Radiation Safety Manual

Radiation Safety
Manual
©2004 The Curators of the University of Missouri
published by the
MU Radiation Safety Committee
in cooperation with
Environmental Health and Safety
of the
University of Missouri – Columbia
Third Edition 2004

Radiation Safety Manual
University Of Missouri-Columbia
RADIATION SAFETY MANUAL
PURPOSE Administrators (responsible for Authorized

Users); Students, Faculty and Staff having access
Welcome to the University of Missouri- to radioactive materials (Ancillary Personnel);
Columbia’s Radiation Safety Manual. The the Radiation Safety Committee; and the
Radiation Safety Manual contains the Radiation Radiation Safety Officer and Staff themselves.
Safety Program procedures that have been
approved by the Radiation Safety Committee to Note: All the forms in this manual are for
meet our regulatory obligations. information only and will have the “(F FOR
INFORMATION ONLY DO NOT USE)”
This manual provides information on what the statement on them. All appropriate and current
individual responsibilities are with respect to the forms are available on the EHS Webpage. Also
Radiation Safety Program, what must be done to this document is setup best for single page
meet these responsibilities, and the associated display vice dual page for printing.
procedures. The manual divides this information
into the different types of individuals and their If you have further questions or suggestions for
roles (assignments) within the program. These improvements, please send them to the RS
different roles are: Authorized Users; Radiation Office, #8 Research Park Development Building.
Workers;
Radiation Safety ii
#8 Research Park Development Building, (573) 882-7221, 3rd Edition
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abbreviations vi
Glossary vii
Introduction 1
ALARA Statement 2
Authorized User 4
Responsibilities 4
What Must Be Done 5
Procedures 6
How and When to Complete a Authorization Application 7
How to Train Radiation Workers 29
How to Train Ancillary Workers 33
Registering Radiation Workers and Ordering Personnel Dosimetry 35
Declaration of Pregnancy and Ordering Fetal Badges 38
When Use of Radioactive Material Requires Bioassays 40
ALARA Reporting 41
Control and Security of Radioactive Materials 42
Posting and Labeling for Radioactive Materials Use Laboratories 44
Posting, Security and Control of Areas Where Only Sealed Sources are Present 46
How to Minimize Your Effort and Maintain a Usable Lab with Good Radiation Safety 47
Obtaining a Request for Approval to Order Radioactive Material 48
Notification of Radioactive Material Order 49
How to Transfer Possession of Radioactive Material 51
Moving Out of or Inactivating an Approved Area 53
Requesting Pickup of Radwaste 54
How to Complete Your Quarterly Report 57
Procedures for Developing, Maintaining, and Implementing Written Directives 58
Corrective Action Review for Authorization Deficiencies 62
Radiation Worker 63
Responsibilities 63
What Must be Done 64
Procedures
10 CFR Part 19 Reporting Requirements 66
Good Laboratory Practices When Working with Radioactive Materials 67
Radiation Safety iii

Procedures for Surveys 68

How to Use Your Survey Meter 71
How to Use Your Liquid Scintillation Counter 72
How to Perform a Swipe Survey 73
How to Receive and Open Packages Containing Radioactive Material 74
How to Inventory Your Radioactive Material 75
Collection of Radwaste in Your Laboratory 76
Personnel Dosimetry 78
Spills, Contamination, Radiation Emergency Procedures 79
Quantities of Radioactive Materials Requiring Fume Hood Use 81
How to Survive an Inspection from the Radiation Safety Office 82
Administrator Responsible for Authorized User 84
Responsibilities 85
Administrator Procedures in Support of the Authorized Users 87
Ancillary Worker (All Students, Faculty and Staff Having Access to Facilities with Radioactive Material) 88
Responsibilities 89
Procedures 90
Radiation Safety Committee 91
Management and Radiation Safety 92

General Information 93
Quorums 94
Authorization Application Review and Approval Policies 96
Enforcement Procedures 98
Radiation Safety Office 101

Radiation Safety Officer Responsibilities 103
MU Radiation Safety Training Program 104
Emergency Response 106
Instrument Calibrations 107
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Periodic Inspections 108
Routine Inspections by the Radiation Safety Office 109
Radioactive Material Ordering and Delivery 110
What Happens at EHS After You Submit Your Request for a Radwaste Pickup 111
References 113
Radiation Safety iv
LIST OF TABLES
ALARA Investigation Levels 3
NRC Dose Limits (10 CFR 20) 41
Posting Requirements 45
Radiation Safety Survey Tables: 69
Table 1. When Do I need to Document a Survey? 69

Table 2. Removable Contamination Survey Levels and Actions 69
Table 3. Instrument Survey Levels and Actions 69
Deficiency Levels: Examples of Authorization Deficiencies 100
Radiation Safety v
Radiation Safety Manual Abbreviations
ABBREVIATIONS
ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable mCi - MilliCurie
AU - Authorized User MQ - Medical Use Quorum
Bq - Becquerel mR - Milliroentgen
CDE - Committed Dose Equivalent mrem - Millirem
CEDE - Committed Effective Dose Equivalent NRC - Nuclear Regulatory Commission
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations PBE - Performance Based Evaluation
Ci - Curie Q - Quality factor
cpm - Counts per minute R - Roentgen
DDE - Deep-Dose Equivalent RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
DOT - Department of Transportation RSC - Radiation Safety Committee
dpm - Disintegrations per minute RSCR - Radiation Safety Committee Representative
dps - Disintegrations per second RSM - Radiation Safety Manual
EDE - Effective Dose Equivalent RSO - Radiation Safety Officer
EHS - Environmental Health and Safety RSP - Radiation Safety Program
eV - Electron volt RS Office - Radiation Safety Office
GM - Geiger Mueller RSS - Radiation Safety Staff
Gy - Gray RU - Registered User
HP - Health Physicist RW - Radiation Worker
HE - Effective Dose Equivalent SDE - Shallow-Dose Equivalent
HE, 50 - Committed Effective Dose Equivalent SNM - Special Nuclear Material
HMM - Hazardous Materials Management SQ - RSC Special Quorum
HT - Dose equivalent to organ or tissue Sv - Sievert
HT, 50 - Committed Dose Equivalent T1/2 - Half life
LDE - Lens of the eye Dose Equivalent TEDE - Total Effective Dose Equivalent
MBq - Megabecquerel MU - University of Missouri-Columbia
µCi - MicroCurie wT - Weighting factor

