Power Topologies Handbook
Power Topologies Handbook
Power Topologies Handbook
Handbook
Markus Zehendner, Matthias Ulmann
TI.com/powertopologies Contents
chapter 6 SEPIC 39
Expression Abbrevation
D = t1 fswitch
D
D =
= tt1 ffswitch
D = tt111 ffswitch
= 1 switch
D switch
D = t1 fswitch
switch
About Diodes
The forward voltage drop of rectifier and freewheeling diodes (D1 and D2, as well as D3 for the Weinberg) is taken
into account for all calculations. It is assumed that the forward voltage drop is identical for those. The forward
voltage drop for demagnetization diodes (D3 and D4) is neglected for all equations.
General Equations
for Calculating RMS
and AC Currents
General Equations for Calculating RMS and AC Currents TI.com/powertopologies
Average:
1
Tswitch
avg = Tswitch 0
i (t) dt
max t1 +t2
avg = 2 Tswitch
RMS:
Tswitch
1
rms = Tswitch 0
(i (t))2 dt
t1 +t2
rms = max 3Tswitch
AC:
ac = rms2 avg 2
Average:
1
Tswitch
avg = Tswitch 0
i (t) dt
min+max t1 +t2
avg = 2 Tswitch
RMS:
Tswitch
1
rms = Tswitch 0
(i (t))2 dt
t1 +t2 (maxmin)2
rms = Tswitch (min max + 3 )
AC:
ac = rms2 avg 2
Average:
1
Tswitch
avg = Tswitch 0
i (t) dt
min t1 max t2
avg = 2 Tswitch + 2 Tswitch
RMS:
Tswitch
1
rms = Tswitch 0
(i (t))2 dt
2 2
t1 t2
rms = min 3Tswitch + max 3Tswitch
AC:
ac = rms2 avg 2
Average:
1
Tswitch 1
Tswitch
avg = Tswitch 0
i (t) dt avg = Tswitch 0
i (t) dt
RMS:
Tswitch Tswitch
1 1
rms = Tswitch 0
(i (t))2 dt rms = Tswitch 0
(i (t))2 dt
(max1 min1 )2 min12))22
(max12min
rms = t1
Tswitch [max1 min1 + 3rms =]
tt12
+ TTswitch
switch
[max
[max12 min + (max
min12 + 33 ]+ t2
Tswitch [max2 min2 + (max
AC:
ac = rms2 avg 2 ac = rms2 avg 2
2.5. U
niversal equations for positive and negative triangular waveforms with Offset and
three time components
Average:
RMS:
3 2
rms = n=1 fswitch tn maxn minn + (maxn minn )
AC:
ac = rms2 avg 2
Buck Converter
Buck Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Buck converter steps down an input voltage to a lower output voltage level. The energy is transferred to the
output when the FET is conducting.
For calculating a synchronous Buck converter set Vf = 0V. The waveforms for the synchronous Buck converter
show the operation in a forced PWM scenario, where a non-synchronous Buck converter would enter DCM.
For normal operation there is an additional positive DC offset for the current of FET and Inductor. The CCM wave-
forms can be used as reference. In case of the synchronous rectifier current the additional DC offset is negative.
L1
Q1
Ci Q2 Co
3.1. General
1
Inductor Current Ripple: Iripple = L1 (Vin Vout ) t1
IIripple
ripple
Max. Inductor Current: Imax
Imax==Iout
Iout++ 22
Vout Iout V
Vf Imin +I
Iin,avg + Vinf
Iin,avg==VoutVIinout + Imin max
+I t2 fswitch
max
t f
Average Input Current: Vin Vin
2
2 2 switch
Iout Vf
Average Input Current: Imax = L1= V out
Iin,avg (V
Vinin +VV
out
in
) Imin
t1 +I
2
max
t2 fswitch
1
L1
Figure 3.2.1. Buck - Inductor L1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM, DCM and synchronous forced PWM
L1
Figure 3.2.2. Buck - Inductor L1 Current Waveforms in CCM, DCM and synchronous forced PWM
Q1
3.3. FET Q1
Q1
Figure 3.3.1. Buck - FET Q1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM, DCM and synchronous forced PWM
Figure 3.3.2. Buck - FET Q1 Current Waveforms in CCM, DCM and synchronous forced PWM
Q1
Imin +Imax
18 Power Topologies Handbook IQ1 ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
VQ1 ,min = 0V
Q1
TI.com/powertopologies Buck Converter
Imin +Imax
Average FET Current: IQ1 ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
t3 Q1 ,t3 = Vin
3.4. Diode D1
D1
D1
Figure 3.4.2. Buck - Diode D1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Imin +Imax
Average Diode Current: ID1 ,avg = 2 t2 fswitch
Q2
Figure 3.4.3. Synchronous Buck - Synchronous Rectifier FET Q2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and forced
PWM mode
Q2
Figure 3.4.4. Synchronous Buck - Synchronous Rectifier FET Q2 Current Waveforms in CCM and forced
PWM mode
Ci
Figure 3.5.1. Buck - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM, DCM and synchronous forced PWM
Ci
Figure 3.5.2. Buck - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM, DCM and synchronous forced PWM
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,min,t1 = Imax + Iin,avg
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,max,t1 = Imin + Iin,avg
Input Capacitor Current during tt22 and t3t:3 ICi ,t2/3 = Iin,avg
Co
Figure 3.6.1. Buck - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM, DCM and synchro-nous forced PWM
Co
Figure 3.6.2. Buck - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM, DCM and synchro-nous forced PWM
Boost Converter
Boost Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Boost converter steps up an input voltage to a higher output voltage level. The energy is transferred to the
output when the FET is not conducting.
1 Vin 1
Iripple = (Vout + Vf Vin )
4.1. General fswitch Vout +Vf L1
2
out (1D)
frhpz = V2L 1 Iout
11 Vin 1
Inductor Current Ripple: Iripple = fLswitch
ripple = 1
Vin (V
tout
1 + Vf Vin ) Vout +Vf L1
Vout (1D)2
Right Half Plane Zero: frhpz = 2L1 Iout
4.1.1. CCM.
1 Vout +Vf Vin
FET on, increasing current: t1 = fswitch Vout +Vf
1
FET off, decreasing current: t2 = fswitch t1
1 V +Vf Vin
t1 = fswitch outV +Vf
Vout +Vf out
Average Input Current: Iin = Iout Vin
1
t2 = fswitch t1
I
Min. Inductor Current: Imin = Iin ripple
V 2 +Vf
Iin = Iout out Vin
I
Max. Inductor Current: Imax = Iin + ripple2
I
Imin = Iin ripple2
Vout +Vf
FET off, decreasing current: t2 = t1 Vout +Vf Vin t1
1
FET off, no current: t3 = fswitch t 1 t2
Vout Vf
Average Input Current: Iin = Iout Vin
1
Max. Inductor Current: Imax = L1 Vin t1
1
Imax = L1 Vin t1
4.2. Inductor L1
L1
L1
Figure 4.2.2. Boost - Inductor L1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Imin +Imax
Average Inductor Current: IL1 ,avg = 2 (t1 + t2 ) fswitch
4.3. FET Q1
Q1
Q1
Figure 4.3.2. Boost - FET Q1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
4.4. Diode D1
D1
D1
Figure 4.4.2. Boost - Diode D1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 4.5.1. Boost - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 4.5.2. Boost - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 4.6.1. Boost - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 4.6.2. Boost - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Output Capacitor Current duringt2t2 and tt33: ICo ,min,t2/3 = Imin Iout
Max. Output Capacitor Current duringt2t2 and tt33: ICo ,max,t2/3 = Imax Iout
Inverting Buck-Boost
Converter
Inverting Buck-Boost Converter TI.com/powertopologies
An Inverting Buck-Boost regulator converts a positive input voltage to a higher or lower negative output voltage
level. The energy is transferred to the output when the FET is not conducting.
