Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 17 views

    Lesson Iii Properties of Pure Substance: Instructor: Engr. Lester Vincent C. Villanueva

    Uploaded by

    Sean Guanzon
    A pure substance maintains a constant chemical composition regardless of its state as a solid, liquid, or gas. A pure substance can exist in different phases defined by its thermodynamic properties. Key thermodynamic properties that characterize different phases of a pure substance include enthalpy, entropy, temperature, pressure, specific volume, internal energy, and heat transfer. Phase changes such as melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation occur at characteristic saturation temperatures and pressures that are documented in steam tables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lesson Iii Properties of Pure Substance: Instructor: Engr. Lester Vincent C. Villanueva

    Uploaded by

    Sean Guanzon
    17 views14 pages
    A pure substance maintains a constant chemical composition regardless of its state as a solid, liquid, or gas. A pure substance can exist in different phases defined by its thermodynamic properties. Key thermodynamic properties that characterize different phases of a pure substance include enthalpy, entropy, temperature, pressure, specific volume, internal energy, and heat transfer. Phase changes such as melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation occur at characteristic saturation temperatures and pressures that are documented in steam tables.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    Thermodynamics-Lesson-3

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    A pure substance maintains a constant chemical composition regardless of its state as a solid, liquid, or gas. A pure substance can exist in different phases defined by its thermodynamic properties. Key thermodynamic properties that characterize different phases of a pure substance include enthalpy, entropy, temperature, pressure, specific volume, internal energy, and heat transfer. Phase changes such as melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation occur at characteristic saturation temperatures and pressures that are documented in steam tables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    17 views14 pages

    Lesson Iii Properties of Pure Substance: Instructor: Engr. Lester Vincent C. Villanueva

    Uploaded by

    Sean Guanzon
    A pure substance maintains a constant chemical composition regardless of its state as a solid, liquid, or gas. A pure substance can exist in different phases defined by its thermodynamic properties. Key thermodynamic properties that characterize different phases of a pure substance include enthalpy, entropy, temperature, pressure, specific volume, internal energy, and heat transfer. Phase changes such as melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation occur at characteristic saturation temperatures and pressures that are documented in steam tables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    LESSON III

    Properties of Pure Substance


    Instructor:
    Engr. Lester Vincent C. Villanueva
    DEFINITION & USEFUL INFORMATION
     A pure substance is a substance that is homogenous in composition and homogenous and
    invariable in chemical aggregation. (Faires, 1978)
     A substance is said to be a pure substance if its chemical composition does not change in
    solid, liquid, or gaseous phase. An example is water that has two atoms of hydrogen and
    one atom of oxygen as it is in solid, liquid, gaseous state.
     State of pure substance or system refers to its condition as quantified or identifies through
    the thermodynamic properties of substance.
     Phase is a quantity of substance that is homogenous throughout
    ADDITIONAL
      THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
    1. Enthalpy – is a thermodynamic property with the following definitions:
     For a closed system, it means the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure
    and specific volume, and given by the relation:

    where:
    h – enthalpy, kJ/kg, Btu/lb
    p – pressure, kPaa, psia
    v – specific volume, m³/kg, ft³/lb
     For an open system, enthalpy means the sum of internal energy and the flow energy or
    flow work, and given by the relation:

    where:
    H – total enthalpy, kJ, kW, Btu, Btu/min
    U - total internal energy, kJ, kW, Btu, Btu/min
    - flow energy or flow work, kJ, kW, Btu, Btu/min
    2. Entropy
      is a thermodynamic property first introduced by Clausius in 1865 and could be
    defined as follows:
     Entropy is the measure of the microscopic disorder of the molecules of a substance
     It is a thermodynamic property that remains constant in an adiabatic reversible process
     The change of entropy in an irreversible process is the measure of the unavailable energy
     Entropy is also defined as the measure of the irreversibility of the system or substance
     The change of entropy for a reversible process is given by the following relation:

    where:
    ∆s – change of entropy, kJ/kg-K, Btu/lb-°R
    - initial entropy, kJ/kg-K, Btu/lb-°R
    - final entropy, kJ/kg-K, Btu/lb-°R
    Q – heat transfer during the process, kJ, Btu
    T – absolute temperature, K, °R
    Three Phases of Matter or Pure Substance
    1. Solid Phase
    2. Liquid Phase
    3. Vapor or Gaseous Phase

