International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences

2017, Vol. 7, No. 2

ISSN: 2222-6990

An Overview of Counselor Ethical Code and Ethical

Principles in Malaysian Setting

Nurul Hasyimah Mat Rani1a,b*, Wan Marzuki Wan Jaafar2a, Sidek Mohd
Noah3a, Samsiah Mohd Jais4a, Mohammad Nasir Bistamam5a
aDepartment
of Counselor Education and Psychology Counselling, Faculty of Educational
Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
bDepartment of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Educational and Human Development,

Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak, Malaysia

DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i2/2734 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i2/2734

Abstract
Counselors are increasingly needed not only in public institutions and private but also in the
events of natural disaster and tragedy in the country such as the tsunami on 26 December
2004, a major flood in Kelantan in 2014, also MH370 and MH17 crash incidents in December
2014. Counselors also work with various groups such as children, school-going students, people
with disabilities, single mothers, teenagers, university students, parents, spouses, and workers.
As someone who delivers a professional service, counselors should offer their services in an
ethical manner and avoid an unethical behavior. Ethical code and ethical principles can guide
counselors in practicing counseling services in an ethical manner. This paper gives an overview
about the Board of Counselor (Malaysia), the goals and sections in the Code of Ethics in the
Malaysian setting and ethical principles in counseling practices. The main objective of this paper
is to apply the code of ethics and ethical principles in solving ethical issues. The impending
conclusion and implication will also be discussed.
Keyword: Code of ethics, Ethical Principles, Counselor, Board of Counselor, Counseling

1. Introduction
Counseling is one of the helping professions in social science. The career as a counselor has
become an important position in public and private organizations in Malaysia. This is proven by
the need for counselors in public sectors such as in federal departments, semi -government
sectors, by the need for full-time counselors in schools, counselors and assistant counselors in
the national drug agencies, as well as public and private higher education institutions and non-
governmental agencies in Malaysia. Counselors holding counselor positions in the federal
service are also categorized under management and professional services (Circular, Number 11
of 2006). Counseling services should be delivered in a professional and ethical conduct set as
stated in the Malaysian Board of Counselors.
There are counselors who have ethical beliefs that contradict with the code of ethics (Elliot,
2011). When there is a conflict between ethical beliefs and code of ethics adopted by the
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 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
2017, Vol. 7, No. 2
ISSN: 2222-6990

counselor, unethical behavior can occur and have an adverse impact on clients such as harm to
clients involved in counseling sessions. Non-compliance to the code of ethics can also lead
counselor license suspended and dismissed from the university's counseling program (Elliot,
2011; Hermann & Herlily, 2006; Remley & Herlily, 2007). This paper is very useful for counselor
and trainee counselor as a guide for implementing code of ethics and ethical principles in
Malaysian setting. The main objective of this paper is to give an overview for counselors and
trainee counselor to apply the code of ethics and ethical principles in solving ethical issues in
various setting.

2 Literature Review
2.1 Board of Counselor (Malaysia)
Ethics code has become an important part in the professional career such as counseling, social
work and human service counseling. Generally, the code of ethics in counseling professions
provides a set of guidelines to counselors in delivering counseling services in their communities
and organizations.

In the Malaysian setting, the Board of Counselor (Malaysia) is the main institution that
organizes and manages counselors across the country. The Code of Ethics gives guidelines to
counselors in their everyday practices. According to Counselor Act (1998), the Board has 11
functions which are (i) to oversee the provision of counseling services; (ii) to evaluate the need
for counseling services in Malaysia; (iii) to regulate the training of counselors and determine the
types and levels of counseling that can be made available in Malaysia; (iv) to determine the
qualifications entitling a person to be registered under the Act; (v) to determine the standard of
counseling training programs; (vi) to make recommendations to the Government in relation to
the standard of counseling services; (vii) to register counselors and make them qualified; (viii)
to regulate the fees which can be charged by a registered counselor for his counseling services;
(ix) to appoint members of the Board to sit on any board, committee or body formed for any
purpose affecting the counseling profession; (x) to regulate the conduct of the counseling
profession, including prescribing the code of ethics for the counseling profession; and (xi) to do
other things as deemed necessary to enable it to carry out its functions effectively. Therefore,
the 11 functions assist counselors to have guideline in carrying out the counseling process as
well as recognizing the function of a counselor in the community. Other than that, from these
functions, the counselor should be able to acknowledge his or her rights, as well as clients
rights.

