O@ M` J#=uOK_O =#
ZQ=` iy#q.
xO`}# `yO K_O , "~O ~m H~} K @O =# `H~O Q L#q. ZQ=`
~Q^ U~_#k. H~ O@ M` KeO +O `y ~#k. q^j "~O WOH O~}
~=#. J~` D q+ O `~ P ^ J#" # iQ}H fH#=#.
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1. ~`^ q^j "~O 1991H =O^ Z L#^ =QOQ q=iO= ?
2. ~` Ò 1991 U~~z# #`# "~ q^#O# q=iOO_ ?
3. ~m H~} q^#O ~`^ KeO +O W|Ok O_ Z _# ^ q=iOO_
?
4. ~` "~ q^#O ZQ=`, KeO +O U qÔ Q =O K< q=iOKO_?
5. ~~ =~HO =QOQ KiOKO_?
37.1 ~O
1. X 2. ` 3. X 4. X 5. X
160
37.2 ~O
1. X 2. ` 3. X 4. X 5. `
37.3 ~O
1. X 2. X 3. X 4. X
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1. 30.4 Qx K^= O_.
2. 30.5 Qx K^= O_
3. 30.5 Qx K^= O_.
4. 30.6 Qx K^= O_.
5. 30.5 (4) Qx K^= O_.
161
38. [< - PiHa=$k
(Population and Economic Development)
38.1 L^Ò
qH HH [< P^~O. [< Z=Q =O>, JkH O Y q O J=`~.
JkH [< =$k~ @ LO>< JkH qH H =~ O =O@Ok. H =O q`< Lù ^ OH^.
Lù K \xH H=# Jx =#~ O=$kQ îH#_ =`" q L y` He =
XH L`^H 'P Q =~Òk. LùH ^Ô K H~} - ` ` =Q =O_ H =O JkH
[< = q OY JiqÒQ =# ^`, [< XH PiHa=$kH x~^H O Q =~Òk.
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KO^`# [< P ^ PiHa=$kx qÒ K O k? WO\ O|OkOz# q+ #
D ~O ` KiOKOÔ.
38.2 H
X *<=$k~ @ =## q=iOK@.
X PiH= $kx JkH [< =$k~ @ Z qÒK O ^ q=iOK@.
X Ja=$k KO^`# ^ JkH[ < =$k~ @ =O =#= =#~, [ =#~ =i
=^# OK #O Z =O@O^ q=iOK@.
38.3 [< =$k~ @ (Growth rate of Population)
U ^" < U HO<< HO` [# OY# He =O@Ok. P [<# P^ [# OYQ
iQ} O. J~`, D OY x~O`~O =~ KO^` =O@Ok. [#<, =~}, = [<`
=~ H~}. XH xs` HO Ô x= # [< ~Q_x [< =$kQ ==i~ .
D ~Q^ =~}H< [#< ~Q@ Z=Q LO_@O = Oq ~. = = ^ [<
~Q^ Z=Q =O_^ . XH xs` HO Ô =# "Ò [< iy# [< =^ Q
x+ux *< =$k ~ @Q H OK=K#.
*< =$k~ @ ^q HOQ [#< ~ @# P^~_ =O@Ok.
[<
1000
"Ò [<
[#< ~ @, =~} ~ @ =^ Q `_# [<=$k ~ @Q ``~. Wk u 1000H
H ~ . [< =$k ~ @# Ò `@ XH L^~}# ijeÔ.
162
1991 [< H H~O ~`^ O [#< ~ @ 1981-91 =^ HO 32.5 HQ "iH
=~}~@ J^HO "~H 11.4.
D ^|O H "iH [< =$k ~@ "~H 21.1Q =Ok. J^Ò 2.11 "iH
~Q^Q Ke.
38.4 *< =$k~ @ PiH= $kH =^ Q O|O^=
[< =$k` O|OÔ He =O@Ok. ^ PiHa=$k uiy ^ [< ~Q^ ~ @#
qÒK O k. [<, PiH= $k =^ ~ ~ O|O^x =#O J^ #O KÔ.
Z) PiH =$k - [< =$k~ @ ^x =O
J<H ^ [i# J^<# |\ ije, "#H |_# PiH == Q ^
[#<~@ =i =~} ~ @ ~ O_ Z=Q =O_ [#<, =~} ~ @ =^ `_ K ` =Q
=O@Ok. JO^= P ^ [<=$k ~ @ OQ LO@Ok. WO\ PiH == [
P^~ ` =Q LO_@O =# +H ~ O =i i # P~O fH#H=@O [~QÒk.
"^ =i i^ O H~ i~ Oz Hx~. [< JkH OM ZO\
~H` `Qh\ =u ` =O_^ . JO^=# =~}~@ K Z=Q =O@Ok. <`# "Y ~ =
[#<~@ _ Z=Q =O\~. JH~ ` H =_O =i JkH ~ t =~} ~ @
=O@Ok. JO^=#, "#H|_ PiH == Q Ô JkH [#<~@ =i =~}~@ =O_,
[< =$k ~ @ OQ =O@Ok. [< <=kQ ~Q@O Q=xOK=K#.
^ PiHa=$k ~OO H=@OK`, [ P^ ~ iy "i r=# =}~
~Q`~. "^ ^ =i i^ O OO^`~. Hx ~H "^ JiH@| _`~.
g\ e ÒQ [#<~@ _ `Q ` < =O@Ok. Hh, K <=kQ `Q ` Ok. [#<~@ `Q ^
=~}~@ `Q ^ H< ` =Q Oq O k. [#< `Q ^ OQ LO_\xH [ "Y ~
`y# =~ H =_O, =` ~" # #=H HO`=~ H~}O.
Z_` Ô PiHOQ =$k KO^Ò^ ^ [< ~Q^ H=H=OQ ~Q`
"Q= O`=Òk. LÎI ~`^ [< =$k 1921 OII #O_ ~Q` 1951 #O_ "Q= OÒQ
iyOk.
XHi PiH =$k ^# ~Qu JO^# `~}O Q=xOK ^y# ~ =~
K@KO\~. P^ ~ ~Qu Q=xOK=K. +H~O O^~ ~QÒk.
