Example Link Budget
Example Link Budget
Example Link Budget
! Introduction
! Basic concepts
• Link budget principles
• SINR and sensitivity
• Propagation
Link Budget 4G • Antennas, diversity and sectorization
• Thermal noise and noise factor
• Cable losses
• Margins
Marceau Coupechoux • Link Budget LTE
INFRES/RMS • Generic parameters
• Downlink
• Uplink
• Typical cell ranges
• Conclusion
• References
Institut Mines-Télécom 2 12/01/2016 Institut Mines-Télécom Modèle de présentation Télécom ParisTech
Basic concepts
Introduction Principles of the link budget
! Principle: We start with a power budget from which we substract losses and
margins; received power should be higher than the receiver sensitivity.
! Problem formulation :
• Dimensionning a cellular network: How many BSs do we need to
MAPL EIRP
cover a given area characterized by some radio propagation
parameters and traffic demand?
Transmit power
• Capacity of a cellular network: How many users can the network Margins
serve? With which quality of service?
• Coverage: What is the cell range?
• Deploiement: Which radio techniques can we use to increase
Gains
Gains-losses-margins
coverage or capacity?
Sensitivity Losses
! In this lecture, we are interested in coverage studies thanks to an
approximative tool: the link budget Cell range
Example: uplink Sensitivity
MAPL = Maximum Allowable Path Loss
! Some models:
A = 69.55 + 26.16 log10 f 13.82 log10 hb
• Okumura-Hata: measurements performed in Tokyo in 1968, B = 44.9 6.55 log10 hb
150-1500 MHz, distances between 1 and 10 Km, urban areas, 8
> 2
suburban areas, open areas <3.2(log10 (11, 75f )) 4.97 (Urbain)
(Urban)
• COST231-Hata: 1999, extends Okumura-Hata model to 1500-2000 C = 2
2(log10 (f /28)) + 5.4 (Suburbain)
(Suburban)
MHz >
: 2
• COST231-Walfish-Ikegami: distances between 20 m and 5 Km,
4.78(log10 f ) 18.33 log10 f + 40.94 (Rural)
800-2000 MHz, LOS and NLOS f en
in MHz
! There are other models for indoor propagation, micro-cells, below roof top
R en
in km
antennas, etc. hb en
in m
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Basic concepts Basic concepts
Propagation Propagation
! COST231-Hata model for 1500-2000 MHz (urban environment) : ! Example in urban environment: 18 dB difference at 1 Km between
900 and 2600 MHz, few differences between 2100 and 2600 MHz.
L = A + B log10 R C 160
X: 1
With: 150
Y: 142.2
140
A = 46.3 + 33.9 log10 f 13.82 log10 hb
[dB]
X: 1
Attenuation [dB]
130 Y: 124
B = 44.9 6.55 log10 hb 900 MHz
Path-loss
1800 MHz
120
2100 MHz
C = (1.1 log10 f 0.7)hm (1.56 log10 f 0.8) 3 110
2600 MHz
f en
in MHz 100
R en
in km 90
hb en
in m 80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Distance [Km]
hm en
in m
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Antenna tilt
d h’
! Noise power (N) = Thermal (or background) noise x receiver noise ! Cable losses: feeder, jumper, connectors
Antenne
factor ! The feeder is at the interface between the antenna and the BS.
BS
[Laiho02] plug
€
Basic concepts Basic concepts
Margins Margins
! Computation of the shadowing margin with the Jakes formula:
! Penetration margin: losses due the propagation across walls and
windows; to be taken into account if we want to cover indoor or inside
1
Ks = Q (Pout ) cars.
! There are 7 Transmission modes ! Mapping between data rate and SNR: A data rate is targeted at cell edge.
The mapping between data rate and SNR can be obtained as follows:
• TM1 : SIMO (single antenna port)
• Link level simulations: A target BLER (Block Error Rate) is set, for
• TM2 : MIMO/TxDiv (transmit diversity)
example 10%. Transmission and reception chains are simulated for
• TM3 : MIMO/SM-OL (open loop spatial multiplexing) different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) and channel profiles
• TM4 : MIMO/SM-CL (closed loop spatial multiplexing) and BLER vs SINR curves are obtained. The combinations SNR/MCS
• TM5 : MU-MIMO (multi-user MIMO) at BLER=10% provides the data rate vs SNR mapping.
• TM6 : Beamforming CL (losed-loop) • Approximated Shannon formula: It is a fitting of the data rate vs SNR
• TM7 : Beamforming curve obtained by simulations. Example:
! For transmission modes TM3 to TM6 good radio conditions are required. TM7 SN R
is not always available.
