Structure
Structure
Structure
ENOLISH ADYANCED
sruDrFs
6nucruPE)
Ke,uoLRAT ArAEe
JARATRAs
LAN6UAGEINsTITUTE
THNMMAsAT
UNIVERsIil
Chapter I
Tenses
n'rur6'.:n6lu"Lfgrftir
nSEJr ) ranruuuu rdardo{t#tfiudsn?ril
iu"iu forms
ttmfln'l{zo.ltln^t ttru
I work there. I worked there.
:rJdrn5flrduooqt#rfi
ud-rn ardnaqnr:nirfiodurfu fi'urisndr'renses'
sir.r
.e&s,J.o"ol
tenses d:]{?|illoflfll:trjauu:rjfl1R5tl tflll sing, sang, sung, play, played
fitoToflnr:roruntgrrirg triu will srudv.hadstudied
lunrur d'rnqufiualrJsfio ovuand'nTou
renses oqrlm il o?ril dtunr:tf
vrIrJ
o{aa luu
Put-SimpleJeree
A: Did you see Tom last night?
B: No, I didn't.
A: What happened?
B: I waiteil in the pub for an hour, but he didn't come.
'J
I'orm n5grriosfr2 (SimplePast)
r7o#r-m_n
1. trannt:altn^odu 'lastnisht'
" g
2. tilqn1:f[m0til
,o 'in the past'
3. tuqnr:nird5odu 'lasrnighP
Now cover the riglrt hand side of the page and answer the following questionsi
sornethingconrrectedwith
the presentmolnent?
Ale they talking about when - Yes, they are'
d.
the action tock Place?
e. What did you <lolast night? I ----------.*--'-'-----....--".-.--_-,
and I *_ --.----.----,
and tlfrenI_*__- --'
and finally I-------'
"ldrTu
ovufiuloi'jr pasrliimpleTensc*t#r rndqordonrir: fi{ tilEnl:nfluo6n
'l ravLd5a#uodrq:rotEr
ruqnlrrfutaflr:,R1'vrirdrfindulurirsnar#u usifiaran:a}i'ltfr'nu
r y 2. , d ,J . -{- - ^.,^ -^4 -- - .. -r.J'- ^
t"?tEntrn{iltanr:niryli'lfi6ofiuutlurir.:rrarflrril'lul45an4etR'l:rliYttflgl?Juo8'l{fl'l?nRttfl{no{
r{lurror"Luadmei'ltt
f tfioiilu
rdor,ntri'pastsimpleTe,nserrlavdnflotilv,llYt?n'ldunqnr:nirfu
rrlavhi dulorir{ tlrrd t?rqn'r:ni'fiutfiodu
3
.)+).).)t).)
utrnorndlf prutTensefi'uri"ruan,rnldrj:railflu'ago,
niu tro yearsago,
six monthsago' ten minutesa€g,a long time agoetc. unvfin"lf Pa-stTense rdofi ',,vhen,
Tnsgar{rvturirnrruunvrilnau
uiu
Par;tTensefiloiilrfr'fi'urirltro
n4erflr:rrrffirfindu'luadmaeirrrdsr
fi{arilr.:n'lflu
aA .le€ q
'l [oan flo
6tfl'11.rfl'lrfuau
'hope,rhink,.,rzonder,
1. PasrTenset#r{lurirzaforodr.rqnru fin"Lrfi'rirn3er
I wqnder if you could give me a lift.
I wonderadif you could give m,l a lift.
3. "L# p^t Tense unsfiTjr rt's rfu.ne,It's high time, It's high noon,
would rather, wish Togn:rxfiil1tila{'il:vlenr{Ju present fiio Furure n^'[zipast
Ien o'clock - it's time you wenl,home.
Don't come and seeme today - Pd rather you came tomorrow.
I wish I had a bettermernory. (r, ,l,l,rn
4. niflr?irfl"Lu:rJadmlgi'atfi could,might, would, ttflv should finqvfi
c3a o,l a d
n?lililillgruuuQQuu u:a ailln9l
Exercise I
5 Beefeater Tercrce
London Wz
26th October 20
Dear Hans,,
Much love,
Ana
n
I
Munchauserntr. 6,
Munich, Germany.
28th 0ctaber 2A
Dear Ana,
Thank you so much lbr your lener which I receivcd this rnorning. Yes I
l.oo when the plane
to you and the wonderful weekenclwe had together. When the plane
I __ __ _ Heinrich and he _ to the airport and took me
home . I{c __ _,_ ___.nre a lot of questions about you and _*_____ when I
told him you wanted to get married. He said we were too young and I'm afraid
he's right.
8
to phone 1'ou when he . I hope h,ehas been to see vou and given
you the ptes,ent.
Jur;t before the plure front, London you that JohnL
had asked you out to dimer. Did you have a nice evening with him? I expect
Hans
ExerciLse If
One minute Mr. Jack Jonreswas using his hui:e mechanical digger to clear sand vrhich
had blown up against the foreshore at Swansea. Thri: ileXt his mighty machine had scoo'ped up
a brealhless police sergeant and a constable who --_---- (order) him to follow a man
With the 1po determined lawmenLcrouching irr the bucket, the digger -(reach)
its top speed of 1O mph as it --=*--_ (advance) on the fugitive. When the digger
(be) lerel with the man, the two law offi,rers - (1eap) out of the bucket
and _-__ (rnake) their arrest. But as Mr. Jo:nes-_-- (watch) in horror th.e 10
ton digger (ri"k) deeperand deeperinto the sand. His efforts to free it
(be) fruitless and soon the tide ------ -- (come) in and
Last night after a five-hour rescueoperation. Mr. Menyn Orvens, head of the
companywhich own the digger (say) tlyr'" have been landed with a repair bill
of at least$6,000."
kescfr-P-ede4:Iense
Eorm havc
+ nier?iaqd s (PastParticiple)
9U
?,o6lirtfl9l
1. rirorruniudflr:rfiu'if' hild 'when'
9 V I tl 4 tl r vl rtr d r I
2. rufl'lil9l0{fl15y1:'lu?'l B }lU Mary U'l{14:Olil lilUUV{U$JAtil:
3. n lil4ru10fi{r?atrevnvrotva{'luodm
qufl'rzruvdvro
4. B alaevilu Maw uta1ilff1si'ludr{r?a'rild{ drr{lu
JAd--"
t?6r'11r
A floO{afl[u"ta
o'i
E|l4fl]![![iut@i{
Have you b-eento the cinema this week?
- No, I haven't. I have been t'oo busy.
Have you had any holidays this year?
- Yes, I haLeid three weeks altogeter.
Have you ever had any accidentsin your life?
. ( = Have you ever had any accidents?)
10
cryu d 4 J j q d o a . J
"
1. [ilRUtlt91flt:tUUTA n]5fl5vll"lytt:]'tlJOO{'t tt6rvo'lmusroUUA{}rlAilA{ilfuvt?6t17lv\lO
(= The,President is dead.)
(= My leg is broken.)
11
3. "[d'Pr.r"rrtPerf'ect
Tenseniafiriruannnrgiatrjd
since, for, just, yet, alteady,, never, ever, before
(now), recently, lately, It's the fust time
so far this moming, up il now, up to the present,
all this year, all my life, during the 20th century.
dr adx nr:tfriru ann nrdtri' presenr
perfecrTensc
She has worked here since 1980.
She has worked here for ten years.
Where's Mary? - She has just gone out.
Have you been to thc bank yet?
- No, not yct.
- Yes, already.
She has never eatena mango before.
Have you eygr eatena mango?
Mayuri hasn't appearedon TV beforenow.
He's recentl)t arrived from Leoi.
Somchai has seen a lot of Alice lafely.
It\th-e, fi$rire I've drunk champagne.
The company has made a large amountof profit so far.
ttgiti'r:vurrnttotya{"luadn rziu yesterday,last weekend,rhen,
'
in 1989 ov1# Presenr
Pert'ecr
Tense
lilki'Trj:oriltflurfisu
The Presidenrhas baeo_assassinalsd.
The Presidentwas assassina@d
last night.
Utopia ha-sdeelaredwar on Fantasia.
Utopia dcelaredwar on Fantasiayesterday.
I hqr.c baen all over Songkhla.
Industrial leaders ha've complained that hiigh interest rates will make borrowing
Form havt:
I - trce n *\/ing
|
has -l
J, y q y J e I J dr q a o a | ! ,J
01: tu 1. tut"ila[ilun?til9t0tua.:zo.:r149tfl']';fu?'lftlcr{o'lluilagaaanz2.:t?R"lfiu.:
t'
nr: aiuu qveirrfiu sioilreudsarurfiq o miu
f tE' o a | 4 J
lstflr?rs!
W"'u" U"*n learning this languai;efor 10 years.
(and are still learning it)
z. tdrdauao.:fiqnannr:nid
r'fiis
ra5q#ubiuru
Pve beenlivine in Sallv's flat.
The streetsare flooded. It ha^slrcu raining hard.
my typewriler and has Lornthe ribbon.
Some has beo-n-:rs-ing
g. rirnSflrdovyirrtluPresenr loisi'aqt{Jurirn3flrdrr,ilol
Progressive
Perfecr
rJ
fl?'lilgiatfrai (Prolonged action.) tdu learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep,
stand, study, wait, work, talk. read, rest, etc.
13
Exercise I
2. For the last hvo years, he _ (write) a history of the Civil War.
L The meat must be nearly ready. It ------ (cook) for nearly an hour.
10. You --- - (not finish) that book yet? You -- (read) it
a dozen times.
15. Go out and get some fresh air! You *---* - (sit) there reading all
morning.
L4
Exercisc-II
Changothe infinirjves in brackeb into either the (actrve or passive) Past Simple or the
PrqsentPerfect, acr:ordingto what is required in English usage.
4. We're luclor to have Jacl;son. FIe is the best.Maths teacher this school ever
(havr:).
5. Do you rcrncmbcr thc drive we .----- (tate) through the Loire Vailery
five or six 5'earsago? I think \\/e - (tak.) a lot of photographs,
7. Oh" hello. ldiss Richards. How nice that yotr (come) to our
8. There
Members (be) very angry about the artswerthe Prirne Minister
10. Th"y ____ _ (start) to build this motorway three years ago, and they
still __-_- (not linish) it.
11. We ------ (go) to the Rex Cinema last Saturday. What a stupid film
it **___*________ (be)! We (waste) both our time and money.
I'd like to know somethins about the film that is there this week. Have anv of vou
(see) it?