*P~QO, i^ O "II H~ ì`Qu # U~@ K |_`~. [ r=# =} ~
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163
Hh~ xzQ, [##, =~} ~ @ =^ =Ò K OQ =O_, [<=$k ~ @
~ =O@Ok. Jx Ja=$k KOk# ^ =#O ~ [< =$k~ @# Q=xOK =K#.
~`^ O ~ O_= ^ =Ok. [#<~@ Z=Q =O_ H=OQ `Q = YO \~. =~}~@
"QO Q `Q~. e ÒQ 'JkH [< =$k #"^ J=`<~.
Q~OKH=# JO
X uÔ =_ ^ [< =$k ~ ^~ xOK= =Ok. "#H|_#
PiH == Q ^ [##, =~} ~ @ Z=Q =O_@ = [< =$k
~ @ ` =Q =O@Ok.
X Ô PiH =$k ^ H "t OKQ<, =~}~@ `Q ` Ok. [#< ~ @ H<
=~} ~ @ "QO Q `Q@ O =# [< =$k~ @ Q}hOQ "Qx JOÔ@Ok.
X XHi Ô PiHa=$k Ok# ^ [#< ~ @ "QO Q `y, H#Q@O =#,
=~} ~ @ XH Hh~ =~ `y s H~} O^_O =# [##, =~} ~ @
~ O_ ` = ~ =Ok. [< =$k ~ @ OQ LO@Ok.
38.1 ~O
1. [< =$k~ @ [#< ~ @# P^~_ =#k.
2. PiHO Q "#H|_# ^ [< =$k K "QO Q OAO@Ok.
3. PiHO Q Ja=$k KO^`# ^ Z= [< =$k He =O\~.
4. [##, =~} ~ @ #O ^ < =#O
5. PiHO Q Ja=$k KOk# ^ ` = [#<~@, =~} ~ @ =i ` = [<
=$k ~ @ =O\~.
38.4 (a) [<=$k ~ @ ^ PiH =$k =O
WO` =# è#@, Ja=$k KO^`=# ^ JkH [< =$k ~ @ LO@Ok. D
qQO JkH =$k ~ @ ^ PiH =$k ZO\ =O KÒ^ J^ #O KÔ. Wk q+ O K\xH
qq^ =#~ [< =$k ~ @ "x J^ #O KÔ. Jq 1) =#= =#~, 2) [ =#~
=i 3) =^# OK #O Z) =#=-Ò` =~ =#~.
=#= =#~ - JkH [< =$k~ @
^ [<< =#= =#~ JO`~QO Q =O\~. JkH [#OY =i "QO Q ~Q`#
~`^ O JkH OY =#= =#~ = JkH OY q O J=`~. JkH OY
=#= =#~ $+ XH H PiH |x =~H |#`# He ~.
164
=#= =#~# i~ qxyOKHQe` PiH =$kH îfO k. qxyOKHH `
^ ~Qu ^|uO@Ok. H =O q OY ~Q^ =` ux HeO K^ . [=#~ =i
=^# O` _# =#= =#~ ^~< Lù H#QÒk. JO^= ~Q`# qH OY#
`y# Lkx JOkOK@ J^~ [ =#~, =^# H~} [~Qe=Ok.
~`^ O =O\ Ja=$k KO^`# Ô @|_ H~` =O@Ok. ~Q`# [<=
[ =#~ H~` HÒk. D ^ =# q# qxyOKHQ =~O =O_^.
e ÒQ x~^QO JkH ~ [email protected]`HH, JkH [< =$k~ @ =# q J^#OQ
K~ "i OY ~Q`< =O@Ok. JO^= x~^QO =iO`Q ~QOk. XH H qH H
iQ L HO HH=@ = Jk # ÒQ ` ~=Òk. Lù H "i ` Ug=O_^ .
PiHO Q =$kx kOKx Ja=$k KO^`# ^ JkH [< =$k~ @ J<H =#
Lù H $+ O k. =#= H =#~ <}`# `y O k. P^ xH PiH == q*#, @|_
O^` QqQ =~`# `~ }O P^ xH Lù < } Q x} J~# q J=~= `~.
Ja=$k KO^`# JH~ ` ~ K ` =. x~H~ ` ~ ` =O@Ok. x~H~ ` x~#
"i < }=# OOkOK@ JkH PiH =#~ J=~= `~. = [< iQHk
f= ==`~.
Ja=$k KO^`# ^ @|_H~`, W`~ =#~ i~ L HO HH=@
=# =#= =#~ <}` J~ =O@Ok. nxH `_ [< =$k ~ @ "QO Q ~Q@ =
= =iO` H+ = Òk. JkH OM "QO Q ~Q`# qH H =$kx, =#= H =#~#
< }# OOkOK=# J<H =# $+ O k. PiHa=$k ^# ~Q`# [<
e ÒQ q$` ==`# q OY J<H =# HeO k.
2. [ =#~ JkH [< =$k~ @ =O
q LiÒ Yx*, J_= =i h~ "^Q#q JxO\x He ' [=#~Q
==i=. JkH [< =$k~ @ = D [ =#~ H "x =#O ijeÔ.
i) == q =O
UÔ << q q~ O ~ O Q< LO@Ok. ^x JkH QO == H~H= H~
qxyOK@O [~QÒk. J~`, JkHO Q [< ~Q^ = W`~ J=~# ~_, Hs ,
Q$ H~ =# H \~OK= =O k. e ÒQ == H~H q~ } [~Q^ . Hk
"~ =`" =#O ==O H~ =# qi OKQ Ò. |O[~ =# ÔxH
fHx ~QÒ. [< ~Q^ =# ì q qxQ i=}O ` x iQ `Q ` Ok.
~Q`# [< = q H ^ q iy J<H = H`~. qH~ \ iy
165
L^ II ~`^ O ` 1990-91 OII 59% == H=` H~ H< z#q. z# =`
= == q =$^ J=Òk. @|_ `y# u OK ~^ . q L`^H` ^|uO@Ok.
z# ~ ` ==O ZO\ ~Qu kOK~ . HhO `y# @|_# =~Hx u
HÒk. ==xH H=# q i=}O ~Q@O^ ^ K `=Q ~QÒk.