Radiation Safety vi
Radiation Safety Manual Glossary
GLOSSARY
The word starts with a b c d e f g h i l m n o p q r s t u w x
Absorbed Dose - The amount of ionizing radiation Animal Waste - Any related waste, resulting from
energy absorbed in matter, including human tissue. animals that have been dosed with radioactive
The units of absorbed dose are the Rad (R) and the material, such as bedding, urine, feces, other fluids,
Gray (Gy). tissue, or carcass. All waste from a dosed animal
shall be handled as radioactive material until proven
Access - The privilege to enter or use a restricted area otherwise by the RSS.
without the presence of other Authorized Personnel.
Assigned Health Physicist (assigned HP) - Each
Activity - The rate of transformation or disintegration AU is assigned a HP who acts as the primary point of
or decay of radioactive material. The units of activity contact with the RS Office, and who is the primary
are disintegrations per minute (dpm), Curie (Ci), or radiation safety evaluator for the authorization.
Becquerel (Bq).
Atom - The smallest particle of an element that
Administrator(s) Responsible for AU - Individual cannot be divided or broken up by chemical means.
who directly supervises the AU's use of facilities plus It consists of a central core called the nucleus, which
the Administrative organization above leading to the contains protons and neutrons. Electrons revolve in
Chancellor. orbits in the region surrounding the nucleus.
Air Sampling Survey - A measurement of Atomic Number - The number of protons in the
radioactive material dispersed in air in the form of nucleus of an atom. The number of protons
dusts, fume, particulates, mists, vapors, or gases. determines what an atom is chemically, and, hence,
Measurements are typically taken in an individual's identifies it as belonging to a certain chemical
breathing zone or at a stack release point. element.
ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) - Atomic Mass Number - The number of protons plus
Each individual makes every reasonable effort to neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Also known as
maintain occupational and public exposure to the atomic weight of an atom.
radiation as low as practical.
Attenuation - The process by which a beam of
ALARA Dose Levels - Levels of personnel dose radiation is reduced in intensity when passing
above which require a review of radioactive material through some material. It is the combination of
use and procedures to determine if doses may absorption and scattering processes and leads to a
reasonably be reduced (see ALARA Statement for decrease in intensity of the beam.
levels).
Audit - A thorough examination of an entire
Alpha Particle - A positively charged particle program. An audit may include a survey and an
ejected spontaneously from the nuclei of some inspection.
radioactive elements. It is identical to a helium
nucleus that has a mass number of four and an Authorization - The privilege to receive, possess,
electrostatic charge of positive two. use, and transfer radioactive material under MU’s
NRC License, or under a Missouri State Registration.
Ancillary Worker – A non radiation worker whose
duties require them to work in or frequent radiation Authorization Application - Information provided
work areas and who have been trained, corresponding by the prospective AU to the RSC in support of
with their work responsibilities, in the basics of receiving the privilege of authorization. Information
radiation safety awareness training, and have been must include: personal data; isotopes, form, and
granted access to restricted areas for the performance amounts requested; type of use; special radiation
of their duties. safety procedures required; waste generation;
Radiation Safety vii
restricted area(s), modifications, and facilities; within or by the use of a nuclear reactor or special
instrumentation; training; experience; and nuclear material.
administration support.
Calibration – To adjust the reading of an instrument
Authorization Specific Procedures - Radiation within acceptable tolerances using a known standard
safety procedures established for the authorization. as a reference.
At a minimum, the authorization must adopt MU’s
RSP procedures, but these procedures may be Calibration Check - Comparison of instrument
modified with approval of the RSC. readings relative to a radioactive material standard to
confirm proper operation of the instrument or to
Authorized Personnel - Personnel who have been determine counting efficiency.
trained, corresponding with their duties, in the basics
of radiation safety and have been granted access to Co-Authorization - An authorization approved for
restricted area(s), e.g., AU’s, RW’s, and Ancillary more than one AU. One AU must be designated as
Workers. the “Primary” AU, who is the AU of record for
receipt, use disposal, inspections and all other
Authorized User (AU) - Individuals who are granted authorization records. The “Primary” AU is also the
the privilege and responsibilities of receiving, principal contact for the authorization. All other Co-
possessing, using, and transferring radioactive AU’s are designated as “Secondary” AU’s.
material. The AU is also considered to be a RW.
Collective Dose - The sum of the individual doses
Background Radiation - Radiation from cosmic received in a given period of time by a specified
sources; naturally occurring radioactive materials, population from exposure to a specified radiation
including radon (except as a decay product of source procedure or source of radiation. The usual units of
or special nuclear material) and global fallout as it collective dose are person-rem or person-sievert.
exists in the environment from the testing of nuclear
explosive devices. "Background radiation" does not Committed Dose Equivalent (CDE or HT, 50) - The
include radiation from sources, byproducts, or special dose equivalent to organs or tissues of reference (T)
nuclear materials regulated by the NRC. that will be received from an intake of radioactive
material by an individual during the 50-year period
Becquerel (Bq) - The SI unit of measurement of following the intake. The units of the committed
radioactivity equal to one disintegration per second. dose equivalent are the rem and the sievert (Sv).
One Becquerel is equal to 2.7 x 10-11 Ci.
Committed Effective Dose Equivalent (CEDE or
Beta Particle - A negatively charged particle that is HE,50) - The sum of the products of the weighting
emitted by certain radioactive atoms. A beta particle factors applicable to each of the body organs or
is identical to an electron. tissues that are irradiated and the committed dose
equivalent to these organs or tissues (HE,50 = Σ WTHT,
Bioassay - The determination of kinds, quantities or 50).
concentrations, and, in some cases, the locations of
radioactive materials in the human body, whether by Compliance - To act in accordance with and meet
direct measurement (in vivo counting) or by analysis the responsibilities of regulatory requirements and
and evaluation of materials excreted or removed from MU’s Radiation Safety Program procedures.
the human body.
Contamination - Radioactive material present in
"Biodegradable" or "Environmentally Friendly" places where it is undesirable and particularly in any
Scintillation Cocktail - A liquid scintillation fluid location where its presence may be harmful.
that has a flash point greater than 300 °F or 150 °C.
Contained Form - Radioactive material that is
Bremsstrahlung Radiation - Secondary confined such that the material is not readily
electromagnetic radiation (x-rays) produced by available to be spread as contamination. This
deceleration of charged particles through matter. includes liquid radioactive material which is accessed
via a needle through a septum vial (material removed
Byproduct Material - Any radioactive material from the septum vial via a syringe and not
(except special nuclear material) made radioactive
Radiation Safety viii
immediately transferred into another septum vial is Document - Printed or written evidence supporting
considered to be uncontained). compliance with regulatory requirements, MU’s
Radiation Safety Program procedures, and
Controlled Area - An area, outside of a restricted authorization specific procedures. The following
area but inside the MU campus (site boundary), to must be documented: authorization; training; RW’s;
which access can be limited by MU for any reason. periodic surveys; radioactive materials inventory
All MU property is considered to be within a including receipt, transfer, waste disposal, and
controlled area. periodic decay corrections; and instrument
calibrations.
Corrective Action - Actions taken to correct a
situation of non-compliance or a situation which Documented Survey - A survey which is performed
could lead to non-compliance. and recorded to meet regulatory or policy
requirements.
Counting Instrument - A radiation detection
instrument used to analyze swipes or other types of Dose (radiation exposure) - A generic term that
samples. Typical counting instruments are liquid means absorbed dose, dose equivalent, effective dose,
scintillation, beta, or gamma counters. committed equivalent dose, committed effective
dose, or total effective dose, as defined elsewhere in
Curie (Ci) - The basic unit of activity. A quantity of
this glossary.
any radionuclide that undergoes an average decay
rate of 37 billion disintegrations per second. One Dose Equivalent - The product of the absorbed dose
curie is the approximate activity of 1 gram of radium. in tissue, quality factor, and all other necessary
Named for Marie and Pierre Curie, who discovered modifying factors at the location of interest. The
radium in 1898. units of dose equivalent are the rem and the sievert
(Sv).
Declared Pregnant Woman - A woman who has
voluntarily informed her employer, in writing, of her Dose Limits - The limits of personnel dose set by the
pregnancy and the estimated date of conception. NRC which cannot be exceeded in a calendar year.
Decontamination - Removal of contamination. Dose Rate - In radiation safety, a measurement of
radiation absorbed by various parts of the human
Deep-Dose Equivalent (DDE) - As defined by the body over a period of time. Dose rate must be
NRC, the dose equivalent estimated for a tissue depth documented in millirem per hour (mrem/hr).
of 1 cm. The deep-dose equivalent applies to
external whole-body exposure and is intended to Dosimetry (Personnel) - A radiation measuring
represent the upper limit to the dose received by the devices worn by personnel to measure dose to
major organs and tissues of the body other than the various parts of the body.
skin and lens of the eye.
Effective Dose Equivalent (EDE or HE) - The sum
Deficiency Level - When a situation of non- of the products of the dose equivalent to the organ or
compliance is identified, a deficiency level is tissue (HT) and the weighting factors (WT) applicable
assigned to define the required extent and timing for to each of the body organs or tissues that are
corrective actions. irradiated (HE = Σ WTHT).
Department of Transportation (DOT) - U.S. Efficiency - For radiation detecting equipment, it is