Vout (1D)2
frhpz = 2DL I
1 out
Inductor Current Ripple: Iripple = 1 1
Vin (V
fLswitch
1
t1 out + Vf ) Vin
Vout +Vf +Vin 1
L1
Vout (1D)2
Right Half Plane Zero: frhpz = 2DL1 Iout
5.1.1. CCM.
1 Vout +Vf
FET on, increasing current: t1 = fswitch Vout +Vf +Vin
1
FET off, decreasing current: t2 = fswitch t1
1 V +Vf
t
Min. Inductor Current: 1
= Ioutout
Imin = V
fswitch V +V V
fin+Vinf out
Iripple
out+V Vin 2
1
Max. Inductor Current: t2 = Imax
fswitch I
= t1 out Vin +Vf Vout
+
Iripple
Vin 2
V Vin +V V Iripple
Average Input Current: Imin Vinout V+finVVinfout
I=out outI
=Iin Imin
+I max
2 2 t2 fswitch
1
FET off, no current: t3 = fswitch t 1 t2
1
Max. Inductor Current: Imax = L1 Vin t1
Vout Iout Vf Imax
Average Input Current: Iin = Vin + Vin 2 t2 fswitch
L1
32 Power Topologies Handbook
1
Imax = L1 Vin t1
Vout Iout Vf Imax
Iin = Vin + Vin 2 t2 fswitch
5.2. Inductor L1
L1
Figure 5.2.1. Inverting Buck Boost - Inductor L1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
L1
Figure 5.2.2. Inverting Buck Boost - Inductor L1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
5.3. FET Q1
Q1
Figure 5.3.1. Inverting Buck Boost - FET Q1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Q1
Figure 5.3.2. Inverting Buck Boost - FET Q1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Imin +Imax
Average FET Current: IQ1 ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
5.4. Diode D1
D1
5.4.1. CCM & DCM.
D1
Figure 5.4.1. Inverting Buck Boost - Diode D1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D
Figure 5.4.2. Inverting Buck Boost - 1Diode D1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Imin +Imax
Average Diode Current: ID1 ,avg = 2 t2 fswitch
CCii
Figure 5.5.1. Inverting Buck Boost - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
CCii
Figure 5.5.2. Inverting Buck Boost - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 5.6.1. Inverting Buck Boost - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 5.6.2. Inverting Buck Boost - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Output Capacitor Current duringtt22 and tt33: ICo ,min,t2/3 = Imin Iout
Max. Output Capacitor Current duringtt22 and tt33: ICo ,max,t2/3 = Imax Iout
SEPIC
SEPIC TI.com/powertopologies
A Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) steps up/down an input voltage to a higher/lower output
voltage level. The energy is transferred to the output when the FET is not conducting.
Vout (1D)2
6.1. General frhpz = 2D 2 L1 Iout
Vout (1D)2
Right Half Plane Zero: frhpz = 2D 2 L1 Iout
1
Inductor L1 LRipple:
1 t2 = fswitch t1 IL1 ,ripple = Vin t1
L1
t1
L2 IL2 ,ripple = Vin
6.1.2. Discontinuous Conduction Mode. L2
1D
C1 VC ,ripple = Iin,avg 2Iout L1 L2 (Vout +Vf )fswitch (L1 +L2 )
FET on, increasing current:
1
t1C1=fswitch Vin fswitch (L1 +L2 )
2Iout L1 L2 (Vout +Vf )fswitch (L1 +L2 )
FET off, decreasing current: t2 = (Vout +Vf )fswitch (L1 +L2 )
Inductor L1LRipple:
1 IL1 ,ripple = Vin t1
L1
Inductor L2LRipple:
2 IL2 ,ripple = Vin t1
L2
L1
40 Power Topologies Handbook
TI.com/powertopologies SEPIC
6.2. Inductor L1
VC1 ,ripple
Max. Inductor Voltage during t2t: 2 VL1 ,max,t2 = Vout Vf + 2
The offset in DCM during t3tis dependent on the input voltage and can be positive or negative.
3
L2
VC1 ,ripple
t2 VL1 ,max,t2 = Vout Vf + 2
t3 VL1 ,t3 = 0V
t3
SEPIC TI.com/powertopologies
L2
Ci
6.3. Inductor L2 Ci
6.3.1. CCM.
L2 Ci
Ci
Figure 6.3.1. SEPIC - Inductor L2 Voltage Waveform in CCM
Ci
L2 Ci
Figure 6.3.2. SEPIC - Inductor L2 Current Waveform in CCM
IL2I
Min. Inductor Current: ItLt112 ,minIC=ii ,max,t
,min,t
Iout 11 =
= I min + Iin
,ripple
2
max
VC1 ,ripple
Min. Inductor Voltage during t1:t1 ICC1ii,avg
VL2 ,min,t
V = =in0A
=VVout 2
VC1 ,ripple
Max. Inductor Voltage during t1t:1 VC1i =
VL2 ,max,t = VVout
in + 2
Ci
6.3.2. DCM.
Ci L2
Ci
Figure 6.3.3. SEPIC - Inductor L2 Voltage Waveform in DCM
Ci
Ci L2
Figure 6.3.4. SEPIC - Inductor L2 Current Waveform in DCM
VC1 ,ripple
Min. Inductor Voltage during t1t:1 VIC1ii,avg
VL2 ,min,t =
in 0A
= VVout
= 2
VC1 ,ripple
Max. Inductor Voltage during t1t:1 VC1i =
VL2 ,max,t = VVout
in + 2
The offset in DCM during t3t3is dependent on the input voltage and can be positive or negative.
SEPIC TI.com/powertopologies
6.4. FET Q1
Q1
Q1
Figure 6.4.2. SEPIC - FET Q1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
6.5. Diode D1
D1
D1
Figure 6.5.2. SEPIC - Diode D1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
VC1 ,ripple
Max. Diode Voltage during t1t:1 VD1 ,max,t1 = Vin Vout + 2
C1
Figure 6.6.1. SEPIC - Coupling Capacitor C1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
C1
Figure 6.6.2. SEPIC - Coupling Capacitor C1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Coupling Capacitor Current during t1t:1 IC1 ,min,t1 = IL1 ,max If et,max
Max. Coupling Capacitor Current during t1t:1 IC1 ,max,t1 = IL1 ,min If et,min
Min. Coupling Capacitor Current during t2t:2 IC1 ,min,t2 = IL1 ,min
Max. Coupling Capacitor Current during t2t:2 IC1 ,max,t2 = IL1 ,max
VC1 ,ripple
Max. Coupling Capacitor Voltage: VC1 ,max = Vin + 2
Ci
Figure 6.7.1. SEPIC - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 6.7.2. SEPIC - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 6.8.1. SEPIC - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 6.8.2. SEPIC - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Output Capacitor Current during t2t2and t3t:3 ICo ,min,t2/3 = IL1 ,min + IL2 ,min Iout
Max. Output Capacitor Current during tt22and t3t:3 ICo ,max,t2/3 = IL1 ,max + IL2 ,max Iout
Cuk Converter
Cuk Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Cuk regulator converts a positive input voltage to a higher or lower negative output voltage level.
The energy is transferred to the output when the FET is not conducting.
7.1. General frhpz = 1
2 1D
L1 C1
1 1D
Right Half Plane Zero: frhpz = 2 L1 C1
(Vout Vf )Iout
Inductor L2LRipple:
2 Iin,avg = Vin IL2 ,ripple = Vin t1
L2
Inductor L1LRipple:
1 IL1 ,ripple = Vin t1
L1
Inductor L2LRipple:
2 IL2 ,ripple = Vin t1
L2
Coupling Capacitor CC
1 1Voltage Ripple: VC1 ,ripple = Iin,avg 1D
C1 fswitch
L1
50 Power Topologies Handbook
TI.com/powertopologies Cuk Converter
7.2. Inductor L1
VC1 ,ripple
Max. Inductor Voltage during t2t:2 VL1 ,max,t2 = Vout Vf + 2
The offset in DCM during t3t3is dependent on the input voltage and can be positive or negative.
