LTE Technology

Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Long Term Evolution is the latest step in moving forward from the existing cellular services. LTE is based on
standards developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project. It is a project of the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project, operating under a name trademarked by one of the associations within the
partnership of telecom companies.
LTE standards are described in Release 8 of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project. The 3GPP has declared
LTE to be the next-generation global standard for mobile communications. Its extremely fast, Intelligent and
efficient and which makes an extreme communication experience. Its a safe bet that people are looking for
more bandwidth, better quality and services suiting their own profile.
Communication so far mostly being about people speaking to people, the future of communication will be
about all kind of things speaking to each other through Internet, i.e.- Internet of things. Every toaster, AC, Car
engine could be equipped with low cost LTE chip that will connect to every growing network. LTE takes into
a whole new dimension in fact its being called the largest growth opportunity in the history of business.
LTE has many players into it, it has plenty of opportunity for new players to get into it. The switchover from
old network to LTE is fairly easy, theres already a base station and its just like remote software upgrade.

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Chapter II
HISTORY OF LTE
First Generation
Analog telecommunications standard was introduced in the early 1980s. They are the first generation of
analog phones.
Second Generation
Second Generation phones were fielded in late 1990s.Three primary benefits of these networks over their
predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted and speeds upto 64kbps; these systems
were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and
introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications Standard were developed in early 2000 and provided speeds upto
125kbps to 2Mbps.
LTE
LTE is a concept raised in 2002. The speed of LTE can theoretically be promised up to 1Gbps. The beyond
will be LTE advance with incredible transmission speed with no limitation for access and zone size

2.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UMTS is one of the 3G mobile telecommunications technologies, which is also being developed into LTE
technology. The first deployment of the UMTS is the release99 architecture. It includes voice services but the
key new feature is support of high speed data services. Data rates may reach as high as 2mbps.

2.1.1 3GPP
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project is the forum where standardization is handled for HSDPA and
HSUPAi.e.as well as has been handled from the first wide band code division multiple access specification
release. Further, 3GPP also has responsibility for Global System for Mobile Communications/Enhanced Data
Rates for Global Evolution standardization. The background of 3GPP is in the days when WCDMA
technology was being standardized following technology selections in different regions during 1997.
Following that, WCDMA was chosen in several places as the basis for third-generation mobile
communication systems and there was regional activity in several places around the same technological
principles. It became evident, however, that this would not lead to a single global standard aligned down to bit
level details. Thus, at the end of 1998 the US, Europe, Korea and Japan joined forces and created 3GPP.

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2.1.2 HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access is a new important step in the 3GPP network architecture evolution and
the basic functionality is specified in Release 5 of the 3GPP standards. HSDPA increases the peak data rate in
the downlink direction from 384 Kbit/s to up to 10 Mbit/s - in theory up to 14.4 Mbit/s - and is especially
designed to handle bursty packet traffic in the downlink in an efficient and flexible manner.
The introduction of HSDPA mainly affects network elements in the radio access network, such as the radio
network controller, base transceiver station, and user equipment. As a major benefit, the data transmission
delay and round trip time is significantly reduced, due to the fast packet scheduling in the BTS and the fast
retransmission scheme in the physical layer. HSDPA also improves the spectral efficiency, which in turn
means increased capacity in the radio interface. These benefits together open up new revenue opportunities for
the operator and provide better quality for the end user.

Fig 2.1: HSDPA Architecture

2.1.3 HSUPA
High Speed Uplink Data Access has been introduced as part of the 3GPP specification framework for
improving the uplink packet access capabilities to match those of HSDPA in the downlink.
HSUPA specifies a similar kind of functionality in the uplink as HSDPA specifies in the downlink. To be more
specific, HSUPA offers fast hybrid automatic repeat request retransmissions in the physical layer between the
UE and BTS, and fast packet scheduling performed in the BTS instead of the RNC.
Due to these improvements, peak user data rates up to 2 Mbit/s can be achieved in the uplink. The user data
rates, delay properties, cell throughput and cell coverage are important properties that partly characterize the
efficiency of the mobile network system.
HSUPA is designed to improve all these properties and thus enable improved user experience that brings
added value for end users and network operators.
It is estimated that the user data rates are improved by 20 100 % depending on the network conditions.
Round trip times as short as 50 milliseconds can be achieved. The cell throughput is estimated to
improve by 20 50 %. The coverage gain is between 0.5 and 1.5 decibels.

