Pure Substance 2015

PURE SUBSTANCE
A substance that has a fixed chemical

composition throughout is called a
pure substance. Water, nitrogen,
helium, and carbon dioxide, for
example, are all pure substance.
Properties of Steam
Steam vapor into which water is converted when
heated, forming a white mist of minute water droplets in
the air.
Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure

At a given pressure the saturation temperature tsat is the temperature at
which liquids start to boil/evaporate or the temperature at which vapors
begin to condense. Likewise, at given temperature, the pressure at which
the pure substance changes phase is called the saturation pressure psat.
The saturation temperature of a given substance depends upon the existing
pressure. It is directly proportional to the pressure, i.e., it increases as the
pressure is increased and decreases as the pressure is decreased.
Examples:
Water boils at 100oC at atmospheric condition (101.325 kPa)
Water boils at 179.91oC at a pressure of 1000 kPa.
Water evaporates at 15.84oC at a pressure 1.8 kPa
Steam condenses at 311.06oC at 10 Mpa.
Steam condenses at 39oC at 0.0070 Mpa.
Subcooled Liquid
A subcooled liquid is one which has a temperature lower than
the saturation temperature corresponding to the existing pressure.
Example:
Liquid water at 60oC and 101.325 kPa is a subcooled liquid. Why?
From the steam tables, the saturation temperature at 101.325 kPa is 100oC.
Since the actual temperature of liquid water of 60oC is less than 100oC, therefore, it is
a subcooled liquid.
Compressed Liquid
A compressed liquid is one which has a pressure higher than
the saturation pressure corresponding to the existing temperature.
Question:
Is liquid water at 110 kPa and 100oC a compressed liquid?
From steam tables, Psat at 100oC = 101.325 kPa.
Comparing:
The actual liquid water pressure of 110 kPa is greater than Psat at 100oC.
Therefore, it is a compressed liquid.
Saturated Liquid
A saturated liquid is a liquid at the saturations (saturation temperature or
saturation pressure) which has temperature equal to the boiling point corresponding
to the existing pressure. It is a pure liquid, i.e., it has no vapor content. It is 100%
liquid.
Examples:
a. Liquid water at 100oC and 101.326 kPa.
b. Liquid water at 233.90oC and 3 MPa.
c. Liquid water at 324.75oC and 12 MPa.
From Steam Tables:

tsat at 101.325 kPa = 100oC
tsat at 3 MPa = 233.90oC
tsat at 12 MPa = 324.75oC
Vapor
Vapor is the name given to a gaseous phase that is in contact
with the liquid phase, or that is in the vicinity of a state where
some of it might be condensed.
Saturated Vapor
A saturated vapor is a vapor at the saturation conditions
(saturation temperature and saturation pressure). It is 100%
vapor, i.e, has no liquid or moisture content.
Examples:
a. Steam (water vapor) at 100oC
and 101.325 kPa.
b. Steam at 212.42oC and 2 MPa.
c. Steam at 352.37oC and 17 MPa.
Superheated Vapor
A superheated vapor is a vapor having a
temperature higher than the saturation
temperature corresponding to the existing pressure
Examples:
a. Steam at 200oC and 101.325.
200oC > (tsat at 101.325 = 100oC)
b. Steam at 300oC and 5 MPa.
300oC > (tsat at 5 MPa = 263.99oC)
Degrees of Superheat, oSH
The degrees of superheat is the difference between the actual
temperature of superheated vapor and the saturation
temperature for the existing pressure.
In equation form:
oSH = Actual superheated temperature, t
actual tsat at existing pressure
Examples:
Determine the degrees of superheat of superheated steam at 200oC and
101.325 kPa.
From steam tables:
therefore, oSH = 200 100 = 100oC

Degrees of Subcooled, oSC or oSB
The degrees of subcooled of a subcooled liquid is the difference

between the saturation temperature for the given pressure and
the actual temperature of subcooled liquid.
In equation form:
oSC = t
sat at existing pressure Actual subcoooled temperature, tactual
Examples:
Determine the degrees of subcooled of iquid water at 90oC and 101.325
kPa.
From steam tables:
therefore, oSC = 100 90 = 10oC