L2
VV
CC ,ripple
,ripple
t2t2 VVLL1 1,max,t out
==VVout VVff++ 11
,max,t
22 22
t3t3
Cuk Converter TI.com/powertopologies
LL22
Ci
7.3. Inductor L2 Ci
7.3.1. CCM.
LL22 Ci
Ci
Figure 7.3.1. Cuk - Inductor L2 Voltage Waveform in CCM
Ci
LL22
Ci
Figure 7.3.2. Cuk - Inductor L2 Current Waveform in CCM
VV
Min. Inductor Voltage during tt11t:1 VVLL2 2,min,t
,min,t V1=
1I C= V
=VV=
in 0A
ii,avgout
out
CC ,ripple
11 ,ripple
22
VV
Max. Inductor Voltage during t11t:1 VVLL2 2,max,t VC=i V
1 1=
,max,t VVout
= in +
out + CC ,ripple
11 ,ripple
22
Ci
7.3.2. DCM.
LL2 2
Ci
Ci
Figure 7.3.3. Cuk - Inductor L2 Voltage Waveform in DCM
Ci
LL2 2
i C
Figure 7.3.4. Cuk - Inductor L2 Current Waveform in DCM
VV
Min. Inductor Voltage during tt11t: 1 VV
LL2 ,min,t I1=
1V
2 ,min,t C= V
=V out
V=
i ,avgout
in C1C,ripple
0A 1 ,ripple
22
VV
Max. Inductor Voltage during t11t:1 VV
LL2 ,max,t 1V
2 ,max,t1=
C=
i
V
=V
V in ++
out
out
C1
C,ripple
1 ,ripple
22
7.4. FET Q1
Q1
Q1
Figure 7.4.2. Cuk - FET Q1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
VC1 ,ripple
Max. FET Voltage during t2t:2 VQ1 ,max,t2 = Vin Vout + Vf + 2
7.5. Diode D1
D1
D1
Figure 7.5.2. Cuk - Diode D1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
VC1 ,ripple
Max. Diode Voltage during tt11: VD1 ,max,t1 = Vin + Vout + 2
C1
Figure 7.6.1. Cuk - Coupling Capacitor C1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
C1
Figure 7.6.2. Cuk - Coupling Capacitor C1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Coupling Capacitor Current during t1t:1 IC1 ,min,t1 = IL1 ,max If et,max
Max. Coupling Capacitor Current during t1t:1 IC1 ,max,t1 = IL1 ,min If et,min
Min. Coupling Capacitor Current during t2t:2 IC1 ,min,t2 = IL1 ,min
Max. Coupling Capacitor Current during t2t:2 IC1 ,max,t2 = IL1 ,max
VC1 ,ripple
Max. Coupling Capacitor Voltage: VC1 ,max = Vin Vout + 2
VC1 ,ripple
Coupling Capacitor Voltage during tt33: VC1 ,t3 = Vin Vout + 2
Ci
Figure 7.7.1. Cuk - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 7.7.2. Cuk - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 7.8.1. Cuk - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 7.8.2. Cuk - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Zeta Converter
Zeta Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Zeta converter steps up/down an input voltage to a higher/lower output voltage level.
The energy is transferred to the output when the switch is conducting.
8.1. General
Inductor L1LRipple:
1 IL1 ,ripple = Vin t1
L1
Inductor L2LRipple:
2 IL2 ,ripple = Vin t1
L2
Inductor L1LRipple:
1 IL1 ,ripple = Vin t1
L1
Inductor L2LRipple:
2 IL2 ,ripple = Vin t1
L2
1 1Voltage Ripple:
Coupling Capacitor CC VC1 ,ripple = Iin,avg 1D
C1 fswitch
L1
8.2. Inductor L1
VC1 ,ripple
Max. Inductor Voltage during t2t:2 VL1 ,max,t2 = Vout Vf + 2
L2
VV 1 ,ripple
t2t2 VVLL1 ,max,t
1 ,max,t
22
==V
Vout
outVVff++ CC1 ,ripple
22
t3t3 VVLL1 ,t
1 ,t
33
==0V
0V
t3t3
Zeta Converter TI.com/powertopologies
LL22
Ci
Ci
8.3. Inductor L2
8.3.1. CCM.
LL22 Ci
Ci
Figure 8.3.1. Zeta - Inductor L2 Voltage Waveform in CCM
Ci
LL22 Ci
Figure 8.3.2. Zeta - Inductor L2 Current Waveform in CCM
VV
Min. Inductor Voltage during t11t:1 VVLL2 2,min,t
VIC1 1i=
,min,t =VVout
,avg =
out0A
in
CC ,ripple
11 ,ripple
22
VV
Max. Inductor Voltage during t1t1: VVLL2 2,max,t
VC1 1i=
,max,t =VVout
in +
out + CC ,ripple
11 ,ripple
22
Ci
8.3.2. DCM.
Ci LL22
Ci
Ci
Ci LL22
Figure 8.3.4. Zeta - Inductor L2 Current Waveform in DCM
VV
Min. Inductor Voltage during tt11t: 1 VIC1 i1=
VVLL2 ,min,t
2 ,min,t
=
out0A
=VVout
,avg in CC1 ,ripple
1 ,ripple
22
VV
Max. Inductor Voltage during tt11t:1 VVLL2 ,max,t
CC1 ,ripple
1 ,ripple
VC1 1i==VVout
2 ,max,t in ++
out 22
8.4. FET Q1
Q1
Q1
Figure 8.4.2. Zeta - FET Q1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
VC1 ,ripple
Max. FET Voltage during t2t:2 VQ1 ,max,t2 = Vin + Vout + Vf + 2
8.5. Diode D1
D1
D1
Figure 8.5.2. Zeta - Diode D1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
VC1 ,ripple
Max. Diode Voltage during tt11: VD1 ,max,t1 = Vin Vout + 2
C1
Figure 8.6.1. Zeta - Coupling Capacitor C1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
C1
Figure 8.6.2. Zeta - Coupling Capacitor C1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Coupling Capacitor Current during t1t: 1 IC1 ,min,t1 = IL1 ,min + If et,min
Max. Coupling Capacitor Current during t1t:1 IC1 ,max,t1 = IL1 ,max + If et,max
Min. Coupling Capacitor Current during t2t: 2 IC1 ,min,t2 = IL1 ,max
Max. Coupling Capacitor Current during t2t:2 IC1 ,max,t2 = IL1 ,min
VC1 ,ripple
Max. Coupling Capacitor Voltage: VC1 ,max = Vout + 2
VC1 ,ripple
Coupling Capacitor Voltage during tt33: VC1 ,t3 = Vout 2
Ci
Figure 8.7.1. Zeta - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 8.7.2. Zeta - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,min,t1 = Iin,avg If et,max
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,max,t1 = Iin,avg If et,min
Input Capacitor Current during t22 and t3t:3 ICi ,t2/3 = Iin,avg
Co
Figure 8.8.1. Zeta - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 8.8.2. Zeta - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Flyback Converter
Flyback Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Flyback regulator converts an input voltage to a higher or lower, positive or negative output voltage level.
The energy is transferred to the output when the FET is not conducting.
L
9.1. General Ls = npp 2 1
(= 1
(Vout + Vf )
np
Vin
Ipri,max ns )f n
switch Lp ns Vin +(Vout +Vf ) nps
1
I L= V t
Secondary Inductance: Lsripple
= npp 2Lp in 1
( ns ) 2
frhpz = 1Vout (1D) s Iout
Primary Current Ripple: Iripple = L2DL
p
V in t 1
Vout (1D)2
Right Half Plane Zero: frhpz = 2DLs Iout
1
FET off, decreasing current:
np
t = fswitch t1
t1 2= fswitch
1
(Vout + Vf ) ns
Vin +(Vout +Vf ) np
n
s
(Vout +Vf )Iout
Min. Primary Current: Ipri,min
1 = 12 Iripple
t2 = fswitch t1fswitch t1
Vin
Max. Primary Current: Ipri,max =(VIout +Vf )I+
pri,min I 1
out ripple
Ipri,min = Vin fswitch t1 2 Iripple
n
Min. Secondary Current: Isec,min = Ipri,min ps
Ipri,max = Ipri,min + Inripple
np
Max. Secondary Current: Isec,max = (Ipri,minn+ Iripple ) ns
Isec,min = Ipri,min nps
(V +V )I
Average Input Current: Iin,avg = out Vinf out np
Isec,max = (Ipri,min + Iripple ) ns
Vout +Vf
t1 = 2 Iout Lp 2
fswitch Vin
9.1.2. Discontinuous Conduction Mode. np
V
in +(V
out f +V )
t2 = t1 (V +V ) np ns t1
out Vout
f +V
FET on, increasing current: t1 = 2 Iout Lp fswitchnVsf2
in
1
t3 = Vinf+(V t1 n p t2
out +Vf ) ns
switch
FET off, decreasing current: t2 = t1 (V +V ) np t1
out f ns
Ipri,min = 0A
FET off, no current: 1
t3 = fswitch t1 t2
Ipri,max = Iripple
Min. Primary Current: Ipri,min = 0A
Isec,min = 0A
Max. Primary Current: Ipri,max = Iripple
n
Isec,max = Ipri,max nps
Min. Secondary Current: Isec,min = 0A
(V +V )I
Iin,avg = out Vinf out
n
Max. Secondary Current: Isec,max = Ipri,max nps
(Vout +Vf )Iout
Average Input Current: Iin,avg = Vin
Vin
Switching frequency: fswitch,transition = 2
(Vout +Vf )Iout
Iin,avg = Vin 2 np
8Vin
V
+1 Iin Lp
ns out
Vin
FET on, increasing current:
2I
fswitch,transition
t1 = in,avg =Lp 8V
[ np V in 2
+ 1]
Vin 8V
ns in out
2 np +1 Iin Lp
Vout
ns
1
FET off, decreasing current: t2 =
fswitch,transition t1
2I
in,avg Lp 8Vin
t1 = Vin [ np + 1]
ns Vout
Min. Primary Current: Ipri,min = 0A
1
t2 = fswitch,transition t1
Max. Primary Current: Ipri,max = Iripple
Ipri,min = 0A
Min. Secondary Current: Isec,min = 0A
Ipri,max = Iripple
np
Max. Secondary Current: Isec,max = Ipri,max ns
Isec,min = 0A
np
Isec,max = Ipri,max ns
Np
Figure 9.2.1. Flyback - Primary Side Inductor Np Voltage Waveforms in CCM, DCM and Transition Mode
Np
Figure 9.2.2. Flyback - Primary Side Inductor Np Current Waveforms in CCM, DCM and Transition Mode
Ipri,min +Ipri,max
Average Primary Inductor Current: INp ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