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 LTE Technology

Fig 2.2: HSUPA Architecture

2.2 Beyond UMTS
4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next
complete evolution in wireless communications.
A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia
can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations.
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining
problems of UMTS (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-
quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels.
LTE and WiMax are cut above technologies that fall under 4G.
LTE targets requirements of next generation networks including downlink peak rates of at least
100Mbit/s, uplink rates of 50 Mbit/s and RAN (Radio Access Network)round trip times of less than
10ms.
WiMAX is a short name for Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access. WiMAX is described in
IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) standard. It is expected that WiMAX
compliant systems will provide fixed wireless alternative to conventional DSL and Cable Internet.
WiMAX is an emerging technology that provides high-speed mobile data and telecommunication
services. It is a Last Mile Broadband Internet Access technology

Fig 2.3:Working of WiMAX

3.0 Limitations Of UMTS

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UMTS performance may not meet needs of future high performance application like multi-media, full
motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a network technology that extends UMTS capacity
by an order of magnitude.
There are multiple standards for UMTS making it difficult to roam and interoperate across network,
we need global mobility and service portability
The Latency of user plane traffic (UMTS: >30 ms) and of resource assignment procedures (UMTS:
>100ms) is too big to handle traffic with high bit rate variance efficiently.
It doesnt use the available spectrum as efficiently as LTE, and latency is too high for demanding, real-
time services, such as video.
UMTS deployment is restricted by many factors like interoperability issues, low battery life, limited
coverage, dropped calls on the network and expensive auction of spectrum licence.
UMTS is based on primarily a wide area concept. We need hybrid network that utilizes both wireless
LAN concept and cell or base station wide area network design.
We need all digital packet network that utilize IP in its fullest form with coverage of voice and data.

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 LTE Technology

Chapter IV
LONG TERM EVOLUTION

LTE is a relatively new cellular technology intended to greatly increase the speed and capacity of mobile
phone networks. LTE costs are lower, due to simpler architecture and a more open, standards-based design.
Download and upload speeds are much faster due to technological advances. And LTE presents a much greater
opportunity for interoperability.
LTE standards are described in Release 8 of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project. The 3GPP has declared
LTE to be the next-generation global standard for mobile communications.

4.1 Features of LTE

4.1.1 Economically Feasible
LTE utilizes a simpler architecture, the latest high-speed technologies, and commercially available devices all
of which create economies of scale and reduce operating costs for public safety agencies.

4.1.2 Better Performance

LTEs numerous technological advances bring better overall performance. End-users will certainly notice an
improved experience, and the technology itself will be more reliable. Multiple-input multiple-output
technology, for example, will likely be used often with LTE. MIMO puts several antennas on a tower, rather
than one. With more antennas working for the same communication, performance is significantly improved.

4.1.3 MIMO
MIMO can employ multiple antennas on both ends transmitter and receiver. MIMO increases data throughput
without the need for additional bandwidth or increased transmitting power. Orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing is another technology that will be used often with LTE, helping to make LTE superior to 3G,
which relies on less robust code division multiple access technology. OFDM splits available spectrum into
small units. That allows signals to be sent in smaller pieces, making LTE much more flexible and simple to
work with than 3G. The smaller pieces also make communications less likely to be affected by interference,
fading and other issues.

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4.1.4 High Throughput

LTEs high capacity enables improved broadband speed. Both download and upload speeds are significantly
faster than with 3G.
Those whove been working on the development of LTE say users will be amazed at how much faster LTE is
compared to 3G. Orthogonal frequency division multiple access, an advanced form of modulation that
provides robust data transmissions when used over wide channels, allows LTE to be effective at bandwidths
larger than 5 MHz. By comparison, 5 MHz is the maximum bandwidth that 3G can work with.

4.1.5 Flat, IP-Based Architecture

The architecture for LTE is all IP-based. And its a flat architecture, meaning there are fewer layers in the
network. LTE runs on a simpler network with fewer elements within it. The result is greater efficiency and less
latency. Flat architecture also reduces costs because its simpler than previous cellular technologies. And LTE
is extremely scalable, making it easier than ever before to add significant numbers of users.

4.1.6 Low Latency

Typical 3G latencies can be 50-60 milliseconds (ms). With LTE, something around 5-10 ms is much more
likely. Latency is very important when it comes to demanding applications, such as streaming video. Too
much latency degrades the signal and frustrates the end user.