L2. You (ask) whether we're going to that lecture. We don't know.
13. Don't be surprisedwhen you seehow thin Olaf is. He _---_----- (b")
extremely i11.
15. The man who __ (escape) last night from Darftnoor Prison
Exercise III
Dir:cctionsl Complete the letter of application with the verbs in brackets. You have tro use
Cy'bertech Ltd.
Dear Sir,
seriousillne:ssduring the last 15 years. I an:Lat your disposalshould you wish tc,
interview me and enclosea copy of my completecurriculum vitae.
llours faithfully,
.Ian Semetana
Past Perfi;cct
and PastP,efrstkqressiycleree
PasLPerl|EdlIcnse
.rv d | 4 d.r d qv u
nlalf 1. rilaflnr?fl{ruEnr:niluadnr:rovtri'PastPerfect
frutuqnr:nidtfiodu
raad
flaudntuqfll:nifiu{ (an earlierpast)
I exnlainedthat I had forsoften mv kevs.
I could see from his face that he had received bad news.
2. PastPerfect r4'rvniT
dtrafiou:rjadsrflo(l PresentPerfbct oi':u
!
Past PerfectPrqressUtTeree
4. "lri'uaowr
on'l: d:ilat nrj:y{'nriv'rmildfi ad
Her eyas*"r" ,"u. It wasobvious.t. ild t""r- crying.
Exercise-I
Complete the sentenceswith the pre.sentperfect progressiveor past perfect progressivcof the
verbs in thc list.
-f
on arrns reduction.
several days'.
g. The chainnim said that the Board of Directors _------- seriou-sthoullht
10. At the inquiry into the plme crash, the pilot said in evidencethat he
this fpe of aircraft for ten Years.
11. I know why you're having nightrnares. You too many honor
films recently.
Simple-PresentIens-
A I What do lreu do on Sundays?
vv
?,aditlflCI
1. sirrfiJu{rur.l:vdr
sia.rr4rvrniu
z. si'rsff
?irq'lu?Jo{aililrulu,rri', ru
rduur oundrovmfifl
uavnmvrirtrJ
qr:a
9r?0t,]{[ilil[ail
I work five days a week.
I live in Bangkok.
I like pop music.
I *njoy cold weather.
I go to bed at midnight.
I dritft quite a 1otof juice.
I hatre eggs and bacon for breakfa^st.
I smqke a pipc.
It rains quite a lot in Thailand.
6lv
fl'l:tfl Simple Present Tense
, 6lva d Ja, A | ,
1. ttrRUGl{?ltlJllQ:{AgtdilA (pcrmanenttruths)
Summer follows spring.
Gasesqxpand when heated.
\-
2. td'n-utunnr:ni
nr:n:vrirmtadarunr:nidrfiodutu{looflu
Torsaroovrfiodu
v'-'-- girrfiusiahJrdasr ld rorve{r?6r'r
ul?nRaour rrol"iatur:nrrnd{
rnvav
(general time)
My father works in a bank.
Mv sisterwearsglasses.
3. "Lri'ffunr:n:vrirdrirr{JurjnOfiffrJ
(habituaI
acrions)
I go running three times a week.
John smokes a lot.
4. tri'udafi
siruannnreia'lild
always
- almost always, nearly always
- generally, normally, regularly, usually
- frequently, often
22
sometimes, occasionally
- ahnostnever, hardly ever, rarely, scarcelyever, s;eldom
- never
yrd
:?tJVl{')nu0flt?a'l
- times (a day/week/month/year etc-)
once, twice three./several
- lrourly / datJy/ w e-eby/fortnightly / m<tnthly/ yearly / annually
- every + eg. dtry/week/month/yeat';+ monring/afternoon/
ev,rning/nigtrt rnta every other da5,,every 3 years,
ev')ry few days etc.
again and again, at timcs, every so oflen, from time to time,
onre in a blue nloon etc,.
avrrirn3flr rrri'r:du
siruuilw a{rsi1u aRt?nr ovodufi'.:n5e,r?irsilii
You can abva+sc,ontactme on 2t267LI
Gerald oftcn make unwise decisions.
We don't usually get up before nine on Sundays.
d'rsi'alnr:itriuriruantrd'tu'l{git tdu frequer,tly, generally, normally,
occasiona$, sometimes, usuallv d1tll:CI'l'lill{lnirrJ:vTfl n}i'
Soryetimeswe get a lot of rain in August.
'[f
et v J-
6. Tensefrd'uriru::srsri]il:vnrntuiu
Harrison shooB, but the ball hits the post and Jacksonelea$.
I declare this exhibition open. :
uavftlffiu Here come(r) .......... rrav There go(es) I-ook! herc comes
your husband.
Exercise I
Complete the sentences,using the presentsimple or past simple of the verbs suggested.
Bresent Pqgre,srrae:
lf enss
6. il-n"tffiurirn:igrarrive,come,t-ro:leavedtrdrasdsnr:rduyn{d
:fsrtruulfluaulfirl (arrivalanddeparrure)
He is arrivin,gtomonow moming.
When are you leaving for Japan?'
prosressive
7. firirn5srvnrrflrildhid'lm:n"Ld'rrrtort Tensekil lci'uri
1. be, have
,&oov
ttmurlFl:itftln:Ell?il{giuarotvtiilluProsressive
Tenseki'rtsitun:tilililtstallrvadrqaelnhj
TrJ:ouJ3nurfiflu
Go away. We are busy.
Wait for me. You are b;tag impatierrt. (= acting impatiently)
I'rn still having nry break{'ist. Mary .ras a little lamb"
WhiLt are you thirking ab,out?
I think you're riglrt.
I'rn feeling fine.
I fie(dwe shouldn't do it.
Wh), ar" you smelling the meat? Is it bad?
The meat smdls bad.
Wh:Ltare you doing with my whisky?
Itrn iust tasrineit.,
27
It tastes wonderful.
The scalesbroke when I was-rueigninsmyself this morning.
I weigbcd 68 kilos three months ago - and look at me now!
Why's that man measurinethe street?
I rneasure2 3 inches round the waist.
['m seeingPhiiip tomorrow.
I see what you mean.
Exercise -I
Complete the sentenceswith the presentsimple or presentprogtessivetenseof the vcrbs in
brackeLs.
1. I (ttrint) you already (know) my views
on the matter.
10. Don't take his remarks too seriously. FIe's so upset that I
(not think) he really (know) what he (tuy).
L4. The resort (have) a big influx of foreign visitors this year.
28
P_astI'r-ogressiyeTense
hifiunnruru
z. nr: iu il :vvnurirr14r
r flirxiu rfju ru0rn'r5nidfiu r?a'ril'rusiarda.rnu q
(thedeath)rfroduun:ndn
3. a'lnda{rrilqnr:aidovriiu'irruqnr:niffd.:
9q
a J Jo u o a | ,-
t?lq n"l: ttil4u{14fir asdt tuu o ti (hav urg lunch)
elY
fl'15 tU Past Progrr:ssive Tense
qyu
titflu t14flfl I Tfull fl 'l n.:01tuu afl afl t{ a o tuo'l Lttu?.:t1lnl [o t?d']14u{luo 9t!n
. aJo v o a | | r J q r .r J q -l
1.
n iua*rrusrnr : nfdd'rfi{ rfioduurir#ubi auton nr#uiilozaqLunnl : nt
q99
America.
r) 9u o 4 at' | | J f tJ 6 v o a t Y u
3. LflRUfllTfl:vyn'nTatilgrfll:tu$l{rtgt "l Ru
:t ot'1.1?Juluytfl'ln{o'lr,uuaEj}t:o}r
(Paratlelactions)luafr sl
'W'hileI was-rrvo*rkrng
in the garden,my wife wasioobng dinner.
tr'hele I was ccnking an omelette, Mary was makiBg a salad.
29
4. "Lfrrootnr:zaiatutauuvrirorjrqdnru"ludruru
I waswondering,
I was hoping, I was thinking.
I was wondering if you could give me a 1ift.
I was-hoping if you'd like to come out with me one evening.
Exercise f
Complete the sentenceswith past simple or past progressiveto the verbs in brackets. In Nos.
7 and 9, you will need to use either the simple or progressiveform of infinitive.
1. Who was that girl you (talk) to when I ___ (pass)
you in the street?
2. He _ (sleep) soundly when he
by a noise. He _-'-__ (go) downstairsto find out what
(happen). He - (know) somethingmust be wrong becausethe
dog ___ (bark) furiously.
3. He --- (not take) my remarks seriously. In fact, he
(rhink) I (oke).
Euture Tense-
A: Whentll you be back?
B: Oh, I won't be away long and I'11see you as soon as I get back.
A: Take your umbrella. It's going to rain.
B: D'you think so? I think it's going ro be a lovely day.
Eorm t
I
- shall
|
*"J
You, FIe, She, It, They + will
ttsi emericanEnglishovtri' f, we + will r{Judrurnn
30
CATEGORMS
a. Will you giverrne 1tournilno, please?
b. Will you matrreless noise?
c. Shall we go to bed?
d. Sha1lI put the light on?
e. Wili you have .lnother cup of tea?
f. Will you pleasenot smoke?
g. Will you put that cigaretteouL pleasre?
h. Will you come to the cinema tonight?
i. Will you phonr:me tomorrour, please?
j. Shall we dzrncr:?
k. Shall we give ''zoua hand?
l. Will you givr::meyour namo and address,please?
m. Shall we harredimer at the Ritz?
n. Shall I tell you what happenedyesterday?
Exerciise II
using the imperative or a future form in one clause, and the present
Rewrite the sentenc,es,
perfecl.in the other.
Exrcisc Itr
Compiete thc sentencqswith the presentsimple tenseor a fufure form of the verbs in brackets.
Eutuxe Pt og.ressiyeT:erue
Form Will/shaii + be 't Ving
d-O#.rsns
1. l#fiunlsrn'r:nidovri'rfi'roirrfiiuad"Lur?611r!,tv,r'rvrql'rva{tuau'loa
This ti,ne tomorrow I willbe,1y; m a lrcachin Phuket.
Don't tclephoneafter eight - I 'll be.hayms a dinner pany.
z. "Ld'uaor.r
nnmnr: nideu
rirfi'roirrfiuadtuaurnmn%tn
duavlnn
, p! The guesrls*-it-1,1,-uoiJing at any minute!
Humlr
3. "Lri'fiu
rlrsrnr : nidrrr unrul{ratariruuot{u,riuautu aur ofl Toflrav{r r rn'fl: nunr:
tfiuri,r'rnafi aufiu PresentFrogressive
We'll lrc spendingtlre winter in Australia.