9.3.1. CCM.
Ns
Ns
Figure 9.3.2. Flyback - Secondary Side Inductor Ns Current Waveform in CCM
1
Average Secondary Inductor Current: INs ,avg = 2 (Isec,max + Isec,min ) t2 fswitch
9.3.2. DCM.
Ns
Ns
Figure 9.3.5. Flyback - Secondary Side Inductor Ns Voltage Waveform in Transition Mode
Ns
Figure 9.3.6. Flyback - Secondary Side Inductor Ns Current Waveform in Transition Mode
9.4. FET Q1
Q1
Figure 9.4.1. Flyback - FET Q1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM, DCM and Transition Mode
Q1
Figure 9.4.2. Flyback - FET Q1 Current Waveforms in CCM, DCM and Transition Mode
9.5. Diode D1
D1
Figure 9.5.1. Flyback - Diode D1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM, DCM and Transition Mode
D1
Figure 9.5.2. Flyback - Diode D1 Current Waveforms in CCM, DCM and Transition Mode
9.6.1. CCM.
Ci
Figure 9.6.1. Flyback - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM, DCM and Transition Mode
Ci
Figure 9.6.2. Flyback - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM, DCM and Transition Mode
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,min,t1 = Ipri,max + Iin,avg
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,max,t1 = Ipri,min + Iin,avg
Co
Figure 9.7.1. Flyback - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM, DCM and Transition Mode
Co
Figure 9.7.2. Flyback - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM, DCM and Transition Mode
Min. Output Capacitor Current during t2 and t3t:3 ICo ,min,t2/3 = Isec,min Iout
Max. Output Capacitor Current during tt22 and t3t:3 ICo ,max,t2/3 = Isec,max Iout
Two Switch
Flyback Converter
Two Switch Flyback Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Two Switch Flyback regulator converts an input voltage to a higher or lower, positive or negative output
voltage level. The energy is transferred to the output when the FETs are not conducting.
Lp
Secondary Inductance: Ls = 22
( nnps )
Primary Current Ripple: Iripple = 11
Lp VV
inin t1t1
Vout (1D)2
Right Half Plane Zero: frhpz = 2DLs Iout
np
1 ns
t1 = fswitch (Vout + Vf ) Vin +(Vout +Vf ) np
n
s
1
t2 = fswitch t1
(Vout +Vf )Iout 1
Ipri,min = Vin fswitch t1 2 Iripple
np
Isec,max = (Ipri,min + Iripple ) ns
np
1
t1 = fswitch (Vout + Vf ) V +(V ns+V ) np
in out f
10.1.1. Continuous Conduction Mode.
ns
1
t2 = fswitch t1 np
1
FETs on, increasing current: t1 = fswitch (Vout + Vf ) V +(V ns+V ) np
in out f
(Vout +Vf )Iout 1 ns
Ipri,min = Vin fswitch t1 2 Iripple
FETs off, decreasing current: 1
t2 = fswitch t1
Ipri,max = Ipri,min + Iripple
(Vout +Vf )Iout
Min. Primary Current: Ipri,min = Vin f
1
t 2 Iripple
npswitch 1
Isec,min = Ipri,min ns
Max. Primary Current: Ipri,max = Ipri,min + Iripple
n
Isec,max = (Ipri,min + Iripple ) nps
np
Min. Secondary Current: Isec,min = Ipri,min ns
(V +V )I
Iin,avg = out Vinf out
n
Max. Secondary Current: Isec,max = (Ipri,min + Iripple ) nps
(Vout +Vf )Iout
Average Input Current: Iin,avg = Vin
Np
Figure 10.2.1. Two Switch Flyback - Primary Side Inductor Np Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Np
Figure 10.2.2. Two Switch Flyback - Primary Side Inductor Np Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ipri,min +Ipri,max
Average Primary Inductor Current: INp ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
Ns
Figure 10.3.1. Two Switch Flyback - Secondary Side Inductor Ns VoltageWaveforms in CCM and DCM
Ns
Figure 10.3.2. Two Switch Flyback - Secondary Side Inductor Ns Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Isec,max +Isec,min
Average Secondary Inductor Current: INs ,avg = 2 t2 fswitch
10.4. FET Q1 / Q2
Q1 Q2
Figure 10.4.1. Two Switch Flyback - FET Q1 / Q2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Q1 Q2
Figure 10.4.2. Two Switch Flyback - FET Q1 / Q2 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
10.5. Diode D1
D1
Figure 10.5.1. Two Switch Flyback - Diode D1 VoltageWaveforms in CCM and DCM
D1
Figure 10.5.2. Two Switch Flyback - Diode D1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 10.6.1. Two Switch Flyback - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 10.6.2. Two Switch Flyback - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,min,t1 = Ipri,max + Iin,avg
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,max,t1 = Ipri,min + Iin,avg
Input Capacitor Current during t22 and t3t:3 ICi ,t2/3 = Iin,avg
Co
Figure 10.7.1. Two Switch Flyback - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 10.7.2. Two Switch Flyback - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Output Capacitor Current during tt22 and t3t:3 ICo ,min,t2/3 = Isec,min Iout
Max. Output Capacitor Current during t22 and t3t:3 ICo ,max,t2/3 = Isec,max Iout
Active Clamp
Forward Converter
Active Clamp Forward Converter TI.com/powertopologies
An Active Clamp Forward regulator converts an input voltage to a higher or lower, positive or negative output
voltage level. The energy is transferred to the output when the FET is conducting.
11.1. General
Lp
Secondary Side Inductance: Ls = 2
( nnps )
ns
Inductor Current Ripple: Iripple = 1
L1 Vin np Vf Vout t1
1 Vout +Vf
t1 = fswitch ns
Vin n
11.1.1. Continuous Conduction Mode. p
1
t2 = fswitch t1
Vout +Vf
FET on, increasing current: 1
t1 = fswitch Vin ns
np t
Imag = Vin Lp
1
t1 fswitch
Clamping Voltage: Vclamp = 1t1 fswitch Vin
Vin ns
FET off, decreasing current: t2 = t1 (Vout +V
np
t1 Vout +Vf
f)
t1 = 2 Iout L1 ns
ns
fswitch Vin np Vf Vout (Vin n p
)
FET off, no current: 1
t3 = nfsswitch t1 t2
Vin np
(Vout +Vf ) t1
t2 = t1
Magnetization Current: Imag = Vin t1
Lp
1
t3 = fswitch t 1 t2
Min. Secondary Current: Isec,min = 0A
t1
Imag = Vin Lp
Max. Secondary Current: Isec,max = Iripple
Isec,min = 0A
Min. Primary Current: Ipri,min = 0A
Isec,max = Iripple
Max. Primary Current: Ipri,max = Isec,max nnps + 1
2 Imag
Ipri,min = 0A
(V +V )I
Average Input Current: Iin,avg = out Vinf out
ns
Ipri,max = Isec,max np + 12 Imag
t1 fswitch
Clamping Voltage: Vclamp = 1t f Vin
(Vout +Vf )Iout1 switch
Iin,avg = Vin
t1 fswitch
Vclamp = 1t1 fswitch Vin
Np
Figure 11.2.1. Active Clamp Forward - Primary Side Transformer Winding Voltage Np Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Np
Figure 11.2.2. Active Clamp Forward - Primary Side Transformer Winding Np Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ipri,min +Ipri,max
Average Primary Side Transformer Current: INp ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
Min. Primary Side Transformer Current duringtt22 and tt33: INp ,min,t2/3 = 12 Imag
1
Max. Primary Side Transformer Current duringtt22 and tt33: INp ,max,t2/3 = 2 Imag
Ns
Figure 11.3.1. Active Clamp Forward - Secondary Side Transformer Winding Ns Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ns
Figure 11.3.2. Active Clamp Forward - Secondary Side Transformer Winding Ns Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Isec,min +Isec,max
Average Secondary Side Transformer Current: INs ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
ns
Secondary Side Transformer Voltage during tt2=3:
2/3 VNs ,t2/3 = Vin np
11.4. Inductor L1
L1
Figure 11.4.1. Active Clamp Forward - Inductor L1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
L1
Figure 11.4.2. Active Clamp Forward - Inductor L1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Isec,max +Isec,min
Average Inductor Current: IL1 ,avg = 2 (t1 + t2 ) fswitch
11.5. FET Q1
Q1
Figure 11.5.1. Active Clamp Forward - FET Q1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Q1
Figure 11.5.2. Active Clamp Forward - FET Q1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Q2
Figure 11.6.1. Active Clamp Forward - Clamping FET Q2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Q2
Figure 11.6.2. Active Clamp Forward - Clamping FET Q2 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
1
Max. Clamping FET Curren during t2=3
2/3: IQ2 ,max = 2 Imag
C1
Figure 11.7.1. Active Clamp Forward - Clamping Capacitor C1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
C1
Figure 11.7.2. Active Clamp Forward - Clamping Capacitor C1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D1
Figure 11.8.1. Active Clamp Forward - Rectifier Diode D1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D1
Figure 11.8.2. Active Clamp Forward - Rectifier Diode D1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D2
Figure 11.9.1. Active Clamp Forward - Freewheeling Diode D2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D2
Figure 11.9.2. Active Clamp Forward - Freewheeling Diode D2 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 11.10.1. Active Clamp Forward - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 11.10.2. Active Clamp Forward - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,min,t1 = INp ,avg Itrans,pri,max
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,max,t1 = INp ,avg Itrans,pri,min
Input Capacitor Current during t2 and t3t:3 ICi ,t2/3 = INp ,avg
Co
Figure 11.11.1. Active Clamp Forward - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 11.11.2. Active Clamp Forward - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Output Capacitor Current during t3:t3 ICo ,t3 = IL1 ,min Iout
Single Switch
Forward Converter
Single Switch Forward Converter TI.com/powertopologies
p Nd
A Single Switch Forward regulator converts an input voltage to a higher or lower, positive or negative output
voltage level. The energy is transferred to the output when the FET is conducting. The turns ratio between
Np and Nd is assumed to be 1:1.
