SHIP PRODUCTION COMMITTEE June 1977

FACILITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS NSRP 0003

SURFACE PREPARATION AND COATINGS
DESIGN/PRODUCTION INTEGRATION
HUMAN RESOURCE INNOVATION
MARINE INDUSTRY STANDARDS
WELDING
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
EDUCATION AND TRAINING

THE NATIONAL
SHIPBUILDING
RESEARCH
PROGRAM

Proceedings of the REAPS

Technical Symposium

Paper No. 19:

The SFI Coding and Classification
System for Ship Information

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

CARDEROCK DIVISION,
NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER
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 THE SFI CODING AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
FOR SHIP INFORMATION

Antonio Manchinu
and
Frank McConnell
Shipping Research Services, Inc.
Alexandria, Virginia

Mr. Manchinu is General Manager of SRS, Inc. In the past he managed

the Management and Control Section of SRS A/S in Norway; served as project
leader for studies of shipyard modernization, cost estimation, construc-
tion scheduling, planning; and worked as a production engineer. He has a
B.SC. degree in Industrial Engineering and Economics from the Horten In-
stitute of Technology in Norway.

Frank McConnell is a senior consultant. Before joining SRS he man-

aged the Program Planning and Manufacturing Engineering groups at Ingalls
Shipbuilding. He has a B.S.M.E. degree from Lehigh University and is a
former member of the Ship Production Committee.
319
This paper is about a classification system, or group, account, charge or what-
ever you call it in your organization. What is different about this system is
that it was developed by a group of shipbuilders and shipping companies under
the leadership of their national, non-profit research association. When com-
pleted and field tested, it was adopted by all members of the maritime community,
both public and private. This country was Norway.

Today no one in Norway uses any other system for ship breakdown. In addition, the
system is gathering a worldwide following.

The system is called the SFI Group System.

The SFI Group System is a classification system for ship technical and cost in-
formation.

During the life cycle of a ship - from conceptual design through detailed design
and construction to operation and maintenance - much information must be exchanged

320
SRS SHIPPING RESEARCH SERVICES INC.
within an organization and between organizations. During the sixties, Norwegian
shipbuilding was booming. In addition, electronic data processing had come into
its own. Naval architects, shipbuilders, ship owners, regulatory bodies and
marine suppliers were looking for a common ground for specification indexing,
drawing, numbering and cost accounting.

The Norwegian shipbuilders took the lead, primarily because they were subcon-
tracting to each other, and asked their national research association to sponsor
an effort to develop a common ship breakdown system. The SFI Group System was,
thus, sponsored by the Ship Research Institute of Norway.

The system was developed primarily by shipyards. It was correctly assumed to be

difficult enough to create unanimity among the yards without involving other par-
ties. Several yards provided representatives to help in the development of the
SFI Group System lending expertise in estimating, engineering, planning, purchas-
ing, production and EDP. The shipyard representatives were from a broad spectrum
of the industry with experience in building ships of all types and sizes. Among
the major contributors was the Aker Group - with which my firm is proud to be
associated - and which brought the world numerically controlled burning and com-
puter-aided lofting.

During the development phase, ship owners provided input to the working committee
and were, in fact, the first to test the system as a maintenance code on board
different types of ships - from cargo liners to North Sea trawlers. The exper-
ience gained from ship owners was very valuable.

The SFI Group System development was completed and tested in a pilot yard in 1972.
The test not only checked the comprehensiveness of the system but provided an

SHIPPING RESEARCH SERVICES INC. 321

SRS
opportunity to analyze routines associated with the use of the system. As might
be expected, the routines and procedures in any particular shipyard might not ac-
commodate a given system and it was important to check the systems flexibility.

At the end of the test period, minor changes were made and the SFI Group System
was adopted by the Norwegian maritime community. Each user has a contact
who stays in touch with the Ship Research Institute concerning changes in ship
technology that might affect the system. The Norwegian Ship Research Institute,
or NSFI, maintains and revises the system as necessary to accommodate new technology.

The basic criteria for designing the SFI Group System were:

1. that it must be applicable to all users

2. that it must be applicable to all types of ships
3. that it must be simple and easy to understand
4. that it must be capable of future expansion.

