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68 by Lowell
Liebermann
by
Tomoko Uchino
________________________
Copyright Tomoko Uchino 2007
SCHOOL OF MUSIC
2007
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
GRADUATE COLLEGE
As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the
document prepared by Tomoko Uchino entitled An Analysis of Three Impromptus for
Piano Op. 68 by Lowell Liebermann and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the
document requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts.
Date: 6/15/07
Rex Woods
Date: 6/15/07
Paula Fan
Date: 6/15/07
Janet Sturman
Final approval and acceptance of this document is contingent upon the candidates
submission of the final copies of the document to the Graduate College. I hereby certify
that I have read this document prepared under my direction and recommend that it be
accepted as fulfilling the document requirement.
Date: 6/15/07
Document Director: Rex Woods
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
Brief quotations from this document are allowable without special permission,
provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for
extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be
granted by the copy right holder.
Signed:________________________________________
Tomoko Uchino
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document could not have been made possible without those who assisted me
over the course of research, writing and endless editing: Dr. Rex Woods, for his patience,
guidance and expertise in critical writing; Dr. Paula Fan, for her advice and support
during the years of my degree; and Dr. Janet Sturman who kindly stepped in at the last
minute to fill in for Prof. Nicholas Zumbro. I am also greatly in debt to Academic Student
I thank the publishers who gave me permissions to use their music as examples in
this document. Theodore Presser, G. Henle Verlag and Dover Editions. I would like to
express my sincere gratitude towards Lowell Liebermann, David Korevaar and Antonio
Pompa-Baldi for taking their time to answer my questions regarding the Three
husband Greg for his never-ending support and encouragement through the years of
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..................................................................... 13
CHAPTER V SUMMARY.............................................................................. 83
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 97
6
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 3.2.4a Schubert Impromptu in E-flat major, D 899 No. 2, Bars 1-4...... 33
FIGURE 3.2.4b Schubert Impromptu in E-flat major, D 899 No. 2, Bars 83-86.. 34
FIGURE 3.3.6 Chopin Impromptu in A-flat major, Op. 29, Bars 1-4................. 40
7
FIGURE 3.3.7a Chopin Impromptu in F-sharp major, Op. 36, Bars 1-4.............. 40
FIGURE 3.3.7b Chopin Impromptu in A-flat major, Op. 29, Bars 35-40............. 41
FIGURE 3.3.14a Faur Impromptu No. 2 in F minor, Op. 31, Bars 1-10............... 48
FIGURE 3.3.14b Faur Impromptu No. 2 in F minor, Op. 31, Bars 86-95............. 49
FIGURE 3.3.15 Faur Impromptu No. 3 in A-flat major, Op. 34, Bars 1-10........ 49
FIGURE 4.1.2 Schubert Impromptu in G-flat major, D 899 No. 3, Bars 1-4..... 54
FIGURE 4.1.3 Schubert Impromptu in E-flat major, D 899 No. 2, Bars 1-9...... 55
FIGURE 4.1.5 Faur Impromptu No. 1 in E-flat major, Op. 25, Bars 35-37...... 57
8
FIGURE 4.3.1 Liebermann Three Impromptus Op. 68, Impromptus I and III
Bars 1-2.................................................. 74
FIGURE 4.3.5 Liebermann Lullaby from Album for the Young Op. 43
Bars 1-12................................................ 78
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 4.2.1 Form of Impromptu II: Liebermann Three Impromptus Op. 68.... 67
ABSTRACT
American composer Lowell Liebermann (b. 1961) wrote his Three Impromptus
the traditions of Western music and aiming to be part of that continuum. Liebermanns
Impromptus exhibit spontaneity and a sense of improvisation, the most pervasive aspect
of the antecedent Impromptus. His personal lyricism embraces tempo rubato, inventive
however, are tightly organized works employing simple motives that unify individual
This study begins with a brief summary of Liebermanns life and then examines
Schubert (1797-1828) as well as some of the prominent composers from the 19th and 20th
constitutes the body of the document. Appendices contain transcriptions of the authors
interview with the composer himself, as well Antonio Pompa-Baldi and David Korevaar
who have performed and recorded the Impromptus. These contemporary commentators
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
working community of writers, visual artists and composers in Saratoga Springs, New
York.1 The same year, the set of pieces was premiered by world-renowned pianist
Stephen Hough at Alice Tully Hall in New York City.2 In his review of the premiere
performance, the New York Times music critic said, Lowell Liebermanns Three
Impromptus pay homage to those of Schubert... Mr. Houghs sensitive performance made
the most of the hazy tonal harmonies and seductive piano colors.3 In 2001, the work
won the first American Composers Invitational Competition at the 11th Van Cliburn
International Piano Competition in Fort Worth, Texas.4 The silver medalist Antonio
Pompa-Baldi, who won a special award for his performance of the Impromptus, favors
the intimate and introspective nature of the work created by the predominantly tonal
language and sensitive keyboard writing.5 He also observes that the work has received
1
Yaddo was founded by Spencer Trask and his wife in 1900. Since its establishment, artists who have
been involved with the colony have won 60 Pulitzer Prizes, 56 National Book Awards, a Nobel Prize, and
countless other honors. Aaron Copland, Virgil Thompson, Ned Rorem, and David del Tredici are among the
composers who have been in residence.
2
Lowell Liebermann, Three Impromptus for Piano (King of Prussia, PA: Theodore Presser Co., 2001),
Preface. The work was premiered on May 4, 2000.
3
Anthony, Tommasini, Music Review: Celebrating Yaddo With Works It Helped Spawn (New York
Times, 9 May 2000, late ed. sec. E, p. 5).
4
Lowell Liebermann, Three Impromptus for Piano, Preface.
14
Liebermanns reputation had spread beyond the classical music world in 1998
when his Piano Concerto No. 2 received a Grammy Award nomination for Best
academic world and in 2003, a stylistic analysis of the concerto was written by a doctoral
piano student, Wei-Hui Yu, at the University of Northern Colorado.8 There have been a
couple of others completed by doctoral students: Mayumi Kikuchi from the University of
Illinois wrote her doctoral dissertation on selected Liebermann piano works in 1999:
Gargoyles, op. 29 and Piano Sonata No. 2, op. 10; and Dean Alan Nichols, the University
of Kentucky student, completed his on the composers keyboard works in 2000. The
latter contains a thorough analysis of the composers most well-known piano work,
Gargoyles, as well as all of the other pieces for the instrument up to 1996.9 Therefore, no
The primary intention of this document is to introduce the Three Impromptus for
Piano to the reader by examining this work and exploring to what degree Liebermann
5 Pompa-Baldi, Antonio, Piano Instructor at Cleveland Institute of Music. Interview by author through
9 Mayumi Kikuchi, The Piano Works of Lowell Liebermann: Compositional Aspects in Selected
Works (D.M.A. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1999); Dean Alan Nichols, A Survey
of the Piano Works of Lowell Liebermann (D.M.A. diss., Lexington, University of Kentucky, 2000). In
2005, Aryo Wicksono, then an honors undergraduate pianist at the University of Arizona, wrote yet another
analysis of Liebermanns Gargoyles, Op. 29 for Solo Piano, augmenting and challenging aspects of
Nichols analysis.
15
combines identifiable ideas from the past and the present to create his personal writing
style. This exploration begins with a concise history of the Impromptu form with a brief
survey of works bearing this title by composers in the past. It will be followed by in-
depth analysis of Liebermanns use of the form, encompassing motivic development and
examining how the composer manipulates sound parameters to create his unique sound
environment.
would be important to this study, the composer was not thinking of them as the
antecedent.11 Thus, Chopin Impromptus are discussed not as a comparison but only as
part of the evolution of the genre. Also included in this document, are a current version of
Liebermanns biography and a transcript of an interview with the composer on the piece
as well as on his philosophy of composing and contemporary music, especially for the
keyboard.
10 During the interview, Liebermann mentioned that Faur was an important composer for him in
terms of treatment of harmony and harmonic progression. The interview took place at his residence on 3
February 2005 in Weehawken, New Jersey. For a full transcript of the interview with the composer see
Appendix below.
11
Ibid.
16
Lowell Liebermann was born in Forest Hills, New York on February 22, 1961.12
Although his parents, Edward and Nicole Liebermann, were not musicians, they enjoyed
and appreciated music. Living just outside of Manhattan provided opportunities for the
family to attend concerts and operas in a regular basis. When Lowell was six, his mother
encouraged two of her sons to start taking piano lessons. She was of German heritage and
strongly believed, like many of her forbearers in the great value of art. He continued his
piano lessons all through his teenage years. One of his teachers was Ada Segal, a concert
pianist at the turn of the century who once studied with Joseph Hoffman, Ignacy Jan
Paderewsky and Theodore Leschetitzky. As for his composition lessons, it was not until
his family moved from Queens, New York, to Westchester, New York that Lowell started
studying with Ruth Schonthal (1924-2006) who gave him formal instruction in
Schonthal, also of German descent and a pupil of Paul Hindemith and Manuel
Ponce, may have had a great influence on young Lowell. Her approach to composing was
12
The biographical information was taken from several sources; Dean Alan Nichols, A Survey of the
Piano Works of Lowell Liebermann; Mayumi Kikuchi, The Piano Works of Lowell Liebermann:
Compositional Aspects in Selected Works (D.M.A. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
1999); Nicholas Slonimsky, ed., Baker's biographical dictionary of twentieth-century classical musicians
(New York : Schirmer Books, 1997); Lowell Liebermann, [http://www.lowellliebermann.com/biography/
body. html], accessed on August, 2006.