JO^=# L# qx K O^== û L yOz = =O k. q H~` = MmQ
LOK=# =# Ô HO^ fHx ~= =O k. ~Q`# [< H P~ J=~#
f~_xH Ô HO^ Z= =# qxyOK = =Ok. nx e ÒQ ~ k O ^
H}
` H` Ok.
q Z= =Ok P^~_ rqOK= ~=_O =, Wk K # x~^y` î fO k.
JkH [< XH" , ==`~ ~OQ Lk J=H H =@O =~H " LO_@O =
Qg} O` Z= =Ok J=~ qOz == ~OQO xK<~. J^#OQ=#
q# == ~OQO #O_ @} O` OQe < @}
OY iy, == =
@}
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= `y `~. @} O` ~Q`# [< HO H=# =` H~ =
J=~= =`~. Q$x~}, ~_ U~@ HO q qxyOK= =O k. "QO Q [~Q`#
@}
H ~ }
= iqH H+O, =iH"_ = = L`# ==`~. D == ^
PiH =$k ^|uO@Ok.
ii) J_= JkH[ < =$k~ @ =O
^ PiH =$kH J_= ^ ~ ^^ _ `<~. ~=~} OèÒ K _O
J_= Hi< ~. ~ O~H}
J_= `__`<~. i= H=# J<H =_
^~ J_= ==`<~. JkH [< =$k =# J_= #iH"` Qi J=`<~.
==O H~ , =O@ K J=~ J_=# #iH " < ~. e ÒQ ~O tkO J=Òk.
PiH == H=# =_ ^~ ` ^~ O J=Òk.
JkH [< =$k~ @ = J_= iOz" |_` PiHa=$kH q Ò H` Ok.
iii) Yx* =O
^ PiH =$k Yx* XH =Y ` =< ~. UÔ <# LO_ Yx* iqÒ
Q< =O\~. Jq iqH =_ ^~Q L Q_ `<~. Q, [ #< Yx*#
"^# =Y"# H =#~# #~ù K =. "QO Q ~Q`# [< =, JkH [#OY =
Yx* JkH "Ò "eHf qxy< ~.
JO^= Yx[xH iOz " |_`<~. q +` ^ PiHa=$kx Wk f=OQ
qÒ K O k.
166
3. =^# OK #O JkH [< =$k~ @ =O
PiH =$k ^# @|_/=^#O XH =Y `# x~#k. XH Ô =#
=^# x P^ PiH =$k~x x~~ ~. PiHO Q Ja=$k KO^`# ^ j OQ
~Q`# [<= qxQ=O ~Q` =O@Ok. P~O, h~, ^ , Q$, ~"}, q^,
q^KH, "^^ "II J=~ "QOQ ~Q@O = qxQO ~QÒk. eÒQ,
@|_H H=# =#~, ~Q` =# [< J=~ H \~OK@O = @|_ H~`
U~_Òk. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ [ ì PÔ =i "i r=# =}#
OOkOK\xH J=~= =^# OK #O, ~Q`# JkH [< = `y Òk. q Ô Q
Ja=$k KO^`# PiH == # JkH [<=$k~ @ f=OQ ^|fO k. L^~} ~`^ O
ÒÒ =z# `~ "` *fÔ ~Q^, ì P^ ~Q^ ~ @H< Z=Q<
=Ok. 1951-1996 ^ *fÔ Q@ ~Q^ ~ @ 4 Ò HQ, ì P^ ~Q^
~ @ H =O 1.8 Ò Q< =Ok. Zxq^ OK=~ }oH HO (1992-97) *f^ ~Q^
~ @ 5.6 ÒQ =O_Q, J^ HO [ ì P^~Q^ H =O 3.8 Ò =`" . nxx
|\ =#O J~O K H=# JOO, "QO Q~Q`# [< =, =#O *fÔ `y#O` =$k
kOz# `~` _, [ P^ `y#O`Q ~Q ^ . JkH [< =$k Qu # iOz" O k.
qÔ Q JkH [<=$k ~ @ =^# OK #O u "x He O k. ~Q`#
qxQ J=~# f~@H JkH "Ò =#~# L yOK@O =# PiH == L`^H` # ,
^x =~# OK@ H=#O`Q =#~ O H=@O^ . q +` PiH =$k ~ @# D
i` ^|f~.
q+ }
# J#iOz, Ja=$k KO^`# PiH == =$k ~ @# ~Q`# [< =$k
~ @ =O^yO* < . Jx J=Q`= Òk. XH " [< J~ ~Q`#@ J~`, D
^ PiH == JkH ~ PiH= $kx kOK@O ^ _ Òk. JO`HH [ P^
~ `y# ~Q^# OOkOK=K#.
^ PiH= $k, ^ [< =$k~ @# ^ [< =$k~ @ P^ PiH =$k ~ @#
~ ~O qÒ K~. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ XH OH\u LOK|_~. Jq =$k "
xOK_xH uOK =O< [< =$k PiH= $kH qOz iy=@O =# =$k H
^|uO@Ok. P^ `= ^ [< ~Q^# xOuOKQe ` < PiH =$k ^# "Q= OÒQ
y `= ^ [ PiH u Q` # "~Q~ HQ=.
167
Q~OKH=# JO
X ^ PiH =$kx, Ja=$k KO^`# ^ JkH [< ~Q^ ~@
uOQ qÒ K O k. PiH =#~ JkH [< =$k~ @ Z=Q
LO@Ok.
X @|_ H~` =# Ja=$k KO^`# ^ =# JkH qH H i
~ L HO H=@O ^ . JkH [< =$k ~ @ =# Ja=$k KO^`#
^ qH OY Q}hOQ ~Q` Lù H~H# H+` ~ O K < ~.
JO^=#, D PiH == JkH qH H ^ JkH [< XH O^Q HH
XH PiH ~OQ =~`#k.
X JkH [# OY =i "QO Q ~Q`# [< =# == H=Ò
q[ # =i q @# îf == ~OQO JkH Xu_x He # k.
nx= ~O ^|uO@Ok. K # x~^y` H` Ok. JkH [< =
@} H ~ }
[iy J<H = $+O K|_`<~.
X == = _=O_ ~Q@ O =O@ K, W`~ J=~ H~ J_=
#iH"` Q~ ~O `Q @ O, =~^ , qq^ j`+ u Q` =~ "II
JO K@K O@<~.