As shipbuilders had first crack at designing the system, the immediate argument
that had to be resolved was whether the system was to be function oriented or
Production oriented. This argument, although interesting, is moot. Production
methods change within a shipyard and certainly are different from shipyard to
shipyard. Engineering and estimating simply cannot accommodate a production-
oriented ship breakdown system whereas production can accommodate a function-
oriented ship breakdown.

The SFI Group System is, thus, a function-oriented system. Classification so-
cieties, ship owners and naval architects would be lost with a production-
oriented system.

SHIPPING RESEARCH SERVlCES INC.

322
S R S
In fact, it is rigorously functionally oriented. Components as well as piping
are found under the same account number for a given ships system. Electric
motors for pumps are not segregated but are grouped with the driven component.
The SFI Group System is designed to conform to a logical ships specification,
to accurately collect direct costs during the design, planning and production
phases, and to organize the return costs in a way that they can easily be used
as a basis for estimating the cost of similar ships in the future.

The SFI Group System is built up as a three-digit decimal classification system

with ten main groups at the highest level. At this time only eight main groups
are in use. Each of the main groups (one digit numbers) consist of ten groups
(two digit numbers) and each group is further subdivided into ten subgroups
(three digit numbers). Hence, the structure of the Group System numbers is as
follows:

Groups
Subgroups

The main groups are used as follows:

SRS SHIPPING RESEARCH SERVICES NC.

323
 special purpose.

1: Ship General
Includes costs which cannot be charged to any specific function on
board, such as launching, trial trips, guarantee work.

2: Hull
Includes hull and superstructure as well as cleaning and painting of
the ship.

3: Equipment for Cargo

Includes equipment and systems concerning the ships cargo, such as
hatches, cargo winches, cargo pumps and piping.

4: Ship Equipment
Comprises equipment and systems which normally are peculiar to ships,
such as navigation equipment, anchoring equipment. It also includes
fishing equipment and weapon systems along with other working equip-
ment for special types of ships.

5: Equipment for Crew and Passengers

Includes equipment and systems which serve crew and passengers, such
as furniture, elevators, hotel systems.

6: Machinery Main Components

Comprises the primary components in the engine room, such as main en-
gine, boilers, auxiliary engines.

SRS SHIPPING RESEARCH SERVICES INC. 324

 7: Systems for Machinery Main Components
Includes main propulsion systems, such as fuel and lube oil systems,
starting air system, exhaust systems.

8: Ship Systems
Comprises auxiliary systems, such as bilge and ballast systems, fire
fighting and wash down systems, electrical distribution systems.

As an example, the freezing system for dry cargo would be derived from:

Main Group 3 : Equipment for Cargo

Group 36 : Freezing, Refrigerating and Heating Systems for Cargo
Subgroup 362: Freezing and Refrigerating Systems for Dry Cargo

Illustrations of how this is presented in the SFI Group System book are:

the main group 3 matrix (see Figure 1)

the subgroup 362 description (see Figure 2)

Note that the description of each subgroup shows what that subgroup does not
include as well as what it does include.

The SFI Group System book contains several parts. There is a six-page guide to
use of the system follcwed by a matrix showing the 100 possible two-digit groups.
This is followed by a chapter for each main group. These chapters begin with a

325
SRS SHIPPING RESEARCH SERVICES INC.
 EQUIPMENT FOR CARGO

35 36 37 39
LOADING AND FREEZING, RE-
FRIGERATING
GAS/VENTILA-
TION SYSTEMS SYSTEMS AND
DISCHARGING
SYSTEMS FOR AND HEATING FOR CARGO EQUIPMENT
SYSTEMS FOR HOLDS/TANKS. FOR CARGO.
CARGO.

350 360 370 380 390

351 361 371 381 391

Loading and Insulation and Ventilation Sounding. control
discharging sheathing of systems for and operating
pumps. cargo holds refrigerated equipment for
and tanks. cargo holds. cargo systems.

352 362 372 382 392

Loading and Freezing and closed Cycle Tank cleaning
discharging refrigerating mechanical systems and
systems on deck systems for ventilation equipment.
systems for
cargo holds.
363 373 383 393
Loading and dis- Direct cooling Open ventilation Lifting gear for
charging systems systems for systems for
in pump rooms. liquid cargo. cargo holds.

