11 - Chapter 3
11 - Chapter 3
11 - Chapter 3
CHAPTER 3
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
3.1 Introduction
The saga of the growth of printing in India began with the arrival of
missionaries. The growth of printing in West Bengal, when Calcutta was the
capital of the British Empire, is attributable to meeting the growing needs of the
British Raj for its government and administration purposes. Several government-
owned printing presses came up all over India. The newspapers press, to start
with, was owned by the British, but with the growth of the nationalist movement
the Indian Press, particularly the vernacular, became active in the freedom
struggle, and was to become a major pillar of support in the realization of the
nations dreams for independence. The commercial printing centers came up in
Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai to meet the needs of the growing industry.
However, the printing industry in India only gained momentum after
independence.
The first modern printing press entered India (Anayath, R., (2007) by
sheer accident. In 1556, a Portuguese ship called at the port of Goa for supplies.
Aboard were 14 Jesuits bound for Abyssinia (todays Ethiopia) and a printing-
press. One Jesuit, Joao de Bustamente, a Spaniard, was a printer and
accompanying him was an assistant of Indian origin. The clergy in Goa felt their
need for a printing press was greater than Abyssinias, and so, requested the
Governor-General to make the press available to them. The press was taken out
and sent alongside Bustamente to the college of St. Paul.
Printing revived again in India but only in the early 18th century. Once
more a missionary played a key role. The Danes, had obtained, from the Rajah of
Tanjore the grant of a 25 square mile coastal territory Tranquebar, which became
a flourishing trade-centre. Here, in 1706, arrived a German-born Christian
missionary Bartholemeu Ziegenbalg, widely credited with printing the first book
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in India vary from 225,000 to 250,000 and industry has experienced rapid
modernization over the past decade (Birkenshaw, J., (2002). There have been
large investments in prepress and press operations in every market segment. To
meet the challenge of the internet and to keep pace with peoples lifestyles, most
newspapers have become more colourful, shedding their staid and dull image.
The Indian printing market was valued at $11.5 billion in 2009 and is
reached $25 billion in 2012, at a CAGR of 12.2% for 200912 as stated in Table
3.1. It has consistently outpaced GDP growth. The printing industry in India
newspapers, books, catalogues, packaging products and other publications such
as coffee-table books has come up to international standards. Industry has a
workforce of 2 million, 18 printing engineering colleges, several diploma schools
and many training institutions.
The key factors that drive the print market are economic development,
demographic changes, social development and growth in advertising expenditure.
India has a large population and over 50% of its population is aged under 35, so
it offers tremendous opportunities for growth in the printing sector. Increase in
literacy rate and lifespan adds to this factor. In fact, older populations tends to
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increase the demand for newspapers and books, as older people tend to read
more. Packaging is making a significant contribution to the printing market.
Some social trends that are having a major impact on packaging are the trend
towards smaller households and the accompanying rise in demand for smaller
pack sizes; rising health awareness among consumers; and increasing consumer
demands for convenience. Besides the political and economic situations, there
are some other drives for development of the printing industry, viz (i) One-to-one
marketing and customer relationship management (CRM) techniques are
becoming widespread, generally with demand for transactional and personalised
print produced digitally. (ii) Print jobs have shortening lead times and an increase
in reprints creates a larger number of shorter runs. (iii) There is increased use of
colour in newspapers and packaging. (iv) Printing quality is higher, plus there is
more process colour and extra spot colours in general printing.
The Indian print market was valued at $12.39 billion in 2009 and
reached $ 27.18 billion in 2012, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of
12.2% for 200912 and is stated in Table 3.1. It has consistently outpaced Gross
Domestic Production (GDP) growth over the past 15 years (Anandrathi,(2013).
Printing has now reached international standard in end uses such as newspapers,
books, catalogues, packaging products and other publications. Including printing
equipment and consumables.
Table 3.1 Indias print and allied items: market value, 2009 - 12 ($ millions)
The sheet-fed printing market was valued at $4.4 billion in 2009 and
reached $9.3 billion in 2012, with CAGR of 13.2% for 200912 (Waite, N.,
(2007). Sheet-fed machines are used in India for printing low to medium print
runs. The Indian printing sector produces about 2,000 small offset machines
every year, but it imports a significant percentage of printing machines from
other countries.
The total market for offset printing was estimated at $8 billion in 2009
with a CAGR of 11.6% for 20092012 (Table 3.3). Of this, sheet-fed printing
accounts for 54.7%, justifying its strong presence in the commercial sector.
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Table 3.2 Indias print market value by end use, 2009-12 ($ million)
wastage to 1015 sheets. The speed of sheet-fed machines has increased from
10,000 to 15,000 sheets per hour. The cost of plate preparation has dropped with
significant improvement in quality. Computer-to-plate (CtP) has raised the speed
of plate processing and several Indian printers have bought CtP machines in
recent years. Sheet fed offset is the most widely used printing process that can
print on large sheets. The machines vary from single-colour to 12-unit machines
with coating and varnishing facilities. Even the existing sheet-fed presses are
turning out to be more efficient when integrated with CtP. Other factors aiding
sheet-fed machines are ways to add value, such as more colours, UV coating,
Curing, and Varnishing.
estimated at $190.4 million in 2009 and reached $470.4 million in 2012, with a
CAGR of 14.3% for 200912 as in Table 3.4.