(= arc spending)
ProfessorLowe will be givirrg a lecture c'fl rll&nogementt.omorrowevening.
(= is giving)
35
Eutu-rePcrteelTense
Eu-:ure-]ertecthJgressiyeZhnse
flrU "Lri'rdaniud.rn:rrsiarda{?ra{rilnnr:nfrdovro6oduoru:ai'Lunardriruuot
tuaurom
By thc end of this monlh, I will havc becn :usrkjng for this companyfor
20 years.
I'U havqbccule-rching for 20 vears this surruner.
36
The great ship, Titanic, * (sr:il) for New York from Southampton
would still lrc able to floeLt. The tragic sinking of this great liner
(always renrember), for she _ (go down) on her first voyage with
tr The old la4f __--_ (be) glad to tre back at the block of flats where
in her suddt:n discovery that her front door (be) open. She
(ttrink) that she must reprirnandher daily rnaid the next morning
fbr such a rronstrous piece of negligence, wht:n she (remember)
their locks.
**( ** *fr
37
fi
Articles
flornrnrrld
1. ov'[f azan rtta the
2. tvtd' azanuta p
3. av"Lftf," uta p
rirsrou
&aY.9t4*lr"|e
1. ft'lu]illrlruu to?l?aLil [o
z. flanrrurtuuoadxn{x "l ilSararvo.r
B. r:ruorn'.r6iqd6tno dqliluil3alil rfi.rifsfi'a$rt{'ir
rnSo{rirufdrr{Ju6'uluu
1. a/an }i'rirurirurruranuoridrTuld'
niu a bag
'L#rirv#r
z. ttre urrumnuoririutoiniu thecar
ilrililffv{erlriulsi' tdu th" .ut,
ulur:ul*ild niu theair
s. f \#:lnu# urruriutri'l,ngvrori
rdu
"*t
urruriulillti'ronvrrri
miuair
6'eodrl
The man 'who livqs next rloor is ilrepo,rtcr.
My brother is an enginee.r.
or:lf,-u -ltov---an
a zrrl{llrirriruu#u ti'uri'rerftJsufityzur; (lri'Lri6bavn
o)
an rrsl{vrirri'rurruddu#usi:stfrs{6r:v(lil'Lrifir
avno;
frOtiX (Thisr-s')a B, C, l), G, J, K, P, (1, T, U, V,W,Y)Z
(This i.s.t .an-A, E, F, H, I, L, M, I{, o, R, S, X
ufi'nnr:ld auan
1. "Lfrhr,nird^ru.urforu r}rrrvr{lurufiau
#m{dqilasToflililrfl6ou"tutfu#o?rrro
rr&dvu
n?491.fl a{ulilu:vrfl Ytuu "l 1lFl?'Iil?rillfln n'lgRU any
A clever nolitician nevcr nromisesloo much.
An architect is a nersonwho desiensbuildins.
A cat is a domestic animal.
A baby deer can stand as soon as it is born.
z. tfrilurirurruflflunr:uil{rrsRautuuuusirsr ki'uri
Origins : FIe's a Frenchman/an American.
Occupation : She's a clerk,zHe'san electrician.
Religion ! She's a Buddhist/He's an Anglican.
Politics : FIe's a Socialist/a Democrat.
t#Lunr: ur.iiruuRil rvrflvrzor frm{un,drzasoirs
Objects : It's a (kind of,/sort ofZtype of) bottle-opener.
Insects : It's a (kind oflsort ofttype of) beetle.
Plants : It's a (kind oflsort of/type of) rose.
4 9o u
3. t*rirnusirurrarirMr.,Mru,Misserc. rdaryofilqnrnndlil-f.On
A Mr. Doolev ohonedand left a messasefor vou.
A_I&s Tercy is waiting to seeyou.
4. I& atan uanrj:^rutru = only one
f d like an apple (i..e. only one, it doesn't matter which)
Let me buy you a drink.
9 c3. 4q gtrv
tl'ltljffilff1lQil tilLfl some or anv
un-nntrtf tn"
1. t#rir rarirrir urruTosurur
EJ6qilril lturfi rnnn uiu
The cobra is dangerous. ( r{.lunr: ufl nil:vrnyla o fl il-r{1 fl v,tena'u niu
the grass snake)
tusi
oilloinair:ilr rrdrturdos a/ an rit a"la"[d'a/an udoqn*q
nr: Rdma*ruuu
vt,
nix 1 vrlrnnnloi
A cobrais a very poisonoussnake.
ratoaroovtri':rJuyutduaor
6sd:vLflmlsi
Cobras are dangerous.
.'lri'uoo.:frlrfrarrfi
le 4 &
z. r{luntrn6it?:ul 1 rriu rheBrirish,thechinese,
the Europeans
T e Brifish and theAmcdqans have been allies for a long time.
TLe Japaneseadmire the traditions of the Chinese.
3. the + pluralnames u{lunr:ncirr:rrurfiniiru rhepolice, rhepublic,
the Beatles, the unions
The Liberals want electoral reform.
yrernil'rounvnifi.rrzh'losr:snrudrd.rdilofiqr{Ju
4. tn" ldnurirurrudnrirrdquii'r !u ! {
outraudulrnudslvru
Passme lhsjish sauce,please.
Tasai is a quieflillagp near Muang District. The village has a population
of a few hundredpeople.
5. "[ri' trr" ti'urirurardfi clausefita nhrase?tg'tg
&lfuoithyodralooking{or no longer lives here.
The goois on the shelf are on sale.
6. "Lri'tire fi'uAarud miu She'ssoneto the butcher's/thedoclor's./
the supermarket/the cinema/the country /the mountains./the seside/
the sea
odJo rd J I
52lt fl { 6I{11ilOfJt}llu{?luil rfl u
the earth, tfr""rf.y, the sun, the moon, the solar system, the galaxy, the unjverse
42
lastyear, season
rtginJl:i"Ldthe fru nextweek,on Mon,clay,
(unique
8. t# *," fi'ud.rdfiaqlffisq6isufis? ld'trri
items)lufiqza.rdrurnriu
lnstitutions and Organizanon:the boy scc,uLthe United Nlatrons
His[ori,:al events] t]re French Revolution, the Victorian Age
Ships: the Titanic, l.heQueen Eliz.abeth,the Discovery
Documenls and offic,ial drlcs : the Greal.Charter, the Queen
Political Parties : the DemocratParty, the ConservativeParty,
tht: Labour Pany
Public bodies : the Army, the Governmr:;nl,the Police
'(orker,
The Press i The Bangkok Post. The Tfnes, The New
The Economist ttgiuxau-tllrifi the tziu llife. Newsweek,
PunchoTime
Titles; : (books, filnrs etc.). The Odyssr:y,The Graduate,The Forum,
The ReaderDgest
Climatr: : the climal.e,the tsnperanre, Lheweather
tffi'uur ruranv{add.,r{Judrza{mN?ils'lr,t"r nTulafi
dm{uaytvr
Galilm claimed that he had inventedthe telescope.
I hate thelelephane.
6 1r . r .! i,
11. ttitu patternthe .... the (Bl .... El)
The sooner the better.
The more we learn, the less we know.
fl1l6lU article
1. liltd' arriclerYuurruuvn'ndd?lildhiraurvuorvos
\Ualn€n are fighcing for their rights.
Cates are domestic animals.
2. lil1f' articlenuurruriuldld'
drrilu:rjmnuorinrua
We need beer, sugar, butter, eggs, rice and toilet paper.
3. lil"tf arcicleffusirumriq
rdaadraft LinkineVerbsu3ardafin?'tilffills
as unl.rad
Buch becamePresidentof the U.S.A.
Buch was electedP_:residenl
of the U.S.A.
4. lritri' u.tl"t" fi'udoirr
English is a difficult subject to learn well.
Thai studentsmust study xlathfloades.
-I!.ty-- uvA,Aru
5. lr.ihi arricle nuiu r6oil 610tytoffl'lar?nt (8{adila{ a\ by, after, before)
niu at dawn/daybreak,by d,ay/night, beforemorning
Snrine is a lovelv season.
ehdshoas is the time for family reunions.
We got up at dawn to climb to the summit.
G. liltd' articlefi'udaarvr:flndudro'ryo.:
Enner is served.
Michael is at lunch
That was a-very nice dinner.
The breakfast I orderedstill hasn't arrived.
7. tiltd' article fi'ugirurru tdu bed, church, class, college, court, hospital,
market, prison, school, sea, town, university,*o* dlfintddrrufru be,
in / at, have been/gone ro rd a n cir: fildlrfutunrtil ?nJtulilltltv
He was sent to orison for 10 vears.
44
He's in bsd.
But ..... Your bag is underthe bed.
Theretr; a meeting a1"trc sch.oolat 6.
8. hitri' ,rrci"te n'udrrt:uR'l:tfiuil'l.l t?iil by plane, by uir, by train, by ship,
by se,a.on foot etc.
Travollers like to tlavel all o,verEurope l:y bus.
9. tri"lf ,,rtl"te fi'urirrnruz 6'r dtfqifi'u rdoruri'rfland ttiu dayandnight,
father irnd son, husbandand wife, lignt ,,rradark, young and old, pen amdirrk,
sun anrl moon
This brsiness has been run by fathcr-and.son for 20 years.
(risiur.:rirci'ast#
10. hi'ldt arriclefl-urituonuirdaanrud th.) miu
buy, :anal, chann,:l, gu1f, kingdom, ocean, republic;, river, sea,
The slave states of the South American ,rsed to be callecl the Cotton-Klngdoln.
Z,,era thc
Continenls Africa, Asia
Geogr:rphicalarcts Central Asia, I-ower Hgrypt, the Arctic, the
Upper EoT'pt, Equaior,
Upper Au-rrtria the Middle Eest,
the North Pole,
the West
Zero tbc' ,
hlands Phuket Island thslsle of'Capri;
Deserts the Gp-bi, the Sahara
Countries Thailand, Germany the United Kingdom,
(Most Countries) the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics,
the Argentina, the
Netherlands, the
Vatican
Cities Bangkok, I-ondon the Hague, the City
(Most Cities) (of London)
Exercise I
A. Insert a, a!!, or the, where needed, in the blanks before the singular countable nouns
in the followine sentences.
in my roo.m.