364 374 384 394

Loading and dis- Cascade cooling Ventilation/gas Separate cooling
charging systems systems for freeing systems water systems
L in cargo tanks. liquid cargo. for tanks. for cargo
Wind sails with equipment.
equipment.
355 365 Blow-off 375 385 395
Loading and dis- Indirect cooling/ systems from insulation drying
charging systems heating systems safety valves system for cargo
for LPG, LNG, for cargo (cargo (from pressure/ holds and tanks.
etc. in gaseous oil heating, etc.). vecuum valves
and similar).
356 366 376 Equipment 386 396
Separate Inert gas systems for addition/porti-
stripping system. with conditioning oning of preserva-

substances. inhi-
bitors. spirits. etc .
357 367 377 387 397
Fuel gas system Special structures
with conditioning for loading/dis-
plant. charging over
sternistem.

358 368 378 388 398

359 369 379 389 399

PARTIAL MAIN GROUP 3 MATRIX

Figure 1
326
SFI GROUP SYSTEM JAN. 73
36 Freezing, refrigerating and heating systems for cargo
362 FREEZING AND REFRIGERATING SYSTEMS FOR DRY CARGO
Freezing and refrigerating systems tar dry cargo (e.g. fruit, vegetables,
meat, etc.) and also for dry cargo and provisions combined, including such
as:
Refrigeration machinery with compressors including drive units, con-
densers, evaporators, cooling batteries, oil separators, driers, etc.
Circulation system (for brine, ammonia, Freon or similar) with circu-
Iation pumps, valves, insulation, pipes, etc.
Fans for circulation by/through cooling batteries.
Drip water trays with drain pipes.
Also included here is the refrigeration machinery (which follows the ship)
for containers, with connection hoses and associated machinery as stated
above, together with refrigeration machinery for plate freezers, for freez-
ing tunnel, for ice production and far RSW plant (Note! see also Ref.) with
associated machinery as stated above.
Ref: Containers with separate refrigeration machinery (which follows
the container) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Insulation of cargo holds and tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Ventilation plant with ozone generator, etc. for refrigerated cargo
holds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
dity, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Supply lines from separate cooling water system for cargo equip-
. . . . . . . . 384
RSW plant (seawater part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Plate freezers, freezing tunnel (in factory plant for fish, etc.) . . . . 468
Refrigeration machinery for provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Supply lines from the ships main cooling water system for thaw-
ing (de-icing) of refrigeration machinery, se resp. s.gp in . . . . gp 72
Drain pipes from sink, including those, in cargo holds . . . . . . . . 804
363 DIRECT COOLING SYSTEMS FOR LIQUID CARGO
Direct cooling systems (one or more stages) for recondensation of gas
cargo, where the boil-off is extracted from the tanks, compressed and con-
densed directly by cooling water. The system includes such as:
Suction pipes from tanks or loading/discharging pipes with valves,
etc.
Fluid separators with return pump, piping, etc.
Compressors with drive units (low and high pressure compressors
for multi-stage plant), filters, etc.
Medium pressure vessels with equipment (for multi-stage plant).
Fluid collectors.
Cargo condensers.
Return pipes for the condensed cargo to tanks or to the Ioading/dis-
charging system.
Also included here is the arrangement for lubricating the compressors, with
equipment for oil regeneration.
The cooling plant, or parts of it, can have subsidiary functions (but comes
under this s.gp) and function as:
Pumps for cargo heating.
Producer of gas for transfer of cargo for discharging by means of
pressure.
Continues

GROUP AND SUBGROUP DESCRIPTION

327 Figure 2
 group
followed by a detailed description of each group and subgroup. Finally, there
is an alphabetical index (Figure 3) with more than 4,000 entries that should
lead the searcher to the proper subgroup number. For our freezing and refri-
gerating system for dry cargo example, the most obvious entry appears on page
32 of the index although it appears elsewhere as w e l l .

The books are loose leaf to facilitate changes and are made of all water resis-
tant materials. A condensed, pocket-sized version containing only the main group
matrices and index is also available.