12.1. General
Lp
Secondary Side Inductance: Ls = 2
( nnps )
Inductor Current Ripple: Iripple = 1
L1 Vin ns
np Vf Vout t1
1 Vout +Vf
t1 = fswitch ns
Vin n p
td = t1
1
t2 = fswitch t1
Vin t1
Imag = Lp
1
Isec,min = Iout 2 Iripple
1
Isec,max = Iout + 2 Iripple
ns
Ipri,min = Isec,min np
ns
Ipri,max = Isec,max np + Imag
(Vout +Vf )Iout
Iin,avg = Vin
Demagnetization Time: td = t1
1
FET off, decreasing current: t2 = fswitch t1
Vin t1
Magnetization Current: Imag = Lp
1
Min. Secondary Current: Isec,min = Iout 2 Iripple
1
Max. Secondary Current: Isec,max = Iout + 2 Iripple
ns
Min. Primary Current: Ipri,min = Isec,min np
ns
Max. Primary Current: Ipri,max = Isec,max np + Imag
(Vout +Vf )Iout
Average Input Current: Iin,avg = Vin
Demagnetization Time:
Figure 12.2.1. Single Switch Forward - Primary Side Transformer Winding Np Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Figure 12.2.2. Single Switch Forward - Primary Side Transformer Winding Np Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ipri,min +Ipri,max
Average Primary Transformer Current: INp ,avg = ( 2 t1 ) fswitch
Ns
Figure 12.3.1. Single Switch Forward - Secondary Side Transformer Winding Ns Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Figure 12.3.2. Single Switch Forward - Secondary Side Transformer Winding Ns Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Isec,min +Isec,max
Average Secondary Transformer Current: INs ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
L1
ns
VNs ,max = Vin np
td VNs ,tad = 0V
t3 VNs ,t3 = 0V
Single Switch Forward Converter TI.com/powertopologies
L1
12.4. Inductor L1
L1
Figure 12.4.1. Single Switch Forward - Inductor L1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
L1
Figure 12.4.2. Single Switch Forward - Inductor L1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Isec,max +Isec,min
Average Inductor Current: IL1 ,avg = 2 (t1 + t2 ) fswitch
12.5. FET Q1
Figure 12.5.1. Single Switch Forward - FET Q1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Q1
Figure 12.5.2. Single Switch Forward - FET Q1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Nd
Figure 12.6.1. Single Switch Forward - Demagnetization Winding Nd Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Nd
Figure 12.6.2. Single Switch Forward - Demagnetization Winding Nd Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Imag
Average Demagnetization Winding Current: INd ,avg = 2 td fswitch
D3
Figure 12.7.1. Single Switch Forward - Demagnetization Diode D3 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D3
Figure 12.7.2. Single Switch Forward - Demagnetization Diode D3 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Imag
Average Demagnetization Diode Current: ID3 ,avg = 2 td fswitch
D1
Figure 12.8.1. Single Switch Forward - Rectifier Diode D1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D1
Figure 12.8.2. Single Switch Forward - Rectifier Diode D1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Isec,min +Isec,max
Average Rectifier Diode Current: ID1 ,avg = 2 t2 fswitch
D2
Figure 12.9.1. Single Switch Forward - Freewheeling Diode D2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D2
Figure 12.9.2. Single Switch Forward - Freewheeling Diode D2 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 12.10.1. Single Switch Forward - Input Capacitor Ci VoltageWaveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 12.10.2. Single Switch Forward - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,min,t1 = INp ,avg Ipri,max ID3 ,avg
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,max,t1 = INp ,avg Ipri,min ID3 ,avg
Min. Input Capacitor Current during tdt:d ICi ,min,td = INp ,avg ID3 ,avg
Max. Input Capacitor Current during tdt:d ICi ,max,td = INp ,avg ID3 ,avg + Imag
Input Capacitor Current after tdd: ICi ,tad = INp ,avg ID3 ,avg
Input Capacitor Current during tt33: ICi ,t3 = INp ,avg ID3 ,avg
Co
Figure 12.11.1. Single Switch Forward - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 12.11.2. Single Switch Forward - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Two Switch
Forward Converter
Two Switch Forward Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Two Switch Forward regulator converts an input voltage to a higher or lower, positive or negative output
voltage level. The energy is transferred to the output when the FETs are conducting.
13.1. General
Lp
Secondary Side Inductance: Ls = 2
( nnps )