9. I must harre extra key madr: for front door.
B. Insert the, rvhcre needed.in the blanks before the plural counl.ablenouns and the
noncountablenounsin tho followine sentencesr.
in his cofl:er:.
us tonight?
47
C. Insert the, where needed, in the blanks before the proper names in the following
sentenccs.
6.
Chemical Society of America.
Exercisell
In the following sentences, place a, an, or &e in the blanks if an article is needed. ff an
article is not needed, leave the space biank.
of cake?
48
countnes.
10. Last nieht vr'e saw movie tltat was fi-lmed fur
Tahiti.
11. The professorsaid that -- sturlentwho wrote this paperhad
mediocremind.
L2. Thailand ''ryrscalled Siaun before World War tr.
life.
L7. Mr. Peter:;js rvriter. He has recently written
book on f:islfne.
18. Do vou re,mernber name of store which advertised
20. strong rvind haq bcen blowirrg from -- north all day.
of Nationsr.
22. In L922, Albert Einstein was awarded---- Noble Prize for his wo.rk
on _-- quantumtheory.
23 . Amaz>n Rivel originates il, the Pemrvenn r\ndes and flows east
to ---___ Atlantic.
49
******
50
Win)
Conditional (Jauser;, Wish
Subjunctive,,Unkins Verbsr,A.djrctive
clausesfia adverbial
Conditiona.l diilusi'uri'rgit v1iafi:tdouu", 1 dfi
clau-ses
fl'l'lll?fllJlrlnti''rflnrdqfi'il }i'rrri unless, rsuppose,supposing(that), provided (that),
providing (that), on condition(that), so (as) long n"s
Conditionalclauses rniq'tai'u{Jue rj:vrnvr iia
Tvne I
if + present will or irnperativc
\. If it rairrsr. / werll S&y at home. .r'',;
t'
51
If he had had any sense, he would have keut quiet about it.
alod'rsnaolilumud ir toirdadsuruur{luil"r.rRr:
Had the managementacted sooner, the strike wouldn't have happened.
Had you ifued us earlier, we would have taken the necessarysteps.
firadr{nr:}i'Orrdarurjrsmilrds?f,u
if
You won't catch the train f you don't hurry.
unlessvou humr.
on condition(that) -1
;
I will 1etyou drive = nroviaed
(that) you have a valid
| I
= Rroviaing
(that) licence.
| =rolongas I
| I
L=u. longas I
Suppose T had
I
rl an accident, who would pay?
= Supposing(that) L were to have
52
Exercise I (Jrresenttime)
ril'
2. his lessons.
Our teacherexplains thfugs,clearl$, so we unr:lerstand
' t t -i"
", "i
5. Since I kno'w the rneanin,gof the word, I don't have to look it up.
2. As the sun was in the right direction, the photographscame out very well.
;.:
3. The shop didn't pack the goods properly, so they got damaged.
4. He didn't remember what had been said because he wasntt paying attention.
'i
'l i,,l ., :
5. F{e wasn't able to answer all the questions,so he didn't pass the examination.
7. The rocket didn't go into orbit so it didn't mark a step forward in space research.
$rpesof sentences.
54
Exercise fV
Rewrite the sentenc'es,marking irn inven;ion in the c<rnditionalclauses,m fo the examplers
above.
1. Il you sho'u,dneed to consultme again, you can contactme all this number.
4. ff it were not for the fact that his father is on lhe board of direclors, he would never
5. If such & fii')rger were ever to be proposed, it would undoutedly be referred to the:
llr,
7. ff it hadn't been for your laziness,you could have finished the work by now.
r\ i ,. i"i'l'r 'l
*\1a i \
8. If he had taken a little more time to think, he might have acted more sensibly.
' i
10. If the driver of the train hadn't reactedso quickly, the accidentwould have been
E;ercire ll
Put the verbs in bracketsinto *re correct form, following any correct sequenceof tenses.
t' t
1. If only you - (act) sensibly, you wouldn't now be in such a
difficult position.
tr ' \,,2'r't"ull),
2. If my bank manag", "'' ') tell him Pm out.
' ' - '- '
3. If the Rolls Royc" \" "1\ .(not stop) so suddenly,I wouldn't have run
conceft.
i
11. You -_-- -j:----- ( n o t g e t ) a l o a n u n l e s ry; o u "''''- ( b e a b l et o , , )
it by then.
Wish
'more past'
tr. Wish + (thtLt)clause dqsi'as'lri'rirntardfiSrJtense ttuu
She will sing in the conterst' I wish she would not sing in the contest'
Subjunctive
:rJrruuilal
{r- Subiunctive
1. to br: : I be, you be, he be, we be, they be
2. other verbs r{lu;il infiniLtive I I pay, you pay, he pay etc.
nr:"[ri' subiunctiv.e
1. radiqiirnEilsioliltf,! order, commanrl, demand, request, ask, recommend,
insist, propose, suggest, advise, 1nove, prefer, require, urge
2. q
/destrable/
r,riftndrurirsiatrJii: It is i-porrontirrital/essential./ner;essary
ad'vi;able/appropiate/compulsory/crucial/imperative/obfugatary/
pref,:rable/ strango./proper\ftrat
:rJuuuzal Subjunctiveo"rfJutdurderfiuuailatfo"[* pr..ernt tt6lu past
We insist that the meeting be-held as soon as possible.
The committeerecommerrdedthat the companyinvest in new property.
Il:s-cssential that every child have the same educationalopportunities.
Ittwrm impo{anX that every member sub-sit his subscriptionby the end of
the rnonth.
Give the correct lbrm of the verb in parerntheses.Some of the verbs are passive.
5. It is essentialthat pollution
(eliminater)
9. The emplryers urged thar the men ------ (return) to work so that
authentic.
Linking Verb
Ord};';udrnBsril:nsiovr{Ju adjective
adverbusifirirn€sirJ:vrnvnad.rdri'a.:}i'fi'u
nffi'tvrildilrrur"lri'fi'u
ri'rn3sr#uzslfl subjecrz alil :vTflo lru"tri actionza{ cirnis'l
You look well. (well = in good health r{lu adjective)
You play well. (well t{lu adverb ?t8'ltl play)
rir n3flril :v mndovr{lu rir n5tlrddsr nuil :v o'lrlffrunTa(verbsof perception)
finrrrummflunvff#rdzosrirtmn^au'ue' trittri appear,become,feel, look, seem, smell,
sound, taste, f'all, get, go, turn, lie, stand
firirnBsrurqrirdd'ar'lri'fi'uadjectiver"lrl:1vfifl?'rilyil1rlza"lrl
subjecrniu
break loose, die/marty young, keep/sit stil1, live close to, remain open, ring truelfalse
Many famous poets have died young.
It's impossible for young children to sit still.
The murder was not solved and the caserqrulins_apeo.
The crowd stood silent at the end of the ceremony.
nsisirnSflr
rilci'rdurrirfi z n?lilffilla Trj:orGflurfiflu
The nroblernapoearedimnossible.
Laura sudd-eily appearedin the doorway.
Your girl friend looks angry.
She is looking at vou dnerilv.
The curry tastes worrderful.
60
Exercise
IJnderline thc corre;t word in ear:hsentence.
1,. Thc police lrccome(suspicious, suspiciously)of the man.
2. She fell (unconscious, unconsci<rusly)on the:floor.
3. The valley )ay (quiet, quietly) amd(peacefulo peacefully) in the sun.
4. We looked ,rt the handbag (careful, carefulli,).
5. She sat (motionless, motionlessly) waiting for their decision.
6. They pullod the victim (hurried, hurriedly) from the pond.
7. It's getting (dark, darkly).
8. The sea srnr:lls (selt, salty).
9. We couldn'tkeep the clothes (dry, drily) irr the rain.
10. That girl ser;med (nervous, nenrou-s1y)and (anxious, anxiously) about somethdng.
11. Food goes (bad, badly) in hot weathcr.
L2. The leaves :rrn (yellow. yellowly) in fall.
13. I can't pronounce[his word, it sounds (strani;e, strangely).
L4. Vinegar atwaystastes (sour, sourly).
15. Though I scoldedher, sireremained (quiet, quietly).
Adjective
Adjectivemta rirrYlrr{rfludrduafln-flu6uvn$azs'}eri'ruriluta6t::}ruril'[d'[r.i'n':rru
v J€' o I f & tr, .! r 4
flOtAil'EI.:ZUA][tllll{ZA{ Adjective lofl?l? "l lflOzl 2 ttfi.: FIO
1. td'Fifi'u
iirurruToefirrovrrrl
in#rs'iru'nr
nl ro* managcraclmiresyou.
She hal an appointrtrentwith an o$stane.fung
businessmaxt.
Plezsesend me all tjre important informarjon.
61
2. rxt{r,lfi.r Verb to be ttav Linking Verbs rdu be, seern, look, becomeetc.
The soupis wsnderful.
He look rich.
Couldyou tell me if Mr. Smithis available?
ti'r adjecrive
dzsrflrirurruff fi: oveiar
dqfiu nrEJ nei'ar6'sd
rim rir6'u"L#t!
oiruuusza{noundrurrj:"naunounri':gfi'utrslfloinmflrruu6a
1. ':rsl{rarir HeadNoun rirurirdnnfiou eoiective niu car door, cassette
box,
tableleg, ring finger, horse-race, race-horseetc.
2. r'Nl{urir HeadNoun Toutri'grJpossessiveniu
my sister'scar a birdts nqst the prisoner'sdemand
cow'smilk
3. td prepositionmiu
the top of the page a man tiom ChiengMai
a bookon l8th-century music
ria #qrnm a'trit u: n 1 r{lurird udo{ r?ar il-fl"l# posr"sriu"
yesterday'spaper today'snews
tomorrow'sprogramme nextweektsarrangemenls
an hour's delay a night's sleep
two days'journey ten minutes'walk
ti'rrtlu ,ro.rndudo{t?41:vttvyn{fitattu uovfifi:rnzzirsvrirarorr.rlfluprJuuu
adjective
yc3rtJ
tlnvma{ruu:utoR}tQu
a ten-minute rest a five-day week
usitudrurusi
ahldld'L:f:rl rrcss
essive
a pournrlts worth three dollar's worth
uglfl0t'l{Ru
"Pint of milk, please."
"Itve c,nlygot sterilized."
We'r,'ejust bought a new car. It's an il;fsmaltc.
2. Superlative
adjectivefintri'srrrudrri'r
I'm [hr: olde.st in m.y family.
Which one shall I get?
The cheapest.