For those requiring even further breakdown than the three-digit system provides,
NSFI has developed two sets of supplementary codes. Designed primarily for ma-
terial, the first set is for direct purchased material and must be used in con-
junction with the appropriate subgroup (Figure 4). Using our freezing and re-
frigerating systems for dry cargo example, the number 362 003 would always
identify the freezing system compressor or compressors. The second, or section
2 detail code, is a listing of stock materials and does not necessarily need to
be identified with the appropriate subgroup (Figure 5). Each of the detail codes
contains three digits and is published in a supplementary booklet.

With its flexibility and functional orientation, the SFI Group System can be
used for any shipyard classification problem. It can, and should, be used con-
sistently in all of the following areas:

1. indexing of specifications
2. drawing identification

3. purchase requisition and order numbering

SRS SHIPPING RESEARCH SERVICES INC. 328

 FLO SFI GROUP SYSTEM - JAN. 73
FRE INDEX - PAGE 32
FLOWMETERS, see resp. system/component s.gp.
FOAM:
-apparatuses, loose (fire extinguishing) .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
-cannons (monitors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. see 816
-extinguishing system with tanks, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
FOG HORN 427
FOG WINDOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
FOILS FOR HYDROFOIL BOATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
FOOD LIFT (ELEVATOR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
FOOT PLATES (GUARD), refer to resp. door s.gp in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gp 51
FOOT WASHBASINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
FORE:
-peak . . - . . . . . - . . . . . - . - - . - . - . - . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . see 246
-peak tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see 246
-stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see 246
FORE-AND-AFT GANGAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
FOREBODE, see resp. s.gp in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gp 24
FORECASTLE DECK WITH STIFFENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
FOREMAN SUPERVISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see122
FORKLlFT TRUCKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
FOUNDATIONS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see 263
-and brackets for spare parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see 447
-bolts, see resp. system/component s.gp.
-(for) loose cargo tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see 238
motor-, integrated in inner bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
-(for) spare anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
-(for) spare propeller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
-(for) spare shaft, see resp. s.gp in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gp 63
FOUNTAINS IN:
-sanitary system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
-separate drinking water system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
FRAMES FOR WINDOWS/DOORS, see resp. s.gp in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gp 51
FREEBOARD MARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
FREEZER TUNNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see 468
FREEZER. PLATE- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...468
FREEZER Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
FREEZING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEM FOR:
I -cargo, see resp. s.gp in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ml 36
-containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..see
-plate freezers (factory plant) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
-provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
FREEZING ROOM:
-doors (provision rooms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...555
-insulation and lining, cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...361
-insulation and lining, provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
FREIGHT EXPENSES, see transport.
FREON, ETC., see resp. cooling system s.gp.
FRESH Cooling WATER (main cooling water):
-piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...722
-pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...722
-system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..722
-systems which only serve machinery/equipment in one
s.gp. see resp. s.gp.
FLO
FRE

INDEX
Figure 3
329
 S F I DETALJKODE MAI 1974 H.gr. 3/s. 23

Gr. 36 FRYSE-, KJOLE- OG VARMESYSTEM FOR LAST

U.gr. 361 ISOLASJON OG KLEDNING AV LASTEROM/-TANKER 361

361060
361061
361082
361083
361084
361085
361086
361087
361088
361089

U.gr. 362 FRYSE-/KJ0LESYSTEM FOR T0RRLAST 362

KJoleaggregat, kuldemedium..
Kjolekompressor m/drivenhet
Kondenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vaeskesamler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid receiver
Fordamper ................ Evaporator
Vaeskeutskiller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid separator
Torkefilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drying filter
Sugefilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suction filter
Oljeutskiller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oilseparator
Sirk.pumpe, kuldemedium . . . . Circulatlonpump. cooling med.
Fyllepumpe, kuldemedium Supplypump. cooling med.
362 023 Kuldemediumtank . . . . . . . . Tank for cooling medium
262025 Lokalt kontrollpanel . . . . . . . . Local controlpanel
Lakekjoler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brinecooler
Brinepreheater
Blandetank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixingtank
Sirk. pumpe. lake . . . . . . . . . . Circulationpump, brine
Fyllepumpe, lake . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplypump, brine
Laketank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brinetank
362042 Kjolebatterier .............. Cooling batteries
362044 Sirkulasjonsvifte ............ Circulation fan
362070 Smoreoljesystem, compressor Lub.oil system, compressor
362071 Smoreoljepumpe . . . . . . . . . . . . Lub.oil pump
352073 Smoreoljefilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lub.oil filter
362075 Smoreoljeseparator . . . . . . . . . . Lub.oil separator
362077 Smoreoljekjoler . . . . . . . . . . . . Lub.oil cooler
362079 Smoreoljetank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lub.oil tank
362080
362081
362082
362083
362084
362 085
362086
362097
362088
362089