Federal department responsible for establishment of the ratio of radiation detected to radiation emitted and
regulations relating to the transportation of is specific for each isotope and geometry.
radioactive and other hazardous materials.
Electromagnetic Radiation - Energy being
Direct Supervision - Supervision within direct line propagated by a traveling wave motion resulting from
of sight and communication provided by an AU or changing electric or magnetic fields. Familiar
RW to individual(s) handling radioactive materials. electromagnetic radiations range from x-rays and
The supervisor is responsible to see that all radiation gamma rays of short wavelength, through the
safety procedures are followed. ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions, to radar, and
radio waves of relatively long wavelength. The
Radiation Safety ix
ionizing electromagnetic radiations are gamma rays Radiation Safety Training Program or for college
and x-rays. credit courses.
Electron - A subatomic particle with a negative Fume Hood - A hood designed to exhaust fumes or
charge. The electron circles the nucleus of an atom. particulates away from the individual and out of the
building.
Electron Volt (eV) - Customary unit for expressing
the energy of ionizing radiation. One eV is equal to Gamma Radiation or Gamma Ray - High-energy,
the energy of one electron moving through a potential short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation emitted
difference of one volt. from the nucleus. A gamma ray is a discrete packet
of electromagnetic energy. Gamma radiation
Element - One of the 111 known chemical frequently accompanies alpha and beta emissions.
substances that cannot be broken down further Gamma rays are very penetrating and are best
without changing its chemical properties. stopped or shielded against by dense materials, such
as lead or uranium. Gamma rays are identical to x-
Embryo/Fetus - The developing human organism rays, but have a nuclear origin, rather than an atomic
from conception until the time of birth. More origin.
accurately; first 2 weeks-embryo (when implantation
occurs), after 8 weeks- fetus. Gray (Gy) - The SI unit of absorbed dose. One gray
is equal to an absorbed dose of 1 J/kg or 100 rad.
Emergency - A sudden, generally unexpected
occurrence or set of circumstances demanding Half Life (T1/2) - The time taken for the activity of a
immediate action. radionuclide to lose half its activity value by
radioactive decay.
Emergency Procedures - Procedures established to
define the types of immediate actions to take in case Hazardous Materials - A substance or material,
of emergency to regain control of radioactive including a hazardous substance, which by quantity,
materials and prevent any additional spread of concentration, physical, and or chemical
contamination. characteristics has the potential of becoming
hazardous waste or regulated by RCRA (Resource
Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) - MU Conservation and Recovery Act).
department which includes the RS Office and is
additionally responsible for establishing compliance Hazardous Waste - A hazardous waste as defined in
criteria and monitoring for Environmental 40 CFR 261.3 and applicable State regulations.
Management Section, Material Management,
Industrial Hygiene, and General Safety. High Energy Beta - A beta emitted with maximum
energy greater than 1 MeV.
Extremity Dose - Absorbed dose to hand, elbow, and
arm below the elbow, foot, knee, or leg below the High Radiation Area - An area, accessible to
knee. individuals, in which radiation levels could result in
an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of
Eye Dose Equivalent (LDE) - Applies to the 100 mrem in 1 hour at 30 cm from the radiation
external exposure of the lens of the eye and is taken source or from any surface that the radiation
as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.3 cm. penetrates.
Fixed Contamination - Contamination, generally on Imminent Danger to Health and Safety - Although
a surface, which cannot be removed by usual reaching dose limits results in a minimal health risk,
decontamination cleaning methods. “Imminent Danger to Health and Safety” means any
circumstance or set of circumstances that could result
Formal Training - Classroom type training in dose limits being exceeded.
conducted by a radiation safety training program or a
college credit course on radiation related topics. Inactive Status - An AU who is on inactive status
Documentation is needed for radiation safety training remains authorized, but does not possess any
received from a program other than the MU’s radioactive material and all authorized radioactive
material use areas are closed out. To reactivate the
Radiation Safety x
authorization, the AU must, along with their assigned have very nearly the same chemical properties, but
HP, conduct a review of the authorization, review often different physical properties (for example,
any changes in MU’s RSP procedures, and reactivate carbon-12 and -13 are stable, carbon-14 is
approved radioactive material use areas. The radioactive).
authorization must be reactivated prior to receipt of
radioactive material. Labeled Equipment, Apparatus, or Appliances -
Centrifuges, refrigerators, hoods or other equipment
Incident - An occurrence that either results in an items which could potentially become contaminated
item of non-compliance or could have led to an item during routine use are to be labeled as contaminated
of non-compliance if the occurrence had not been or internally contaminated. RW’s and appropriate
identified. Ancillary Workers shall be instructed about the
potential contamination.
Informal Training - On-the-job-type training;
typically on authorization-specific procedures. Labeling - Marking items to inform other personnel
of the presence of, or areas which contain items that
Inspection - An examination of procedures, records, are potentially contaminated with radioactive
safety issues, and personnel performance, including materials.
comparison of AU and RS Office data and records.
An inspection generally includes a survey and is Laboratory Apparel - The type of clothing and
typically conducted by EHS or the NRC. other protective gear worn by individuals when
working in and around radioactive materials.
Inspection or Survey Class - Level of radiation
safety inspection frequency designated for the Leak Test - Contamination survey of a sealed source
authorization. Class I is monthly, Class II is to ensure that the integrity of the source containment
quarterly, Class III is semi-annually, Class IV is for is maintained. Sealed Sources that are found to be
sealed source only authorization, Class V is inactive leaking must be removed from service.
status, and Class VI is Co-Authorization Secondary
AU. License - The document issued by the NRC
permitting MU to receive, possess, utilize, transfer, or
Intake - Quantity of material entering the body, the dispose of specific byproduct, source, or special
principal routes being by inhalation, by ingestion, or nuclear materials. Currently MU is licensed under
through intact or wounded skin. Broad Scope License No. 24-00513-32.
Interim Authorization - Authorization issued by the License Condition - A requirement established