X "QO Q ~Q`# [< = Yx* "eH f` iy, iQ qxyOK|_@O
=# q +` =$k~ @ ^|uO@Ok.
X JkH [< =i j Qu# =$k~ @ =# qxQO ~QÒk. qxQ
=O ~Q@ O =# ^~ @ =i =^# OK #O `y#O`Q ~Q= .
"QO Q ~Q`# [< J=~ f~\xH Ja=$k KO^`# ^ PiH
=#~ iOK" |_`<~.
~O 38.2
1. JkH [< =$k~ @ Ja=$k KO^`# ^ =^# OK x OKÒk.
2. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ JkH [< L`^H PQ iQ}O K=K#.
3. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ =# [ =#~# iQ qxyOKH<O> [< =$k ~ @
"QO Q ~Qe.
4. "QO Q ~Q`# [< =$k~ @ = qxQ == _=O_ iy j PiH =$kH
^^Hi J=Òk.
168
5. JkH [< = J@g O^ iQ qxQ==Òk.
6. Ja=$k KO^`# PiH= = "QO Q ~Q`# [< =< ` O =# P^ ~
xH_Q LOK|_`<~.
~O`~
1. [< =$k ~ @ J#Q<q?
2. ^ PiH =$k *< =$k~ @# Z qÒ K O ^ q=iO=.
3. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ j OQ ~Q`# JkH [< =$k~ @ =#= =i [
=#~ ZO\ "x He O ^ q=~}`HOQ `=.
4. ~`^ O "QO Q ~Q`# [< =$k~ @ =^# OK #O ZO\ =O K O ^
q=iO=.
=^#=
38.1 ~O
i) ` ii) ` iii) X iv) ` v) `
38.2 ~O
i) ` ii) ` iii) ` iv) ` v) ` vi) X.
~O`~
1. H< 31.3 K^= O_.
2. H< 31.4 a K^= O_.
3. H< 31.4 b(1) K^= O_.
4. H< 31.4 b(3) K^= O_.
169
39. ~`^ [<
(Population of India)
39.1 L^Ò
g~ HO^\ ~O XH Ô =#=H =#~# P ^ [< =~O k. J< q+ x
<~ <~. XH Ô x =#= =#~ H} # `H#@O J`=~O . [#OY, [< =$k~ @,
^x eOQx+u, =O}, JH~ ` ~ "II J<H =#= =#~ JO J^ #O K =
=Ok. D ~O =#O ~`^ *< =i qq^ [< =, "\ i~ =~ QiOz
<~ O\O.
39.2 H
X ~`^ [< i=}O =i Q` ^ HOQ ^x =$k
X 1921 OII #O_ ~`^ [< =$k ~ @# q=iOK@.
X ~`^ [< x~}O# q=iOK@
X JkH [< = ~`^ O HQ = q=iOK@
X [< = i~xH `Q i~ =~# zOK@
39.3 [< i=}O =i [< =$k
Z) [< i=}O (Size of Population)
XH xs` HO Ô x=OK [<# P^ [#OYQ ~#=K#. u kO=`~
HxH XHi Ô x [<# H OK@O [~QÒk. D H # '[< H O (census)
JO^~. ~`^ O 1991 XHi =i z=iQ 2001 [<H H~} x~OK~.
=i< XH\ <\H Ô =# [#OM# '[< H è*~. L^~} 1991 O=`~
[<H H~O ~`^ [< 84.63 H@. nx J~O ~`^ O [#OY =i< XH\ `sY
<\H 84.63 H@=Ok. [< H H =O [#OY< HH, [< JO# eOQx+u, = x+u,
[< =$k~ @, JH~ `~ @, [#O^` "^Q JO# èK~.
\ H 39.1 1901 #O_ qq^ [< H O q=~ O^~ |_~.
170
\ H 39.1
~`^ "Ò [<
OII [< O=`~O [<(H@)
1901 23.8 1951 36.10
1911 25.2 1961 43.92
1921 25.1 1971 54.81
1931 27.9 1981 68.33
1941 31.87 1991 84.43
=K~O# P^~OQ K Hx q +` [#OY# =#O JOK<" Q`=. nxH OM
O ^` Hi~. 1996 ~`^ [#OY 93.4 H@Q JOK< "~. D qÔ Q
100H@ kQ =#[< ~Q^ x# k. 1901 #Oz <\ = ~ [< 4 ~ @ iyOk. 1941
OII #Oz =_~ @ Q iyOk. 90 OII HO 1901 #O_ 1951 `~` [< 70% iyOk.
` ~`^ [< JkH OY =O^? D =^#O `Ô.
K< `~` [< q+ O KO ~ O_= ^^ O ~`^ O . O KO "Ò [<
16Ò =Ok ~`^ O L<~. O K [< u P~Qi XH~ ~f_. H =O <Q
OK ^ (K<, J"iH<, l =i WO_<+) =`" =#Ôx L`~^ ~R
[<# qOz [< He L<~ J#@O Ju H H^. Hx q~ O O K "Ò q~ O
2.42 Ò =`" ~`^ O He= Ok. JO^=<, [< q~ O P^~OQ e#_ ~`^ O
JkH [< H^.
a) [< =$k (Population Growth)
~`^ O [#OY JkHO Q< HO_ [<=$k ~ @ "QO Q ~QÒk. \ H 39.1 x
Q=xOz#@~`, u ^|O HO# [< ~Q^ =$k Z= Q<=Ok. 1951-61 ^|O
HO [< =$k 7.8 H@. Wk a@< Ô [< XH\ # ~ ~ @. 1971-81 ^|HO [<
=$k 13.5 H@. Wk a@< (UK) ^ [< ~ O_#~ ~ @ JkHO . 1961-71 ^HO [<=$k
10.8 H@. Wk [<^ O x [< 3/4 =O`. =i 1981-91 x [< =$k 16.3 H@ Wk
[< ^ [< H# JkHO .
u x=+O# ~`^ [< 34 =Ok [` J=`<~. J~` D OY WO_<+
5Q# [< 01 Q H^. O K [< ~Q^ =~ 173 =Ok ux=+O# ~`^ O
"\ O K [< ~Q^ Z=Q H^. q+ xO\x |\ =# `# JOO
~`^ *< Z=Q =Ok =i ~QÒk. [< =$k ~ @# \ H 39.2 =# Q}OH
D q+ x è* < ~. \ H 39.2 ~`^ [< =$k ~ @ O^~~.