C = ↵W log2 (1 + )
! Modes TM1 et TM2 are backup solutions to be considered in the link budget. Another example:
! Transmit diversity provides a typical gain of 3dB. 8
>
<0 si SN R < SN Rmin
! If two power amplifiers are used (a typical deploiement approach), then 3
addition dB gain should be considered. C = ↵W log2 (1 + SN R) si SN Rmin SN R SN Rmax
>
:
Cmax si SN R > SN Rmax
SNR [dB]
! Channel models for fast fading: the standard has defined 3 new
channel models [36.104]
! Scheduling: Dynamic allocation of radio resources to UEs in ! Example of scheduling algorithm [NSN11] taking into account the
frequency and time domains. channel variations:
! Accounting for the channel state in these two domains increases • The TD part selects N users based on delay constraints, buffer
system performance. size, number of retransmissions, priorities, etc
! Principle of the scheduling in the frequency domain. • The FD part allocates RBs according to a PF criterion
(Proportional Fairness).
Scheduling
Décisions de
l'ordonnanceur : UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2
decision
quality
Qualité du canal
Canal UE1
Channel
Channel 1
Channel
Canal UE2 2
Canal UE3 3
Channel
PRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5 f
Ack=
0, 2, 3
System bandwidth
! RS: 4 (1 antenna), 8 (2 antennas) or 12 (4 antennas) RE per RB
A PHICH
group
1, 2, 3 or 4 OFDM symbols
! Orders of magnitude:
DL Overhead (%)
MI = -10LOG(1-load*SINR/SIRmin)
Jakes Formula
SIN R = = ⌘ 1
SNR
⌘I + N SIRmin+ SN R 0.7
SN R
MI = 0.6
SIN R
0.5
cdf
MI = SIN R
0.4
0.2
0.1
fiabilité
reliability
0
Note 1 : SIRmin depends only on the propagation model and on the required reliability −5 0 5 10
Note 2 : withCOST231-Hata, SIRmin depends only on B (i.e., on hb) and on the reliability SINRtarget SIRmin SINR, SIR, SNR [dB]
Rayon en Km
! [Sipilä00] Sipilä et al., « Estimation of Capacity and Required Transmission Power of WCDMA Downlink Based on a
Downlink Pole Equation », Sipilä et al. VTC 2000 Contexte public } sans modifications
! [Holma04] « WCDMA for UMTS », Edited by H. Holma and A. Toskala, 3rd Edition, Wiley 2004 Par le téléchargement ou la consultation de ce document, l’utilisateur accepte la licence d’utilisation qui y est attachée, telle que détaillée
! [Veeravalli99] Veeravalli et al., « The Coverage-Capacity Tradeoff in Cellular CDMA Systems » Trans. on Vehicular dans les dispositions suivantes, et s’engage à la respecter intégralement.
Technology, 48, 1999
La licence confère à l'utilisateur un droit d'usage sur le document consulté ou téléchargé, totalement ou en partie, dans les conditions définies ci-après
! [Viterbi94] « Soft Handoff Extends CDMA Cell Coverage and Increase Reverse Link Capacity », IEEE JSAC, Oct.
et à l’exclusion expresse de toute utilisation commerciale.
1994 Le droit d’usage défini par la licence autorise un usage à destination de tout public qui comprend :
! [Sipilä99a] Sipilä et al. « Modeling the Impact of the Fast Power Control on the WCDMA Uplink », IEEE VTC’99 - Le droit de reproduire tout ou partie du document sur support informatique ou papier,
! [Sipilä99b] Sipilä et al., « Soft Hand-over Gains in a Fast Power Controlled WCDMA Uplink », IEEE VTC’99 - Le droit de diffuser tout ou partie du document au public sur support papier ou informatique, y compris par la mise à la disposition du public sur un
réseau numérique.
! [Laiho02] « Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS », Edited by J. Laiho, A. Wacker and T. Novosad,
Wiley 2002 Aucune modification du document dans son contenu, sa forme ou sa présentation n’est autorisée.
! [Lempiäinen03] « UMTS Radio Network Planning, Optimization and QoS Management », Edited by J. Lempiäinen
and M. Manninen, Kluwer Academic Publisher 2003 Les mentions relatives à la source du document et/ou à son auteur doivent être conservées dans leur intégralité.
! [25.942] 3GPP TR 25.942 « RF System Scenarios »
Le droit d’usage défini par la licence est personnel, non exclusif et non transmissible.
! [25.104] 3GPP TR 25.104 « Base Station radio transmission and reception (FDD) » Tout autre usage que ceux prévus par la licence est soumis à autorisation préalable et expresse de l’auteur : [email protected]
! [25.101] 3GPP TR 25.101 « User Equipment radio transmission and reception (FDD) »
! [Baccelli01] Baccelli et al., « Spatial Averages of Coverage Characteristics in Large CDMA Networks », Rapport
INRIA N°4196, Juin 2001
! [Baccelli03] Baccelli et al. « Downlink Admission/Congestion Control and Maximal Load in Large CDMA Networks »,
Rapport INRIA N°4702, Jan. 2003
! [Mogensen07] Mogensen et al. « LTE Capacity Compared to the Shannon Bound », VTC 2007.
! [NSN11] Nokia Siemens Networks, « Air Interface Dimensionning » 2011.
30/03/2007
Marceau Coupechoux