2.2 Goals and Sections in Codes of Ethics, Board of Counselor (Malaysia)

There are five main goals of the Codes of Ethics which provide guidelines to help counselors in
conducting the service professionally, creating principles which determine ethical behaviors
and good practices in the counseling profession, allowing the Board of Counselor to explain
about the ethical responsibilities to the registered counselor in Malaysia, give support to the
Board of Counselors missions and as a foundation in the processing report and queries
regarding ethics
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Based on Codes of Ethics (Board of Counselor, 2011), the Code are divided into eight main
sections which are section A (helping relationship), Section B (confidentiality, privileged
communication and privacy), Section C (professional responsibility), Section D (relationship with
other professionals), Section E (Evaluation, assessment and interpretation), Section F
(supervision, training and teaching), Section G (research and publication and Section H
(solutions of ethical issues). Section A (Helping relationship) stressed on counselor responsibility
in clients welfare, needs of informed consent in the counseling relationship, clients who
receive services from other professionals, roles and relationships with clients, roles and
relationships at individual, institutional and community levels, the end of life care for clients
who have no hope to recover, fees and bartering or services, termination and referrals, and
responsibilities to access.

Section B (Confidentiality, Privileged Communication and Privacy) sheds light on trust and
maintaining confidentiality in the helping relationship. This section delves into the responsibility
of the counselor to respect the clients right, the exception in the counseling relationship (harm
and danger, limitation of confidentiality, and legal requirements), the information shared with
others (such as the subordinated and third party), group and family counseling, disabled clients
who give informed consent (child and adolescent clients) , counseling records, research,
training and consultation.

Section C (Professional Responsibility) discusses counselor accountability to practice in non-

discriminative settings, open and honest communication and adherence to the codes of ethics
in the counseling profession. Counselors are responsible to know and comprehend the ethics
code and relevant regulations and laws. Counselors are responsible for their professional
competencies, advertisements and getting clients, professional qualifications, responsibilities to
the public and responsibilities to other professionals.

Section D (Relationship with other professionals) elaborates on the counselor relationship with
colleagues, employers and subordinates. This section highlights the good relationship which
includes teamwork, building relationship; determines professional obligations and ethics,
employers policy, negative practices and so on. This section also stresses on the consultation
that includes consultant competencies, goals and informed consent in consultation.

Section E ( Evaluation, assessment and interpretation) highlights the issues of competencies in

using and interpreting the instruments and assessments, the informed consent in assessment,
diagnosis for mental disorder, instrument selection, methods of administrating instruments,
multi-culture and diversity issues in interpretation, scoring and interpretation of instruments,
safety of assessments, outdated assessments and reports, developing instruments, and forensic
evaluation; evaluation for legal proceeding.

Section F (Supervision, training and teaching) emphasises counselor supervision and clients
welfare, counselor supervision competencies, supervisory relationships, supervisor

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ISSN: 2222-6990

responsibilities, Supervision, assessment, rehabilitation and declaration in counseling,

responsibilities of a counselor educator, student welfare, students responsibilities, students
assessment and rehabilitation, roles and relationship between counselor educator and student,
and multicultural competencies.

Section G (research and publication) explains about the responsibilities in research,

participants rights in research, the relationship with research participants, reporting results
and publications. Section H (solution of ethical issues) covers the standards and laws, also the
suspected violation and cooperation with the ethics committee.

3. Ethical Code and Ethical Principles in Solving Ethical Issues

A counselor needs to consider ethics and moral principles while solving ethical issues. There are
five ethical principles which are autonomy, non-maleficence beneficence, justice and fidelity.
According to Welfel (2013), the principle of autonomy relates to ones action freedom and
dignity of the client. Clients are free to make choices in their issues and are responsible in their
choices. The second principle is non-maleficence which is defined as not harmful.

These principles apply in various situations such as in dual relationships, counselor

competencies, informed consent, research and public statements. Beneficence is described as a
counselors responsibility to do good, which includes the promotion of public welfare and duty
to help the society. Justice is delineated as the responsibilities to be fair, to avoid bias and to be
nondiscriminatory. The last principle is fidelity. Fidelity is defined as loyalty to the client.
Counselor must give priority to clients interest than their own interest. Trust and faithfulness
play an important part in the fidelity principles.

When applying the ethical principles, there is a conflict that frequently occurs. A counselor
does not know which principles should come first in situations which occur in their practices.
Beauchamp and Childress, (as cited in Welfel, 2013) suggested that non-maleficence is the
priority that is to be considered more than other principles. A counselor has to avoid clients
from being endangered or harmed in various situations, especially in crucial situations like
suicide, child abuse and so on.