171
\ H 39.2
~`^ [< =$k~ @
Q}# O=`~O [< ~Q^/`Q^ =$k~@
HO ^|HO
1901 23.8 - -
1911 25.2 5.76 0.56
1921 25.1 -0.31 -0.03
1931 25.9 11.00 1.04
1941 31.87 14.22 1.33
1951 36.10 13.31 1.25
1961 43.92 21.51 1.96
1971 54.81 24.80 2.20
1981 68.33 24.66 2.22
1991 84.63 23.50 2.11
~`^ [< "QO Q ~QÒk. 1921 [< =$k K OQ LOk. 1901 #O_
1921 =^ HO [< ~Q^ O=`~O# H =O 0.27 Ò. 1921 OII #O_ ~`^ [<
''Q q[H O=`~OQ ~O\~. \ H 39.2 '3 =~ [< "iH =$k Ò# K@
[iyOk. 1951 OII #O_ [< =$k j OQ iyOk. JkH [< =i "iH [< =$k 2Ò
Q =O_@O PO^# KO^=# u . 1981-91 ^|HO K< [< ~Q^ 1.5 ÒHQ,
J^HO ~`^ [< 2.11 Ò ~Q^# OkOk. ` O [< =$k ~ @ ~`^ O
K< # qOz~ D ^|O O KO [< J`kHO Q Q Ô Q xz~Ok.
W_ =#O ~`^ O [< "QO Q ~Q_ xH Q H~} ÒÔ. ~`^ O
Ja=$k KO^`# Ô . HO^\ ~O è#@, PiH =$k [~Q`# ^ [< =$k~ @ =_
^ Q LO\~. ~`^ O [< ^ ~ O_= ^ =Ok. D ^ =~} ~ @ Q}hOQ
`y, [#<~@ x^#OQ `Q ` Ok. JO^= [## =~} =^ JO`~O ~QÒk. J^ [< =$k
~ @. 1901 OII #O_ [#<, =~} ~ @# \ H 39.2 KOK=. =~ '3 ^|O [<
[ ~Q^# KOK~.
172
\ H 39.3
"iH =$k~ @ 1000 =OkH
HO [#< ~ @ =~} ~ @ [ =$k
(1) (2) (3)
1901-1911 49.2 42.6 6.6
1911-1921 48.1 48.6 -0.5
1921-1931 46.4 36.3 10.1
1931-1941 45.2 31.2 14.0
1941-1951 39.9 27.4 12.5
1951-1961 41.7 22.8 12.5
1961-1971 41.2 19.0 22.2
1971-1981 37.2 15.0 22.2
1981-1991 32.5 11.4 21.1
[< i}=Ox ~ O_= ^ ~`^ O LOk. 39.3 \ H # ijeOz#, =~}~@
`Q ^ [#< ~ @ `Q ^ H< Z=Q LO^< q+ O Ò k.
"QO Q [< =$k KO^@O, [< =$k~ @ JkHO Q LO_@O= ~`^ [#OY JkH
~ LOk. JkH [#OY = Hk\ ~Q^ ~ @ iy< "Ò [# OY# JkH [#OY
HO k.
Q~OKH=# JO
X XH ^ [#OY JO> J~O XH Ô x=OK [ OY Wk XH xs`
Hiqu KOkOk. [ OM# H OK H # (<) '[< H O
JO\~.
X ~`^ O [< H O u kO=`~ XHi x~~ . z=iiQ
[< H O x~} 2001 K\ ~ .
X ~`^ [#OY i=}O K Z=. 16 Ò O K [< ~`^ O
LOk. O K q~ O H =O 2.4% =`" =#Ô He= Ok. =#Ô
[<=$k ~ @ K Z=.
X =#Ô JkH [< =$k ~ @ Q ^ # H~}O =~} ~ @ "QO Q `y,
[#<~@ <=kQ `Q@ O.
173
39.1 ~O
1. D HOk "\ `C / XC# QiOKO_.
i) [< H H =O XH Ô x [#OY O|OkOz# =K~O W~.
ii) 1901 #O_ ~`^ [#OY "QO Q ~Q`< LOk.
iii) JkH [<=$kH =#Ô Q ^ # H~}O =~} ~ @ "QO Q`y =~H H
[#< ~ @ <=kQ `Q@ O.
2. Mm# i # ^` iOKO_.
i) 1991 <\ ~`^ [#OY .................... H@ (84.63, 87.43)
ii) 1981 - 1991 =^ HO [##, =~} ~ @ =#Ô ....................... =i
.................. "~H. (25.10, 32.5, 11.4)
iii) ~`^ O=ìH [< =$kÒ 1981-91 HO ...................... (2.22,
2.11)
iv) ~`^ O [< H O x~OK#k ....................... OII XHi (5, 10)
v) `î [< HO H =#Ô x~OKk ........................ ( 2001,
2005)
39.4 [< x~}O (Structure of Population)
D qQO =#O ~`^ [< H}
ÒÔ.
[< JO J~# =O}, eOQ x+u, Qg} - @} [< q~ }
, JH~ ` ~
=i [#O^` "II#q XHH ^xx QiOz KiOKÔ.
i) eOQx+u
eOQx+u J#Q [< ~+ x+ux H OK@O. Wk x+u LO@Ok. eOQx+u u
"~ =Ok ~+ Q OY `Òk. nxx H OK_xH HOk ~ / Ò LHi O k.
eOQx+u "Ò [# OY 1000
"Ò ~+ [# OY
174
~`^ O 1901 #Oz =# (\ H 39.4 ) eOQx+u q=~
\ H 39.4
O=`~O eOQx+u O=`~O eOQx+u
1901 972 1951 946
1911 964 1961 941
1921 955 1971 930
1931 950 1981 934
1941 945 1991 929
\ H ijeOz# ~`^ O eOQx+u ~+ "Ò [< Z=Q L<~<
q+ O J~= =Òk. =i D x+u x~O`~O ~Q` H#QÒk. =~H ~+ 1000 H
L# OY ` =Q =O_@" HH, xH_Q `Q ` Ok. D JOH 1901 972 HQ, 1951 946
=i 1991 929. J~`, U Ja=$k KOk# Ô ~+H< OY ` =Q ^ .