Inductor Current Ripple: Iripple = 1
L1 Vin ns
np Vf Vout t1
1 Vout +Vf
t1 = fswitch ns
Vin n
13.1.1. Continuous Conduction Mode.
p
t = tV1out +Vf
1d
FETs on, increasing current: t1 = fswitch Vin n
ns
p
1
t2 = fswitch t1
Demagnetization Time: td = t1
t1
I
1 mag
= Vin Lp
FETs off, decreasing current: t2 = fswitch t1
1
IVsec,min
t
= Iout 2 Iripple
Magnetization Current: Imag = in
Lp
1
Demagnetization Time: t =t
d 1 Vout +Vf
t1 = 2 Iout L1
n
n
ns Vin n s Vf Vout (Vin n s )
fswitch
Vin n p p
FETs off, decreasing current: t2 = t1 p
(Vout +Vf ) t 1
td = t1
FETs off, no current (if tt22>>tdt):d 1
t3V = nfsswitch t1 t2
in np
t2 = t1 (Vout +Vf ) t1
1
t2):t2
FETs off, no current (if ttdd t3 = fswitch t1 td
1
t2 > td t3 = fswitch t1 t2
t1
Magnetization Current: Imag = Vin Lp
1
td t2 t3 = fswitch t1 td
Min. Secondary Current: Isec,min = 0A
t1
Imag = Vin Lp
Max. Secondary Current: Isec,max = Iripple
Isec,min = 0A
Min. Primary Current: Ipri,max = 0A
Isec,max = Iripple
Max. Primary Current: Ipri,max = Isec,max nnps + Imag
Ipri,max = 0A
(V +V )I
Average Input Current: Iin,avg = out Vinf out
ns
Ipri,max = Isec,max np + Imag
(Vout +Vf )Iout
Iin,avg = Vin
Np
Figure 13.2.1. Two Switch Forward - Primary Side Transformer Winding Np Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Np
Figure 13.2.2. Two Switch Forward - Primary Side Transformer Winding Np Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ns
Figure 13.3.1. Two Switch Forward - Secondary Side Transformer Winding Ns VoltageWaveforms in CCM and DCM
Ns
Figure 13.3.2. Two Switch Forward - Secondary Side Transformer Winding Ns Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Isec,min +Isec,max
Average Secondary Transformer Current: INs ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
ns
Max. Secondary Transformer Voltage: VNs ,max = Vin np
13.4. Inductor L1
L1
Figure 13.4.1. Two Switch Forward - Inductor L1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
L1
Figure 13.4.2. Two Switch Forward - Inductor L1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Isec,max +Isec,min
Average Inductor Current: Iind,avg = 2 (t1 + t2 ) fswitch
Q1 Q2
Figure 13.5.1. Two Switch Forward - FET Q1=Q2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Q1 Q2
Figure 13.5.2. Two Switch Forward - FET Q1=Q2 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
1
FET Voltage after tdt:d Q1 ,tad = 2 Vin
1
FET Voltage during t3t: 3 Q1/2 ,t3 = 2 Vin
D3 D4
Figure 13.6.1. Two Switch Forward - Demagnetization Diode D3=D4 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D3 D4
Figure 13.6.2. Two Switch Forward - Demagnetization Diode D3=D4 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Imag
Average Demagnetization Diode Current: ID3/4 ,avg = 2 td fswitch
D1
Figure 13.7.1. Two Switch Forward - Rectifier Diode D1 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D1
Figure 13.7.2. Two Switch Forward - Rectifier Diode D1 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D2
Figure 13.8.1. Two Switch Forward - Freewheeling Diode D2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
D2
Figure 13.8.2. Two Switch Forward - Freewheeling Diode D2 Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 13.9.1. Two Switch Forward - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Ci
Figure 13.9.2. Two Switch Forward - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1t: 1 ICi ,min,t1 = INp ,avg INp ,max ID3/4 ,avg
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1t: 1 ICi ,max,t1 = INp ,avg INp ,min ID3/4 ,avg
Min. Input Capacitor Current during tdt: d ICi ,min,t2/3 = INp ,avg ID3/4 ,avg
Max. Input Capacitor Current during tdt:d ICi ,max,t2/3 = INp ,avg ID3/4 ,avg + Imag
Input Capacitor Current after td: ICi ,tad = INp ,avg ID3/4 ,avg
Input Capacitor Current during t33: ICi ,t3 = INp ,avg ID3/4 ,avg
Co
Figure 13.10.1. Two Switch Forward - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 13.10.2. Two Switch Forward - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Push-Pull Converter
Push-Pull Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Push-Pull regulator converts an input voltage to a higher or lower, positive or negative output voltage level.
The energy is transferred to the output when the FETs are conducting.
14.1. General
Lp
Secondary Side Inductance: Ls = 2
( nnps )
V +Vf
Inductor Current Ripple: Iripple 11
ripple = L
V
(V in
in nss
V f V out ) t1Vout ns 1
L11 npp in np 2fswitch
Vin t1
Magnetization Current: Imag = Lp
1 Vout +Vf
t1 = 2fswitch ns
Vin n p
1
t2 = 2fswitch t1
1
Isec,min = Iout 2 Iripple
1
Isec,max = Iout + 2 Iripple
ns 1
Ipri,min = Isec,min np 2 Imag
ns 1
Ipri,max = Isec,max np + 2 Imag
(Vout +Vf )Iout
Iin,avg = Vin
Vin t1
Imag = Lp
TI.com/powertopologies Push-Pull Converter
Np1 Np2
Np1 Np2
Power Topologies Handbook 133
Push-Pull Converter TI.com/powertopologies
14.2.1. CCM.
Figure 14.2.1. Push-Pull - Primary Side Transformer Windings Np1 and Np2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM
Figure 14.2.2. Push-Pull - Primary Side Transformer Windings Np1 and Np2 Current Waveforms in CCM
Ipri,min +Ipri,max
Average Primary Side Transformer Current: INp1/p2 ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
Np1 Np2
14.2.2. DCM.
Np1 Np2
Figure 14.2.3. Push-Pull - Primary Side Transformer Windings Np1 and Np2 Voltage Waveforms in DCM
Np1 Np2
Figure 14.2.4. Push-Pull - Primary Side Transformer Windings Np1 and Np2 Current Waveforms in DCM
Ipri,max
Average Primary Transformer Current: INp1/p2 ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
np
Min. Primary Transformer Voltage during t3:t3 VNp1/p2 ,max,t3 = (Vout + Vf ) ns
Figure 14.3.1. Push-Pull - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM
Figure 14.3.2. Push-Pull - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Current Waveforms in CCM
Figure 14.3.3. Push-Pull - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Voltage Waveforms in DCM
Figure 14.3.4. Push-Pull - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Current Waveforms in DCM
Isec,min +Isec,max
Average Secondary Transformer Current: INs1/s2 ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
Ipri,max
Max. Secondary Transformer Current (t2t2of other FET): INs1/s2 ,max,t2 ,other = ns
2 n p
Min. Secondary Transformer Current (t2t2of FET, CCM): INs1/s2 ,min,t2 = Isec,min INs1/s2 ,min,t2 ,other
Max. Secondary Transformer Current (t2t2of FET): INs1/s2 ,max,t2 = Isec,max INs1/s2 ,max,t2 ,other
Max. Secondary Transformer Current during tt33: INs1/s2 ,max,t3 = INs1/s2 ,max,t2 ,other INs1/s2 ,max,t2
L1
L1
14.4. Inductor L1
Isec,max +Isec,min
Average Inductor Current: IL1 ,avg = 2
Q1 Q2
ns
VL1 ,max = Vin np Vout Vf
t3 VL1 ,t3 = 0V
Q1 Q2
TI.com/powertopologies Push-Pull Converter
14.5.1. CCM.
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
Figure 14.5.2. Push-Pull - FETs Q1 & Q2 Current Waveforms in CCM
14.5.2. DCM.
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
Figure 14.5.4. Push-Pull - FETs Q1 and Q2 Current Waveforms in DCM
Ipri,max
Max. Rectifier Diode Current
t2 (t2 of other FET): ID1/2 ,max,t2 ,other = ns
2 n p
Ci
Ci
Figure 14.7.1. Push-Pull - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Figure 14.7.2. Push-Pull - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1t: 1 ICi ,min,t1 = INp ,avg INp ,max
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,max,t1 = INp ,avg INp ,min
Input Capacitor Current during t22 and t3t:3 ICi ,t2/3 = INp ,avg
Co
ICi ,avg = 0A
VCi = Vin
Co
Figure 14.8.1. Push-Pull - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 14.8.2. Push-Pull - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Output Capacitor Current during t3t:3 ICo ,min,t3 = Isec,min Iout
Max. Output Capacitor Current during t3t:3 ICo ,max,t3 = INs ,max,t3 Iout
Weinberg Converter
Weinberg Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Weinberg regulator is a Flyback current fed Push-Pull regulator and converts an input voltage to a higher or
lower, positive or negative output voltage level. The energy is transferred to the output both when the FETs
are conducting and not conducting.
15.1. General
Lp,pushpull
Secondary Side Inductance (Push-Pull): Ls,pushpull = n
( np )2
s
Lp,f lyback
Secondary Side Inductance (Flyback): Ls,f lyback = n
( np )2
s
n
(Vin (Vout +Vf ) np )t1
Inductor Current Ripple: Iripple = Lp,f lyback
s
n
(Vout +Vf ) np t
s 1
Magnetization Current: Imag = Lp,pushpull
1
FET off, decreasing current: t2 = 2fswitch t1
(Vout +Vf )Iout 1
Average Input Pulse Current: Iin,pulse,avg = Vin 2D
Iripple
Min. Primary Current: Ipri,min = Iin,pulse,avg 2
Iripple
Max. Primary Current: Ipri,max = Iin,pulse,avg + 2
Np
15.2.1. CCM.
Np
Figure 15.2.1. Weinberg - Primary Side Flyback Inductor Np Voltage Waveform in CCM
Np
Figure 15.2.2. Weinberg - Primary Side Flyback Inductor Np Current Waveform in CCM
Ipri,min +Ipri,max
Average Primary Flyback Inductor Current: INp ,avg = 2 t1 2 fswitch
np
Max. Primary Flyback Inductor Voltage: VNp i,max = Vin (Vout + Vf ) ns
15.3.1. CCM.
Ns
Figure 15.3.1. Weinberg - Secondary Side Flyback Inductor Ns Voltage Waveform in CCM
Ns
Figure 15.3.2. Weinberg - Secondary Side Flyback Inductor Ns Current Waveform in CCM