17
with structure and extended tonality.13 It was with her that Liebermann wrote his Piano
Sonata No. 1. In 1977, he gave the debut performance of this work at the Carnegie
Recital Hall at the age of fifteen. Liebermann won the First Prize at the National
Composition Contest sponsored by the Music Teachers National Association in 1978 and
the Outstanding Composition Award from the Yamaha Music Foundation in 1982.14
remarkably sophisticated work for a young composer and demonstrated creative promise,
as well as being a showcase for Liebermanns technical prowess at the keyboard although
most of the work sounds contrived and academic.15 The slow movements exhibit one of
the most important characteristics of the composers music lyricism. The use of
ostinato, mastery of counterpoint and texture, and many flavors of virtuosity in the faster
In 1979, Liebermann was accepted at The Juilliard School to continue his studies
under composer David Diamond with whom he had already been taking lessons for a
year. During the time he spent at Juilliard in the 1980s, it was assumed that living
composers, especially those in musical academia, had a duty explore uncharted musical
13
Whos Who in American Music, s.v. Schonthal (-Seckel), Ruth.
15 Nichols, 15. His document includes a thorough analysis of Liebermanns Piano Sonata No. 1.
16
Lowell Liebermann, Piano Music, Vol. II, Performed and Liner notes written by David Korevaar,
(KOCH International Classics 3-7552-2 HI (CD), [2004]), 1.
18
his lessons, Diamond would not approve of tonal music and would insist that he put down
wrong notes in the music to make it sound modern.17 Liebermann eventually had to
come to terms with the fact that he was not happy writing what the world of music critics
and academics wanted to hear, but needed to write down what came out of his true
creative well. This realization ultimately led him to decide to switch teachers from
twentieth-century composers who did not fit into the tradition of American experimental
music such as David Del Tredici, and William Bolcom. These composers were
Tonal.18 Some critics seem to view the composers style of writing as not as
contemporary or modern but as something old which does not fit into music of our time.
This label comes from his pieces being predominantly tonal, with an inventive use of rich
harmonic language from the Romantic and even the Impressionistic eras. Liebermann
declares his composing philosophy is to write pieces that follow the tradition of Western
Classical Music:
17
Nichols, 156-157.
Lowell Liebermann knew that he was going to become a composer, even before
he began his formal composition studies at the age of fourteen.20 He recalls his desire to
put down some notes on a piece of paper to create music without comprehending what he
was actually writing while he was taking his piano lessons, which started several years
before composition lessons. He also recalls the time when his first composition teacher
told him that being a professional composer was not going to be easy and many self-
claimed composers would have to make their living by teaching and would end up not
having their pieces performed.21 Despite this rather pessimistic view of the profession,
This dogged determination perhaps earned him his current status. Liebermann
may be one of the most prolific and the most performed American contemporary
20 Dean Alan Nichols, A Survey of the Piano Works of Lowell Liebermann (D.M.A. diss., Lexington,
composers of his generation.22 His achievements so far include top awards from several
Contest, the Charles Ives Fellowship from the American Academy and Institute of Arts
and Letters, Victor Herbert/ASCAP23 Awards, and the American Composers Invitational
Award at the Eleventh Van Cliburn Competition. At the age of forty-five, his uvres
exceed opus 95.24 Since opus 23, Sonata for Flute and Piano, written for the Spoleto
Festival, every piece has been commissioned25 and his wide range of works include three
piano concerti, two operas, two symphonies, several song cycles and instrumental and
His Flute Concerto was commissioned by James Galway in 1992 and was given
its premiere by the flutist on November 6th, 1992 with the Saint Louis Symphony. While
1998 and 2002, some of the large works were written; his Symphony No. 2 was
composed and premiered by the DSO and Chorus in February 2000 and a couple of
months later, the Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra Op. 64 was given its first
performance by Philip Smith and the New York Philharmonic under the Kurt Mazur.
22
Walter Simmons, Review of Lowell Liebermann: Piano Music, Vol. 1 KOCH International Classics
7548 performed by David Korevaar, Fanfare 27 (Jan-Feb 2004): 145; Anne Midgette, Classical Music
Review; Inwardness and Showmanship in the Quirky and Familiar, New York Times, 21 June 2003, Late
Edition, 4.
23
ASCAP stands for American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Awards.
24
According to Liebermanns official website, his latest composition is Piano Concerto No. 3 Op. 95.
The concerto was commissioned by a consortium of eighteen orchestras and was premiered in May 2006.
Accessed in August, 2006.
25
Nichols, 157.
21
Dutoit, Stephen Hough, Kurt Masur, James Galway, Joshua Bell and Jean-Yves
Thibaudet have performed his works. The New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan
Opera Orchestra, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, the
BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra and others have premiered his orchestral works.
LOpra de Monte-Carlo premiered Liebermanns first opera The Picture of Dorian Gray
in 1996, and the two-act opera Miss Lonelyhearts commissioned by The Juilliard School
for its centennial celebration received its premiere by The Juilliard Opera Center in April
of 2006. Many of his works have been recorded and are available via major labels
including RCA Victor Red Seal, Hyperion, Albany, Koch and Centaur.
Liebermann as Pianist
Because of Liebermanns close association with the flutist James Galway and
the numerous recordings of Liebermanns works for flute, the composer may be better
known by flutists than pianists. Nonetheless, he has written a large number of pieces for
piano, and his keyboard works have been performed by many pianists. His relationship
with the instrument began early in life, and he considers the piano as his principal
Competition, affirms that because Liebermann knows the keyboard as well as any other
skilled pianist, he is able to exploit the instrument to the fullest.27 During his studies at
The Juilliard School, he continued to take private lessons with Jacob Lateiner28 from
whom he gained valuable insights into the instrument, its literature and compositional
aspects of the vast piano repertoire that eventually formed the aesthetic of his current
writing.
Those who have played Liebermanns piano music, including myself, have
expressed repeatedly that his works possess a favorable pianistic quality. Undoubtedly,
this is due to his familiarity with the instrument as a performer. In recent years, he has
become more active as a pianist, presenting other composers music as well as his own.29
In 2002, he debuted in Berlin, performing his Piano Quintet with the members of the
Berlin Philharmonic. The same year, he gave a premiere of his Cello Sonata No. 3 at an
birthday.
26
Lowell Liebermann, interview with the author, 3 February 2005.
27
Antonio Pompa-Baldi, email interview with the author, 13 January 2005.
28
Jacob Lateiner is a renowned pianist, pedagogue and judicator. He has performed with the
Philadelphia Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Boston Symphony, the Chicago Symphony, the
BBC Symphony, the Berlin Philharmonic and other orchestras under the baton of Leonard Bernstein, Serge
Koussevitzky, Zubin Mehta, Georg Szell, Erich Leinsdorf, and Georg Solti. As a chamber musician, he
collaborated frequently with Jascha Heifetz and Gregor Piatigorsky as well as with the Amadeus Quartet.
Recordings include the premiere of the Carter Piano Concerto and Roger Sessions Piano Sonata No. 3. He
also studied composition with Arnold Schoenberg. He has been a faculty member at Juilliard since 1966.
29
Yaddo, Yaddo Summer Benefit to feature a Piano Duo, [http://www.yaddo.org/yaddo/
SaratogaBenefit2003.shtml], accessed in August 2006.
23
He also collaborated with tenor Robert White in a recording of his songs, released
on Arabesque in 2004.30 Many of the songs such as Six Songs on Poems of Henry W.
Longfellow Op. 57 demand refined and advanced technique and sensitive musicianship
on the keyboard. Understanding the strength and weakness of the instrument as well as
30
Lowell Liebermann, [http://www.lowellliebermann.com/biography/body.html], accessed in August
2006.
24
1) Voeks Impromptus
Impromptu, in the 19th century and since, is a composition, usually for piano, in an
inspiration.31 The title Impromptu is thought to have been used for the first time in 1817
in the music periodical Allegemeine musikalische Zeitung, as the name of a work in B-flat
major for piano by Jan Vaclav Voek (1791-1825).32 The Impromptus, Opus 7 were then
Voek, also known as Van Hugo Worzischek, was born in 1791, the son of a
Republic). He received musical training from his father during his teenage years. In 1814,
while a student in Prague, he was a frequent guest at musical soires that included
Beethoven whom he greatly admired. Although his output was cut short due to his early
death at the age of thirty-four, he successfully produced a number of piano works that
31 The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musician, 2nd ed., s.v. Impromptus.
32 Alan Ira Weiss, The Impromptus, Op. 7, of Jan Vclav Voek: A Transitional Work Linking
Tomaks eglogues and Schuberts Moments Musicaux and Impromptus (D.M.A. diss., Juilliard School,
April 1977): 1.
33
Ibid, 1.
25
appeared to have been popular at the time of their publications. According to some
sources, Beethoven was among those who formed a favorable opinion on Voeks
music.34
The six Impromptus of Op. 7 are cheerful and charming pieces whose tempo
3.1.1a to 3.1.1f)35 The use of major keys also supports the consistency of the cheerful
34
Ibid, 6.
35
The examples are taken from an edition by Export Artia in Prague. The date of publication is
unknown. Although the author made attempts to get a hold of the publisher and its distributor, it seems to
be that the music is no longer under copyright.