\H 39.4 W=|_# JOH Ô "Ò # KOk#q. qq^ ~ q+ O =# eOQx+`
=` H=. L^~} H ~ eOQx+u 1036 HQ, L`~ ^ Wk H =O 879 =`" .
x+u =#Ô ` =Q =O_\xH Q ^ # H~} : [< H O OY H=OQ H
=@O, ^ =[O ` =Q =O_@O +H ~O, q" = =~}~@
Z=Q=O_@O, JH~ ` ` =Q LO_@O "II#q.
ii) =O}
= O} J#Q qq^ ~ = Q = x+u "Ò [#OY QiOK@O. [#OY
=_ = QQ ql OK~.
(1) 15 OII H< ` = =Q"~ (2) 15-59 OII =^ =
(3) 69 OII =i P# "~.
15-59 OII =^ = H"~ xK = Q Q. ^ 15OII H< ` =
= Q"~, 60 OII P# =Q =$^ P^~_ # [<Q ==i~ .
=#Ô 15 OII H< ` = = Q OY "Ò [< 1980 OII 40 Ò
=i 1992 OII 35.5 Ò 60 OII JO`H< # =Q =$^ OY W^HO "Ò
[< 6.5 #Oz 6.65 ÒQ =Ok. D ~ O_ Q "Ò [< 42 ÒQ LOk. D
"Ò # J#`^H qxQ ^~Q ~ . xK Q P^~_ rqOK@O = gi +}
~O JkHO Q =Ok. nxx |\ "Ò [< xK = Q "i OM ~QÒ^< q+ O
Ò k. L^Q H~ "z=# "iOY Z=Q LO^< q+ O Ò k.
175
W`~ P^~_ ^ xK Q = Q "i P^~_ =#"i x+ux 'Pî`
x+u JO\~. Pî` [< Ò
Pî` x+u xK [< Ò 100
iii) Qg} - @}
[< O}
~`^ O Qg} [ OY "Ò [< @} [#OY H< Z= x+u L<~.
1901 OII #O_ ~`^ O x Qg} - @} [< q~ }
# \ H 39.5 èK~.
\ H 39.5
OII Qg} @} (Ò) OII Qg} @}
(Ò)
1901 89.2 10.8 1951 82.7 17.3
1911 89.7 10.3 1961 32.0 18.0
1921 88.8 11.2 1971 80.1 19.9
1931 88.0 12.0 1981 76.7 23.3
1941 86.1 13.9 1991 74.3 25.7
=~ 3/4 =O` ~`^ [< Qg} O`< x= # k. JO^= ~` PiH
==# Qg} PiH == Jx ~ . =#Ô x [ =Y=$u ==O. J~` Qg}
[< x+u 1901-1991 =^ HO 89.2 Ò #O_ 74.3 Ò `yO k. J~#\H D `Q ^
JO` Q}h"O k H^.
iv) [#O^`
[#O^` J#Q XH K^~ Hg@~ q~ O x=OKK# [ OY. [#O^`#
H OK@ "Ò ^ [<# Ô x q~ O ` yOKe.
[#O^` "Ò [#OY / "Ò ^ q~ O
UÔ << q~ =~ O_ ~ O Q =O@Ok. ~Q`# [< = [#O^`
~QÒk. [#O^`# kQ= \ H 39.6 O^~ |_Ok.
\ H 39.6
OII [#O^` OII [#O^`
1901 77 1951 117
1911 82 1961 142
1921 81 1971 177
1931 90 1981 216
1941 103 1991 274
176
[< ~Q^ =<, [#O^` _ 1951 #Oz ~Q`< LOk. ~`^ O ==
^ #"# Ô J=@O =, JkH[ <= =i [#O^` = q H~ Xu_ ~Q` qH
_=O_ ~QÒk.
v) JH~ ` ~ @
=HH K^ =@, "@ =i U^# XH + J=Q# K HQ i*#O He= O>
'JH~ _ Q iQ} ~ . 1991 [< H H~O JH~ `~@ H O [< 7 OII JO`H<
Z= =# "ix P^~OQ H OK_O [iyOk. 1951 OII JH~ `~@ H =O 16.7 Ò. JO^
~+ 25Ò =i = 8 ÒQ L<~. 1991 "Ò g^ JH~ `~@ 52.2 Ò
JO^ 64.17 Ò ~+ =i 39.5 Ò . JH~ Q L<~. JH~ `~@ @}
O` Qg} O` H< Z=Q LOk. 1981 JH~ `~@ 36.2 Ò, ~+ Wk
46.9 Ò HQ 28.8 ÒQ L<~. 1981 OII "Ò x~H~ 30.19 H@ =Ok =i
1991 D OY 32.4 H@Q LOk. JH~ `x ~Q^ [<x =$k =# HeO k.
vi) P=}O
\# t= r=# HO# P=}OQ ==i~ . ÒÒ =K <\H =#^
P=}O H =O 32 OII =`" . Wk 1991 OII<\H 58 OII iyOk. 1991-96 OII
=^ HO =#Ô x [ P=}O 61.2 OIIQ LOk. ~+< P=}O
Z=Q LOk. 1991-96-04 =^ HO Wk ~+ 60.6 OII HQ, 61.7 OIIQ LOk.
U"# \H, Qg} O`` e @}
O` " P=}O K Z=Q LOk. 1990
OII P=}O Qg} ~Ò 57.4 OIIHQ Jk @} O` 64.12 OIIQ LOk.
vii) ~ =^ [< q~ }
`_
~`Ô qq^ ~=^ [< O|Ok` JO =` L<~. H~
~+O 1994 OII #O^ [#<~@ 17.3 HQ, `q<_ 19, L`~ ^ 35.4, ~[< 33.7
=i c~ 32.5 Q LOk. =~} ~ @ 1994 H ~ ~+O 6.0, =^ ^ 11.5Q H^.
1991 OII 8 ~ [< =$k~ @ *f [< =$k~ @ H< ` =Q LOk. Jq Q[~`,
H~@H, O*|, Xi, =K ^ , Q", `q<_ =i H ~. J~`, L`~ ^ , c~,
=^ ^ . =~+ [< =$k~ @ K Z=Q LOk. XH H ~ eOQx+u Ò 1000 H<
Z=Q LOk. 1991 *< H H~O H ~ x eOQx+u 1036. ~<, L`~ ^ , O*
eOQx+u 900 H< ` =Q LOk.