3. the + 31.i""tive ?iru'lEJdln{ruuiarj:vrnm:ra.:nu
He's grllecting mon,;y for the-blind.
Ihe,.rr.nonployedarc losing hope.
rJo,:.tdr
noun'U Tv[fi Yliltl 9l')l ll 14il I EJ
lU U'yl?lilail tfl U
the d,ead = the dead people, all dead pcoPlc, the dead men
the une.nployed, fhe old, the dead, the rich, the accused
-sh, -ch u5a -ese rirutirdr,irJu
drdm?iarfi'ur#arrfrdosri'rs(i":,s
4. adjective
troun ,,oi'niu British, kish, Welsh, English, Scotch, Spanish, Dutch,
French, Japanese, Chinese, Lebane.se
The lBridsh are ver)' proud rof their senscof humour.
'''with -ed
5. ,roun iiki'2flrfl ,ro.,n Togfin?ttJr4rJ'tu or having" l#tfiru
adjer:tive
rdonJtl€Jur{lu
wheeled transporl a one-elred sailor
a broacl-shouldered rruck-driver
63
a. a today's paper
b. a today paper
c. a today-paper
d. a paperfor today
5. This diamond ring is
a. one thousandpound worth
b. one thou-sand
pound's worth
c. one thousandpounds worth
d. one thousandpounds' worth
6. There are some in that series.
a. forqz-eight-inch televisionsset
t). forty-eight-inches television set
forty-eight- inch televisionsets
d. forly-eight-inches television sels
64
t'l
I sat at the _________ a.ndwatched from the working girls on the streels.
a. bus back, today fashions
b. bus back, today's farihions
c. back rof the bus, today fashions
d. back o{ the bus, today's fashions
8. Pleaseclo,se:the gently. It's
a. car door, my father's car
b. car's door, my father car
c. car dcror, my father car
d. car's door, my fathortscar
9. C)n the _* was a beautiful gtrl.
a. airport'r bus, blue-tryed girJl
b. airport's bus, blue-r:ye girl
c. airport rus, blue-eyed girl
d. airport bus, blue-eye girl
10. I saw buying _
a. a six - foot man, a ninepenny stamp
N
Infinitive. Gerund
active nassiYe
presentinfinitive (to) ask (to) be asked
present progressive infinitive (t") be asking
presentor past perfect infinitive (to) have asl-,ed (to) have been asked
present/pastperfect progressiveinfinitive (to) have been asking
I decided not to become an astronaut.
It's nice to be sitting here with you.
She said she was sorry @_have_dismissacl
you.
He seemsto have been working all night.
I didn't expect Lulrc invited.
Nothine seemsto have been forsotten.
n3fl'r?irfl
I must go now.
2. rafi.: let, make, sa:, hear, feel, watch, notice, he$, have, know
She l,ctr her children stay up-very late.
Let'slfte a ta:ri.
Let's nol argue abou'tit'
I maclcthern give m,ethe money back.
I didn'; see him qofle in.
I heard him say that he was fed up.
Did 5'ou he$ me udsad the car?
Could'gou help me trnloaddre car?
Have the next patienl come in now pleasrl,nurse.
Pve never knprvn him (to) pay for a drirk.
passive"Llitlrrilcirs'to'
.9 o a t &
rusititdrnisrruciril-l#[ugrJ
He watmade-lqrtar:k ten hours a day.
'to'
nl:td' hrfuritive with
1. :rshha#ril:vTsflrirrnrirdnrfiausubjer:t
To ar:cent their oifcr would be foolish.
(It would be foolish to accelpt their offer.)
67
Ts rroakemistakesis easy.
(It is easy to make mistakes.)
z. rrqt{rnakirnisrdwirurirdrufioil objecrrirnSsrddaw'rtlei?t rnfinitivewith
'to' ki'rrri
afford agree appear arrange ask attempt
bear b.g begin care choose consent
dare decide determine expect fail forget
happen hate help hesitate hope intend
learn like love manage mean neglect
offer prefer prepare pretend promise
propose refuse regret remember seem start
swcar trouble try want wish
I hope to see you soon.
I want to sneak to the director.
ugifirirnSfltutsfr: t?iu ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help, intend,
d4
like, love, need, prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish A'lQtJ noun fi5o
pronoun il'lttll:R141i'l hrfinitive lOi
I like to keep everything tidy.
I like vou to keep everything tidy.
I want to come back early.
I want hcr to come back earlv.
3 . Verb + object + Infinitive
oaYdd
fllR:U1U1{Tl?flnA{}J noun 1450 pronoun il1ttvl:Rilri"t Infinitive ld'rrri
advise allow ask bear beg cause
command compel encourage expect forbid
force get hate help
instruet intend invite leave like mean
need oblige order permit persuade prefer
press recommend request remind teach tell
tempt trouble want warn wish
I advise pu to leave.
I didn't ask yqu to pay tbr the meal.
68
4. Adjective + lnfinitivr:
a. rrrrl{rnfis adjectivefrufi
Sih; was upsct ttl hear that the profitr; had fallen.
Sh;'s very niee laldk to.
b. It 'i be + adjective + of noun + infiniLtive
It 'vas kinclof h.lr to help us.
It ,vas silly of r.u; lo-beliqle him.
c. l#tiu the fust, the most suitable tlf,e superlative
tzit: the best, thc most suitable tlfll; thc only
He is always drc frst to arrive and tirrelast tq leave.
IIe is the best prxson lo carry on thii; work.
Yc'u're the-ody person to refuse.
6' 9u
d. [f 1U too, enough, so .... as [o
i+ ti i+
69
,Gerund
-tg
Gerund6arirn5srda.rri'rooiru is badforyou.
niu smolcing
unvdrurirdnnfiaurirurru
yJ
?lll'1il?tA{ Gerund
1. r{lu S.rU.j"ct
za{rJ:vTso
Beating a child will do more harm than good.
Dancing is fun. I love it.
Dickens often gave readrng-s
of his work. Thcy were very popular.
2. r{,luoui""t zasrJ:vTso
I hate writing letters.
I've finished working.
cJt
3. tfJil complement ?Ja{ Verb lo be
z. Gerundta:uatoitrri
firirn3uru:nudsdrsia.:strileirfl
admit appreciate avoid consider conl.emplate
I watched him slep off the pavement, qross the road, and disappear
jntc the post-offiLce.
73
Exercise I
Exscir;e II
'tr)' is functionini3as a prepositionor as part of an infinitive, and then
Decidewhether
completethe senten,;es with the gerundor the infinitive of the verbsinrbrackets'
(tw) to
1. The speakersaid he woul'I confine himself to
(answe:r)four questions.
(build)
2. By selling crruncil houses.,we are able to dcvote more [o
fresh ProPer;tes.
3. Harcl work is the key [o (pess) examinations'
to
4. The idca of a laboratorypermanentlyin spaceis moving rapidiy nearer
(becorne) a realitY.
to (.try)
5. Having sugS;estedthe schsme myself, I now ft'el eommitted
Olympics"
(try) to (discuss)it in
9. It might be better to
his own lzurguage,as he isn't used to (speak) English'
solely to
10. Most educaLbnalistsagreethaf no teacher's d"rtiesshould be limited
(teach).
to
1.1. Unreliablc rlelivery datesare one of the most importantobstac'les
(increase.)our exPorls.
taken to
t2. since the irrtroductionof new services,many businessmenhave
(travel) by train for journeys between 100-2O0 miles'
'to
Exscise Itr
Complete the sentenceswith the gerund or the infinitive of the verbs in brackets, using thc
correct form of any pronounsthat are included.
pricesin check.
2. The shareholdersall think they know what should be done, but the board still needs
(convince)
4. Someonein the office had made a mistake, and the firm regretted
(cause) the customerinconvenience.
school.
15. The film was so terrifying that she could hardly bear -- (watch) it.
16. The new comrnittee member did not venture --- (speak) at his first
meetins.
t7. They began (drive) at six in the morning, and were still on the
** ** **
77
v
Clauses
clause6a niirurirdrj:rnauoTre
Subject + Finite Verb + (Object or Complement)
rJ:vTsndfi clauser6flr rtflnd1 Simplesentence
Steve apologized at once.
clauseuartdailai':u and,but,or, nor,yet, for, so etc.
ti'rrJ:vTtrofirurnndrud{
Tosueiavctausefintrrudr6'tytrirrfisilfiurSendrcompoundsentence
Steve realized his mistake and (he) apologized at once.
tirrj:vlsofirurnndrud{ clauseravue-invclausefi nrrr d'rdarhitrirrfiflil n'u
Iogfiildt clause tilu irrA"pendent(or 'main') clause tt6tv clause dn,rdunrdu chuse
utarurnn'jrrfu r{Ju dependent(or 'subordinate')clausettav€i'1t:ruflnil:cTflnaaf}[d1
main clause d.tilt:flaqikinrlldrfi.r u:rriflnil:vTflnrfioddr ComplexSentenceToflfirtdail
&dt
clause fr{ilnrflarottlu coniuttctions mta Relative Pronoun m6oarotri' Infinitive Phrase
l#o Purti"ipial Phrase rurrdaru
When he realized his mistake, Stephenapologizedat once.
Realizing his mistake, Stephenapologizedat once.
: ' '
To get into university, you have to pass a number of examinations. I
clause tniqtoit{Jug rj:vmvr 6a
subordinate
1. Adjectival (or Relative) Clause
2. Adverbial Clause
3. Noun Clause
Adiectival Clause
TrJ:onjSnurfisu
ercwd-ed hoii day resorts are not very pleasant.
Holi <layresorts which are crowdbd are not very pleasant.
'crowded' turJ:vTenrtrnt{lu
acljective dru 'which are crowded' t{lu clause
til:1vfi finite verb: 'are' claused *rtatirdtmfiau adjectivetil:'lvuannnuilc 'holiday
AdjectivalClauseii z rfio 6a
1. Definin3 (uta nasrrictive uia Identiltying)RelativeClause r{lu chuse
rn:ryti{ziaqlddfit{l'u
ddra'yv'rr6'oii'ot*iU rdsrn'u subje:ctil6o objectr4r"L#
f'irriJunutmu6'ulvrudqlilu lrifitodatrr,rxrfl"o*u ,fu clausen rud
tyl:rv#rfrotyr*'luii':
drriJusiasrfiul{ niu tirfi{nrirrdr
ovrir'lftian:rrulrifiouou
'Is that the woman?
rrveu.ou'lr&e - ' 4=- -Y- .F,
o o v l,:a g ovilil?t a n?lilu{{ n anil
rr1ate?ilv Lntrir toro tnul'l t?l tl'l 6t{rrtt
relative clalse tJ"}?lAlfJt{|il
defini.n13
oh that the woman vrlr-o-wants to buy yotit -e'ar?'
fi'odslciril:lvdssvbifir:rfifiquzhto'iru{lunriluu
t{Ju ctausedlnhiu'Xur.fiiilrfiru
6'ulrnudqllau6ltiltri'rirs#r**." subje,:til6o object
Pve .justmet Mrs. P,owel,who wanls-lo-ttuy your car.
r:rfift r"rirto'ir
re clauseovnnfi'odq rijutn:
The goverrunent, which promises to cut taxes. will be popular.