4.1.7 Greater Interoperability

With LTEs standardized protocols and interfaces and everyone using commercially available devices more
public safety personnel can talk to one another. LTE can put more agencies and individuals on the same
communications platform. LTE supports an open-device ecosystem. And the all-IP nature of LTE helps with
interoperability because more and more public safety agencies are moving to IP-based systems.

4.1.8 Evolved Packet Core

EPC is a new, all-IP mobile core network for LTE. Its part of the specifications set forth in the 3GPP Release
8 standards. EPC unifies voice and data intoone subdomain. EPC is crucial for end-to-endIP service delivery
across LTE. It also eases the introduction of new services and applications.

4.1.9Bandwidth Flexibility
LTE can be flexibly deployed with a wide range of channel sizes,or carrier bandwidths.

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 LTE Technology

These can range from 1.4 MHz wide up to 20 MHz. LTE works well atany level within this range.

4.1.10 Improved Spectral Efficiency

LTE is better than previous technologies at maximizing the use of available spectrum frequency. This is a key
asset, since frequency is allocated by the FCC, and everyone is limited by the amount of frequency they can
use. LTEs improved spectral efficiency lets the system maximize bandwidth, number of users and user
experience.

4.1.11 Lower Battery Drain on Devices

The 3GPP has established that LTE shall include single-carrier frequency division multiple access, which
minimizes battery drain on the end-user device. It works by having the device only send information to a base
station when it needs to, rather than the traditional method of sending data to the base station continuously

4.2 Technologies Associated with LTE

4.2.1 OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing technology has been incorporated into LTE because it enables
high-data bandwidths to be transmitted efficiently while still providing a high degree of resilience to
reflections and interference. The access schemes differ between the uplink and downlink: Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access is used in the downlink. OFDMA resembles code division multiple
access spread spectrum, where users can achieve different data rates by assigning a different code spreading
factor or a different number of spreading codes to each user. OFDMA can be seen as an alternative to
combining.
OFDM with time division multiple access or time-domain statistical multiplexing, i.e. packet mode
communication. In OFDM the signal is first split into independent sub-carriers and these closely-spaced
orthogonal sub-carriers are used to carry the data. The data is divided into several parallel data streams or
channels, one for each sub-carrier. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme at a
low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single carrier modulation schemes of the
same bandwidth.
Both OFDM and OFDMA symbols are structured in similar way Each symbol consists of:
data sub-carriers or sub-channels that carry data, pilot sub-carriers as reference frequencies and for various
estimations.
DC sub-carrier as the centre frequency, and guard sub-carriers or guard bands for keeping the space
between OFDM/OFDMA signals.

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The OFDM technology used in LTE comprises a maximum of 2048 different sub-carriers having a spacing of
15 kHz.

Fig 4.1:OFDM scheme

Although it is mandatory for the mobiles to have capability to be able to receive all 2048 sub-carriers, not all
need to be transmitted by the base station which only needs to be able to support the transmission of 72 sub-
carriers. In this way, all mobiles will be able to talk to any base station.
Within the OFDM signal it is possible to choose between three types of modulation:
QPSK (= 4QAM) 2 bits per symbol
16QAM 4 bits per symbol
64QAM 6 bits per symbol
The exact format is chosen depending upon the prevailing conditions. The lower forms of modulation, do not
require such a large signal to noise ratio but are not able to send the data as fast. Only when there is a
sufficient signal to noise ratio can the higher-order modulation format be used.

4.2.2 SC-FDMA
For the LTE uplink, a different concept is used for the access technique. The implementation is called Single
Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access.SC-FDMA is a hybrid transmission scheme combining the low
peak to average of single carrier schemes with the frequency allocation flexibility and multi-path protection.
One of the key parameters that affects all mobiles is that of battery life. Even though battery performance is
improving all the time, it is still necessary to ensure that the mobiles use as little battery power as possible.
With the RF power amplifier that transmits the radio frequency signal via the antenna to the base station being
the highest power item within the mobile, it is necessary that it operates in as efficient mode as possible. This
can be significantly affected by the form of radio frequency modulation and signal format. Signals that have a
high peak to average ratio and require linear amplification do not lend themselves to the use of efficient RF
power amplifiers. As a result, it is necessary to employ a mode of transmission that has as near a constant
power level when operating. Unfortunately, OFDM has a high peak to average ratio. While this is not a
problem for the base station where power is not a particular problem, it is unacceptable for the mobile.