Wet Vapor
A wet vapor is a combination of saturated
vapor and saturated liquid.
Quality, x
It is the ratio of the mass of saturated vapor to the total mass of the wet vapor
(or mixture)
The quality of wet vapor or wet steam is the percent by weight that is
saturated vapor.
Percent Moisture, y
It is the ratio of the mass of saturated liquid to the total mass of the wet vapor
(or mixture).
The percent moisture of wet vapor is the percent by weight that is saturated
liquid.
Let m = mass of wet vapor, kgwet vapor
mg = mass of the saturated vapor content
of wet vapor, kgsat.vapor
mf = mass of the saturated liquid content
of wet vapor, kgsat.liq.
Then, m = mg + mf
Following the definition of quality (x) and percent moisture (y),

x = mg (100)
m
For wet vapor:
0 < x < 100
0 < x < 100
But x + y = 100 in percent form
x + y = 1 in decimal form
Latent Heat
amount of energy absorbed or release during
a phase-change process.
heat that causes change in phase without a
change in temperature.
Example:
Heat added in converting 1 kg of water at
100oC and 101.325 kPa to 1 kg at 100oC and
101.325 kPa
Latent Heat of Vaporization
The latent heat of vaporization of a pure substance is the amount of heat added to
substance in order to convert it from saturated liquid to saturated vapor with the
temperature remaining constant. It is equivalent heat released/remove from the
substance during condensation (from saturated vapor to saturated liquid). It is
inversely proportional to the temperature or pressure of the substance.
The change of enthalpy, hfg between saturated liquid and saturated vapor phase is the
latent heat of vaporization.
Example:
Determine the latent heat of vaporization of water at:
(a) 100oC, (b) 200oC, and 300oC.
From steam tables: (Table 1 Saturation Temperature)

(a) hfg at 100oC = 2257.0 kJ/kg ( equivalent to 970 Btu/lbm)
(b) hfg at 200oC = 1940.7 kJ/kg
(c) hfg at 300oC = 1404.9 kJ/kg
Latent Heat of Fusion amount of heat absorbed during melting / amount of heat released
during freezing. At 1 atm (101.325 kPa) and 0oC the latent heat
of fusion for water is 335 kJ/kg (144 Btu/lbm)
Sensible Heat
heat that causes change in temperature
without a change in phase.
Examples:
(a) Heat added in raising the temperature of steam
from 100oC at 101.325 kPa to 150oC.
(b) Heat removed in lowering the temperature of
water from 90oC to 80oC.
Change of Phase at Constant Pressure
Critical Point
The critical point represents the highest pressure and
highest temperature at which liquid and vapor can coexist
in equilibrium. The state of water at critical conditions
whether it is saturated liquid or saturated vapor is
unknown. Hence, the latent heat of vaporization of water
at this conditions is either zero or undefined. Critical
pressure and temperature of water are 22,090 kPa (22.09
MPa) and 374.14oC.
Triple Point
Triple Point represents the pressure and temperature at
which all these phase (solid, liquid, and vapor) may coexist.
The triple point for water are 611.3Pa (0.6113 kPa) and
0.01oC.
Property Diagrams for Phase-change Processes
P-v diagram of a pure substance
T-s Diagram
Properties of Wet Steam
Subscripts Used/Symbols Used.
f represents properties of saturated liquid
g represents properties of saturated vapor
fg represents to a change by evaporation
v specific volume, m3/kg
h specific enthalpy, kJ/kg
s specific entropy, kJ/kg.K
u internal energy, kJ/kg
vg = vf + vfg vfg = vg vf
hg = hf + hfg hfg = hg hf
sg = sf + sfg sfg = sg sf
ug = uf + ufg ufg = ug vf

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PURE SUBSTANCE

A substance that has a fixed chemical

Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure

From Steam Tables:

therefore, oSH = 200 100 = 100oC

The degrees of subcooled of a subcooled liquid is the difference

therefore, oSC = 100 90 = 10oC

Following the definition of quality (x) and percent moisture (y),

From steam tables: (Table 1 Saturation Temperature)

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