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1.
0 INTRODUCTION
DERIVATION OF BEAM DEFLECTION BY USING DOUBLE INTEGRAL.
A beam is defined as a structural member which cross-sectional dimensions are

relatively smaller than its length. We use beams as part of engineering structures such as
buildings ,bridges,airplanes and automobiles. The deflection of beam in double
integration method must often be limited in order to provide integrity and stability of a
structure or machine , or to prevent any attached brittle materials from cracking.
In this subtopic describe methods for determining the equation of a deflection curve of
beams and finding deflection and slope at specific ppoints along the axis of the beam.
Deflections at specific points on a beam must be determined in order to analyzed a
statically indeterminate system. The curve that is formed by the plotting the position of
the centroid of the beam along the longitudinal axis is known as the elastic curve.
Double integration method is powerful tool in solving deflection and slope of a beam at
any point because we will be able to get the equation of the elastic curve. p= EI/M.
Deflection of beams is so small,such the slope of the elastic curve dy/dx is very small,and
squaring this expression the value become practically negligible.
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At different types of support, information that is used in developing the elastic curve
are provided. We can derive an expression for the curvature of the elastic curve at the
point in question
1=M
p EI
Where M is the bending moment, and EI is the flexural rigidity.
The objectives :
1. To study the deflection of beam by using the double integrals
2. Learn to formulate and solve the boundary-value problem for the deflection of a beam
at any point.
3. Able to derive the deflection equation v(x) of the beam.
4. To relate the engineering principle with mathematical solutions.
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2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Now, we are talking about deflections, the deflection formula are based on the theory
that we have small angle proximation , keep in mind that =tan which is the same thing
of the slope or the change in deflection over the change in x.
We are gonna derive a special case where the cantilever , and we have a load of P
pointing downward at the end. First thing is try to find equation for moment by using free
body diagram. Measuring x from any end and label it as x=0 and x=n(any length
specified). Distance is the length,L minus x.Then after that find the slope,
EIV'=-P(Lx-x/2)
For deflection curve by using integration concept
EIV=-P(Lx/2-Lx/6)+ C
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3.0 METHOD
One of the methods for determining beam deflections is the double integral method, or
more known as Macaulay's method. The deflection of a beam depends on four general
factors :
1. Stiffness of the materials that the beam is made of
2. Dimensions of the beam
3. Applied loads
4. Supports
Macaulay's method or the double integration method is a technique used in structural

analysis to determine the deflectionof the Euler-Bernoulli beams. The starting point is the
relation between bending moment ,M and curvature ,k from Euler-Bernoulli beam
theory.
EI dk =M
dx
Where k is the curvature and M is the bending moment . This equation is simple and can
be integrated twice .
M can be expressed in the form :

M= M1(x)+ P1(x-a1)+P2(x-a2)+......
The differential equation of beams in bending must be integrated twice with respect of
x. The minus sign in the right-hand side is crucial.The method using the differential
equations which we have derived :
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Where A and B are constant s of integration to be evaluated from the known conditions of
slope and deflections for the particular value of x.
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4.0 FILA TABLE
2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENTS 3.0 METHODS

deflection formula are based on the theory methods for determining beam deflections
that we have small angle proximation . is the double integral method( Macaulay's
method).
=tan which is the same thing of the deflection of a beam depends on:
slope or the change in deflection over the 1.Stiffness of the materials that the beam is
change in x. made of
2.Dimensions of the beam
3.Applied loads
4.Supports
First thing is try to find equation for EI dk =M

moment by using free body diagram. dx
Where k is the curvature and M is the
bending moment
Measuring x from any end and label it as M can be expressed in the form :
x=0 and x=n(any length specified). M= M1(x)+ P1(x-a1)+P2(x-a2)+......
Distance is the length,L minus x. The differential equation of beams in
bending must be integrated twice with
respect of x.
Then after that find the slope, The minus sign in the right-hand side is
EIV'=-P(Lx-x/2) crucial.
Find deflection curve by using integration
concept
EIV=-P(Lx/2-Lx/6)+ C
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS
we have learned a great deal about how the bending of a beam depends on the beam's
load,material properties ,cross section and manner of support. Engineers use the static
beam equation and the ideas that we have explored as a basis for understanding the static
deformations of more complicated structures. As you have seen, integration plays a key
role in an engineer's ability to analyze these structures.
What we have not yet addressed,however,is an important mathematical feature of the

static beam equation that help engineers to approximate real loads by examining
combinations of the idealized loads that we have been studying. The important
observation is that the static beam equation is a linear differential equation. Of the many
important characteristics of linear differential equations the one we will be concerned
abut is called linearity of solutions.
For us , this means that if we know how a beam bends under the load distribution q(x)
and we also know how the beam bends under the loads q(x) +p(x),q(x)+2p(x),-q(x)
+0.3p(x), and in fact any load that may be expressed as A q(x)+ B p(x) for some numbers
A and B .
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REFERENCES
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1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/Macaulay's-method
2. www.mathalino.com>reviewer>double-integral-methods
3. https://pritamashutosh.wordpress.com
4. www.nptel.ac.in>IIT-ROORKEE>image
5. www.geom.uiuc.edu>conclusion
6. www.slideshare.net>mobile>apalmeri
7. www.me.berkeley.edu>~lwlin>beamdeflection
8. www.youtube.com/double-integrals
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APPENDIX
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1.

DERIVATION OF BEAM DEFLECTION BY USING DOUBLE INTEGRAL.

A beam is defined as a structural member which cross-sectional dimensions are

Macaulay's method or the double integration method is a technique used in structural

M can be expressed in the form :

2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENTS 3.0 METHODS

First thing is try to find equation for EI dk =M

What we have not yet addressed,however,is an important mathematical feature of the

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