RSO prior to final review and approval of the specific to MU licenses which can only be changed
authorization applications by the RSC. through a license amendment issued by the NRC.
Failure to meet a license condition, like failure to
Internal Contamination - Contamination which is meet Federal Regulations, will most likely result in
on internal components of equipment. an NRC violation, possible civil penalty (monetary
fine), and possible criminal prosecution.
Internal Dose - Dose received from radioactive
material which is taken into the body. See Dose and Liquid Waste - Radioactive waste in liquid form.
External Dose. This waste may be unwanted radioactive stock
solutions, liquid waste from radioactive procedures,
Inventory - A documented list recording the receipt, or used liquid scintillation cocktail.
use, transfer, decay and disposal of radioactive
material so that the amount, location and disposition Low Energy Beta - A beta emitted with maximum
of the radioactive material received under the energy less than or equal to 300 keV.
authorization may be determined at any point in time.
May - Denotes permission; neither a requirement nor
Isotope - One of two or more atoms with the same a recommendation.
number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons,
in their nuclei. Thus, carbon-12, carbon-13 and Medical Use Quorum (MQ) - A specific subset of
carbon-14 are isotopes of the element carbon, the the RSC established by the license condition to
numbers denoting the atomic mass number. Isotopes oversee the medical use of radioactive materials.
Radiation Safety xi
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) - The

Medium Energy Beta - A beta emitted with government agency responsible for establishing
maximum energy greater than 300 keV and less than regulations and issuing licenses for byproduct,
or equal to 1 MeV. source, or special nuclear material.
Member of the Public - Any individual except when Occupational Dose - Dose received by an individual
that individual is receiving an occupational dose. in the course of employment in which the individual's
assigned duties involve exposure to radiation or
Minor - An individual less than 18 years of age. radioactive material from licensed and unlicensed
sources of radiation, whether in the possession of the
Mixed Waste - A radioactive waste that is also a
licensee or other person. Occupational dose does not
hazardous waste. Mixed waste must be handled as
include dose received from background radiation,
both radioactive waste and hazardous waste.
from any medical administration the individual has
Modified Restricted Area - A restricted area that received, from exposure to individuals administered
has been modified, where part of the room remains a radioactive material and released in accordance with
restricted area and part of the room is designated as a 10 CFR 35.75, from voluntary participation in
non-restricted area. The RSC must approve any medical research programs, or as a member of the
modification of an existing restricted area. public.
Monitoring - An assessment of current radiological Open Bench Quantities - The amount of radioactive
conditions performed during the work period. This material which may be handled in uncontained form
includes the periodic checks for contamination or on an open bench. Quantities greater than this must
radiation levels on the hands, clothing, floor and be kept contained, handled only in a fume hood or
immediate work area. glove box, or a specific evaluation of the chemical
process done to show what specific activity limit
MU Radiation Safety Program - The program assures little likelihood for airborne activity.
established by the MU Broad Scope License,
administered by the RSC and MU Administration, Packaging - The assembly of components necessary
and implemented by the RS Office. to ensure compliance with the packaging
requirements of NRC and DOT. It may consist of
MU Radiation Safety Program Procedures - one or more receptacles, absorbent materials, spacing
General overall procedures established and monitored structures, thermal insulation, radiation shielding,
by the RS Office to meet compliance with regulatory and/or devices for cooling or absorbing mechanical
requirements, license conditions and policies shock.
established by the Radiation Safety Committee.
Performance-Based Evaluation - Observation of an
Must - Same as Shall. individual's ability to properly execute and
accomplish the necessary actions basic to the
Neutron - An uncharged particle with a mass completion of a task; thus demonstrating the
comparable to (only slightly greater than) that of the adequacy of training, proper knowledge and ability to
proton, and found in the nucleus of every atom perform a procedure to assure regulatory compliance.
heavier than hydrogen.
Performance-Based Training - Training of an
Non-Restricted Area - An area within a modified individual in the "hands on" aspects of procedures, by
restricted area that has been approved by the RSC practicing and perfecting under supervision the
and where no radioactive materials may be used or necessary actions basic to the completion of a task.
stored.
Personnel Monitoring - Measurement of personnel
Non-Stochastic Effects (or Deterministic Effects) - dose through the use of personnel dosimetry, air
Health effects, the severity of which varies with the samples, bioassays, radiation surveys or any
dose and for which a threshold is believed to exist. combination of the above with related calculations.
Radiation induced cataract formation is an example
of a non-stochastic effect.
Radiation Safety xii

Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) - radiation absorbed in any material. If material is not
Equipment designed to maximize the control of specifically stated, then tissue is assumed.
radioactive material or to minimize dose or
contamination. This includes but is not limited to Radiation - In this manual, radiation refers to
safety glasses, lab coats, gloves, fume hoods, shields, ionizing radiation, such as x-ray, gamma, alpha, beta
security cabinets or areas, spill trays, etc. and neutron.
Photon - A quantum (or packet) of energy emitted in Radiation Area - An area, accessible to individuals,
the form of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays in which radiation levels could result in an individual
and x-rays are examples of photons. receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 5 mrem in 1
hour at 30 cm from the radiation source or from any
Positron - Particle equal in mass, but opposite in surface that the radiation penetrates.
charge, to the electron; a positive electron.
Radiation Levels - Measurement of dose or dose
Posting - The conspicuous placing of signs, notices, rates.
announcements, procedures, etc. in and around
restricted areas that inform individuals of the types of Radiation Safety Committee (RSC) - The group
precautions they must take. established by regulation and license condition
responsible for overseeing the MU RSP and
Proton - An elementary nuclear particle with a controlling the use of radioactive materials under the
positive electric charge located in the nucleus of an MU license.
atom.
Radiation Safety Committee Representative
Prudent Practice - The attitude towards dealing with (RSCR) - A member of the RSC who is an AU, or
hazards in the laboratory characterized by a has the training and experience to become an AU,
determination to make every effort to be informed and is assigned a group of AU's to represent.
about risks and reduce them to a minimum. This
"safety first" attitude is accomplished through an Radiation Safety Manual (RSM) - This document
increased emphasis on experiment planning, describes the MU Radiation Safety Program
including habitual attention to risk assessment and responsibilities, duties, and procedures which need to
consideration of hazards for oneself, one's fellow be understood and followed by the RSS, Ancillary
workers, and the public. Workers, RW's, AU's or Administrators Responsible
for AU's.
Public Dose - Dose received by a member of the
public from exposure to radiation or radioactive Radiation Safety Office (RS Office) - The group
material released by the licensee, or to any other responsible for assisting the RSO in the
source of radiation under the control of a licensee. implementation of the MU Radiation Safety Program.
Public dose does not include dose received from This group is part of and is assisted by EHS, a unit of
background radiation, from any medical Business Services.
administration the individual has received, from
exposure to individuals administered radioactive Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) - As required by
material and released in accordance with 10 CFR regulations, this individual is responsible for the
35.75, from the voluntary participation in medical implementation of the MU RSP. This individual
research programs, or as a member of the public. ensures that radiation safety activities are being
performed in accordance with RSC policy, approved
Quality Factor (Q) - A numerical factor assigned to procedures, and regulatory requirements in the daily
describe the average effectiveness of a particular kind operation of the MU RSP.
(and sometimes energy) of radiation in producing
biological effects in the human. The factor used to Radiation Safety Program (RSP) – MU’s RSP is a
derive equivalent dose from absorbed dose. commitment to the following criteria; Applicants for
Type A, Type B, and Type C broad scope licenses
Rad - The special unit of absorbed dose. One rad is are required by 10 CFR 33.13(c), 33.14(b), and
equal to an absorbed dose of 100 ergs/g or 0.01 J/kg 33.15(c) respectively, to establish administrative
or 0.01 gray. This unit applies to any type of ionizing controls and provisions relating to management
review necessary to ensure safe operations.
Radiation Safety xiii
Licensees are required by 10 CFR 20.2102 to Registered User - Individual who holds the primary
maintain records of the radiation protection program, authority to direct the activities of a laboratory or
including: (1) the provisions of the program; and (2) facility that may at any time use or store hazardous
audits and other reviews of the program contents and materials or generate potentially hazardous waste
implementation. (including radioactive mixed waste).
Radiation Safety Staff (RSS) - Individuals assigned Regulations - Rules and requirements established by
to the RS Office to assist in the implementation of the regulatory agencies.
MU RSP. This includes but not limited to the RSO,
Deputy RSO, HP’s, and EHT’s. Regulatory Agencies - The regulatory agencies
which directly impact the MU Radiation Safety
Radiation Worker (RW) - Individual trained in Program including the Nuclear Regulatory
radiation safety that is approved to work, under the Commission (NRC), Department of Transportation
authorization of an AU with radioactive material (DOT), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
without direct supervision. The AU is responsible for Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services
each RW, and their acts of commission or omission (MO DHSS), Missouri Department of Natural
who are approved to work under the authorization. A Resources (MO DNR), and the City of Columbia.
RW may work under more than one authorization at a
Rem - The special unit of any of the quantities
time, but must be approved by each AU.
expressed as dose equivalent. The dose equivalent in
Radioactive Materials - Materials that decay by rem is equal to the absorbed dose in rad multiplied by
emitting ionizing radiation. For MU these are the quality factor. One rem equals 0.01 sievert.
radioactive materials approved in the MU license and
Removable Contamination - Contamination which
radioactive materials registered with the State of
can be removed or spread by something coming in
Missouri.
contact with the contaminated surface.
Radioactivity - The process of undergoing
Restricted Area - Any area to which access is
spontaneous transformation of the nucleus, generally
restricted for the purpose of radiological protection.
with the emission of alpha or beta particles, often
At MU, the restricted area shall include the entire
accompanied by gamma rays. The term is also used
laboratory area (including rooms to which access can
to designate radioactive materials.
only be made through the laboratory) bound by walls
Radioisotope Work Area - An area (within a and a lockable door, unless a restricted area
restricted area) designated specifically for working modification is granted.
with radioactive materials, where the appropriate
Review - A radiation safety examination of an AU or
protective measures have been taken to minimize
prospective AU to assess their ability to begin or
excessive radiation levels or the spread of radioactive
continue working with radioactive materials.
contamination outside the work area.
RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of Roentgen (R) - A unit of exposure to ionizing
1976 as amended. radiation. It is that amount of gammas or x-rays
required to produce ions carrying one electrostatic
Recovery Operation - Procedures established unit of electrical charge in one cubic centimeter of
following the completion of emergency procedures, dry air under standard conditions. Named after
which are designed to return the areas, facilities, and Wilhelm Roentgen, German scientist who discovered
personnel contamination levels back to normal x-rays in 1895.
operating conditions.
Sealed Source - Radioactive material that is
Reference Man - A hypothetical aggregation of permanently bonded or fixed in a capsule or matrix
human physical and physiological characteristics designed to prevent release and dispersal of the
arrived at by international consensus. These radioactive material under the most severe conditions
characteristics may be used by researchers and public likely to be encountered in normal use and handling.
health workers to standardize results of experiments Sealed sources are registered by the manufacturer
and to relate biological insult to a common base. through the NRC.
Radiation Safety xiv