Currently there are almost 6450 Registered Counselors in Malaysia. The Board of Counselor has
exerted an intensive effort from time to time in order to make sure that counselors have been
qualified and they have fulfilled the requirement from the Board as registered counselors. An
unregistered counselor is not legally allowed to practice counseling in the setting (Counselor
Act, 1998). Besides, as registered counselors, they are also required to be certified with the the
Declaration of Practice to practice counseling services in organizations or private bodies or
agencies. All sections in the Codes of Ethics have provided the counselors the basic guideline in
conducting counseling processes and services in the Malaysian context. The implementation of
codes of ethics in counseling has become more challenging, because of the broad coverage and

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2017, Vol. 7, No. 2
ISSN: 2222-6990

common ways in practice. Therefore, this code is also viewed as vague and less precise in
context.

In the Malaysian setting, there are various races (such as Malay, Chinese, and Indian) and
religions (such as Muslim, Christian, Buddhist and other). In addition, clients who come from
different cultural backgrounds have their own values and beliefs, which lead to the various
issues from broad perspectives. It contributes to the uniqueness of the delivering of counseling
services as well as to the fact that the application of the ethics code becomes more challenging.
Counselors need to be more creative in dealing with clients from diverse backgrounds.
Counselors need to learn and comprehend the ethics codes (Codes of Ethics, 2011), consider
ethical awareness and use the problem-solving skills when addressing ethical problems (Corey,
Corey and Callanan, 2003). As a counselor, they have to obey the Codes of Ethics and make
ethical judgments carefully. Counselor consideration and judgments in ethical problems can
avoid doing harm to the client and protect the counseling profession as a professional career

4 Application of Code of Ethics, Board of Counselor (Malaysia) in Solving

Ethical Issues
Currently there has almost 6601 Registered Counselor in Malaysia (Lembaga Kaunselor
Malaysia, 2016). Board of Counselor did an intensive effort from times to times in order to
make sure a counselors have been qualified and they are fulfilled the requirement from Board
in being a registered counselor. The unregistered counselor does not legally allows to practice
counseling in setting. (Counselor Act, 1998). Besides, as a registered counselor, they are also
required to be Certified for Declaration of Practice to practice counseling services in
organization or private practices. All sections in Codes of Ethics is provided counselor the basic
guideline in conducting counseling process and services in Malaysia context . Implementation
on codes of ethics in counseling is become more challenging, because of the broad coverage
and common ways in practice. Therefore, this code also views as vague and less precise in
context. In addition, clients who come from different cultural background have their own values
and beliefs, which causes towards disclosing thevaries issues from broad perspectives. In
Malaysia setting, there are multi-racial (such as Malay, Chinese, India) and religion (such as
Muslims, Christian, Buddhist and other). It is contributed to the uniqueness of the delivering of
counseling services as well as to the application of ethics code become more challenging.
Counselor need to learn and comprehend the ethics codes (Codes of Ethics, 2011), consider
ethical awareness and use the problem solving skills in solving ethical problems (Corey, Corey
and Callanan, 2003). As a counselor, they have to obey Codes of Ethics and make ethical
judgment carefully. Counselor consideration and judgments in ethical problems can avoid doing
harm to client and protect counseling profession as professional career.

5 Conclusion and Implications

A counselor has to practice according to the Codes of Ethic, Board of Counselor (Malaysia). As a
counselor and and a professional, they cannot ignore the codes and practice in their own way.
Ethical misconduct can harm the client and cause an imminent danger to the third party (see
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ISSN: 2222-6990

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California case in 1976). One of the counselor duties is
to protect the clients welfare. As responsible counselors, they have to register themselves as a
registered counselor in practicing counseling services legally and obtain the protection from the
Board of Counselor (Malaysia). This paper serves as a reminder to the counselor of their core
duty, that they should rely on the ethical principles and code of ethics when applying for a
counseling service in the community as well as when implementing their professional roles in
organizations.

Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) for their
sponsorships of my doctorate research, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris for the study Leave
and Supervisory Committee Members in Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Corresponding Author
Nurul Hasyimah Mat Rani, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia,
[email protected]. Department of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of
Educational and Human Development, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak,Malaysia
Nurul Hasyimah Mat Rani, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, [email protected].
Department of Counselor Education and Psychology Counselling, Faculty of Educational Studies,
Universiti Putra Malaysia,Selangor, Malaysia

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