np
Min. Secondary Flyback Transformer Current: INs ,min = Ipri,min ns
np
Max. Secondary Flyback Transformer Current: INs ,max = Ipri,max ns
ns
Max. Secondary Flyback Transformer Voltage: VNs ,max = VNp ,min np
15.4.1. CCM.
Np1 Np2
Figure 15.4.1. Weinberg - Primary Side Push-Pull Transformer Windings Np1 and Np2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM
Np1 Np2
Figure 15.4.2. Weinberg - Primary Side Push-Pull Transformer Windings Np1 and Np2 Current Waveforms in CCM
Ipri,min +Ipri,max
Average Primary Push-Pull Transformer Current: INp1/p2 ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
np
Max. Primary Push-Pull Transformer Voltage: VNp1/p2 ,max = (Vout + Vf ) ns
15.5.1. CCM.
Figure 15.5.1. Weinberg - Secondary Side Push-Pull Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM
Figure 15.5.2. Weinberg - Secondary Side Push-Pull Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Current Waveforms in CCM
(1D)I(1D)I np np
Min. Secondary Push-Pull Transformer Current during tt11:
mag
ItN1s1/s2I,min,t
Ns1/s2 = (Ipri,min
1 ,min,t 1 = (Ipri,min
+ +2 )2 mag
ns ) ns
(1+D)I(1+D)I np np
Max. Secondary Push-Pull Transformer Current during tt11:
mag
INt1s1/s2I,max,t = (Ipri,min
Ns1/s21,max,t1
= (Ipri,min 2 )2 mag
ns ) ns
ns ns
Max. Secondary Push-Pull Transformer Voltage: VNs1/s2V,max =,max
Ns1/s2 VNp1/p2
= V,max ,max
Np1/p2 np np
15.6.1. CCM.
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
Figure 15.6.2. Weinberg - FET Q1 and Q2 Current Waveforms in CCM
15.7.1. CCM.
D1 D2
Figure 15.7.1. Weinberg - Push-Pull Rectifier Diodes D1 and D2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM
D1 D2
Figure 15.7.2. Weinberg - Push-Pull Rectifier Diodes D1 and D2 Current Waveforms in CCM
Min. Rectifier Diode Current during t1t:1 ID1/2 ,min,t1 = INs1/s2 ,min,t1
Max. Rectifier Diode Current during tt11: ID1/2 ,max,t1 = INs1/s2 ,max,t1
Min. Rectifier Diode Current during t2t:2 ID1/2 ,min,t2 = INs1/s2 ,min,t2
Max. Rectifier Diode Current during tt22: ID1/2 ,max,t2 = INs1/s2 ,max,t2
ns
Min. Rectifier Diode Voltage: VD1/2 ,min = 2 VNp1/p2 ,min np
15.8.1. CCM.
D3
D3
Figure 15.8.2. Weinberg - Flyback Demagnetization Diode D3 Current Waveform in CCM
Min. Demagnetization Diode Current during t2t:2 ID3 ,min,t2 = INs ,min
Max. Demagnetization Diode Current during t2t:2 ID3 ,max,t2 = INs ,max
15.9.1. CCM.
Ci
Ci
Figure 15.9.2. Weinberg - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveform in CCM
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1:t1 ICi ,min,t1 = INp ,avg INp1/p2 ,max
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1t: 1 ICi ,max,t1 = INp ,avg INp1/p2 ,min
15.10.1. CCM.
Co
Co
Figure 15.10.2. Weinberg - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveform in CCM
Min. Output Capacitor Current during t1:t1 ICo ,min,t1 = ID1/2 ,min,t1 Iout
Max. Output Capacitor Current during t1t: 1 ICo ,max,t1 = ID1/2 ,max,t1 Iout
Min. Output Capacitor Current during t2:t2 ICo ,min,t2 = ID3 ,min,t2 + ID1/2 ,min,t2 Iout
Max. Output Capacitor Current during t2t: 2 ICo ,max,t2 = ID3 ,max,t2 + ID1/2 ,max,t2 Iout
Half-Bridge Converter
Half-Bridge Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Half-Bridge regulator converts an input voltage to a higher or lower, positive or negative output voltage level.
The energy is transferred to the output when the FETs are conducting.
15.1. General
Lp
Secondary Side Inductance: Ls = 2
( nnps )
Inductor Current Ripple: Iripple = LL1111 ( 1212 VVin
ripple =
nnss
in nnpp
VVff VVout
Vout +Vf
out ) 1t1Vin ns
1
2fswitch
2 np
1 Vout +Vf
t1 = fswitch ns
Vin n
16.1.1. Continuous Conduction Mode. p
1
t2 = 2fswitch t1
Vout +Vf
FET on, increasing current: 1
t1 = fswitch Vin ns
n
Isec,minp = Iout 12 Iripple
FET off, decreasing current: 1
t2 = 2fswitch t1
Isec,max = Iout + 12 Iripple
Min. Secondary Current: Isec,min = Iout 12 Iripple
Ipri,min = Isec,min nnps 12 Imag
Max. Secondary Current: Isec,max = Iout + 12 Iripple
Ipri,max = Isec,max nnps + 12 Imag
Min. Primary Current: Ipri,min = Isec,min nnps 12 Imag
(V +V )I
Iin,avg = out Vinf out
Max. Primary Current: ns
Ipri,max = Isec,max np + 12 Imag
(Vout +Vf )Iout
Average Input Current: Iin,avg = Vin
Np
Figure 16.2.1. Half-Bridge - Primary Side Transformer Winding Np Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Np
Figure 16.2.2. Half-Bridge - Primary Side Transformer Winding Np Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Figure 16.3.1. Half-Bridge - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM
Figure 16.3.2. Half-Bridge - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Current Waveforms in CCM
Figure 16.3.3. Half-Bridge - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Voltage Waveforms in DCM
Figure 16.3.4. Half-Bridge - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Current Waveforms in DCM
Ipri,max
Max. Secondary Current (tt22of other FET): INs1/s2 ,max,t2 ,other = ns
2 n p
Min. Secondary Current (tt22of FET, CCM): INs1/s2 ,min,t2 = Isec,min INs1/s2 ,min,t2 ,other
Max. Secondary Current (tt22of FET): INs1/s2 ,max,t2 = Isec,max INs1/s2 ,max,t2 ,other
Max. Secondary Current (tt33of other FET): INs1/s2 ,max,t3 ,other = INs1/s2 ,max,t2 ,other INs1/s2 ,max,t2
L1
L1
16.4. Inductor L1
Isec,max +Isec,min
Average Inductor Current: IL1 ,avg = 2
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
Ipri,min +Ipri,max
Average FET Current: IQ1/2 ,avg = 2 t1 fswitch
np
Max. FET Voltage during t3:t3 Q1/2 ,max,t3 = Vin
2 + (Vout + Vf ) ns
Min. Rectifier Diode Current (t1t1of FET): ID1/2 ,min = INs1/s2 ,min
Max. Rectifier Diode Current (tt11of FET): ID1/2 ,max = INs1/s2 ,max
Min. Rectifier Diode Current (t2t2of other FET): ID1/2 ,min,t2 ,other = INs1/s2 ,min,t2 ,other
Max. Rectifier Diode Current (tt22of other FET): ID1/2 ,max,t2 ,other = INs1/s2 ,max,t2 ,other
Min. Rectifier Diode Current (t2t2of FET): ID1/2 ,min,t2 = INs1/s2 ,min,t2
Max. Rectifier Diode Current (tt22of FET): ID1/2 ,max,t2 = INs1/s2 ,max,t2
Min. Rectifier Diode Current (t3t3of other FET): ID1/2 ,min,t3 ,other = INs1/s2 ,min,t3
Max. Rectifier Diode Current (tt33of other FET): ID1/2 ,max,t3 ,other = INs1/s2 ,max,t3
C1 C2
C1 C2
C1 C2
C1 C2
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1:t1 IC1/2 ,min,t1 = IQ1/2 ,avg INp ,max
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1:t1 IC1/2 ,max,t1 = IQ1/2 ,avg INp ,min
Co
16.8. Output Capacitor Co
Co
Figure 16.8.1. Half-Bridge - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Figure 16.8.2. Half-Bridge - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Min. Output Capacitor Current during t3: t3 ICo ,min,t3 = Isec,min Iout
Max. Output Capacitor Current during t3: t3 ICo ,max,t3 = INs1/s2 ,max,t3 Iout
Full-Bridge Converter
Full-Bridge Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Full-Bridge regulator converts an input voltage to a higher or lower, positive or negative output voltage level.
The energy is transferred to the output when the FETs are conducting.