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 LTE Technology

As a result, LTE uses a modulation scheme known as SC-FDMA - Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiplex which is a hybrid format. This combines the low peak to average ratio offered by single-carrier
systems with the multipath interference resilience and flexible subcarrier frequency allocation that OFDM
provides.

4.2.3 MIMO
One of the main problems with previous telecommunications systems concerned distortion from reflected
waves. By using MIMO, these additional signal paths can be used to advantage and are able to be used to
increase the throughput MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless
communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source and the destination. The antennas at
each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. MIMO is
one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others being Multiple Input, Single Output and Single
Input, Multiple Output. The MIMO system uses multiple antennas to simultaneously transmit data, in small
pieces to the receiver, which can process the data flows and put them back together. This process, called
spatial multiplexing, proportionally boosts the data-transmission speed by a factor equal to the number of
transmitting antennas.
In addition, since all data is transmitted both in the same frequency band and with separate spatial signatures,
this technique utilizes spectrum very efficiently.

Fig 4.2:MIMO Smart Antenna Technology

There are two types of smart antennas:
Switched Beam Antennas have fixed beams of transmission, and can switch from one predefined beam to
another when the user with the phone moves throughout the sector

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Adaptive Array Antennas represent the most advanced smart antenna approach to date using a variety of
new signal processing algorithms to locate and track the user, minimize interference, and maximize
intended signal reception.

Smart antennas provide the following benefits:

Optimize available power and Increase base station range and coverage
Reuse available spectrum
Increase bandwidth and Lengthen battery life of wireless devices

4.2.4 Interoperability
LTE hardware from multiple vendors is currently being tested for compatibility with older technologies such
as GSM and 3G networks. The availability of commercial LTE terminals from multiple vendors and proven
interoperability with networks providers is a prerequisite for any operator to launch commercial LTE services.
Interoperability between infrastructure and terminals is key with every technology, and it is particularly
fundamental in such a new technology like LTE.
LTE is designed to work with legacy technologies such as:
GSM
3G Networks
WCDMA
CDMA-2000
WiMax

4.2.5 SAE
With the very high data rate and low latency requirements for 3G LTE, it is necessary to evolve the system
architecture to enable the improved performance to be achieved. One change is that a number of the functions
previously handled by the core network have been transferred out to the periphery. Essentially this provides a
much "flatter" form of network architecture. In this way latency times can be reduced and data can be routed
more directly to its destination.

4.2.6 Wider Spectrum

A key characteristic of LTE technology is its suitability for deployment in scalable bandwidths ranging from
1.25 MHz to 20 MHz. To its advantage, it can operate in all 3GPP frequency bands in paired and unpaired
spectrum allocations.

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 LTE Technology

In practical terms, the actual performance achievable with LTE depends on the bandwidth allocated for
services, and not the choice of spectrum band itself. In general, demand for high bandwidth is leading to a
greater utilization of wider bandwidth transmission.

4.2.7 Mobility Management

Mobility management is one of the major functions of a GSM or a UMTS network that allows mobile
phones to work. The aim of mobility management is to track where the subscribers are, allowing
calls, SMS and other mobile phone services to be delivered to them.
Features of mobility management in Ipv6:
128bit address space provides a sufficiently large number of addresses.
High quality support for realtime audio and video transmission,
short/bursty connections of web applications, peer to peer applications, etc.
Faster packet delivery, decreased cost of processing no header checksum at each relay, fragmentation only
at endpoints.
Smooth handoff when the mobile host travels from one subnet to another, causing a change in its Care of
Address.

4.3Security
Security in 4G networks mainly involves authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and authorization for the
access of network connectivity and QoS resources for the UEs flows. Firstly, the UE needs to prove
authorization and authenticate itself while roaming to a new providers network.
AAA protocols provide a framework for such support especially for control plane functions (including key
establishment between the UE and AR, authenticating the MN with AAA server, and installing security
policies in the UE or ARs data plane such as encryption, encryption, and filtering), but they are not well
suited for mobility scenarios. There needs to an efficient, scalable approach to address this.
The Extensible Authentication Protocol, a recently developed IETF protocol, provides a flexible framework
for extensible network access authentication and potentially could be useful.
Secondly, when QoS is concerned, QoS requests needs to be integrity-protected, and moreover, before
allocating QoS resources for an UEs flow, authorization needs to be performed to avoid denial of service
attacks. This requires a hop-by-hop way of dynamic key establishment between QoS aware entities to be
signalled on. Finally, most security concerns in this paper lie in network layer functions: although security can
also be provided by higher layers above the network layer.