~`^ O x qq^ ~ =# JH~ ` ~ @ `~`= H=. H ~ ~+
JH~ ` K Z=Q 95 Ò Q LOk. nxH a#OQ c~ JH~ ` Ò H =O 55 Ò
177
=`" . W^ u L`~ ^ , ~[< LOk. (=) JH~ ` u k `_# ~
=^ Q=xOK=K. JH~ ` ~[< 21 Ò HQ, H ~ Wk 65 Ò Q =Ok.
[#O^` q+ O ~ =^ =` L<~. _b J`kH [#O^` H^. _b
[#O^` 6,139 =OkHQ, J~}K ^ #O^ [#O^` H =O 10 =Ok =`" LOk.
H ~ #O^ J`kH P=} 70 OIIQ =O> =^ ^ JÒQ 52.2 OII Q
LOk.
Q~OKH=# JO
X JkH [#OY, "QO Q ~Q`# [< H} ` @ =#^ [< HOk
H} He =Ok.
X eOQx+u `Q ^ : "Ò [< ~+ OY Z=Q, OY x+u
` =Q LOk.
X 15 OII H< ` = = Q "~ =i 60OII =| _#"~ OY
K Z=Q LOk.P^~_ "i x+u [< Z=.
X =~ 3/4 =O` ~`^ O [< Qg} O` x= < ~.
X [# O^` ~`^ O "QO Q ~QÒk. nxH Q H~}O [< ~Q^
~ @ Z=Q LO_@O.
X [< ~Q^ = x~H~ OY XH H ~QÒk. =~ H JH~ `~@
~QÒk. H< ~+ JH~ ` ~ @ Z=Q LOk. J^qÔ Q Qg}
O` H< @} O` JH~ ` ~ @ Z=Q LOk.
X [< Jx JO# qq^ ~ =^ ~` ^ . L^ : H ~ JkH
eOQx+u, J [#<~@ P=} H=. q+ qq^ ~x
u Q` =^ J<H =` H=.
~O 39.2
1. HOk Mm# H@ W=|_# ^ i # Ô ` iOKO_.
i) 1991 OII<\ ~`^ eOQx+u ............................. (949, 928)
ii) =#Ô [< O^ .................... ...................... H< Z=Q H^.
(~+/ )
iii) ~`^ O P^~_ "i OY .......................... (Z=, ` =)
iv) =#^ [#OY Qg} Ò ...................... (50, 75, 90)
178
v) "QO Q ~Q`# [< = [#O^` ..................... (~Q#, `Q # )
vi) 1981 #O_ ~`^ O x~H~ Ò ................. (`Q ` Ok, ~QÒk)
vii) JH~ `~@ H O [< =iqu ........................ OII =i JO`H<
Z=# fHO\~. (5, 7, 15)
viii) P=}O Qg} O` ................... @} O` H<. (` =, Z=).
ix) ~+ H< P=}O ......................... (Z=, ` =)
2. HOk "H ` /X# QiOKO_.
i) =#^ ~xO\ H< H ~ JkH eOQx+u =i JkH [#<~@ LOk.
ii) O*| J`kH eOQx+u LOk.
iii) eOQx+u JO> 1000 =Ok ~+ =# x+u.
iv) ~`^ O x [< 1/3 =O` =Ok 15 OII "~.
v) [#O^` J#Q "Ò [#OY, "Ò q~ O # =^ Qx+u.
vi) P=}O =#Ô 1981 #Oz ~Q^ .
vii) P=}O =^ ^ #O^ JÒ.
39.5 [< =
D qQO ~`^ O x [< = ~ "# ^x= HeQ ~ =<#
KiOKOÔ.
~`^ O JkH [#OY# He LO_@"HH Jk x~O`~O Q ~Q`< =Ok. [< =$k~ @
Z=Q LOk. JO^=# u O=`~O "Ò [#OY H J^# [< Z=Q< LO@Ok.
WO\ =$k J"OKh "O k. PiH= $k ^# JkH [< XH u|O^H O . JO`HH, [ P^
u Q` ~Q^# x~kOk. JkH [< eÒQ, [ ì P^, ^
*fÔ ~Q^ K OQ LOk.
"QO Q =$k KO^`# [< '^~ @# uOQ qÒ K O k. ~Q`# [<
J=~ ^ PiH =#~# qxyOK= =O k. ~Q`# [< J=~ J~# P~O,
^ , Q$, q^=u, P~Q ^ H# JkH OY =#~# H \~OK= =O k.
nx= Ô îHO, x~^QO = =iO` f=OQ =i, J<H =lH, ~[H LkH
îfO k. J=# H~ J~# q^KH , ~"} "IIQ "\ H~` f=~O Ô k.
i` =, =#= r=# <}` kQ*i`~. e ÒQ J~ JH~ `~ @ =i P
=} U~_`~. JkH [< J=~ f~@ H=# `Qh~ H~`, +H ~=, `y#
Q$ H =_O =i t=~} ~ @ Z=Q LO_@O [~QÒk.
179
~`^ [< H XH =Oz H} O Ô =~}~@ "QO Q `Q @ O. *< =#
=~K_ H} O [#<~@ K x^#OQ `Q@ O. Ô [< f=OQ ~Q_ xH Q |H~}O
JkHO Q=# [#< ~ @ =i x^#OQ Jk `Q@ O. H#H, [< =# i+iOK=#O>
^xH =# XH=~O [#< ~ @# `yO K@".
[#<~@ qÒ K J<H JO OH+ " # q. JO`è HQ [##~@# =#O `yO K@O
^ OH^. n~H O [#< ~ @# `yO KQ `=. JO^=, *#<~@# `yO K\xH f=~
H$+ K e.
Q~OKH=# JO
X =#^ [< = ~ O_ H} H=.
JkH OM
=$k~@
X JkH [< PiH= $kx x~k O k. PiH= $kx iy# *fÔ zO k.
JkH [< = [ ìP^ ~Q^, *f^ ~Q^
H< ` =Q L#k.
X JkH [#OY [< =$k~ @ = ^ ~ @ ^|uO@Ok. JO^=< x~^QO,
îHO, x~H~ ` =O\ = f= ~O ^< ~.