Sentence-relativcclause
F 'trili'zarenrril
ursqf{ relariveclause rrsir{lunr:
,ror,, daqizirlrnrirr{iltllfi':r68,r
,*" dadzinulh#{Milo filndat'nilrfl *rn-u frturdilaeiastf "*lri*h"
tf 'othat"lillei' (which "tudfiarrur:nrrvrulti'oirs
,rndthis ltta andthat)
ftJ:srnj3flurfiflu
He showedme a pholo drat upsefme.
He tore up .my photo, wlLich upsetme.
o'thatupsetrne" flg'tgFt?'Iil "a tphoto" fia the photo that was ups,:tting
oyrfiuloidr
luzru*,d", which r..psetme" lritoiururun?'1il6{ "the photo" trsizglgnttru "He tore up
my photo"
Relative Pronoun
Relative
pronoun
rilarird z odrqufarun'u
6o'tri'r{Jusubjectl#a objectrufiau
Pronoun
du f unvzuvt6igrfiufirdarclauses
rziroi:flfi'u
TrJ:onj6eurfiflu
What's the name of theAbndeAirl? She just came in.
What's name of the blonde girluho just came in?
dd *,at uilulildiftillci)
80
or i The hotel manager, who (ED I cornplainedto alout the service, refirndedpart of oun'bi11'
qJtd that triloi'trr non-defining relatirreclause
The Acmc Travel Agencv, with rvhrishour cotnpanyhas been dealing for several)/cars'
has opr:nedtwo ne\v branches.
or : The Acme Ttiivel Agency, which our companyhetsbeen dealing with for severalyears,
has oprlnedfwo nerv branches.
Exercisc. I
Complete the sentettceswith relafive pronounr usitrg v,,ho, which, whom, when or where'
beenadvisa,rle.
3. I had almos; given up expectinghim, __- he suddenly turned up'
a major reo::ganization-
was arl
6. The campersmoved on vrithout extinguishingtheir fire, -
act of alm.o:;tcriminal negligence.
7. Thc man ,ilivcd fully clofJredinto the river to sravethe boy, --- he later
IOf US.
anti-smokirg camPaigners.
L2. Last night \ve want to thr: opera at Covent Garden, we saw the
15. He missed a lot of work through his absencefrom school, to make up for
his parentsengageda private tutor.
Exercise Il
Join the sentencesby changingthe secondsentenceof eaeh pair into a relative clause. Use
contract clauses(i.e. omit the relative pronoun) if the relative pronoun is not the subject of
ils clause.
The aims are very laudable. The society is pursuing these aims.
The airns lhc society is pursuing are very laudeble.
1. The pipeline has been severed. It carries the town's water supplies.
2. The exhibition was not very interesting. My friend took me to see it.
3. One of the chief things is to save money, manpower, and time. A computer can
do this thing.
5. Paintings by Renoir rcahzedrecord prices in the sale. The sale took place at
Sothebv's l-ondon vesterdav.
84
7. The pools r"'inner used a system. This systern,he said, had rvon him severalsmzrll
amountsev<:rthe years.
8. The gales cirused widespread damage. They srvept across southern England last
night.
9. British shiplrards are now quoting; pricas. Thr,oseprices compiile favourably with
foreign competitors.
'Vou
10. Is the offer stil1open? made the off'er Lmt week.
Exercisc III
ExaLrnn'le
The firm'r; iatest product has already capturecl a significant share of the market.
The firm's ,atest product. which was launcher:l only six months ago, has already
2. The presenthouse standson the site of a much earlier building. It still bears the
samenumber.
3. There are more than fifty proposals. They will be discussedat the conterence.
4. Thc chemist gave her the tablels. She was to take three times dailv.
7. The invasion was completedwithin a matter of days. ft was carefully planned and
skillfully executed.
86
8. Do you rernrxnberthe nar:neof the place. Wr::stayed at the place fwo years agol'
10. Typhoon "l.dao' left a treLilof destructionin its wake. It swept lhe country from
coast to cOait.
Exete-ise-IV
Clause.
Combine thesepair; of sentencesby usintgSentence-lR.elative
bxampte
Carol disregardedthe instructionson the medir:inebottle.
This ahnost killed her.
Carol disregardedthe instructionson the bottl;:: which almost killed her.
4. The tree grew rapidly. This was partly the result of our constantcare of it.
10. The Army does not approveof long hair. This surprisesvery few people.
88
Ad:verbtal-Claane
I stood up Lr-ol=d.er-ftalllou-ldscelhe parade. "in order that I could see fhe parade"
r{Ju adverbial claiu;e tilflvtrJzlultlo?lsl "stood up"
Adverbiatc.lause6a clause drt'lu verb vita main clause tufiau adverb dilu
clause d#fittofi't"toflt:0'1il-etou d'lCIttl When? Where? Why, How? rziurfifl:fru arlverb
J.r vo
Conjunctio" fi't#ri'rnril Adverb,ialClause
Time when, wltenever,while, os: since, after, before,
untJl, as su)n as, once, now (that), the motnent (that)
Manner &S, as if
yv
?JAfl{[flGl ovhrl# tuturetensetu dmeclauseud'jrovndrrfistuqnr:nfluamnn
ld'td'
tfi8.l simple present ten-se ttav'L# present perfect ttlllt future perfect
The Owens will move to a new flat when their babv is born.
(or has been born)
6194y v 4
t14lfl presentperfect ilA{ once fi50 now that
Once--(=-rryhen)we have decoratedthe house, we can move in.
Ngw that we have decoratedthe house, we can move in.
T?ilO{ as + adjecive + as (as quick as), a-s+ adve;:b + as (as quickly as)
He is as
)
quick
| in ansvrcrine
- * - " . ,ri$
4- his sister (is).
lsr- t]reru.
now that ttflv ira:rmuch as tfrnru beoause loi'rrsir,ilu formal lang3rage
d'ruiu subjunctive
lest sto should ii'tH ttr:'lv6f"1lJ'l:n"[ri'r{Ju
I avoided mentioning the subject lest he bs offended.
Adverbiai Clause of Result
clauserfi odki'uanfiqftnornnr: n:vrir rtnvovoi'aqfi
n5gr?irem{ila
We arrived early, so (that) we could get good seats.
(i. e. we got good seatsas a result of arriving early)
no matrer+ questonwordstriirao.rnarrufrou#s}i'
|-[s-matter-Jvher,e-you-gs!,you r:antt escapc irom yourself-
questionwords + -,rver = No mert[e, dl"Lfrrao{Fl?'1ililottfi{miutYu
Whatsv€r Ls-ay, I seem to say the wrong th:mg.
(No matterwhat ..........)
Condition U (it is) lpssib1p, please let rne know by this e;vening-
Exercise I
' '-:-._-I
1. The book rvrvilsso boring gav,r up reading it hralf way through.
9. We arrangecl to hire a coach v''e could all travel together more easily.
93
Noua Clause
TrJ:srnl5flurfiflu
He told me aboutfte cancellation
of the match.
He told me that the matchhad been-sarcelled.
'cancellation' t{lu no.rn dru 'that thematchhad beencancelled' r{lu clause
NounCiaus"rirurirdrflu Subjecrzatil:yTsrl
Money doesn't grow on trees.
This should be obviou.s.
= That monev doesn't grow on treesshouldbe obvious.
lnspite ofzl)espi!9ira-furrt ftat hotel prices hrve risen sharply, the number of
touristsis as sreat as cver.
'rhar' clauss6l"lil"r5a?rll{yn.:
adjectivedtruo"rruifinttavnrrruurilouriu
'thaLtt toi
afraid, glad, haprpT, pleased, {;orry, cerLain, ,ur" Totgatoav
fm afraid (that)-we\e-sold-oul our tickels.
'l.riki'
ttgi 'that' cLauseov"l#m^rtufi's preposition
'that'clause
nr:ri't nourrclaus. 6ni6udrda rruudovvi'rornrj:vIunuafltci'lttuu
questions
fiyirornrJ:delnriratxtto*tuu lles/Noquestiontt6tyquestion-word
qur:stions6 arj: vTsorir nrruddusiudrsn5flr?irs t?iu
Yes,zNo
Has he signed t1re conffact?
rJ:Ceorirn'rud,i"lld'ii'uta'wherher':rh.rvrirrj:vTsnunvrrjdsunr:r6esd'tfiu
rj:ylflfir{Ju Subier:t+ Verb ttYnJ Vertr + Subiect iiovloi' nounclaus. frufi rziu
Whefterlre, has sEned-tbecontract (or not) cloesn'tmafier-
I want to krrow whetreVifte-has signcd the contract (or not).
question-word questions 6a rJttTtrnddusir"rci':tl who(m), what, which, when,
where, why unY how ttiU
When did he do il?
'l,riToflnr:tissdr6'uil:"1snr{Jurrul
rj:yTsnri'rnrrudarrur:nrirr{lu nounctause
tnifiqvlei
rJ:yTsnuanriir trfr subjectrrs"[{nfii question-wortlrrdcatliloi'rsnrSflr
nounclausefruii
95
V[hcnhe-dfolit is a mystery.
I wonderwhenhe didit.
Tell me wherevou went.
nounclaus" ri'nnrirdr{Ju complementrr.rt{rnfi.r Verb to be tt6tv Linking Verb
The questionis whetherhe hassignedthe coltrael.
drrniu noun claus" dduci'ueirs questionword 6f'lll't:nrr.r1{fiaq Prepositionki'
I often think aboutwhen I was young.
Pll vote tor-whowcr promisesto reduce taxes.
In my dream, I had a very vivid picture of-rvh-crcwe used to live.
f'm worried about whether she is happy.
finfisilt# 'what' ttytlt 'the thing (s) that' danJdflu Adjectival Clause r{Ju
J"ry, r & -AJ
Noun Clause wla lffil5v luFl6lilfl 5vffUu{?til
why u'hich
horv rtrhat
Excrcurc j
'what'.