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4.4 Differences Between UMTS and LTE

Table 4.4.1: Comparison between UMTS and LTE

Network Feature UMTS Network LTE Network

Major services Primarily voice Voice, data, and rich multi-media

1. WAN 1. Broadband IP
Core Network
2. Circuit/Packet switching 2. All packet switched
Integration of WAN/Wireless
Network Architecture WAN (cell based)
LAN
Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 20 to 100 Mbps mobile

Frequency Band 1800-2400 MHz 2 to 8 GHz

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or greater)

All digital switching with
Switching Technology Circuit and Packet
packetized voice
Access Technologies CDMA OFDM and MC-CDMA

Forward Error Correction Convolutional rate 1/2, 1/3 Concatenated coding scheme
Optimized antenna design, Smart Antennas, software
Antenna Technology
Multi-band adapters multiband and wideband radios
IP Capabilities IP 5.0 All IPv6

Table 4.4.2: Differences in service

Service category Current environment LTE environment

VoIP, high quality video
Rich voice Real time audio
conferencing
Photo message, IM, mobile e-mail,
P2F messaging SMS, MMS, Low priority e-mail
video messaging
Access to online information
service, for which users pay
Super-fast browsing, uploading
Browsing standard network rates. Currently
content to social networking sites
limited to WAP browsing over
GPRS and 3G network
Content for which users pay over
E-newspaper, high quality audio
Paid information and above standard network charges.
streaming
Mainly text-based information.
Predominantly ringtones, also Real tones, personalised mobile
Personalisation
includes screensaver and ring backs web sites

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 LTE Technology

A consistent online gaming

Games Downloadable and online games experience across both fixed and
mobile network
Broadcast television service, true
Streamed and downloadable video
TV/ video on demand on-demand television, high quality
content
video streaming
Full track downloads and analogue High quality music downloading
Music
radio services and storage
Peer-to-peer messaging using third wide scale distribution of video
Content messaging and
party content as well as interaction clips, karaoke service, video-based
cross media
with other media mobile advertising
Mobile handset as payment device,
Commission on transaction and
with payment detail carried over
M-commerce payment facilities undertaken over
high speed network to enable rapid
mobile network
completion of transactions

4.6 Features Of LTE

The 3GPP group has defined the following as features and standards for LTE communication
LTE targets requirements of next generation networks including downlink peak rates of at least 100Mbit/s,
uplink rates of 50 Mbit/s.
RAN (Radio Access Network) round-trip times of less than 10ms.
It is suitability for deployment in scalable bandwidths ranging from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz as well as both
FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex).
LTE will also support seamless connection to existing networks, such as GSM, CDMA and WCDMA.
A main objective of Long Term Evolution (LTE) is to support IP multimedia services, including VoIP and
high-speed data applications
It enables smooth handoff between heterogeneous network.
LTE requires a completely new RAN.
LTE has reduced Latency

4.7 Limitations
4.7.1 Handoff Process
Handoff delay poses another important QoS related issue in LTE network. Although likely to be smaller in
intra-network handoffs the delay can be problematic in internet work handoffs because of authentication
procedures that require message exchange, multiple database access and negotiation- renegotiation due to
significant difference between needed and available QoS During the handoff process the user may experience
a significant drop in QoS that will affect the performance of both upper-layer protocols and applications.
Deploying can reduce both handoff delay and QoS variability.

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 LTE Technology

4.7.2Wireless system discovery

To discover the available system by processing the signals sent from different wireless system. And the
proposed solution would be user or system initiated discovered, with automatic download of software modules
for different wireless system.

4.7.3Wireless system selection

Every wireless system has its unique characteristics and role.
The proliferation of wireless technologies complicates the selection of the most suitable technology for a
particular service and particular time and space. The wireless system can be selected according to the best
possible fit of the user QoS requirements or available network resources or user preferences.

