Chapter 19 Brain
Uploaded by
Uloko ChristopherChapter 19 Brain
Uploaded by
Uloko ChristopherPrinciples of Major Brain Areas
Human Anatomy
Eleventh Edition
Gerard J. Tortora
&
Mark T. Nielsen
CHAPTER 18
The Brain and the Cranial Nerves
Copyright 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
19_01b Cerebrospinal Fluid
Functions
Mechanical protection
Chemical protection
Circulation
Formed by:
Ependymal cells of the Choroid Plexuses
Flow from the choroid plexuses to the arachnoid
villa
Circumventricular organs
Hypothalamus
Pitutary
Pineal gland (body)
Brain Ventricles
19_04a 19_04b
19_04c 19_04d_part1
Brain Stem 19_04b
Medulla oblongata
Ascending sensory & descending motor tracts
Cross over at decussation of pyramids
Medullary rhythmicity area (basic breathing rhythm)
Complex reflexive behaviors
Pons
Pneumotaxic and apneustic areas (breathing reg.)
Reticular formation (RAS)
Sleep & wake cycles
Cerebellum 19_08abc
White matter Arbor vitae
The tree of life
Coordinates complex motor sequences
19_08d Hypothalamus
ANS
Pituitarygland
Emotional & behavioral patterns
Eating and drinking
Body temperature
Diurnal rhythms
Hypothalamus Cerebrum
Cerebral cortex rolls and folds
Rolls - Gyri
Deep folds fissures
E.g. Longitudinal fissure
Shallow folds or grooves sulci
E.g. Central sulcus
Lobes
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
19_11ab White matter in the cerebrum
Myelinated axon tracts that extend in 3
directions
Association fibers connect gyri w/in a
hemisphere
Commissural fibers connect gyri of one
hemisphere to the opposite gyri in the other
hemisphere
Projection fibers ascending & descending
tracts connecting the cerebrum with other
brain parts and spinal cord
White Matter Tracts Functional areas of the cortex
Sensory receive information
Motor control of muscular
movements
Association complex integrative
functions
Memory, emotion, reason, personality
intelligence
Functional Areas of Cortex
Functional areas of the cortex
Sensory areas
Primary somatosensory cortex
Post-
Post-central gyrus
Touch, proprioception,
proprioception, pain, temperature
Entire body represented, but not equally
Lips and fingers larger area devoted
21_05 Functional Areas of Cortex
Primary Motor Cortex
Pre-
Pre-centralgyrus
Voluntary contractions of motor
groups
Muscles represented, but not equally
Large area for vocalization and hands
Functional Areas of Cortex
21_05
Functional Areas of Cortex
Functional Areas of Cortex
Primary visual cortex
Medial surface of occipital lobe
Primary auditory area
Temporal lobe
Auditory association area
Wernicke
Wernickes area usually in the left
hemisphere
Motor speech area
Broca
Brocas area usually in the left hemisphere
Brain Lateralization Split Brains
See a star with the right eye
Can tell you they saw a star
See a star with the left eye
Cannot tell you what they saw
Can point to it
But only with their left hand
Cranial Nerves 19_05a
1Oh, 2Oh, 3 Oh, 4 To, 5 Touch, 6And,
7Feel, 8 Very, 9 Grotesque, 10 Visera,
11A12Hhhhh!!
A Hhhhh!!
1Olfactory, 2 Optic, 3 Occulomotor,
Olfactory, Optic, Occulomotor,
4 Trochlear, 5 Trigeminal, 6Abducens,
7Facial, 8 Vestibulocochlear,
9Glossopharyngeal, 10Vagus,
11Accessory, 12Hypoglossal
19_05b 19_05c
19_07a Learning Objectives
Discuss the importance of a choriod
plexus
Describe a circumventricular organ and
give examples
What are some of the functions of the
following: medulla oblongata, pons,
cerebellum, hypothalamus, decussation of
pyramids
Learning Objectives Learning Objectives
Discuss the components of the brain stem Discuss association commissural and
Discuss the components of the projection fibers in the cerebrum
diencephalon Describe the corpus callosum
What is the arbor vitae Compare white vs. gray matter
Discuss the functional areas of the cortex Discuss how a split brain individual reacts
Why are Brocas and Wernickes areas to visual cues
important? Memorize the cranial nerve names and
Discuss brain lateralization functions