Replacethe underlired words by
1. Thq thing-thal the speakersaid next was lost i:r generaluproar.
3. they had
The teachr;rtestedthe students[o see if they rememberedthe fhings-wbLiah
learned.
6. What a nui:rance! That'sr just ttrsl thing wbieh I didn't want tc' happen.
97
7. The thing that amazesme is where he gets all his energy from.
10. The leader of the expeditionmarked out somethingthat seemedto be the best route.
Exercise II
Identiff the function of each noun clause.
1. It wasn't at all easy for the audienceto fbllow what the speakersaid.
2. The fact that the Prime Minister was seriously ill at the time of the crisis is now
generally known.
3. at this conferenceis of direct concernto the country.
What is being discu-ssed
4. He rarely succeedsin achieving what he sels out to do.
5. Why we were to meet again so soon wasn't made clear at the time.
6. It isn't yet known where the pilot finally managedto land.
7. I asked the waiter if there was any fish on the menu.
8. The writer depioredthe fact that moral standardswere declining.
9. That the unions shouid take-strongermeasuresto control their membersis
accepted.
10. His argumentis that it would be better to leave things as they are.
98
Exercise__III
Complete each senlencewith corrjunctionsused to inlroduce noun clatrses.
future.
10. It was a nratter of disagreonent ---- - the company should promote the
new prodrtct.
Exercise _fV
Join the sentences, using noun clauses,and giving alternativeconstrrtctionswhere indicatted,
e.g.
FIe ''vas taking a risk. He fully realizi;d this.
He lully reallred that he '','vastaking a risk.
4. Your bank managerwon't lend you money without security. Don't run away with
the idea that he will.
5. The law studentwas destinedfor a brilliant career at the bar. This was clear to
everyone. (a. It was ----_-_: b. That --------)
7. The bov should be sent to a boardins school. This was the parenls' view.
9. He says one thing in priva.te. He does anothe;:thing in public" The two things are
inconsistent',vitheach oth,lr. (What _----=_)
10. He manage.sto r,rconcile the fwo thinpls. I just dcrn't know how he does it.
Chapter VI
Participle and Participial phrase
d vA, v r'l rJ
"l 9l{n0 tUil
Participle lJ?1U'11191'l{
al gtu a I 6l
Notc :
a frightened man = a man who is frightened by something
a trightening man = a man who trightens other people
a bored man = a man who is bored by somethingor someone
a boring man = a man who bores other people
Participle I Word - order
Participlea'ra?111{14
#r ui arnat rir ur ruff1oi usifi n:r rumrurI eirsfi'il
6'-:adx
I'll never get married - I don't want to spendmy life surrounded
by dirry washing and screaming children.
Did vou hear that child screamine?
ovr#uloi'jrrJtvTflnu:nneirads tuu{fi'nuruvd:1 hJzalrdn
"screaming"
6.
(characteristic)
trJuorrruos{oddilarirrnrirdurafiau
Ral"ctivetJrflfldr Verb usi'Lu
rJ:vTflniln1"screaming"ttefosdsnlTn:vfir[fiflqnf{rdsr(singleaction) rav{rvtilflruv
J c,d d
firgorirurirfinnfiau
"
Verb rutnndr Adiective
The people-+estioned gave very different opinions. (action)
taKng part. (action)
I know some of the athtetas-
We couldn't agreeon any of the preUm diseussc0. (action)
Can you see the broke-o-rarindow?(characteristic)
He boughtme an hterestingbook on geolory. (characteristic)
Noun + Participle
the only place left
anv Dersonobiectins
the childrenwishing to complete
the successjust obtained
Most of the people singing were students.
rrsitir participle fi adverb yta noun il:vRou"lvirxl{zirqlnir Head Noun
104
He bought a recently-b,rdlthouse.
The chairrmanemphasizedthe abovrrneodorred point.
Most of the guestseLreErrglish-speakingCaniLdians.
We met a forltunung m,anin the woods.
man-made libres)
(long-playing records, home-grown ve5letab1es,
Nore: fi pisr parriciplen{rurd.rd}fi'r"tluadlectivettavfin?lilfiil1Ej "active"
ld'rrri f'aLllen,vanished, retired,, grown up, escaped, fadedl
fallen rocks vanisherlcivilization
a retired general a grown*up daugther
att escaf€d prisoner faded cr:rlours
&,d
U"lilFl:ili)]QQYiladverb ?JEJ'lu
a well'-read person recently-arrived immigrants
a much- travelled man a burnt-out match
.lt
105
preposition lfi'rrfi after, before, sfurce, when, while, whenever, once,
on $av u. To8oro68n phrase rfiodfi VerblessClause
' After I had finish"A #io., letters. I went out.
\, " = After havin='#.n-O all mv letters. I went out. )
ta
r'
'/
Depress clutch before you changegear, '
= Depressclutch before changinggear. ii ",
- - \
,
. ! ,
?ioerffEft
Phraseovd'arr{Jufi':rt6flrfiuSubject?Joilmain clause
,lpubjecr ?ro.rParricipial
fiarrfrrq"r{Jil Dar,gtingModifier 6o Subjcct lu ,nain clause lrilrifirrfifl:fi'u subje;ct
tu ParticipialPhrese dqfiorvfi'ntrs'ln:fli
My wife had a long talk with Sally, explainingwhy shedidn't want the children
to Pla;'together.
n1:"1#
on,
,i,,.",
l:":,T"j'i#lffil1i1f"0",o,", * ,,uiua,u?",
J"*,r"
rnufrtritri staqouo{rs'being'
udvltYtge&Y
Modifie:rrdu
tftdci'ils:"io Dan15ling
Seatedin tlLepresidentialcar, the crowd wavr>dto the President. (Dangling Modiifier)
Seatedin tlLepresidentialcar, the-kesideat rlravedto the crowd.
&
u'l'lni{ participial phrase amfi Subject m{t3fln:ir absolutepartilcipialphrase
The holida):being over, we musl.now get dorvn to some hard work.
llbbody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.
All-the morrey having been spent.,w€ s[arted looking for work.
"Lf rurti"iple ud1 object dtaqjmrarvrfi'l V':rb of sensation uiu see, hear, fee1,
watch, notice, surrell tt6tu verlb aou "l triu find, tjeL have, etc. Tofl68n participle
3,
l,tuuil'j"l "object cornplement"
I saw a srniill girl standingin the goldfish pord.
Have you ever heard a nightingatesinging?
I found hirn drinking my whisky.
We'li hav'eto get the car repairedbefo-ra,liue;day.
Do you think you can ge[ the raclio working?
We'lI soon haye you hold a meetiag again.
eyl,{u part;ciple milvdi{ withzwithout sd'rirfi Subject sirsnu"lu 2 clauses tLnv
:vTsnrrgom
danr"lruturj fir ruqnl: oidrfioduvriar 1 fi'u
The crowd cheered. The royal part5ldrove tlr place.
= With the crowd cheered,the royal party drov'r to p1ace.
Exqcisel
Replacethe Adjectival Clause bli using participial prrL'rase.
Exzrmole
I couldn't; understandthe instruclions that were given in the rnanual.
I couldn'( t.nderstandthe instruclions given irr the manual.
109
'l
l 'l t"
1. Motorists w.h6 inrcnd to take their cars with them to the Continent are advised to
make early reservations.
'. (
2. I haven't yet had an opportunity to think over the proposalt t@Ert 4"*?l t"
last meetins.
,,,., \at' u,
3. /-- ma*slhe frqntier.
Three armed men crossedthe river ttrat
/
t
. t ' t
I . '"(
5. Investorsreceiveannuallyall the interestthak;been creditedto their account
4Uring._ttrCJear.
7. A1l aliens v,fi/e alreadlyliving in this country have been asked to register with the
police.
'
:. !: :
10. Reports tlraq q9 now rear;hing I ondon sugge$t that the number of casualties tharfuas-
Exercise II
Replacethe Adverlfal Clause b1'using participial phrase.
Examnle i
,i l.(,
,/ When the editor leamd that his newspaper had been taken over by a rival publisher,
he resigned from his position.
3. I declined his offer of a loan and said that I didn't like owing people money.
t) Although the motion received general support from the House, it was not carried
until it had been considerablyamended.
7. Motorists who intend to take their cars with them to the Continent are advised [o
make early reservations.
tt
g. . Now that I have heard your side of the question, I am more inclined to agreewith
you-
10. - As he hacl lrcen warned that bad weather lay :*read, the ship'sr captain changed co'urse.
:
L'1ll
11. [f one may judge by whar the critics say, this new play is wofth seeing.
12. Now that syring has conre, we nray perhapsl,rok forward to better weather.
ExereiselU
Join the pairs or groups of sentences,u-singparticiples.
Ex-ample He had finished the painting.
H.e gave a slgh c,f relief.
Har,ing finished the painting, he gave a sigh of relief-
1. I was intererstedto see what would happen. I thereforestayedtill the end of the
meetins.
2. I found I had wasted my time going to the saile. The best bargairn had already been
3. The rescueparty decided that it would be hopelessto carry out a searchwhilc the
fog persisted. They put off their rescuebid until the next day.
5. The children had a week's holidav. The school had been closed because of an
influenza epidemic.
6. He was very angry when his car broke down. He had had it servicedonly a week
before.
7. No one was surprised at the changein bank rate. It had already been confidently
expectedby investors.
8. The man lost interest in his work. He had been passedover in favour of an
outsider when a senior position became vacant.
tL4
9. He had to put off buying a houso. The bank was unable to L;nd him any money at
that time.
10. The police [ound thc small boy. He was wa:rderingabout the docks.
Hc was, apparently,looking for somewhereto spendthe night.
Exerciss-Il
with participial, verblessclauseor infinitive phrase.
Replacethe clau"set;
4. Children urrder the age of fourteen are not al}rwed into the cinema unlass they ale
7. Since we didn't have any time io spare, we couldntt visit all the places we would
have like to. (part. phr.)
9. The public official who had been involved in the scandalagreethat he should offer
his resignation. (part. phr.)
L0. Whether it was restoredin the nineteenthcentury or not, the painting was unanimously
attributedto Tiepolo. (Verblass c1.)
11. We're very disappointednow that we hear that you can't come. (iof.)
116
L2. The instruciions were written in such bad Eni:Jishthat they were positively
mislcading. (inf.)
Exercisq Y
Complete the blanls, using the verbs in bracketsin the gerund, partic,ipleor infinitive fo:nm.