Security - Protection of radioactive material from Stock - Radioactive material remaining in the
unauthorized removal or access. container originally supplied by the vendor.
Self-Assessment - Continual critical evaluation of Stochastic Effects - Health effects that occur
personnel, procedures, facilities, and areas to identify randomly and for which the probability of the effect
incidents or weaknesses which could lead to non- occurring, rather than its severity, is assumed to be a
compliance. This evaluation includes doing root linear function of dose without threshold. Hereditary
cause analysis, establishing corrective action, effects and cancer incidence are examples of
providing additional training or awareness as stochastic effects.
necessary, and reassessing resulting compliance.
Surface Contamination Survey - Radiation level
Shall - Denotes a requirement. readings taken at one cm from the surface with open
detector window.
Shallow-Dose Equivalent (SDE) - Applies to the
external exposure of the skin or an extremity, and is Survey - An evaluation of the radiological conditions
taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007 and potential hazards incident to the production, use,
cm averaged over an area of 1 cm2. transfer, release, disposal, or presence of radioactive
material or other sources of radiation. When
Should - Denotes a recommendation. appropriate, such an evaluation includes a physical
survey of the location of radioactive material and
Sievert (Sv) - The SI unit of any of the quantities measurements or calculations of levels of radiation,
expressed as dose equivalent. The dose equivalent in or concentrations or quantities of radioactive material
sieverts is equal to the absorbed dose in gray present.
multiplied by the quality factor. (1 Sv = 100 rem).
Survey Meter - Radiation detecting instrument
Site Boundary - That line beyond which the land or capable of detecting dose rates, and most surface
property is not owned, leased or otherwise controlled contamination.
by the licensee.
Temporary Transfer of Authorization - When an
SI Units - Units defined by the International System AU will be gone for more than 30 days at one time,
of Units. the authorization must be temporarily transferred to
another approved AU.
Solid Waste - Primarily paper, plastic, glass, or
gloves which are potentially contaminated with Termination of Authorization - Means that no
radioactive material. radioactive materials are possessed (including any
contaminated supplies or equipment). All approved
Source Material - Means: (1) Uranium or Thorium
areas are closed out and all RW approvals under the
or any combination of Uranium and Thorium in any
authorization are terminated.
physical or chemical form; or (2) Ores that contain,
by weight, 0.05 percent or more, of Uranium, Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE) - The sum
Thorium or any combination of each. Source of the deep dose equivalent (for external exposures)
material does not include special nuclear material. and the committed effective dose equivalent (for
internal exposures).
Special Nuclear Material - Means Plutonium,
Uranium-233, enriched Uranium in the isotope 233
Transfer - Change in possession of any radioactive
or the isotope 235, or any other material that the NRC
material from one authorization to another or from an
determines to be special nuclear material, but does
authorization to another licensee.
not include source material.
Transient Radioactive Work Area - The area where
Special Quorum (SQ) - A subset of the Radiation radioactive materials are used for infrequent short
Safety Committee, generally established to review periods of time (generally <8 hours), where constant
and approve authorized use of radioactive materials line-of-sight control and/or lockable security is
and to administer radiation safety as it applies to maintained, and where the area will have a
various specialized fields. documented survey confirming that no radioactive
material remains in quantities greater than those
Radiation Safety xv
allowed for unrestricted areas, at the conclusion of Use - Physical manipulation of radioactive material
the use. These transient work areas do not require in the uncontained form.
posting.
Weighting Factor (WT) - A factor that indicates the
Transportation - For MU, transportation means ratio of the risk of stochastic effects attributable to
movement of any radioactive material by means of a irradiation of a given organ or tissue (T) to the total
person, or a commercial or university vehicle. risk when the whole body is uniformly irradiated.
Unauthorized personnel - Any personnel or visitor X-rays - Penetrating electromagnetic radiation

who is not trained for access to restricted areas. having a wavelength that is much shorter than that of
visible light. Rays produced by excitation of the
Uncontained Form - Radioactive material in an electron field around certain nuclei are called
open form, capable of spreading contamination; characteristic x-rays. Electromagnetic rays that are
particularly if overturned. produced as the result of deceleration of charged
particles as they pass near the nucleus are called
Unrestricted Area - For the MU Radiation Safety continuous x-rays (or Bremsstrahlung). X-rays are
Program, any area not under the control of MU’s identical to gamma rays, but originate out side the
Campus authority. nucleus.
Radiation Safety xvi

Radiation Safety Manual Introduction
INTRODUCTION
The University of Missouri – Columbia (MU) in radiation protection, and be available for advice
Campus possesses a broad scope license issued by and assistance on radiological safety matters.
the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).
The license allows MU to receive, possess, use, and The RSC is required by regulations and license
transfer byproduct, source and special nuclear conditions to establish policy and general procedures
material. The license covers much of the radioactive to
material work conducted at the MU. Some Natural
and Accelerator-produced Radioactive Materials • Control procurement and the use of
(NARM), as well as x-ray machines and accelerators, byproduct material,
are regulated by the State of Missouri, and are
administered in a similar manner as the NRC- • Evaluate safety concerns related to the use of
regulated radioactive materials. byproduct material prior to use, by reviewing
the adequacy of (a) facilities and equipment,
WHAT IS A BROAD SCOPE LICENSE (b) training and experience of the user, and
(c) lab-specific operating and handling
MU’s NRC license (No. 24-00513-32) is a Type A, procedures.
Broad Scope license. A broad scope license allows
an organization involved in an extensive radioactive The RSO and RSS are responsible for establishing
materials program to internally regulate its own and maintaining specific procedures to carry out the
program, within the requirements established by the policies and procedures established by the RSC.
regulations and license commitments. To obtain a
broad scope license, MU established an overall WHAT MU IS NOT ALLOWED TO DO
Radiation Safety Program (RSP) by defining the UNDER ITS BROAD SCOPE LICENSE
organization and management, procedures, record
keeping, radioactive material control, accounting and Certain activities are not permitted under a broad
management review necessary to assure safe use of scope license. MU is not allowed to
radioactive material at MU.
• Conduct tracer studies in the environment
The use of byproduct materials authorized by the MU involving the direct release of radioactive
license is controlled by the Radiation Safety material;
Committee (RSC), and is administered by the
Radiation Safety Officer (RSO), and the Radiation • Receive, acquire, own, possess, use, transfer
Safety Staff (RSS). The RSC may authorize or import sealed devices containing 100,000
individuals to use byproduct material in accordance curies or more of byproduct material;
with established review and approval procedures and
criteria established by the RSC. • Conduct activities to manufacture or transfer
certain items containing byproduct material,
WHAT MUST THE RSC AND RSO DO? or perform industrial radiography operations;
The MU RSC is composed of the RSO, a • Add or cause the addition of byproduct
representative of management, and persons trained material to any food or other product
and experienced in the safe use of radioactive designated for ingestion or inhalation by, or
materials. The RSC includes a Medical Quorum application to, a human being, except as
(MQ) designed to meet the regulatory requirements approved under medical use portion of the
of MU medical use portion of the license. The RSO license.
must be qualified by having training and experience
Radiation Safety 1
Radiation Safety Manual ALARA Statement
ALARA STATEMENT
MU is committed to the ALARA philosophy and The ALARA program is the responsibility of all
therefore sets forth the following ALARA policy: persons involved in the use of radiation at the
University of Missouri. Administrators, faculty,
ALARA is the acronym for "As Low As Reasonably staff, Radiation Safety Staff, and radiation users,
Achievable." The ALARA philosophy applied to participate and cooperate in the development and
radiation safety programs is to maintain minimal improvement of the ALARA concepts as applied to
levels of occupational radiation exposures and the Radiation Safety Program.
releases of radioactive effluents to the environment.
The ALARA concepts are extensions of the radiation The management of the University of Missouri is
protection guides in that any unnecessary radiation committed to maintaining its radiation safety
exposures are considered excessive. The Radiation program for materials licenses consistent with the
Safety Program at the University of Missouri is ALARA philosophy.
committed to the ALARA principles for reasonably
reducing radiation exposures. All individuals who have radiation safety
responsibilities of any nature for a material license
The ALARA principle is practiced throughout the (e.g., administrative, operational, procedural, and/or
Radiation Safety Program. Radiation Safety Program ancillary responsibilities) will be instructed in the
reviews and audits are conducted by the Radiation ALARA Policy.
Safety Committee. All requests for use of radioactive
materials are considered by the Radiation Safety The Radiation Safety Committee will review
Staff, and the Radiation Safety Committee to insure quarterly ALARA reports prepared by the Radiation
that operations are conducted in an efficient manner Safety Officer. Appropriate actions will be taken on
by properly trained personnel. Continued radiation external and internal radiation doses that exceed the
safety surveillance and inspection by the Radiation investigational levels listed in the “ALARA
Safety Program insures that proper procedures are INVESTIGATION LEVELS” table.
being used. Records of the inspections, surveys and
personnel dosimetry are maintained and compared to Radiation dose investigational levels and reporting
evaluate the success of ALARA program. Action frequencies different than those listed may be
levels are established at values well below the established by the Radiation Safety Officer for an
allowable dose limits and investigations are individual worker or a group of workers.
conducted when the action levels are exceeded. Justification for new action levels will be
Radiation users must contribute to the ALARA documented and must be consistent with good
programs by providing continuous reviews and ALARA practices. The Radiation Safety Committee
improvements of their radiation protection will review the justification for and must approve or
procedures. disapprove all revisions to the investigational levels.
Radiation Safety 2
Radiation Safety Manual ALARA Statement
ALARA Investigation Levels