17.1. General
Lp
Secondary Side Inductance: Ls = 2
( nnps )
11 nss Vout +Vf
Inductor Current Ripple: Iripple = L
L11 in npp Vf Vout ) t1Vin ns
(VVin 1
2fswitch
np
Vin t1
Magnetization Current: Imag = Lp
1 Vout +Vf
t1 = 2fswitch ns
Vin n
17.1.1. Continuous Conduction Mode. p
1
t2 = 2fswitch t1
Vout +Vf
FETs on, increasing current: 1
t1 = 2fswitch Vin ns
n
Isec,min =p Iout 12 Iripple
FETs off, decreasing current: 1
t2 = 2fswitch t1
Isec,max = Iout + 12 Iripple
Min. Secondary Current: Isec,min = Iout 12 Iripple
Ipri,min = Isec,min nnps 12 Imag
Max. Secondary Current: Isec,max = Iout + 12 Iripple
Ipri,max = Isec,max nnps + 12 Imag
Min. Primary Current: Ipri,min = Isec,min nnps 12 Imag
(V +V )I
Iin,avg = out Vinf out
Max. Primary Current: ns
Ipri,max = Isec,max np + 12 Imag
(Vout +Vf )Iout
Average Input Current: Iin,avg = Vin
Np
Figure 17.2.1. Full-Bridge - Primary Side Transformer Winding Np Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Np
Figure 17.2.2. Full-Bridge - Primary Side Transformer Winding Np Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Figure 17.3.1. Full-Bridge - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM
Figure 17.3.2. Full-Bridge - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Current Waveforms in CCM
Figure 17.3.3. Full-Bridge - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Voltage Waveforms in DCM
Figure 17.3.4. Full-Bridge - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Current Waveforms in DCM
Ipri,max
Max. Secondary Transformer Current (tt22 of other FET): INs1/s2 ,max,t2 ,other = ns
2 n
p
Min. Secondary Transformer Current (tt22of FET, CCM): INs1/s2 ,min,t2 = Isec,min INs1/s2 ,min,t2 ,other
Max. Secondary Transformer Current (tt22 of FET): INs1/s2 ,max,t2 = Isec,max INs1/s2 ,max,t2 ,other
Min. Secondary Transformer Current (tt33of other FET): INs1/s2 ,min,t3 ,other = 0A
Max. Secondary Transformer Current (tt33 of other FET): INs1/s2 ,max,t3 ,other = INs1/s2 ,max,t2 ,other Itrans,sec,max,t2
ns
Max. Secondary Transformer Voltage: VNs1/s2 ,max = Vin np
L1
L1
17.4. Inductor L1
Isec,max +Isec,min
Average Inductor Current: IL1 ,avg = 2 (t1 + t2 ) fswitch
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Figure 17.5.1. Full-Bridge - FETs Q1=Q3 and Q2=Q4 Voltage Waveforms in CCM
Figure 17.5.2. Full-Bridge - FETs Q1=Q3 and Q2=Q4 Current Waveforms in CCM
Figure 17.5.3. Full-Bridge - FETs Q1=Q3 and Q2=Q4 Voltage Waveforms in DCM
Figure 17.5.4. Full-Bridge - FETs Q1=Q3 and Q2=Q4 Current Waveforms in DCM
Q1 Q3 Q2 Q4
Max. FET Voltage during t1 (tt11 oft1 other FET): VQ1/2/3/4 ,max,t1 = Vin
Min. Rectifier Diode Current (t1t1of FET): ID1/2 ,min = INs1/s2 ,min
Max. Rectifier Diode Current (t1t1of FET): ID1/2 ,max = INs1/s2 ,max
Min. Rectifier Diode Current (t2t2of other FET): ID1/2 ,min,t2 ,other = INs1/s2 ,min,t2 ,other
Max. Rectifier Diode Current (t2t2of other FET): ID1/2 ,max,t2 ,other = INs1/s2 ,max,t2 ,other
Min. Rectifier Diode Current (t2t2of FET): ID1/2 ,min,t2 = INs1/s2 ,min,t2
Max. Rectifier Diode Current (t2t2of FET): ID1/2 ,max,t2 = INs1/s2 ,max,t2
Min. Rectifier Diode Current (t3t3of other FET): ID1/2 ,min,t3 ,other = INs1/s2 ,min,t3
Max. Rectifier Diode Current (t3t3of other FET): ID1/2 ,max,t3 ,other = INs1/s2 ,max,t3
Ci
Ci
Ci
Figure 17.7.1. Full-Bridge - Input Capacitor Ci Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Figure 17.7.2. Full-Bridge - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1: t1 ICi ,min,t1 = 2 IQ1/2/3/4 ,avg Ipri,max
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1: t1 ICi ,max,t1 = 2 IQ1/2/3/4 ,avg Ipri,min
Co
Co
182 Power Topologies Handbook
t1 ICi ,max,t1 = 2 IQ1/2/3/4 ,avg Ipri,min
ICi ,avg = 0A
VCi = Vin
Co
Figure 17.8.1. Full-Bridge - Output Capacitor Co Voltage Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Co
Figure 17.8.2. Full-Bridge - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveforms in CCM and DCM
Min. Output Capacitor Current during t3: t3 ICo ,min,t3 = Isec,min Iout
Max. Output Capacitor Current during t3:t3 ICo ,max,t3 = INs1/s2 ,max,t3 Iout
Phase-Shifted
Full-Bridge Converter
Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Converter TI.com/powertopologies
A Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge regulator converts an input voltage to a higher or lower, positive or negative
output voltage level. The energy is transferred to the output when the switches in one leg are both conducting.
Calculations are made for Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) between 50% and 100% load.
18.1. General
Lp
Secondary Side Inductance: Ls = 2
( nnps )
Voltage across primary Transformer Main Winding: VNp = Vin
Lp
Lp +Lsh
V
Inductor Current Ripple: Iripple = LL1111 (V
ripple =
nsns V V
pn
N p n
Vin p
Vf fVout out t+V
)Vout
in
f
1ns
1
2fswitch
np
Phaseshift-time: t3 = 1
2fswitch t1
Np
186 Power Topologies Handbook
TI.com/powertopologies Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Converter
18.2.1. CCM.
Figure 18.2.1. Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge - Primary Side Transformer Winding Np Voltage Waveform in CCM
Figure 18.2.2. Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge - Primary Side Transformer Winding Np Current Waveform in CCM
Ns1 Ns2
Ns1
VNp ,max
VNp ,max
= VN=p
VNp
18.3.1. CCM.
Ns1 Ns1
Ns2 Ns2
Figure 18.3.1. Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Voltage Waveforms
in CCM
Ns1 Ns1
Ns2 Ns2
Figure 18.3.2. Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge - Secondary Side Transformer Windings Ns1 and Ns2 Current Waveforms
in CCM
18.4. Inductor L1
18.4.1. CCM.
L1
L1
Figure 18.4.2. Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge - Inductor L1 Current Waveform in CCM
Isec,max +Isec,min
Average Inductor Current: IL1 ,avg = 2
18.5.1. CCM.
t1 Max. FET
IQ1/2/3/4 Current
,min (t1 tof
= Ipri,min 1 FET, all FETs): IQ1/2/3/4 ,max = Ipri,max
t1 Max.
IQ3/4 FET
,min,t
1/2/3/4 ,maxCurrent
ph
= (freewheeling,
= IINpri,max
p ,min t1 Q3 & Q4): IQ1/2/3/4
3/4 ,max,t
,max
ph
= IN p ,max
pri,max
Min. FET ph
IQ3/4 ,max,t
,min,t Current
ph = IN (freewheeling, Q1 & Q2):
= INpp,min
,max IQ3/4
1/2 ,min,tph
= II
NpN p ,max
,min
Max.
IQ1/2 FETph
3/4 ,min,t
,max,t Current
ph
= I
= p(freewheeling,
INpN,max
,max Q1 & Q2): IQ3/4
1/2 ,max,tph
= II
NpN p ,min
,max
Min. FET,max
VQ1/2/3/4 Voltage:
,min = 0V
= Vin VQ1/2/3/4 ,min = 0V
D1 D2
Max. FET
VQ1/2/3/4 Voltage:
,max = Vin VQ1/2/3/4 ,max = Vin
D1 D2
D1 D2 D1 D2
D1 D2
D1 D2
D1 D2 D1 D2
D1 D2
D1 D2
D1 D2 D1 D2
Power Topologies Handbook 191
ID1/2 ,avg = INs1/s2 ,avg
VQ1/2/3/4 ,min = 0V
D1 D2
18.6.1. CCM.
D1 D2
Figure 18.6.1. Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge - Rectifier Diodes D1 and D2 Voltage Waveforms in CCM
D1 D2
Figure 18.6.2. Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge - Rectifier Diodes D1 and D2 Current Waveforms in CCM
18.7.1. CCM.
Ci
Ci
Figure 18.7.2. Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge - Input Capacitor Ci Current Waveform in CCM
Min. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,min,t1 = 2 Iin,avg INp ,max
Max. Input Capacitor Current during t1t:1 ICi ,max,t1 = 2 Iin,avg INp ,min
18.8.1. CCM.
Co
Co
Figure 18.8.2. Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge - Output Capacitor Co Current Waveform in CCM
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