4.7.4Support for quality of service

Supporting QoS in 4G network will be a major challenge due to varying bitrates, channel characteristics,
bandwidth allocation, fault tolerance levels, and handoff support among heterogeneous wireless network. QoS
support can occur at the pocket, transaction, circuit, user and network levels.
Packet-level QoS applies to jitter, throughput, and error rate. Network resources such as buffer space and
access protocol are likely influences.
Transcation-level QoS describes both the time it takes to complete a transaction and the packet loss rate.
Certain transactions may be time sensitive, while others cannot tolerate any packet loss.
Circuit-level QoS includes call blocking for new as well as existing calls. It depends primarily on
networks ability to establish and maintain the end-to-end circuit. Call routing and location management
are two important circuit- level attributes.
User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type. The new location may not support the
minimum QoS needed, even with adaptive application.

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Chapter V
APPLICATIONS
Situational Awareness Immediate, dependable communication is critical during an incident response. The
capabilities of LTE get everyone on the same page, faster than ever before. Is a fire fighter down? With LTE,
information can be exchanged from anywhere, instantly, in many ways. Video can be sent from the scene to
commanders. Messages, images, surveillance videos, floor plans, mug shots whatever is needed can be
instantly disseminated to all responders who need the information.

5.1 Video
LTE gives new meaning to the phrase a picture is worth a thousand words. LTE provides fast transmission
of even high definition video. And there are numerous applications for public safety. For example, during a
school emergency, LTE, with proper integration, can provide responders with access to the video surveillance
feed from inside the school, sending it directly to squad cars. Video streaming of crime scenes and video
conferencing are other examples. And video can be sent quickly and easily, in both directions. With LTE,
video will likely play a much larger role than ever before.

5.2Digital Imaging
LTE enables large files to be sent extremely quickly. Detailed images of crime scenes, disaster scenes,
suspects and more all in high resolution can be sent whenever theyre needed. A photo can be received by a
responder in the field in two seconds. It takes minutes with todays public safety networks, making it
impractical in many situations. With LTE, photos can be sent quickly in both directions.

5.3Large Data Files

If a fire fighter needs to see blueprints of a commercial building thats on fire, there arent many options for
getting that information today. Sometimes it can be displayed from a CD on a laptop, but thats time-
consuming, and the information isnt always up to date. With LTE, very large files, such as detailed blueprints,
can instantly be sent to numerous devices. And information can be pulled from a variety of other databases as-
hazardous materials, for example. With LTE, volumes of data can be received in just seconds.

5.4Automatic Vehicle Location

LTE makes AVL more accurate and reliable. LTE supports both GPS and assisted GPS. In assisted GPS, LTE
base stations are used as additional reference points to more accurately fix the position of fire engines,

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Police cars and other vehicles. The system will no longer rely on satellites alone. This is especially helpful in
urban environments, where tall buildings can hinder GPS. And with LTE, photos or other data can be linked to
location information. A police officer, for example, can automatically be shown crime or suspect information
related to the neighbourhood hes entering in his squad car. Better AVL also gives improved situational
awareness, and lets dispatchers quickly send additional information to a vehicle based on its location.

5.5Computer-Aided Dispatching
Today, most information thats sent from dispatch to a responder is textual. Its often an address, and not much
more. With LTE, dispatch can also send high-definition video, high-resolution photos, detailed maps and other
data pertinent to the response. Video from one responder can be sent to dispatch, and then from there it can go
out to other responders.

5.6Access to Report Management Systems

LTE gives faster, greater access to central report management systems. Personnel out in the field will be able
to access data within reporting systems from mobile devices like never.

5.7Telemetry/Remote Diagnostics
LTE enables more data to be sent automatically from mobile devices so the data can be analysed elsewhere.
Patient data can be sent from an ambulance to the hospital, for example, so doctors have vital information
before the patient arrives. Diagnostic information for a device or a vehicle can be sent automatically as well.

5.8Bulk File Transfer

Information sharing is at an all-time high. Bulk file transfers require high throughput, which public safety
networks typically dont have. With LTE, bulk file transfers will be very fast. Whether for multiple high-
resolution images or huge amounts of raw data, large files will get there fast with LTE

5.9Enhanced Day-to-Day Operations

Efficiency can be greatly increased when people have instant remote access to databases for vehicle records or
suspect files, or can submit reports electronically. Public safety personnel are more effective when theres less
paperwork to do, or when theyre not waiting for information. The speed of LTE helps keep public safety
personnel focused on their real work. It helps them do their jobs better.

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Chapter VI
LTE ADVANCED

Being defined as a 4G technology LTE does not meet some of the requirements of 4G also called IMT
Advanced as defined by the International Mobiles Telecommunication(IMT).The mobile communication
industry and standardisation organisations have therefore started to work on 4G access technologies such as
LTE Advanced.