26
All of the Impromptus are in an expanded ABA form, each large section, housing at its
center a contrasting sub-section in another key. One might argue, therefore, that a more
key, modulates to either its relative minor or dominant using the same theme, and returns
to the tonic. The first Impromptu, for instance, begins in C major, modulates to G major
and then back to C. (Table 3.1) The middle section of the Impromptus, CDC, is built on
new thematic material though it is closely related to the outer sections. Voek never
wrote out the second ABA section, relying instead on repeat signs and the Da Capo sign.
Section A B A C D C
Key C G C a e a
Sign repeat repeat/fine repeat repeat Da capo
The pieces are numbered in ascending order of difficulty and length. The first
piece is set in C major and an extra sharp is added to the key signature as one goes onto
the next piece. Perhaps Voek intended that pieces be studied in sequence so that the
student would have a bigger challenge with each new piece. These pieces manifest an
inherent improvisational quality in that each piece derives from a single musical idea.
Voek studied the violin and composition under his father, and he also learned how to
36
Ibid, 8.
28
improvise at the keyboard.37 His improvisational skill may suggest that he wrote down
what he improvised at the piano, or at least that he generated his principal material
plausible that the reason he called them Impromptus may have been to encourage the
2) Schuberts Impromptus
Some of the most celebrated Impromptus of all time were composed by Franz
composed a total of eight Impromptus. The first set of four Impromptus, D 899, Op. 90
was named by the publisher in 1827, a decade after Voeks first publication. The
remaining four, however, were named by the composer.38 Although he did not conceive
the earlier pieces as Impromptus, perhaps Schubert endorsed the publishers choice,
second set, D 935, Op. post. 142, as a continuation of the first set, by numbering the four
Impromptus in the second volume Nos. 5 through 8.39 Although these numbers were
37
Ibid, 4.
38
Charles Fisk, Returning Cycles: Contexts for the Interpretation of Schuberts Impromptus and Last
Sonatas (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001):141-142.
39 Schubert Impromptus D 935, Op. post. 142, First edition, Critical Notes (Vienna: Wiener Urtext
Edition, 1973): X.
29
Impromptus in both volumes can be played either singly or in smaller groups or as a set.
The Impromptus of Voek and Schubert bear some similarities and differences.
Both composers use the same overall Ternary Form. Voeks Impromptus show an
interesting kind of ABA form: Ternary Form within Ternary Form (ABA-CDC-ABA)
whereas Schubert uses a similar structure in some of his eight Impromptus though they
show far greater formal diversity and thematical and musical development. The A-flat
major Impromptu may be one of the best examples. This comparatively short eighty-six
measure piece, compared to the others written by the composer, some of which as long as
flat major leads to a clear section break with a double-bar and a change of key signature.
The middle section is set in the subdominant key. Here, however, is one of the significant
differences between Schubert and Voek works: the latter simply had a Fine marking
sign at the end of the first section and Da Capo at the end of the middle section. Schubert,
however, marks the middle section Trio instead, even though the piece is not marked
Scherzo, and still writes out the second A section. In fact, Schubert uses the same
The Trio section in both of Schuberts pieces contrast more dramatically with the
main sections than in parallel places in Voeks Impromptus. The Bohemian composer
seems to organize his pieces through one musical idea that is subtly developed in the
middle section. He does not move far from the tonic but uses its dominant or relative key
as a new key. Schubert, on the other hand, often modulates to a distant key; for example,
the Trio section of the A-flat minor Impromptu is in C-sharp minor, using A-flat as the
30
pivot to the fifth scale degree of the new key. The material of the Trio is completely new.
As a result, the music conveys a different character not unlike the way a B section of a
Da Capo Aria introduces a new thought or emotion. It is also interesting that Schubert
writes out the return of A materials. He uses a bridge to make a smooth transition back to
the original music and never repeats verbatim what he did the first time. He often extends
the conclusion with a coda, some of which are long while others last only a few measures.
of forms, keys, and tempo indications. Perhaps he intended that his sets be played as a
group. Each set includes a through-composed piece, a Theme and Variations movement,
and a Ternary piece. For example, the first Impromptu of D. 899 is through-composed,
but permeated with the process of variations. This C minor piece could be the freest of all
Schubert Impromptus. It begins with a fanfare-like unison held for almost an entire
harmonizations and accompanimental figures. The variations are not so complex as one
observes in an actual Theme and Variations form: it sounds, rather, like the composer is
dramatic evocations when compared with Voeks themes. Perhaps a wider range of
keys contributes partially to the variety of the characters and moods. Schubert sets half of
them in minor and the other half in major keys. A wider range of tempi reinforces the
differences as well: in addition to Allegro and Allegretto, Schubert marks some with
Andante and Allegro scherzando. However, the most important contribution to variety of
sound and expression in Schuberts Impromptus may be the fact that he was one of the
most influential and innovative song composers of the period with an impeccable sense
Schuberts version of Erlknig, a poem taken from the Schauspiel called Die
and narrative writing. Ludwig Spohr (1784-1859) and Johann Carl Gottfried Lwe (1796-
1869), Schuberts contemporary composers, also wrote songs using this text though they
40
The Ring of Words: An Anthology of Song Text, with an introduction by Philip L. Miller (Garden City
NY: Doubleday, 1966), 26.
32
1814), a successful and well-known song composer during his lifetime, also set the poem
It was a characteristic of the time for songs to be written with a simple melody and
accompaniment so that an amateur could sing and play. Reichardt wrote the song in
Schuberts song, however, is much more dramatic and recalls the scope of an
operatic scena. Each of the characters in the poem the narrator, the father, the son and
the Erlknig has a distinct melodic characteristic sung over a never-ending piano
climactic moment where the Son cries for help for the one last time. At bar 124, the voice
part hits G-flat, creating a screeching minor second against the right hand of the
Schuberts Impromptus have a similar narrative quality and portray distinct and
unique characters. For instance, the lyricism and dramatic writing seen in his songs such
as Erlknig is clearly displayed in his E-flat major Impromptu. The contrasting section of
the E-flat Impromptu is set in the key of B minor which is a tri-tone away from the key of
the piece. The modulation from E-flat major to B minor is as striking as the startling
character change between the two themes. (Example 3.2.4a and 3.2.4b) The main theme
seems to portray a stream or breeze and the other, a storm or harsh environment in the
wilderness.
The way Schubert continues to build the drama in the Coda is especially intriguing. The
last section based on material from the B section modulates back and forth between the
keys of B and E-flat a battle between the A and the B material and the piece finally
There have been a number of works written bearing the title Impromptu since
Voek first used it for his piano pieces in the early 19th century. Some of them manifest
a literal attempt to musically reflect the word while others reflect its meaning only
loosely. Many composers favor the variation technique, one of the common musical
processes used in the 19th century. Others utilize Ternary form in order to create formal
unity in the presence of quasi-improvised material. Exemplary models from the 19th and
variations subtitled Impromptus ber ein Thema von Clara Wieck. (Example 3.3.1) This
work is known to be based on a simple Passacaglia bass line, C-F-G-C, with Clara
Wiecks melody taken from her Romance varie pour le piano, ddie Mons. Robert
Schumann, vre 3.41 Schumann later decided to revise it in 1850, and the work now
41
Robert Schumann, Impromptus Opus 5 For Piano (Leipzig: Edition Peters, 1981), Concluding
Remarks.
36
Schumann retains the original bass line instead of the melody in the first two variations.
The bass line is more audible throughout the work and the only time the melody is used
again is in the seventh variation where Schumann uses the original melody as a new bass
Davidsbndlertnze, Op. 6, Carnaval, Op. 9, Fantasiestcke, Op. 12, and Fantasie, Op.
17, the piece may exemplify an experimental side of his music making.
It is interesting that Schumann gave this particular title to a rather strict set of
variations. Perhaps this choice aligns with his tendency to assign more poetic names to
his creations: Papillions, Op. 2; Kinderszenen, Op. 15, and Novelletten, Op. 21 are some
of his unconventionally named pieces. Albumbltter Op. 124 also has a poetic title and
two out of the twenty character pieces happen to be named Impromptus. (Examples
These two little character pieces have the poetic sense of improvisation though
they are tightly organized motivically. The first one clearly spins off from a four
sixteenth-note motive in the right hand which is then imitated in the left hand. The motive
repeats, working as a motor until the end of the piece. It is as if Schumann had a quick
thought that came and went like a gust of the wind. If this music is suggestive of the
mischievous Florestan, the ninth piece of Op. 124, might well evoke a vision of the
cleverly manipulates time and rhythm, setting the piece in simple triple time though
grouping the eight notes as if in compound duple. A skilled pianist would deliver a subtle
rhythmic displacement by minimizing the second and the third beats yielding a supple
Between 1835 and 1842, Frederic Chopin also wrote four Impromptus. Like the
Ballades, though on a smaller and simpler scale, the works demonstrate his excellent
poetic and pianistic writing. These Impromptus share similar material, and it is indeed
plausible that Chopin was inspired by Schuberts popular works.42 The Fantasy-
Impromptu, Op. 66, which was written first and published posthumously, begins with a
declamatory octave chord and spins off from there. (See Examples 3.2.2 & 3.3.5)
42
Jim Samson, The Music of Chopin (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 98.