Quarterly Monthly
Exposure Type
(mrem) (mrem)
Level I Level II Special* Level I Level II Special*
Total Effective Dose Equivalent: (TEDE) 125 375 600 100 300 300
Lens Dose Equivalent (LDE) 375 1250 600 300 900 300
Shallow Dose Equivalent (SDE) 1250 3750 6000 400 1200 3000
Committed Effective Dose Equivalent (CEDE) 1250 3750 6000 400 1200 3000
Definitions
Total Effective Dose Equivalent: (TEDE)
Sum of both Deep Dose Equivalent and Committed Effective Dose
TEDE = DDE + CEDE
Deep Dose Equivalent: (DDE)**

External whole body exposure at a tissue depth of 1 cm
Lens Dose Equivalent: (LDE)

External exposure to the lens of the eye at a tissue depth of 0.3 cm
Shallow Dose Equivalent: (SDE)

External Exposure at a tissue depth of 0.007 cm or to any extremity.
Shallow Dose Equivalent Maximum Extremity: (SDE_ME)

External Exposure at a tissue depth of 0.007 cm, maximum to any extremity
Committed Effective Dose Equivalent: (CEDE)

Exposure to organs or tissue that will be received from an intake of radioactive material by an individual during the
50-year period following the intake.
Notes
* The MU Radiation Safety Committee may establish different investigational levels or reporting frequencies for an
individual worker or group of workers.
** Webster calculation may be used to account for DDE doses when wearing lead apron.
Radiation Safety 3
Radiation Safety Manual Authorized User
AUTHORIZED USER
RESPONSIBILITIES
TRAINING Establish and implement authorization-specific

procedures to be in compliance with MU RSP
Communicate to colleagues, staff, students and procedures.
visitors that the health, safety, and concern for a safe
workplace are top priorities at MU. Everyone shares Ensure that authorization-specific procedures are in
the obligation to perform work in a safe, healthful, place and observed.
environmentally protective manner.
Ensure that individuals working under the
Ensure that radiation safety policies and procedures authorization have the proper safety equipment and
are communicated to employees, students and visitors laboratory apparel to perform their work safely.
appropriate for their situation.
ASSESSMENT/CORRECTION
Ensure that individuals handling radioactive materials
are trained in and understand the proper Ensure that radiation safety responsibilities are being
authorization-specific radiation safety procedures. carried out by all individuals working under the
The AU is responsible for the actions of all workers authorization.
who handle radioactive materials under the specific
authorization. Encourage an atmosphere where there is the prompt
reporting of health and safety concerns.
MATERIAL CONTROL
Curtail or stop work that is being carried out under
Ensure every individual's exposure from radioactive the authorization if continuation of the work is
materials and radiation is ALARA. believed to pose an imminent danger to health or
safety. Immediately notify the RSS when work is
curtailed or stopped for this reason.
Establish, review, implement, and document

completion of acceptable corrective actions to
prevent reoccurrence of this radiological event.
Radiation Safety 4
WHAT MUST BE DONE
TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE-BASED

EVALUATIONS Verify the following information provided via the RS
office’s authorization specific quarterly report:
Fulfill training requirements to become an
Authorized User, and update training as required to • Any new radioactive material receipts,
maintain and renew authorization.
• any transfers,
Review Authorization form and associated
authorization applications with each RW and define • any waste pickups,
RW’s specific responsibilities under the
authorization. • any changes in RW status,
Determine by performance-based evaluations that • any changes in authorization specific

RW’s can properly perform the authorization-specific instrumentation, and
radiation safety procedures.
• current on-hand inventory.
Register each individual who is allowed to work with
radioactive material without direct supervision as a
RW. SELF ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTIVE
ACTIONS
Ensure that work requiring training is performed only
by persons who have received the proper training i.e.
Perform periodic documented surveys to ensure that
no one can work with radioactivity until they have
routine handling surveys performed by the RW’s are
trained.
effective.
Review the corrective actions with RW’s as
Review the documented surveys to determine trends
necessary.
and any need for corrective actions (e.g., change in
procedure, work area, equipment, personnel training,
Document all authorization-specific training and
personnel accountability, shielding, ALARA
know where training records are kept.
techniques, etc.).
Review and follow up on inspections performed by

MATERIAL CONTROL the RSS or the NRC, and correct any authorization-
specific procedures that led to any deficiencies or as
Develop and periodically review the radiological
necessary.
work procedures to ensure that radiation hazards are
controlled or eliminated. The AU may adopt the MU
Interact with the assigned RSC Representative
program procedures or adapt other procedures, while
concerning any suggested changes or corrective
ensuring that the other procedures meet the intent of
actions needed in the specific authorization program
all the requirements of the authorization-specific
or in the MU RSP.
procedures.
Radiation Safety 5
PROCEDURES
How and When to Complete Authorization Application 7