Proposed Features:
Backward compatibility with LTE and 3gpp legacy systems.
Peak data rate 1 Gbps DL and 500 Mbps UL.
BW about 70 MHz in DL and 40 MHz in UL.
C plane latency from Idle with IP address to Connected less than 50 ms and U plane latency shorter than 5
ms towards RAN, considering 30% retransmissions
Cell edge throughput twice that of LTE.
3 times higher average user throughput than LTE.
3 times more spectral efficient than LTE.
Support of scalable BW and spectrum aggregation.
Peak spectrum efficiency 30 bps/Hz in DS and 15 bps/Hz in UL.

6.1Support of larger bandwidth in LTE Advanced

In 4G, bandwidths up to 100MHz are foreseen to provide peak data rates up to 1 Gbps. In general, OFDM
provides simple means to increase bandwidth by adding additional subcarrier. Since Release 8 UE capabilities
only support 20MHz bandwidth, the scheduler must consider a mix of terminals. Due to a fragmented
spectrum, the available bandwidth might also be not contiguous. To ensure backward compatibility to current
LTE the control channels such as synchronisation, broadcast or PDCCH/PUCCH might be needed per
20MHz.
Some of the main challenges for 100 MHz terminals are:
Availability of RF filter for such a large bandwidth and bandwidths of variable range
Availability of Analog Digital Converter with such a high sampling rate and quantization resolution
Increased decoding complexity e.g. for channel decoding and increased soft buffer size
Minimum changes to the specifications will be required if Resource Allocation, MIMO, Link Adaptation,
HARQ etc. are done per 20MHz. The scheduler must operate across the bandwidth and there will be a larger

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number of transport blocks per transmission time interval. Currently the Frequency Division Duplex schemes
as defined for LTE in Release 8 are limited to operate in a fully symmetric allocation of paired spectrum.
This makes it difficult to find suitable FDD spectrum allocations and also cannot efficiently support
asymmetric traffic. For LTE Advanced more flexible bandwidth allocations are currently being considered
LTE Advanced will be standardised in the 3GPPspecification Release 10 and will be designed to meet the
remaining 4G requirements as defined by ITU.
Amongst others 4G technologies must support various bandwidth allocations up to 100MHz and shall support
peak data rates up to 1 Gbps for stationary terminals. LTE Advanced, which is likely to be the first complete
4G technology, will be a smooth evolution of the LTE standard will be based on same principles. Work on the
requirements is already progressing in 3GPP while work on technology proposals is expected to go on for
some time within the working groups. Several changes on the physical layer can be expected to support larger
bandwidths with more flexible allocations and to make use of further enhanced antenna technologies.
Coordinated base stations with coordinated scheduling, coordinated MIMO or interference management and
suppression will also require changes on the network.

CONCLUSION

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As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies
to a single global standard. Projected LTE systems offer this promise of a standard that can be embraced
worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP
multimedia applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity
of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end users and the wireless infrastructure.
The fourth generation promises to fulfil the goal of PCC (personal computing and communication) a vision
that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless network. Although LTE wireless
technology offers higher bit rates and the ability to roam across multiple heterogeneous wireless networks,
several issues require further research and development.
The door is open for LTE, its launch is a milestone for an efficient of global communication and networking.
LTE seems to be very promising generation of wireless communication that will change the peoples life in the
wireless world.

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REFERENCES
[1] 3GPP TR 25.913 Feasibility Study of Evolved UTRA and UTRAN
[2] 3GPP TS 25.104 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (FDD)
[3] 3GPP TS 25.105 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (TDD)
[4] 3GPP, Overview of 3GPP release 8 v.0.1.1, Tech. Rep., June 2010.
[5] 4th ETSI Security Workshop- Sophia-Antipolis, 13-14 January 2009
[6] A Long-Term Evolution Downlink inspired channel simulator using the SUI 3Channel Model, Thesis of
Sanjay Kumar Sarkar, August 2009
[7] A Survey of Security Threats on 4G Networks, Yongsuk Park and Taejoon Park
[8] Dahlman, Parkvall, Skold and Beming, 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, Academic
Press, Oxford, UK, 2007
[9] Dahlman, Parkvall, Skold and Beming, 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, Academic
Press, Oxford, UK, 2007
[10] LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution- Towards Global Mobile Broadband A White Paper from the
UMTS Forum, February 2008

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