40
This most popular C-sharp minor Impromptu has the simplest construction. It has a clear
ABA form with a coda. The main scheme, after the left-hand introduction, at mm. 5 and 8
has a tripartite construction, 1-1-2 bars, which is closely related to Op. 29. (Example
3.3.6) The contour of the melody as well as the overall form seems to be modeled after
It is not surprising that Chopin did not publish the C-sharp minor Impromptu as he might
have considered it a trial piece to the A-flat major Impromptu. Op. 36 in F-sharp major
seems to start out with material taken from the middle section of Op. 29. (Examples
The upper voice of the contrapuntal lines in Example 3.3.7a seems to be a retrograde
version of Example 3.3.7b. This F-sharp major Impromptu is more developed and more
interesting than the first two. The B section uses an ostinato figure which Chopin later
used for his Barcarolle Op. 60 and the return of the A is not a mere repeat of it, but
varied twice; once with a triple left-hand accompaniment and the other time with duple
The impact of Chopins music in Russia has been so great that his pieces have
been studied by generations of pianists. Alexander Glazunov grew up in that tradition and
became one of the significant late Romantic Russian composers and influential teachers.
though he had the capability of a concert pianist. His contribution to the keyboard
repertoire is relatively small for an accomplished pianist but his works written for the
pianism and his set of two Impromptus Op. 54 clearly shows this quality. Although they
are set in simple Ternary Form and have the Chopinesque quality, their phrasings are
very unique. The first one in D-flat major, for instance, which is reminiscent of Chopins
A-flat major Impromptu, has an interesting seven-bar phrase: 1-1-2-3. (Example 3.3.8)
The second Impromptu in A-flat major, also having an irregular phrasing based on a
ternary form though it is made more unique by the outer bodies having a varied section
which is based on the main materials from the first Impromptu. (Example 3.3.9) It is
The fact that the section shown above is rhythmically displaced and is indicated to be
mainly composed for the piano and among his large uvre there are several Impromptus.
In his early work written in 1891/1892, for example, there are two beautiful pieces that
Like many of his early compositions, there is nothing very complex about these pieces
but the piano writing is beautiful and rich. However, it is worth pointing out that there is
evidence of his penchant for rhythmic experimentation and complexity in the second
Impromptu which he later used extensively in his piano sonatas and etudes. (Example
3.3.10c)
Bars 37-41
Poulenc established their own unique languages that differ from the characteristics of
Impressionism. Poulenc, connected to Les Six, wrote his a set of five Impromptus in 1921.
These miniature pieces share many characteristics with his other compositions written in
his twenties which show his love for French Vaudeville. They have an essence of his
charming wit and unpretentiousness that one sees in his songs and chamber music. The
second Impromptu is a great example for his overall light-hearted character with short
(Copyright 1998. Masters Music Publication, Boca Raton, Fla. Printed by permission)
His set of songs called Le Bestiaire also exemplifies this characteristic. The songs as well
as the Impromptus last less than a minute each and yet capture a vivid image and mood
instantly. For instance, the piano introduction for Le Dramadaire captures the awkward
Poulenc delivers the tranquil atmosphere of La Carpe in the piano accompaniment and
use of marking such as sans nuances, trs triste and trs lent. (Example 3.3.13)
47
Although Poulencs compositions have certain lightness and charm which some criticize
style.
Like Poulenc, Faur also gained his status as one of the most influential and
innovative composers around the turn of the last century. However, he stayed closer to
the traditional realm of the keyboard language by writing many of his piano pieces with
titles such as Barcarolle, Nocturne, Prelude, and Impromptu. It is clear that he was
greatly influenced by Chopins music. Although his music has Chopinesque qualities, his
originality is evident through his unique counterpoint and harmony. He often breaks
away from the 17th and 18th century voice-leading practice and focuses more on linear
Faur wrote thirteen Nocturnes over four decades and some of them are well-
known among his piano pieces, but he also wrote five Impromptus;43 three in 1883 and
the other two in 1904 and 1906. The Impromptu No. 2 in F minor has been one of the
most popular Faur pieces44 although Alfred Cortot and Marguerite Long considered the
third Impromptu to be the best of all.45 Faur used overall ABA form for all of his
Impromptus. The A section of the F minor has the vitality of Scherzo and the character of
Capriccio set by running eighth-notes and accompanied by a brisk and steady pulse.
(Example 3.3.14a) One may see a great influence of Chopin throughout the piece. The
contrasting middle section has a luscious quality created by the Chopinesque left-hand
43
Some sources indicate that Faur wrote six Impromptus. However, the last one is a piano
transcription of the work originally written for the harp in 1903.
44 Maurice Hinson, Guide to the Pianists Repertoire, 3rd ed, s.v. Gabriel Faur.
45
Alfred Cortot, French Piano Music, trans. by Hilda Andrews (London: Oxford University Press):
117-120. Marguerite Long, At the Piano with Faur, trans. by Olive Senior-Ellis (New York: Taplinger
Publishing Company, 1981): 91-93.
49
Although the second and third Impromptus were written in the same year, the
latter shows more of his unique harmonic characteristics. For example, Impromptu No. 3
begins in A-flat major with the left-hand accompaniment seemingly alternating between
the tonic and the subdominant chord. (Example 3.3.15) After the ascending A-flat major
arpeggio in the accompaniment, the second half of the measure begins with an F. Here,
50
unconventional voice-leading.
The second half of the measure seems to establish a D-flat major chord, creating
I-IV progression. One might have simply outlined the subdominant chord by arpeggiating
it. However, Faur does not do so, but he moves the D-flat to a B-flat at the third
sixteenth of the beat. It then forms a B-flat 6/4 chord, the supertonic. This chord short-
51
lives when the B-flat seems to resolve down to an A-flat at the last sixteenth note of the
relatively strong beat, it creates an interesting and ambiguous harmony for the second
A survey of Impromptus written for piano by these composers from the past
reveals that impromptus are generally relatively short pieces. Since Voeks work,
Impromptus have evolved to be more than just simple and cheerful works. Each
composer has used his imagination and skill to craft these jewels that, in one way or
another, are a product of sudden inspiration. In his eight Impromptus, Schubert shows
more formal variety whereas Schumann consistently utilizes variation technique. He also
maximizes his lyricism with a use of extreme drama. The works of Glazunov and
Scriabin demonstrate their unique harmonic and rhythmic invention while showing
French Vaudeville possess the true extemporaneous sense of the word Impromptu.
Although Faurs works are aligned with traditional formal ideas associate with
impromptus and pay homage to Chopins musical language, they diverge because of his
Next Chapter, the author will examine how directly and indirectly Liebermanns
Impromptus follow the trends of the past. An influence of Schubert Impromptus and a
trace of the harmonic tendency and the musical nuance that Faur successfully created in
his music will be observed in the works of Liebermann.46 Combining the rich harmonic
52
language and the formal treatment of the Romantic and Impressionistic periods with his
own lyricism, craftsmanship and his interpretation of Impromptu, his work successfully
creates his elegant, beautiful and yet intense qualities for which the composer is well-
known.
46
For discussion on Faurs influence with the composer see Appendix below.
53
1) Analysis of Impromptu I
Liebermann uses an overall traditional ABA form for this piece and seems to let
the music follow the form not as strictly but to let the improvisational aspect of the
piece take its course within the structure. (Table 4.1.1) By means of different tonal
centers F from the A section and D from the B section he defines the strong formal
divisions. Additionally, the characteristic textures of the sections are distinct. The A
the beginning and the reprise of A at m. 59, Liebermann combines both textures to
A B A
Bar # 1 8 17 25 36 43 47 51 55 59 74 78 85
Bass Line F A F D D Eb Eb F D F D
Key
Center F: D: F:
Texture Chordal Contrapuntal Transition Chordal+ Coda
Contrap
measures. (See Example 4.1.1) The irregularity of the phrase and the meter change at m.
7 make this main theme very supple and distinctive. Moreover, an elegant swaying affect
is created by the shortening of bars at mm. 2, 4 and 6 and speeding up of the pulse in m. 7
traditional enough to employ a key or tonal center, he uses a more modern approach to
notation in that most of his scores do not include a key signature. The piece definitely
begins with an F tonal center which is eventually confirmed as the key of the piece.
This theme manifests stylistic elements essential for understanding the meaning of
the entire piece. First, the interval of a minor-second is a pervasive unifying element. A
minor-second interval and a tremolo figuration hold the whole piece together
thematically. The interval of the minor-second in the first bar of the melody is one of the
most components of the first impromptu and also for the rest of the set. By manipulating
Schuberts.47 For instance, as shown in the example below, one of the beloved Schubert
Impromptus is woven together with sextuplets. In this warm and exquisite G-flat major
Impromptu, Schubert uses the perpetually rotating rhythmic figure in the inner voice with
His E-flat major Impromptu also features a continuous rhythmic pattern. This time, the
many of his songs, this technique is also used to depict a physical object, certain scenery
or mood. For instance, the piano accompaniment of one of the most famous Schubert
Lieder Nacht und Trume portrays the quietness of a holy night. (Example 4.1.4) Sehr
langsam and pianissimo instruct the pianist to play the accompaniment in the calmest
manner.
Without a doubt, one can clearly see a similar consistent rhythmic motion in
by a D-flat major first inversion chord and then returns to an F major triad. Nothing is out
of the ordinary so far, but the I-VI-I progression is made in the first measure. What is
interesting here is what follows after the second F major chord in the second measure.
While the soprano moves back to D-flat, making for a nice and easily sing-able melody,
the bass line unexpectedly descends by step-wise motion to F-flat, creating a D-flat minor
chord. Furthermore, this minor chord does not resolve into another chord but instead
functions as a resolution itself within a sub-phrase. The juxtaposition of major and minor
58
sonorities may leave the listener suspended and insecure. The rocking between an F
major chord and D-flat minor sonorities undermines the listeners anticipation of
progression. The sub-phrase is then repeated and at m. 5, the line moves by a third-
relation from the D-flat minor chord (enharmonically spelled C-sharp) to the E major
The harmonic alternations created by the mobility of the 3rd are typical of Faur.48
processes. Indeed, a harmonic similarity may be drawn between both composers works.