DETAIL CODE, SECTION 1

Figure 4

330
S F I DETAIL CODE, FEB. 1976 M. Cl. 2/p. 1

CL. 21 lNSULATION AND PACKING MATERIALS.

S.cl. 210 General.
211
materials.
212 Pipe insulation materials.
213
214 Plate and box packings, cord and strip packings incl.,
packing material.
215
k i n g - r i n g s .
216 Moulded packings, packings for special applications.
217 S e a l i n g a n d O - r i n g s .
218 Lip packings, U-packings, CUP and dome Packings. incl.,
sealing rings for rotating axles.
219 D i v e r s e .

CL. 22 PIPES AND HOSES INCL, PARTS FOR PLATE AND CAST
IRON PIPES.
S.cl. 220 General.
221 Steel pipes.
222 Non ferreous metal pipes.
223 plastic pipes and plastic hoses.
224 Other hoses and flexible pipes.
225 Plate pipes and associated parts.
226 Cast iron pipes and associated parts.
227 Discharge pipes and associated parts (sail pipes).
228
229 Diverse.

CL. 23 COMPONENTS FOR PLASTIC PIPES AND HOSES.

s cl. 230 Generel.
231 Polyethylene components.
232 Styrene components (synthetic rubber).
233 Nylon based components.
234 P.V.C. components.
235
236
237 Pipe components for plastic pipes with coupling, decoup
Iing arrangements.
238 Hose clamps and junctions (not fire fittings/equipment).
239

CL 24 PIPE COMPONENTS FOR STEEL AND METAL PIPES.

s cl. 240 General

241 Components for steel threaded pipes, Black steel.
242 Components for steel threaded pipes. Steam.
243 Components for steel threaded pipes Gelvanized.
244
245 Components for brass threaded pipes.
246 Couplings etc., components far smooth (seamless) pipes.
247 Bends, Hanges. etc., components for smooth (seamless)
pipes
248 Unions. bulkhead flanges, deck penetrations etc.
249 Diverse

DETAIL CODE, SECT ION 2

Figure 5

331
 4. work package identification

5. labor and material cost collection

6. test agenda identification

7. technical manual identification

8. recommended spare parts list identification

9. estimating

10. guarantee work identification

11. general filing index.

After several years of use, the information retrieval capabilities of the ship-

yard are greatly enhanced.

Now, carry the application of the SFI Group System one step further as the Nor-

wegians have done. Have all shipyards, naval architects, marine suppliers, the

ABS, MarAd, the Navy and ship owners use the same system. Communications be-

come easy. Specifications for new construction, repair, material and subcon-

tracting are more consistent in format. Design and testing criteria for each
system can readily located. Cost and progress reporting do not need to be
translated from one account system to another. Duplicate sets of financial books

are eliminated. It is even possible that shipyard qualification to DOD Instruc-

tion 7000.2 can become understandable with a common frame of reference. .

Is standardization possible? Norway has a far larger merchant fleet and an

equivalent number of shipyards as the U.S. The answer, then, probably lies

in the willingness of MarAd and the Navy to jointly agree to such a move.
With or without standardization, if your shipyard doesnt have a functionally-

oriented classification system similar to the SFI Group System, it should have.

And if your system isnt as good as the SFI Group System, it should be. The

advantages of a well-designed classification system are too obvious.

Additional copies of this report can be obtained from the
National Shipbuilding Research and Documentation Center:

http://www.nsnet.com/docctr/

Documentation Center
The University of Michigan
Transportation Research Institute
Marine Systems Division
2901 Baxter Road
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150

Phone: 734-763-2465
Fax: 734-763-4862
E-mail: [email protected]