~O 39.3
1. ~`^ O "QO Q ~Q`# [< = q OYQ}hOQ iy PiH= $kH ^Ô
K O k.
2. JkH [<=$k ~ @= =#Ô ì P^ ~Q^ *fÔx ~Q^
H< ` =Q =Ok.
3. [#<~@# `yO K@ ^~ =#O [<=$k ~ @ ~Q^# xOuOK=K#.
4. =#Ô JkH [#OY =i ^x =$k~ @ '^~ @# OOkOKK#k.
39.6 [< = i~ =~
=#Ô x JkH[ #OY =i ^x JkH =$k~ @ = J<H f="# = H` <~.
JkH =$k~ @# `yO KO> [#<~@# `yO Ke. Wk XH> =~O .
~`^ O "QO Q Ja=$k KO^`# Ô . ~` ` [< q^#O# 1951-52 OII
JkH [< q~ } # ~ @# JiH@@ " \O k. J\ #O_ Ò qq^ K~ # [<=$k
~ @# `yO K@ K\ O k. ~` Ò fH# Hx K~ .
180
i) [# L`[ ~ qq^ ~H# `H# He 'z# @O| =## XOK
Ò# Ò H#yO k. @O| xO`} H~H= J=K _O ^~
=i ~OO '[< q^# K~ @O ^~ [ [< = @ J=Q##
He O k.
ii) @} , =O_ ~, Qg} O` @O| xO`} =i P~Q H O^#
U~@ K@O. nx= Jq [ @O| xO`} P=H`# K~O K
gQÒk. Jq P~Q =# JOk P~Q i~H} K~. Wq [ H=#
Q~ x ~^H ^# =# O}K ~.
iii) ~+ Hh q" = 21 OIIQ, 18 OIIQ x~~ OK~.
iv) [#<~@ `yO qq^ Q~ x~^H , ^` # PKiOK @O, `_Q, ,
Q~ x ~^H =O^ "II#q K @O
v) [ @O|xO`} \OKO^Q "iH J<H ~H# ^H ^~ qq^ ~H#
`H# HeOK@.
vi) qq^ tH} O <He @O| xO`} |OkH `y# tH} W=@O. qq^
i^< H O^# U~@K @O
vii) q^=H# OOkOK_O "iH `y# LkH # HeO K_O , nx= [#<~@
`H =O LO@Ok. q^=O`~# =, xK = #
` =Q LO_@O Q=xOK=K.
viii) @O| OH = H~H= Q=Q [, " @ Z*h# =i W`~
O # OK~f# K~ @O. @O| }oH H~H=O XH #`# =O.
qq^ H~H=# ~+ Ò <~ Q ^ H O^ ` QO@ x~OK|_`<~.
~ =^ *< q~ } J<H =` =#O^= XHH ~xH XHH ` H" # û
J= J=~O =Ok.
Q~OKH=# JO
X "QO Q ~Q`# [< =$kx JiH@_ xH Ò J<H K~ # fHO@Ok.
X [ z# @O| =#@ `y# J=Q# He ^xx J#iOK@
`y# `x, L`* x He # k.
X qq^ @O| xO` H~H=# x~ P~Q H O^# <H`#k.
X =i ~+ Hh q" =# OK`#k.
181
X @O| xO`} iH~# JOkOK_O =i `y# tH} O U~@
K _O
X q^ =i LkH # ` H ^ =< ~.
X @O| }oH H~H= Ò, O # KO ^ O # Q=Q
K < O.
~O 39.4
1. qq^ @O| }oH x~} H=# PiH =#~# ~+ ` =~< ~.
2. Hh q"=# ~+ 21 Q#, =i 18 OIIQ# K@ H~O x~~ OK~.
3. `H, x~`H ^~ [ z# @O| =## J=~H<Q K~
H#Q`<~.
~O`~
1. ~`^ [< H eOQx+u =i = x+` # q=iO=. Jq Uq è* < ~.
2. JkH [< = HQ =# `=.
3. JkH [< =$k ~ @ =# H = x"~} `y# K#x=.
4. 1951 OII#O_ [#<~@ ^~}# q=iO=.
5. ''JkH [#<~@ JkH [<=$k~ @ = H~}O L^~}` `=.
6. 'JH~ `~@ JO> Uq\? JH~ , x~H~ OY W\= =z# =~ Uq?
7. 'Pî` ~ @ J#Q<q?
8. JkH [< ~Q^# JiH@= # P=H`# q=iO=.
=^<
39.1 ~O
1. i) ` ii) ` iii) X
2. i) 84.6 ii) 325, 11.4 iii) 2.11 iv) 10 v) 2001
39.2 ~O
1. i) 929 ii) ~+,
iii) Z= iv) 75 v) ~Q#
vi) ~QÒk vii) 7 viii) ` = ix) Z=
182
2. i) ` ii) ` iii) X iv) XC v) `C

vi) `C vii) XC
39.3 ~O
1. i) ` ii) X iii) X iv) `C
39.4 ~O
1. i) ` ii) X iii) X
~O`~
1. H< 39.4 (i) =i (ii) K^= O_.
2. H< 39.5 K^= O_.
3. H< 39.6 K^= O_.
4. H< 39.3 K=O_.
5. H< 39.3 K^= O_.
6. H< 39.4 (v) K^= O_.
7. H< 39.4 (ii) K^= O_.
8. H< 39.5 K^= O_.
183

Economics Part - 2

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26.

2. i) _ ii) Z iii) W iv) v) a

iv) 8.5 : 2.5 :1 v) < \[< vi) 5% #O_ 10% =~

=O@K~ , = _, O@ =$^ "^# q HH |lH =~, g\ ^~

iii) He@ x=tOK "iH ~u =u ^H O

[O^iH Q$ H# J=~# f~_xH `O ^Q~ L# =#~ i=_O ^ .

q^j ^" _ == == Q iQ}O K=K. == ^~ # Z q`O

Demand of Pound and Supply

~Q#, _=O_ `Q # . J^q^O Q =` =~H ~ @ H< ` = L#@~`

kQ=` xO`} q^#O ^xH JO`Q aOK^ . q^j \ #_ ^j L`u^~_

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