For instance, the middle section of Faurs Impromptu No. 1 in E-flat major includes a
lowered 3rd degree in the chord in m. 37. (Example 4.1.5) This section of the piece is
centered at A-flat, the sub-dominant to the key of the piece. However, Faur avoids an
expected D-flat major chord familiar to the 19th century ears in favor of the modal D-flat
minor chord. This creates a curious sense of release, arising from his avoidance of a
tonic-dominant tonal axis. It is then enharmonically spelled in the following measure and
48
The New GroveDictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd ed., s.v. Faur. In the interview with the
author, Liebermann expressed an influence of Faur on his music and the importance of Faurs sliding
kind of harmonic change in his music. For the complete transcript of the interview see the Appendix below.
59
established clearly in the preceding two measures. (Example 4.1.6) The transition from
the end of the previous section to this section is seamless because of the uninterrupted
that is carried over for the next five measures. This is significant and crucial because the
effect one could have with holding versus clearing the pedal.49
It is also important to point out that the melody in this section is derived from the
minor-second motive that we saw at the beginning of the movement. Although the
contour of the melody does not have a neighboring motion but rather a descending three-
49
Liebermann expressed his frustration regarding pianists who disregard the pedal markings that he
has put in. For a transcript of the interview with the composer see Appendix below.
60
note motion, it consists of a minor second and a major second combined together linearly.
(See Example 4.1.4, m. 25). It is interesting to see that the melodic line here may have
been inspired by one of his earlier works, Variations on a Theme by Anton Bruckner, Op.
19. (Example 4.1.7) The melody from the third variation has a similar contour and
rhythm.
lyricism demonstrated in his first Violin Concerto. (Example 4.1.8) The main theme of
the Concerto, for instance, uses an augmented third while a major second is used by
Liebermann. The turn at the end of the first bar has the function of a leading tone to the
The intervals and their functions differ, and yet they both enjoy an exotic quality created
by the chromaticism and floating impression of the theme. They have similar sound
qualities that are predominantly produced by the way they use chromaticism and
One of the interesting aspects of the middle section is the way Liebermann
organizes it contrapuntally. This section uses more polyphony whereas at the beginning
of the piece, we see a clear homophonic texture. The composer utilizes a kind of variation
technique here: he takes the antecedent of the theme, mm. 25 to 28, and reiterates it
throughout the section. An extra voice, for example, is added in the lower register at m.
36 as a new statement of the motive: a new bass line plays a diminution-like fragment
which increases the density of the texture. (Example 4.1.9a) In addition, the eleven-bar
phrase at the beginning of the section is shortened here to a seven-bar phrase. This
shortening of the phrase continues as the next entrance of the theme is diminished even
50 Nichols, 161.
62
In the variation at m. 43, an even a thicker texture is formed as two lower voices which
are an augmented version of the theme create a stretto at a quarter apart. (Example
4.1.9b) Four measures later, the next and last variation, marked ff, with the doubled
dynamics, rhythm, and time signature. The themes clear arrival into the tonic proves the
character at the beginning of the piece into an agitated and explosive one with rhythmic
First, the dynamics and register of the theme are raised significantly. The theme is no
longer stated in its full length, but only its first couple of measures are restated twice and
further developed in this section. Secondly, the obsessively running sixteenth-note figure,
which ties the whole piece together, is transformed from duplets into triplets in the
transitional section. It increases the pace of subdivision within the motor which then
creates more tension with the surrounding voices leading up to the climax.
The inner triplets at m. 63 are juxtaposed with the homophonic texture from the
beginning of the piece. The contrapuntal line is made to become more interesting and
The soprano line, once organized into a close register shown in Example 4.1.12, is fluid
even though it is extremely chromatic. Example 4.9.13 shows an overall slow descent in
the bass line made over the following ten bars, moving down from F-sharp to E-flat and
then reaching F-sharp again at m. 73 and continuing its line to get to the tonic at m. 78.
climax of the piece where there is a succession of blocked chord alternating between the
hands and a huge arpeggio moving up and down, played by both hands in contrary
composers who wrote idiomatically for the instrument in spite of solely evolving musical
vocabulary.
To conclude this movement, Liebermann brings back the exact music from the
beginning of the piece. However, the meaning of the theme seems to have transformed
after a dramatic cascade of sound collected into the low A with a fermata at m. 77.
Liebermann however does not repeat the material like a replica but adds a contrapuntal
line which leads to the final D major chord which does not resolve until the following
Impromptu.
2) Analysis of Impromptu II
The second Impromptu begins with a D major chord in the second inversion tied
over from the end of the previous Impromptu. By directing the performer to move
straight into the second Impromptu with attacca marked at the double-bar, Liebermann
impels the listener also to go forward without a break. For Liebermann, the continuing
motion is so important that the suspension created by the lingering 6/4 chord has to
broken by another motion without losing momentum. This suspension technique has been
done by composers in the past, such as Robert Schumann in his song cycle Dichterliebe
66
Op. 48 where the first song Im wunderschnen Monat Mai ending in dominant seventh
chord resolves at the beginning of the following song Aus meinen Trnen spriessen.
The musical suspension created by the delay of the cadence successfully reflects the text
and emotion expressed by the poet; his confession for the beloved that has not been
answered. In Liebermanns Impromptu, with an absence of text, the decision to avoid the
67
resolution from the first to the second is purely for a structural reason or to indicate his
The chord held in the treble is now accompanied by an ostinato figure in the
lower voice, an initial note of which is taken from the third of the triad. The F-sharp, the
tonal center of the piece, is the first note of a three-note motive, F-sharp-G-sharp-A.
(Example 4.2.3)
The motive derives from the minor-second interval that we examined at the beginning of
the first Impromptu; as a matter of fact, the motive here is closely related to the theme of
its middle section. Example 4.2.4 shows how the motive from the first movement is
inverted and used as a new motive in this movement to achieve a greater unity as a set.
The three-note motive works in exactly the same manner as the unvarying sixteenth-notes
in the first Impromptu. Its function here, however, is not only as a rhythmic motor, but
The form of this movement is much simpler than the previous Impromptu though
both Impromptus are in ternary form. The three-note motive that holds the entire piece
together determines the tonal center of each section. As one can see in Table 4.2.1, the
only significant difference between the motives in Sections A and B is their third pitch.
[Bar Number] 1 18 51
[Section] A B A
[Motive] F#-G#-A F#-G#-A# F#-G#-A
[Mode] F# Minor F# Major F# Minor
By raising the last note of the motive, the intervals between the three notes change from a
The interval of seconds, the essential components of the lower voice, is also
important in the soprano line. As shown in Example 4.2.1, the treble line starts out with
b2 and cascades down in a succession of seconds. Some notes support the harmony
implied by the bass line while others simply create a dissonance against it. As the music
continues, the intervals in the treble line become larger from a second to a ninth, and the
line eventually covers more than a span of five octaves. It moves so fast in thirty-second
69
notes that the dissonances blend into the larger harmonic progression. The soprano acts
like an obligato line, moving as if a bird flying up and down in his free manner, as high
as g3 in mm. 7-8 and as low as C2 in m. 10. (Example 4.2.5) This spontaneous and
flexible soprano line symbolizes the true essence of the title Impromptu.
This use of the outer limit of the keyboard range is one of Liebermanns
trademarks. For instance, the last note of the movement ends with the highest note of the
keyboard whereas the climax of the first movement explodes at the lowest pitch of the
instrument. In her dissertation, Mayumi Kikuchi points out this aspect as well as the
extreme use of a wide dynamic range in many of the composers piano works and gives
70
an example of the Nocturne No. 3.51 Liebermann obviously experiments with a wide
range of the keyboard, especially the highest and the lowest registers, and create various
timbres.
The texture thickens when another voice enters at m. 10. It is interesting to see in
the Example 4.2.5 how the new voice is introduced while the stable three-note motive
continues without interruption. It seems like this voice is a new obligato-like line added
on the top as the original treble line finishes with the C2. The new voice takes over the
role of the soprano as the original soprano line then moves up to tenor at m. 11. This
tenor voice, then, plays a contrapuntal line against the ongoing motive for two bars, and
The outer two voices begin to move inward through the transition to the middle
section, using counterpoint against each other. As you can see in Example 4.2.6, the bass,
which enters after an eighth rest, moves by perfect-fourths while the soprano descends by
perfect-fifths making hemiola against the bass line. Meanwhile, the three-note motive
does not budge until it starts to intermingle with the soprano at m. 16.
Mayumi Kikuchi, The Piano Works of Lowell Liebermann: Compositional Aspects in Selected
51
The mode transforms through the transitional section, and the third note of the
motive is now raised from an A to an A-sharp. The change of the note determines the
mode of the new section as a major. In addition, the motive is expanded from a three-note
to a five-note pattern that keeps playing throughout the section. (Example 4.2.7)
This pattern is juxtaposed with another counter-pattern that has four notes derived from
the seconds. These two patterns playing sixteenth-note off of each other make a
The middle section moves quickly as a dotted quarter becomes the fundamental
pulse whereas an eighth note keeps the steady beat at the beginning of the movement.
This section has a thicker texture with two outer voices moving together, framing the
independent yet interlocking parts recalls the impression of Gamelan music.52 The mm.