- (accornrpany)you.
to understartd.
8. Man: This mixer doesn't work. Woman (sarcastically): Try -*- (srvitch)
it on properly.
9. Surely you recollect (h", say.) that he would let
(I, borrow) h-iscar if I didn't mind __- (puy) for the pehol?
this room.
L2. At presentthe new child is very shy of - --- (oin) in with the other,
Excrcisc-l{I
Same as the preceding exercise.
1. If I catch (you, cheat) again, I shall make you -----------(stay)
in after school (do) some extra work.
2. ft's no use (blame) him really. You know he had no choice but
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118
WI Phrasal Verb
'L'u;rrurfsnqudlrJr:n'Lii:rrufi'u
rirnSflr prelnsitionu6a adverbparticletoi nri:r:6a
ti'rrirrlvlumrdu in, off, up fi object alililn{ r:imvt6snril,4*urtfu'il prepositionusi
particlerriu
#rdrrlvluvlrtulilfi object r:rriisndr a,dverb
preposition My car startedrolling dawn th,:-hilI.
I can dive off the top joard.
adverb particle just broketdo\un.
My car heLs
We'll have to put the party o-fr.
ovr#u'jrdirnisrdtd':rilitu adverbparticle ;)vflnlrlt{Jil two-wordverb uta
phrasat
verb raia idiom dqfinrrxurursar-olilornttiru adverb
rrjoufln$irn3arttnv
niu giveup = surrender,blow up = explode
particle aana'lnfrlJodrsrurnrurg
phrasalverb oloovfi olrjcct uialilfftsi'nirr
intransitive bring down, get up, turn up (.arrive, appear)
transitive bring somethingout (mention it)
kick some:bodyout (expel hirn)
put somethingoff (postpon,rit)
effect on
Also : influence on
Can yorr explain _!onre why you didn't turn up last night?
When I got into my r)ar this rnorning I found the radio had been stolen.
The bor;s has been il: with flu for the last week.
frs6'radx siahJd
: nt#nrurdrrttnr:'[d preposition
TrJ
1. to discuss(not *to discussabout)
We ought lo-diseiss your holiday dates"
Butl a discussionabout ....
2. to marry (rrot *to marry rvith)
She nrarried a friend of her sister's.
Buti to get married to
3. to lack (nrot *to lack of)
He's :lever, but he lacks expcrience.
Butl a la,:k of ....; to be lacking in ....
129
4. Expressionsof time beginning with next, last, this, one, every, each, some, any, all
See you next Monday.
We're having the meeting this Thursday afternoon.
You can come any day you like.
The party lasted dl night.
Note also tomorrow morning, yesterdayafternoon (not *on tomorrow .....)
5. In conversation,"on" is often dropped before the namesof day of the week. This is
particularly common in American English.
Why don't you come round (on) Monday evening?
6. In expressionslike three times a day, sixty miles an hour, eighty pence a pound, forly
hours a week, the article "a" is used insteadof a preposition. In a more-formal style,
the word per is sometime.sused (e.g. eighty pence per pound).
7. At is generally dropped (especially in spokenEnglish) in the expression(At)
what time .....?
'ltome'.
10. To is not u.sr:dbefore the word
Pd like to go home (not *"... tn home),
,As is also sometimesdroppedbefore home, especiallyin American English.
Is anybody (aflisrue?
so easily.
GIVE IN TO = surrender [o
Don't giyrin !o him so easily.
GIVE OUT = announce
The enemy have given out that they want a truce.
GIVE UP = sbp, acknowledgingoneself beaten
You're too strong for me, or I can't solve the problem.
I give up.
= surrender
I want vour sun. Cive it uo.
= slop
Whv don't vou sive un smokine?
L34
AROUI\trf'
MAKE UP = invent
Is that story true, or did you make it up?
= end a quarrel
We've settledour linle quarrel. Weovemade it up,
I'm glad to say.
= use cosmetics, powder or paint on one's face
Actors usually make up before they go on to the stage.
MAKE UP FOR = compensatefor
Hrrry. We must make up for lost time.
PAY BACK = re-pay a debt
I owe you some money. Let me pay you baek now.
= have revenge
He has insulted me. Pll nav him back.
PULL THROUGH = recover
Don't worry about you operation. You'll puU-trsugn all right.
PULL UP = come to a stop
The car in front pu1led_lp suddenly at the traffic lights and we
run inlo the back of it.
= stop
If you drive too fast, the police will pdl you up.
PLI'[ UP WITH = bear. tolerate
I don't iike this noise, but supposewe must
putllp with it.
PUT ACROSS = communicate
A good speakerknows how to pu! his messageacross
(to his audience).
pUT OFF = postpone
Don't pulatr til] tomorrow what you can do today.
RING OFF = end a telephone conversation
I must ring off now. Someoneelse is waiting to use the phone.
138
RING UP = telephone
Rin€*up my wife and say fll be late.
RLIB UP = restore to a lbrmer state
your grafirmar. It's no't as good as it was,,
You must ror-b_up
RUN DOWN = criticise adversely
If you rurr-doyvueveryoni,)you disagrce vrith, evcryone will
run'Fou dog'l'
RLN"IN = use ir new errginecarefully
Don't drive this car too l[astyet. It hasn,'tbeen run jn proprel$.
RtIN INTO = meel.(an acquaintance)riccidentally
I rarr into Grnrge Lanb rvhen I was in town this morning.
RUI.i OUT OF = have,no more suppliesof
We have ruu au! of brearl. Will you buy a couple of loaves while
youtre out?
RLI\i OVER = knoc,kdown (by traffic)
Hundredsof pedestriansrre run over in the streetsevery year.
= run .)ver or r:unthrough *' read quickly, r,ehearse
over
Can we run t},e last scene (of the play)
through
again and see if we can 1;etit perfect?
RLINIUP = causeto get big (gcr)
Don't trrn up big bills if .youhaven't thc money to pay them.
SEE ABOUT = give some t}ought or atlerntionto
I ha'ven't done anything about your comprlaintyet, but
Pll $e&"abotf it tomorrovz.
SEE OFF = be with sb. to say goodtyc
He 'vas all alone when tre left. None was thcre to see him rff.
SEE TO = pur dghr
this morning. Has anyone seenJo it?
This lock wasn't workinSS
Has it been to?
tr"39
SET IN = start
We start our central heatine as s(x)n as the cold weather set il.
SETTLE Up = pay one's bill
f owe you some money. I'd fike to settle up before I forget.
SHUT UP and rather vulgar = be quiet
Shut up and leave me alone.
STAND BY (by stressed) = support
I'm your friend. I'11 always stand by your order!
STAND FOR = represent
The sign o'+" standsfor plus.
STAND LIP FOR = support
Will no one stand up for me, or will you all let me down?
STAND UP TO = not refuse to fight
Don't 1ethim bully you. Saae+t him and he'Il soon
back down.
STEP UP = increase
Production is slowing down. We must step it utB.
TAKE AFTER = resemble
George takes after his father.
TAKE IN = deceive
His story look everybody in. They all believed it, though he had
macleit all up.
TAKE OFF = deduct
Pll take 10 penceoff. (the price)
give oneself a holiday
I'll take Friday afternoon off.
= imitate somebody
George took off the headmasterperfectly.
= b.grn to fly
Your plane takesoff at 18.00 hours.
140
Exercise I
Choosethe correct expression.
b. commenced d. canceled
b. terminate d. investigate
8. If the troops ran out af ammunition and had to withdraw, they
a. were exhausted c. faced the enemy
b. accepted d. admired
b. sbopprd d. adapted
19. After the first of the month William will take over Mr. Smith's duties, He witl
Exercise lI
Substitute, in pltLceof the underlined word of wor,(lsrthe corresponding idiomatic expression
indicated in parentheses
I
1. She teJraphorred
me very/late last night. (clilled
2. Be sure to extingruishthe liglrt before you ileavethe room.
(rurn
3. Helen $reed,onlcrself her new dress and stood admiring herself in the mirror.
(put -------_-_--)
4. Remove your shoesand come in the templ,; a few minutes,,
(take --)
5. Mary is eekiug the pocket book which you lost yesterday.
(looking
6. Did you discover what his narne was? (find
7. Some okl friends of rny father's ylsid u.slast night.
(called
8. I am surr: he didn't leilve that cigarettethel:einte"ntionally.
(on __)
9. You wrill first have to searchfor his numbr:r in the telephorrebook.
(look _)
10. He askeclme to come in and riildotvn. (rtake
11. The acci,Ientqccurred on the corner of Sul,]rumvit and Soi Asoke.
L2. Williann wants to stu4p medicine when he goesto college.
(take __.-_ _)
13. The meering was Boslpeneduntil next week.
(put -_-
r44
L4. With henlight hair and blue eyes Mary seenrsto resemblch,ermother, but in hr;r
charactershe is more like her father. (takr:
15. Aftera_l,orry;period of time, thirsmaterial wiill wear betler thrm the other.
(keep --- ___,1
16. to walk more slowly.
You'll fu,arze I cannotmaintain the same spped-asyou.
(k"ep -----_)
L7. When you. cross the str:et, bc-gareful and br: on the alcrt for the vehiclqs.
(watch -,1
18. They are rlemolishingrcany olclbuildings il order to build new ones.
\-LvalllrB _
(brought lilm -
I
Exercisell
In the blank spac,rsat the right, give a synonym for the underlined word or words.
rsL.s€rtta=-4c€-
.-Eollow.,er-arr:-nlr:-.in=t=he--fi
:55---=-,.-::::€11ia.<<<<=<<<-
tr
I
4. Sfiernl,anr,)g*a7fu?,J*,i.ad-+Gu u_ir,i^ri
the alphabet.
L4' With her light hair and blue eyes Mary seenrsto resembleher mother. but in hr;r
charactershe is more like her father. (take
15. After a to[g-petrbd of timq, this material w:tll wear befter than the other.
(keep ____)
16. You'll|srre to walk more slowly. I cannot mdntain thesame soeed_ruyou.
(keep -_--_-_)
17. When you. cross the strr;et,be_parefuijnd bq on the alefi_for the vehicles.
(watch _-_)
18- They arr: rle.rnolishingricanyolcl buildings in order to build new ones.
(tearing _
19. I refuse tc, leleratg his actions any longer. (prt
20- His mother died when he was young, and h:is grandmother reared him.
(brought him
LxercrseII
In the blank spulc(esat the right, give a synonym for the underlined word or words.
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