Table 3.5 Indias print market value by Equip. & Consumables, 2009-12 ($ million)
digital shops that have surfaced over the past decade. With a small investment
requirement and low barriers to entry, this sector has historically attracted a large
number of small entrepreneurs, in virtually every city and town in India. Highly
fragmented, the printing business in India has largely offered low margins. High
investment, high-volume newspaper and magazine publishers have survived on
their advertising revenues. Package printers, on the other hand, have had to make
do with small margins, owing to severe competition. The large printers in India
are present primarily in the newspaper and magazine publishing segment. There
are just a handful of large printers in packaging, label and commercial printing.
3.4.1 Outsourcing
printing jobs to India are Reed Elsevier, Blackwell, Pearson, Academic Press and
Taylor & Francis (Khambhatta, P., (2013).
subjects. Jaypee Brothers, popularly known for its medical books, published 15
books in 2005 jointly with Chinese publishers.
The Indian market for security printing was valued at $424.6 million
in 2009 and is has reached $927.4 million in 2012, at a CAGR of 12.2% for
200912 as in Table 3.8. Other security printing includes cheques, demand
drafts, telephone bills (landline and mobile), question papers in the education
sector, tickets in the travel segment, government documents, barcodes, etc.
Security printing can be divided into financial (banknotes, cheques, drafts) and
non-financial (stamps, passports, driving licenses, identity cards, personal
certificates, dividend warrants).
13.5% for 200912 as shown Table 3.9. Of this total, paper and paperboard
accounted for 42% and flexible packaging for 40%. Printed folding cartons have
many end uses in India. Lined cartons are used for packaging tea, malted milk
food and a few other food products. In recent years there has been a shift from
varnish-coated cartons to lamination or matt lamination as well as a shift towards
UV-coated cartons. This change is more evident in Fast Moving Consumer
Goods (FMCG). There have been considerable improvements in board quality,
printing quality and finishing quality. There has recently been some emphasis on
the quality of corrugated packaging products; for example, top surface coated
boxes are more in demand for packaging garments, electronic goods, kitchen
appliances, processed foods, etc. Progressive corrugators are setting up automatic
box-making plants to increase production and enhance the quality of the boxes.
In-house printing on corrugated board is gaining importance in India.
3.4.10 India print market value in each print sector (Region wise)
Northern region has 33% of Indias printing market, the largest share.
It is followed by the western and southern regions indicated in Table 3.11. The
eastern region is a smaller market, where Kolkata contributes the major share.
The printing market in northern India was valued at $ 3.8 billion in 2009 and is in
$8.6 billion in 2012, at a CAGR of 12.7 % for 2009 12 as shown in Table 3.12.
The southern and western print markets have CAGRs of about 12% and the
eastern region has a CAGR of about 10%.
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We all know that technological concepts in and around the world are
changing rapidly. Today what we learn is insufficient or obsolete tomorrow. This
is not just the case of printing industry but applicable to most of the conventional
industries. As Printing Technology contributes major percentage of the media
industry, we also have to understand clearly these changes to be there in the
market. A successful entrepreneur should understand these reengineered areas
and go for the new technology adoption or absorption to fulfill the customer
requirements. The present technology demands not just experience but the ability
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CtP was introduced in 1995, and now it has started taking momentum
in offset printing. CTP reduces; make ready time, saves labor, and material.
Throughout the world there are about 1, 85,000 installations (US 27%, Europe
48% and Asia 15%) Computer to Conventional Plate (CTCP) also has become
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very popular now a days and many organisations are moving towards this
technology.
With the passage of time, and the limited success of add-on controls to
properly address multi-media chemical exposures, industry and governments
have embraced a new philosophy - Pollution Prevention. During the 1980s and
early 1990s, some imaginative and farseeing firms worked to embrace
alternatives to the petrochemical-based inks and solvents. Some did so because a
few countries promoted alternatives with a more holistic approach, rather than a
quick fix with an incinerator (Sukanchan. P., (2013). Today we are poised at the
end of one era and the beginning of a new one. Pollution prevention efforts can
help to make a difference. Small companies cannot afford the capital expenditure
or operating costs of add on controls. Press and material improvements can help
to improve quality and productivity, and reduce chemical pollution. Incentive to
plan ahead and pursue source reduction are available in some states in the form
of financial support for economic development. Reduced liability and good
citizenship are other less tangible forms of incentives. As new products are
designed, as new presses are purchased, new inks tried, the environment will
benefit.
of the 1990s enterprises changed their operating procedures and introduced eco
auditing frame works for modifying products and services. Currently
organizations are facing a fourth face in which environmentally cautious firms,
mainly large companies are developing environmental programmes aimed at
organizing their supply chains. As competitions has intensified and globalised
over the last decade, many companies increasingly rely on their supply network
to handle more complex technologies and higher customer expectations
(Vachon et al.,(2005).
ISO 14001 has newly been revised, with the intention of being more
comprehensible, more compatible with ISO 9001 and of meeting the needs of
small and medium sized enterprises. The revised standard puts more emphasis on
continual improvement of environment performance and management
commitments. Environmental performance of an organisation is defined as the
measurable results of an organizations management of its environmental
aspects. In turn, an environmental aspect has been defined as an element of an
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