18 and 19 in Example 4.2.8 shows the soprano line, F-sharp - E-sharp - D-sharp, derives
from the main three-note motive. It is inverted and augmented. It may be more
appropriate to say that the soprano line is taken from the B section of the first Impromptu.
Shown in Example 4.2.4, the shape and the intervals of the motive are the same as the
The middle section has an interesting moment where one of the Liebermanns
kaleidoscope music is ambushed by a loud bass line, marked fortissimo and pesante,
52
Gamelan music is a term used for various types of Indonesian instrumental ensembles that vary in
size, function, musical style and instrumentation. Instruments in a gamelon include sets of tuned single
bronze gongs, gon-chimes, single- and multi- octave metallophones, drums, flutes, bowed and plucked
chordophones, a xylophone, small cymbals. A gamelan sometimes includes singers. Gamelon music
features ostinati and a musical fabric formed from individual parts in interlocking style where different
groups of player sound short melodic and rhythmic patterns simultaneously.
73
The materials for this abrupt and aggressive music between mm. 34 and 36 are not new
but taken from the A section. The walking three-note motive in the bass is doubled in
ninths and the falling gesture of the soprano line is also doubled in octaves. The contrast
from the previous music is maximized by the use of accents that guarantee the percussive
piano works. For example, the same kind of sudden dynamic change can be observed in
his Nocturne No. 2. The piece begins in pp and remains in the range of pp and ppp. This
loud music made by the juxtaposition of the materials from the previous section lasts only
for two measures and returns to pp. Although the soft music resumes, it is now
transformed to new music, retaining the musical materials from those two bars of
outburst. In the second Impromptu, the outburst is inserted as a kind of mishap; the
The bass line in the B section works almost like a pedal point though it moves
between C-sharp and D. However, after the pesante section, the bass finally moves up to
E-flat at m. 47, releasing a tension, and then leading back to F-sharp. The reprise of the A
74
at m. 51 is marked by the return of the three-note motive in the lower voice. (Example
4.2.10)
The music at mm. 51-52 is quite similar to mm. 10-12; both have a function of
transitional music between A and B sections. The three-note motive at m. 51 is, however,
accompanied by a contrapuntal inner line which eventually blends into the bass line after
movement and the reprise of A. The first significant difference is an added line in treble.
The soprano line is now doubled at the thirds, sometimes expanding to doubling at the
fifths. This extra voice increases both musical and technical demand for the pianist. It
requires a fine technique to maneuver these thirds in pp and to create a smooth line in
spite of awkward fingerings, repetitions and topographical complexities. The last duet
75
played by fluttering two notes flies higher and quietly ends with the highest pitch of the
boundaries of the sections are obvious because of contrasting music and tempo changes.
Although this Impromptu shares many thematic and musical materials heard in both the
first and second Impromptus, it seems to have a more direct connection with the first.
This relationship may be traced to the genesis of the work: Liebermann reports that these
first sketches became the ultimate germs for the first and third Impromptus.53 Both the
first and last Impromptus demonstrate a similar swaying, a hypnotic effect generated and
53
For a transcript of the interview with the composer see Appendix below.
76
The second bar of both pieces is truncated, and the movement relaxes in sostenuto or
ritardando. The harmonic oscillation between a major and a minor further reinforces the
The first and the third Impromptus share a homophonic texture by contrast with
the middle Impromptu that is more contrapuntal throughout the piece. They begin with
blocked chords in root position, creating a feeling of stability. The chordal texture
continues supporting the dependant melodic line in the soprano. This vertical stability
seems to be reinforced by the use of clear phrasing. For instance, the A section of the last
Impromptu proceeds in regular eight-bar phrases. The main theme, mm. 1 to 8, comprises
gentle dissonance; the consequent is considerably dissonant due to the consistent use of
major sevenths. The theme is then repeated although this time the antecedent takes a
different path to get to the following phrase that begins at m. 17. Liebermann treats the
pivot chord at m. 14 with a special care, instructing the performer to play dolcissimo. The
third phrase made of the same materials as the main theme now begins more slowly, pi
Although the third Impromptu does not have an obvious rhythmic pattern, as
opposed to the first two pieces, that is prominent throughout the piece, one can argue that
steady eighth beats function just as an unvaried rhythmic pattern that Schubert and
Liebermann share. In the first measure, for example, the left hand initiates a pattern
consisting of eighth notes and quarter notes. (See Impromptu III in Example 4.3.1) That
by itself would make the third beat of the first dotted quarter absent. However, the right
77
hand that has a pattern of a quarter and an eighth plays the missing third eighth note
instead. Thus, the eighth note pulse present from the beginning to the end of the piece
Another important point that may be raised is the motivic connection used
between the Impromptus. In the previous section of the analysis of the Impromptu II, we
have examined the relationship between the first and the second movements and how the
three-note motive was used and tied the pieces together. Here, this motive is again
manipulated and expanded to make a longer phrase. The melody on the top line in the
Example 4.3.3a below shows the line is made of two sets of seconds, G F E-flat and E
plus
order of notes is slightly altered so that the line moves by thirds. (Example 4.3.3b)
78
Instead of a direct linear movement, the melody makes a nice lilt proceeding in a wavy
direction. The melody is simple and chant-like, and yet the harmonization makes it sound
Regardless of how Liebermann crafted the theme, we can see how the interval of seconds
is very important in this Impromptu as well as the first two. The melody is very simple,
and yet the harmonization based on the third-relation makes it sound richer. The use of
suspension and chromaticism created at the fourth beat in the first measure also makes it
natural to have the flattened third in the following chord in the second bar.
and a clear textural change. (Example 4.3.4) The accompaniment figure in the left-hand
picks up the tempo with the steady and comfortable upward motion after eighth rests.
Although Liebermann could have easily been set the accompaniment from the downbeat,
he put the left-hand three-note pattern beginning at the third beat of the measure.
Because the third of the chord is never played by the left-hand, there is a modal
ambiguity even though the motion between B-flat to E-flat makes a perfect V-I pick-up.
If the pianist, however, is not careful with this execution, an unintended accent on the
third beat would be created. The hollowness of the accompaniment is filled when the
initial note of the soprano line enters. The establishment of E-flat minor chord does not
last long as the soprano line moves up by a step at m. 27. This reaffirms the modal
The similar Barcarolle rhythm is utilized in his earlier piece Lullaby from his
(Example 4.3.5 Lullaby from Album for the Young Op. 43)
Bars 1-12
Although in this little piece, the third beat of the three-note motion functions as a melodic
line as well as a part of the motive, it still conveys a comparable rowing effect. This piece
may also be a good example for one of his characteristic use of chromatic harmony. The
From mm. 23 to 53, the B-flat in the left-hand works as pedal point. In the
Example 4.3.4, the E-flat at the downbeats changes to a D at the downbeat of m. 29. This
change on the strong beat continues all the way to m. 53, making a chromatic descending
line. (Table 4.3.1) However, the overall chord does not change from E-flat due to third of
the three-note accompaniment. At m. 54, the pedal switches from B-flat to E-flat, making
a tri-tone relation.
Bar # 23 29 33 35 37 41 45 49 51 53
Downbeat Eb D Db C B F E D Db C
Pedal Point Bb
appears in this section; a bird call, a rhythmic pattern that decorates and embellishes in
the high register. It is an added voice to the original theme at the beginning of B at m. 23.
(Example 4.3.6) This little figure marked ppp makes the simple soprano line more
interesting and unique. This bell-like figure appears in Liebermanns second Nocturne.
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Its basic function is the same as the Impromptu; however, it is not as flexible as these
The reprise of A begins at m. 79. (Example 4.3.8) The repeat of the theme at m.
From m. 88 to the end seems to be codetta where the right-hand theme gradually
The idea of cyclic form is strongly present in these three Impromptus. They all
come from a single motive that unites them as one composition, and the placement of
vigorous second piece set between two less agile pieces presents a well-balanced
architecture. This design may suggest that the performer should conclude the last
Impromptu with the similar melancholic character that the first Impromptu possesses.
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CHAPTER V: SUMMARY
Impromptus for piano though not as numerous as preludes, etudes, and sonatas
appear regularly in the lists of works of important composers for the piano. Schubert
wrote his first set of celebrated Impromptus less than ten years after Jan Vaclav Voek's
early examples of this genre published in 1817. Schubert imaginatively expanded the
scale of Voeks charming but simpler models introducing more complex musical
the general patterns Schubert adopted while embracing the flexibility and freedom
governed by an overarching ternary form. Precise musical motives and distinct textures,
often manifesting inspiration from Schuberts musical language, unify the work and are
compositional elements Liebermann shares with Schubert, the master Lied composer.
Both composers treat a constant rhythmic motion as an essential vehicle in the pieces.
Liebermann uses this continuous motion and a three-note motive to unite the three
Impromptus. A tight formal and motivic organization that great Classical composers such
as Beethoven were eminently famous for is apparent in this particular piece. The
influence of Faurs harmonic treatment is evident, especially in the way subtle musical
colors devolve from modal melodic and harmonic choices and flexible counterpoint
technique.