    Manners of Changing the Phases


     Melting or fusion is the change of phase from solid to liquid
     Freezing or solidifying is the change of phase from liquid to solid
     Vaporization is the change of phase from liquid to gaseous phase
     Condensation is the change of phase from vapor to liquid; during the process it is also
    called as condensing
     Sublimation is the change of phase from solid to vapor or vice versa
    DIAGRAM
     

     Point sc is subcooled liquid condition


     Point f is saturated liquid
     Point x is wet vapor condition
     Point g is saturated vapor condition
     Point sh is superheated vapor condition
     Point cp is critical point condition
    QUALITY
      OF VAPOR/STEAM
     Quality of vapor or dryness factor is the ratio of the mass of vapor content in the mixture to
    that of the mass of the mixture of vapor and liquid
    (100%)
    where:
    – mass of saturated liquid content, kg
    - mass of saturated vapor content, kg
    x – quality of vapor or steam or dryness factor, %
     Moisture content is the amount of saturated liquid in the mixture of saturated vapor and
    saturated liquid; it is the ratio of the mass of saturated liquid to that of the mass of the
    mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor
    (100%)
    where:
    – mass of saturated liquid content, kg
    - mass of saturated vapor content, kg
    y – moisture content, %
    Note:
    THERMODYNAMIC
      PROPERTIES OF EACH STATE
    For subcolled liquid
     To obtain the properties v, u, h, and s, p and t must be given
     Properties are obtained from steam tables if the given substance is water
     Values of properties for subcooled liquid must be lower than the properties of saturated
    liquid as indicated in the following relations:

     Subcooled temperature, t, is lower than the saturation temperature corresponding to the


    existing pressure, p. (
     Quality, x, if computed is negative
    For  saturated liquid
     To obtain the properties, the given property is either pressure or temperature
     Properties to be obtained are identified as follows: ,
     Temperature is equal to the saturation temperature corresponding to an existing pressure
     The quality of vapor,
     Moisture content,
     Values of properties of saturated liquid are lower than the properties of wet vapor, and are
    higher than the properties of subcooled liquid
    For  wet vapor or wet steam
     To obtain the properties, properties of either pressure and quality of vapor, or temperature
    and quality of vapor may have been given
     Properties to be obtained are
     Temperature of wet vapor must be equal to the saturation temperature corresponding to an
    existing pressure
     The quality is within the range:
     Moisture content is within the range:
     Values of properties are in accordance with the following relations:
      Properties of wet vapor may be computed using the following equations:

    )
    )
    )
    Note: Values of properties for water are to be obtained directly from steam tables except for .
     Quality of vapor may also be obtained in terms of properties as indicated in the following
    relations:

    Note: Where the properties are wet vapor.


    For  saturated vapor
     To obtain the properties of saturated vapor, properties of either pressure or temperature
    may have been given
     The properties to be obtained are indicated by
     The temperature of saturated vapor must be equal to the saturation temperature
    corresponding to the existing pressure; and also equal to the temperature of saturated liquid
    and wet vapor
     The quality saturated vapor is
     The moisture content is
     The properties of saturated vapor are lower than the properties of superheated vapor and
    higher than the properties of wet vapor as indicated in the following relations:
    For  superheated vapor
     To obtain properties pressure and temperature must be given
     The given temperature must be higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to the
    existing pressure or given pressure
     Values of properties of superheated vapor must always be higher than the properties of
    saturated vapor as indicated by the following relations:

     If quality x is computed,
    STEAM
      TABLES
     Steam tables are tabulations of the values properties of water for different conditions
     To obtain the properties of water, the following tables are to be used:
    Table 1. Saturation: Temperatures
    If the given property is temperature, use this table to determine the values of properties
    Table 2. Saturation: Pressures
    If the given property is pressure, use this table to determine the values of properties.
    Table 3. Vapor
    Use this table to determine the properties of superheated steam. With the given properties are
    obtained
    Table 4. Liquid
    Use this table to determine the properties of subcooled and compressed liquid. With the given
    properties are obtained
    Table 5. Critical Region
    Use this table if the given conditions are in critical region.

    You might also like