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His music sounds traditional and romantic at times, and yet there is always something
and blending tonal, modal and chromatic harmonies, Liebermanns works sound fresh
and progressive. David Korevaar, Pianist who has recorded most of Liebermann
[The work] encapsulate a lot of what Lowell's piano writing style has been
about in my opinion, especially the often strange juxtapositions of
dissonance and consonance -- the constant references to common practice
tonality that actually never are common practice tonality, de-
contextualized use of triads, the mix of homophonic and contrapuntal
textures (first impromptu especially) in a pianistically complex manner,
and the use of virtuosity as an intrinsic but not very showy element (the
second piece, especially, but also the first).54
Romantic idiom, and the writing is idiomatic and compares in that way with the great
keyboard-composers in the past such as Liszt and Chopin. Even though particular
Liebermanns writing, the introspective and intimate nature prevails. As for playing his
work, one must find the most beautiful quality of sound, transparency, the ability to
pedaling, and a feel for appropriate tempo rubato.55 The piece also requires a certain
spontaneity within a classical form and pianism that satisfies and challenges pianists.
Pianist Antonio Pompa-Baldi, a champion of this work, argues that the labels such
and describes the style of the Impromptus as 21st-Century Lyricism.56 The lyricism is
created by incorporation of musical techniques and languages from the Western musical
tradition and the 20th century. This lyricism combined with the extemporaneous
character makes Liebermanns Three Impromptus a significant work in its genre, and it is
worth claiming its part in the standard keyboard repertoire of the 21st century.
56
See the E-mail interview with Antonio Pompa-Baldi in Appendix below.
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TU: What was the genesis of [the Three Impromptus]? I know that you wrote the
pieces for that Yaddo (mistakenly pronounced here as ya-d).
LL: Ya-dow.
TU: Ya-d.
LL: Supposedly, the children of the people who started it. But this is a little bit of, you
know, a disagreement on that. [As for the genesis of the piece] Well, I actually
started them on my own. I sometimes get an idea for a piece and sketch it and
then wait for an opportunity to finish it.
LL: So, I had the sketch for, I think, two of the pieces, the first and the last of the
beginning sketches, and Yaddo was having a big centennial celebration and they
wanted to have premiers by certain composers to celebrate it. And through me we
arranged [that] Stephen Hough would do a recital to celebrate Yaddo and I would
write the piece for that occasion. Im trying to remember what he did. I think he
did [the] Copland Variations.
LL: A half American and the second half was Liszt. And [it] got in fact an extremely
57
The author meant Liebermans earlier work Album for the Young, Op. 43 composed in 1993.
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stupid review from Anthony Tommasini, because I remember he said that Mr.
Hough was not up to the technical requirements of the Liszt which is the most
ridiculous thing. I mean it was a phenomenal performance technically, and they
dont know what they are listening to. So, anyway, I wrote it for that occasion. It
was premiered and then about a year later, I think, they started this thing, a new
competition for the Van Cliburn. I was invited to submit a piece, and according to
the guidelines, this was the piece I could submit. I almost didnt enter it.
LL: I thought it was a strange competition. The way it was set up, the winning piece
would not be chosen on its merits, but [by] how many pianists decided they liked
it. I found that to be a rather strange thing. And also you get to a certain point
[where] you just dont want to enter competitions and be judged. Then I thought I
have the piece and might as well send it in, who cares if I dont get to.
TU: One person said on Internet. This guy mustve been a pianist. He said that you
might as well just have turned in the Gargoyles.
LL: Yeah, it wouldve been OK and its very unfair as a competition because there
easily could have been pianists who play the Gargoyles already. I know there
were pianists in the competition who played the Gargoyles. But I served for the
next round, and there was a big discussion about the whole procedure and
everything. So, they are changing, they are making it more logical.
LL: Yeah, but you know the guidelines that they used for this year were still the old
ones, so these changes that we suggested wont go into effect until the next one.
The other reason why I almost didnt enter the competition was because Van
Cliburn used to commission a piece for the competition instead. I thought it was a
bad signal to send for a major competition and a major organization that was
commissioning works to stop commissioning works. I kind of was against that
morally because serious music needs its support of getting people to create pieces
and [at] this competition people get money only if they win the competition not
for creating the music, so kind of diluting the whole idea of patronage and support
for new music. So, I still have problems with the competition, but I won, so I
cant complain, really. [laugh]
TU: [laugh] Was there a good outcome, like somebody commissioned you because of
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this?
LL: Not specifically, no. But at this point, Im busy full-time with commissions, so its
hard to separate what exactly. I suppose it doesnt hurt (for) my reputation. I
certainly got a lot of exposure. I dont know how many of the pianists [who]
played it actually performed it after the competition. I know Antonio Pompa-Baldi
did but, Im not sure any of the others did.
LL: Let me preface that by saying that I am not one of those of composers who
believes that important art is always a radical break with the past. I am interested
in the traditions of Western music and am interested in working in that continuum,
which is why I always named my pieces Sonatas and Concertos and what-not
because I want to put forth a clear message that I am part of that tradition. And the
Impromptus actually are a kind-of- reference to Schubert because they were not
directly inspired by Schubert or any particular Schubert piece. Schubert has gotten
to be a more and more important influence to me or at least, he is a composer that
is more and more important to me personally. If I want to sit down and listen to a
piece of music, it will often be Schubert or Mozart. Its funny because those are
two composers who, as a Juilliard student, I had no use of. And the Impromptus
do have one rather superficial thing in common with Schubert Impromptus which
is rhythm. That primarily deals with unvaried, pretty unvaried rhythm, you know.
Thats also something that interests me, not in a minimalists sense, but Im
always interested in making the most out of a restricted amount of materials. I
think if there is too much variety and too much material, then you just lose track
of where you are. You know, and its funny because you get beyond a certain
point of complexity, things just refer back to randomness in a way. And
randomness doesnt interest me. Im very interested in organizing things tightly.
TU: Im analyzing your pieces and I see that very much so. Then, another question is
how those three pieces are related. Pompa-Baldi published an article in the
Clavier [about the Impromptus] and only the third Impromptu was printed in that
article.
LL: In the issue, thats a purely business consideration for my publisher because no
publisher would give permission to reprint the entire piece.
TU: Ok, so, its not like one can play [only] the third. So, its a set.
LL: Yeah, yeah. Theyre meant to be played together. They are really not meant to be
played separately. They are related loosely in the thematic way that they all have
a three-note motive and a lot of the harmonic relationships are on thirds. And
thats another thing that they have in common with Schubert, actually, the third
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TU: Why not [a] Nocturne, then? Well, of course, Schubert didnt write nocturnes.
LL: He did, actually. One nocturne for Piano trio in E-flat [singing the tune].
LL: Its a beautiful piece. Thats the only Schubert Nocturne I know of. But I
definitely meant Schubert rather than Chopin.
TU: Or Faur.
LL: Faur is a composer also rather important to me, but I was thinking of Schubert
when I made those pieces. But I do think Faur is a composer whos had a subtle
influence on me in the way his harmonies shift by just one note at a time, and
sliding kind of harmonic change.
TU: His songs are so hard to play. You really have to know [what is happening]
because one note changes and then everything changes.
LL: Yeah, its very subtle and changes the whole balance and atmosphere with just
one note, and you have to be very attuned to it, and people who dont listen
actively to Faur, [they] just say its pretty. In fact a critic in Philadelphia, whos
constantly attacking me, David Patrick Sterns, who actually paid me one of the
biggest compliments, back handed compliments, when he said something like,
this was in [the] review; he said, When music is too beautiful, the mind wanders
like in all those Faur songs or Lowell Liebermann pieces. So, I was very happy
to have my name linked with Faur. It was meant as an absolute criticism,
negative criticism.
LL: He is a very subtle composer and a lot people dont know how to listen to [his
music.] [They] dont listen to it carefully enough because you really have to be
following every note to get to those shifts. If you let it wash over you, then, its
this
TU: What was that? sort of. The late pieces of his are like that.
LL: Its like listening to [a] Shakespeare play. Its like speed reading Shakespeare. [If]
you dont pay attention to every word, you cant possibly get the sense. Its so
concentrated and tight. I would like to think that my music does that, at least
thats what Im trying to achieve.
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TU: Many of your pieces have that nocturnal, night-like shimmer. Is that something
you are really fascinated with or [do] you love that sound quality?
LL: I think so, and thats a personality thing. Its funny because sometimes, changing
the criterion if you are a living composer as opposed to a dead composer and I get
criticized by some critics for a lot of my music sounding too similar, for using the
same harmonic [materials] which first of all I dont feel is accurate. With a dead
composers, they say thats a style.
LL: And at the same time, the same critics dont have a problem with somebody you
know, every piece theyre writing being based on one chord, so you know its
very funny.
TU: [Giggling]
LL: But I would say, yeah, thats a big aspect of my emotional makeup, but also I
think there is a lot of variety. When one starts out writing a series of nocturnes
like I did, and I intend to write twelve of them, that means that a big proportion of
your piano works are nocturnes, [and that] automatically makes it look like you
are preoccupied with that. Maybe I couldve just as easily decided to write a
series of twelve Scherzos and then, maybe people wouldve had a totally different
impression of my piano music when in fact it is the same composer. So, the thing
is especially early on, since piano is my instrument, I think I often save a lot of
the more private kind of solitary music for that. Its just a very natural thing. And I
think in the other music, if one looks at the music written at the same time, you
see a variety in other pieces. But if you just look at the piano music, and that was
the problem when the very first disk of my music was released which was on
Music Heritage Society with David Korevaar, and it was some of the pieces that
were re-released on the Koch recordings. Most of these pieces were slow and
nocturnal. So, I think the impression given to a lot of people was a limited
emotional span. Whereas in fact, if they knew my other pieces, [they would
probably get a different impression]. Its a funny thing with a recording, these
critics, with a recording five different pieces on it as if the composer intended
these pieces all to be listened to at the same time, which is totally stupid. I never
listen to more than one piece at that time on a recording unless [it is] a recording
of a song recital or something.
TU: What are the challenges and joys of writing piano music?
LL: Well, its my instrument, so its a very natural thing. I dont know how much
pleasure there is in writing it because its difficult. Its much more fun when thats
92
done and you can go hear other people play, and then its not so much hearing
other people playing but its dinner afterwards or party or whatever, you know.
TU: [Laugh]
LL: Its a very funny process. There is a brief period where you are actually happy to
hear your own music. Thats like right when its done in the first couple of times
and after that, you dont need to hear it again. You know, its one of those things
I dont know how much real pleasure a composer ever gets out of his own music.
[Pause]
TU: How much of the performers interpretation do you allow? I dont want to say
allow, but there is a certain thing on a piece of paper, interpreted by that
performer.
LL: That actually can differ slightly depending on a piece and a type of piece. I
studied piano at Juilliard with Jacob Lateiner.58 Ive been writing music and
taking composition lessons and it was really the first time that somebody opened
my eyes clearly to understand that the dots and the slurs and the dynamic
markings were just as important and intentional as the notes. Its very funny
because I kind of have been brought up sloppily with the attitude that the notes
are sacred but the performers interpretation just changes the dynamics. I think
that affected the way I approach writing music for a while, but more and more,
studying piano with Lateiner, especially going through Beethoven, analyzing
Beethoven, and seeing that everything was interconnected, I really became more
and more specific. At this point, what I write down, I intend. That certainly
doesnt mean that a performer should approach a piece with rigidity; I mean they
should approach no differently than if they were playing a Beethoven Sonata.
Within a composer being very specific about what he wants, theres still a lot of
room for a performers personality to come through, it cant help come through. I
mean if you take two different pianists and tell them that they have to play
everything exactly as written, itll still be totally different performances and thats
what makes us human. But I tend to be more and more specific to the point where
now, Im putting pedal markings in because I realize how what you think is
58
For his brief biography, refer the footnote in Chapter I.
93
obvious and should be the only way to pedal is, [but] pedaling is the most
misunderstood.
TU: David Korevaar said [that] you said, More pedal at certain places, specifically,
on Impromptus. Maybe he is in general the kind of pianist who doesnt use as
much pedal?
LL: Yeah, I think so, but I tend to use a lot of long pedal effects in my piano music
where I want like
LL: Yeah, like aura. Actually Ravel and Debussy used very little pedal when they
played themselves. Its kind of a clich about French. I bet, Saint-Sans, Ive been
playing Saint-Sans recently, and you can tell from the music that he used almost
no pedal when played. You can tell from the way its written. And I bet Faur used
[it] very sparingly.
TU: Very shallow. Maybe they are putting it down a little bit, just to have just a little
bit of [pedal effect].
LL: But I find pedaling is very misunderstood by a lot of pianists and even when I will
mark very specific long pedal or something; ninety percent of the time, theyll
ignore that or play something else. Sometimes, it really makes a difference
whats coming out. Itll change the piece. I actually had to fight with my publisher
about putting pedal markings in and before, they wouldnt because they had an
attitude, a sloppy attitude of Oh, pianists do their own pedalings. [The] same
thing as they put fingerings in. I always have to fight with them if theres a very
specific fingering, which sometimes affects musically in performance, you know.
TU: Of course! Because stresses and [what-not]. Thats strange that they say such a
thing. Cost more to put things in?
LL: No, no, no, no but they think that a mid-western piano teacher is going to tell the
student how to pedal the piece or something. They dont want to see other
peoples. Pedalings are generally thought of something that the performer adds.
Thats not an integrated part of the piece.
[We started to chat about miscellaneous things and the conversation diverted to him
giving me questions about portraits of composers in his living room. At the end of the tea,
I thanked him for his time.]
94
January 8, 2005
DK: The Impromptus encapsulate a lot of what Lowell's piano writing style has been
about in my opinion, especially the often strange juxtapositions of dissonance and
consonance -- the constant references to common practice tonality that actually
never are common practice tonality, de-contextualized use of triads, the mix of
homophonic and contrapuntal textures (first impromptu especially) in a
pianistically complex manner, and the use of virtuosity as an intrinsic but not very
showy element (the second piece, especially, but also the first).
TU: According to some of the articles on the piece, it is said that Schubert's
impromptus were the inspiration for the Liebermann's piece. What connections do
you see in the piece?
DK: The Schubert mentions come from Lowell's own program note on the the piece. I
think that they are more of spirit than of substance; perhaps the use of obsessive
accompanimental figures is "Schubertian," also the focus on beauty of texture and
clear and lyrical phrase structures.
TU: What are the challenges you have had or you see one might have?
DK: The rubato (indicated to some extent) in the first movement is elusive, especially
in the context of the flowing sixteenths. The first movement also needs to flow in
a way that often defies the writing (the canons are particularly hard to keep in the
flow/tempo of the movement because of the wide spacings). The second
movement is just hard (the thirds are particularly nasty). The third movement is
very difficult to bring off: the simplicity of the textures and the sparseness of the
writing (compared to what came before) create their own problems.
TU: I read in an interview with Liebermann that he worked on your recording project.
How much involvement did you have? Any interpretation suggestions by him?
DK: Lots of involvement in the Impromptus in particular. He was very hard to satisfy
on the rubato in the first movement (I'm not necessarily satisfied myself), as well
as on the dynamics: he really wanted the pp's to be pp (imagine!). Pedaling
suggestions, also (for _more_ pedal most of the time!). It was interesting because
I learned the pieces off of an earlier version of the score than the published
version, and there were some changes in the markings that I had to adjust to in the
95
recording process; Lowell was very active in making sure that I was aware of
these changes. He was in the booth for the sessions, and essentially produced as
well as offered numerous interpretative suggestions on the Impromptus.
TU: You have known him and have played his piano music. What can you say about
his writing in your opinion?
DK: I like his writing for piano: I appreciate the compositional power that he brings to
it, the balance of intellectual concept and emotional projection, and his ability to
make the instrument sound.
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TU: You said you played the piece many times by now. What do you like about it?
What is your view on the piece?
APB: I love the intimate and introspective nature of this work, so evocative of beautiful
colors and atmospheres. I also like the idea that good music can still be composed
using tonal language. The language and the pianistic patterns may be the same
that were in vogue in the last 300 hundred years or so, but Liebermann creates his
own style within it.
TU: According to some of the articles on the piece, it is said that Schubert's
Impromptus were the inspiration for the Liebermann's piece. What connections do
you see in the piece? Do you see a connection between movements?
APB: The connection is in the fact that both Schubert and Liebermann use an unvaried
rhythmic pattern for each impromptu. A second common denominator is the
absence of a program, the fact that both Schubert and Liebermann wrote pure
music. This is also the connecting factor among the 3 Liebermann Impromptus, as
it unifies the work.
TU: If you were to categorize the work into a certain style, what would that be?
Liebermann's writing style has been called "Neo-Romantic" or "New-Tonal."
TU: What are the challenges you have had or you see one might have?
APB: One must find the most beautiful quality of sound, transparency, the ability to
create different levels of dynamics to render the subtle polyphony, masterful
pedaling, and a feel for the right rubatos. The technical challenges of the
Impromptus are not so evident at first, but one needs good technique to play
them.
APB: Not until after I played the Impromptus at the Van Cliburn Competition, and even
then only briefly. He's a very interesting person, and deserves the success he has.
TU: What can you say about his writing in your opinion?
APB: I have read through several of his compositions for piano. The first thing one
notices is that every piece is different from the others, the composer being able to
create the appropriate sounds depending on what he's trying to express. That is the
mark of a very talented composer. Also, he knows the piano and the keyboard
extremely well, and that enables him to exploit the instrument to the fullest.
98
REFERENCES
Cortot, Alfred. French Piano Music. Translated by Hilda Andrews. London: Oxford
University Press, 1932.
Gay, Wayne Lee. U.S. Composers to Share Spotlight at Cliburn Event, Pittsburgh
Post-Gazette. 6 April, 2001.
Liebermann, Lowell. Three Impromptus, Op. 68. Philadelphia: Theodore Presser Co.,
2001.
Long, Marguerite. At the Piano with Faur. Translated by Olive Senior-Ellis. New
York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1891.
Midgette, Anne. Classical Music Review: Inwardness and Showmanship in the Quirky
and Familiar, New York Times, 21 July 2003, Late Edition, Sec. E, p. 4.
99
Nichols, Dean Alan. A Survey of the Piano Works of Lowell Liebermann. D.M.A.
diss., Lexington, University of Kentucky, 2000.
Schubert, Franz. Impromptus D 899 (Op. 90) and Impromptus D 935 (Op. post. 142).
Edited from the autograph and first edition and provided with fingering by Paul
Badura-Skoda. Vienna, Austria: Wiener Urtext Edition, 1985.
Schwarz, K. Robert. Bringing Tonality, and Fans, to Contemporary Music. New York
Times, 31 January 1999, Sec. II, p. 28.
Struble, John Warthen. The History of American Classical Music: MacDowell through
Minimalism. New York: Facts On File, Inc, 1995.
Teachout, Terry. The New Tonalists, Commentary 104, no. 6 (December 1997):
53-57.
Tommasini, Anthony. Music Review: Celebrating Yaddo With Works It Helped Spawn.
New York Times, 9 May 2000, late ed. sec. E, p. 5.
Interviews
Recording
Liebermann, Lowell. Piano Music, Vol. II. Performed by David Korevaar. KOCH
International Classics 3-7552-2 HI, 2004. Compact Disc.