How to Train Radiation Workers 29
How to Train Ancillary Workers 33
Registering Radiation Workers and Ordering Personnel Dosimetry 35
Declaration of Pregnancy and Ordering Fetal Badges 38
When Use of Radioactive Material Requires Bioassays 40
ALARA Reporting 41
Control and Security of Radioactive Materials 42
Posting and Labeling for Radioactive Materials Use Laboratories 44
Posting, Security and Control of Areas Where Only Sealed Sources are Present 46
How to Minimize Your Effort and Maintain a Usable Lab with Good Radiation Safety 47
Obtaining a Request for Approval to Order Radioactive Material 48
Notification of Radioactive Material Order 49
How to Transfer Possession of Radioactive Material 51
Moving Out of or Inactivating an Approved Area 53
Requesting Pickup of Radwaste 54
How to Complete Your Quarterly Report 57
Procedures for Developing, Maintaining, and Implementing Written Directives 58
Corrective Action Review for Authorization Deficiencies 62
Radiation Safety 6
HOW AND WHEN TO COMPLETE A AUTHORIZATION APPLICATION
HOW TO COMPLETE EACH PAGE OF THE APPLICATION
Application Type and Required Pages 8

Application Initiation Page 9
Authority Page 11
Co-Authorization Authority Page 13
Training and Experience Page 15
Isotope Page 17
Radioactive Material Location Page 21
Radiation Survey Instrumentation Page 23
Anticipated Transactions Page 25
Temporary Transfer of Authorization Page 27
WHEN TO COMPLETE AUTHORIZATION APPLICATION
Use of radioactive materials on the MU Campus This procedure describes when an application is
(other than at the MU Research Reactor) is allowed needed and what application pages are needed for
only under Authorizations approved by the MU RSC. specific changes.
Control of the uses of radioactive materials is An Authorization is issued for no more than a three
established by MU’s NRC License, State year period. A renewal application is required to
Registrations, and by State and Federal regulations. extend the Authorization. The Authorization is
allowed to continue work if the renewal application
To establish an Authorization, an individual must has been accepted by the RS Office.
submit an Authorization Application and in turn must
be approved by the RSC to become an AU. Contact your assigned Health Physicist if you have
any questions.
Once an Authorization is established, the AU must
submit applications in order to make certain changes
in the Authorization.
Radiation Safety 7
APPLICATION TYPE AND THE REQUIRED PAGES

New User: Renew Authorization:
Application Initiation Page (indicating New Application Initiation Page (indicating

User) Renewal)
Authority Page Authority Page
Training and Experience Page Isotope Page
Isotope Page
Anticipated Transactions Page Establish Co-Authorization or add a Secondary
Radioactive Material Location Page (one for User to the existing Co- Authorization
each room/area) Application:
Radiation Survey Instrumentation Page
Application Initiation Page (indicating Co-
Isotope Added or Increased: Authorization for each Secondary User)
Co-Authorization Authority Page
Application Initiation Page (indicating Training and Experience Page (for each
Amendment) Secondary User)
Authority Page Isotope Page (for each Secondary User)
Isotope Page
Anticipated Transactions Page Inactivate Authorization:
Radiation Survey Instrumentation Page
Contact your assigned HP for an
Isotope Deleted or Decreased: Administrative Change -- may use:
Application Initiation Page (indicating
Contact your assigned HP for an Inactivation)
Administrative Change -- may use:
Application Initiation Page (indicating Re-activate Authorization:
Amendment for isotope deletion or decrease)
Room Removed or Inactivated: Administrative Change -- may use:
Application Initiation Page (indicating Re-
Contact your assigned HP for an activation)
Application Initiation Page (indicating Temporary Transfer Authorization:
Amendment for room removal or
inactivation)
Temporary Transfer)
Room Added, Location Changed, or Modified Temporary Transfer of Authorization Page
Restricted Area Requested:
End of Temporary Transfer Authorization:
Amendment)
Authority Page
Application Initiation Page (indicating end of
Radioactive Material Location Page (one for
Temporary Transfer)
each room/area) -- NOTE: Modification of
existing restricted area requires a detailed Terminate Authorization:
explanation of the controls that will be
implemented to separate the restricted area Contact your assigned HP for an
from the rest of the room Administrative Change -- may use:
Termination)
Radiation Safety 8
APPLICATION INITIATION PAGE
PURPOSE Complete the Authorization Number and application

date at the top. For new user applicants, an
An Application Initiation Page must be completed for Authorization Number will be assigned at application
all applications. All applications are tracked by review.
Authorization Number and application date.
Indicate the application type.
COMPLETING THE APPLICATION
INITIATION PAGE Complete the personal data (to update changes from
previous application).
All applications are tracked by the Authorization
Number and application date. Sign the AU statement to confirm acceptance of
responsibilities.
Radiation Safety 9
(F
FOR INFORMATION ONLY DO NOT USE)
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA
APPLICATION FOR POSSESSION AND USE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
Authorization Number: Application Date:
APPLICATION INITIATION PAGE

[This form or attachment must be typed or printed very neatly in black ink]
Application Type: [ ] New [ ] Amendment
[ ] Renewal [ ] Co-Authorization
[ ] Inactivation [ ] Re-activation
[ ] Temporary Transfer [ ] Termination
Personal Data
Name: ID#:
Degree(s): Job Title:
Department/Unit: Office Address:
E-Mail Address: Office Telephone:
Lab Telephone: FAX:
Authorized User Statement
I have read the Radiation Safety Manual and understand to the best of my knowledge its application to my
requested use of radioactive material. I understand my responsibility as an Authorized User to train and
provide a safe work environment for my personnel in accordance with University policy, State and Federal
regulations. I understand my responsibility to maintain proper records by documenting radiation surveys and
maintaining radioisotope inventory records. I accept the responsibilities of being an Authorized User and will
comply with the MU Radiation Safety Program.
(F
________________________________ ________
Applicant Signature Date
For Radiation Safety Office Use Only
____________________________ ________ _________________________________________ __________

Health Physicist Date Chair, Radiation Safety Committee Date
For New Authorizations for Human Use: ___________________________________ _________

MU Administrator Date
Radiation Safety 10
AUTHORITY PAGE
PURPOSE The AU is responsible for obtaining the required

signature(s) for this page.
All AU’s must demonstrate administrative support
for their authorization. The Administrator Direct Supervisor -- NOTE: Signing of the Direct
responsible for the AU is based on the primary Supervisor Statement confirms acceptance by the
location of the AU's authorized work. If the AU Administrator of the responsibilities listed in
requests use of an area supervised by another Administrator Responsibilities.
administrator, then support for use of that area must
also be obtained. Supervisor support for other areas -- NOTE: These
sections must be completed when the AU applicant is
COMPLETING THE AUTHORITY PAGE requesting additional rooms in areas not supervised
by the Direct Supervisor. Signing of the “Supervisor
The AU is responsible for completing the information for Other Area” statement confirms acceptance by the
on this page. administrator of the responsibilities listed in
Administrator Responsibilities.
Radiation Safety 11
(F
AUTHORITY PAGE
Direct Supervisor Statement
Supervisor Name: (F
Supervisor Title:
Supervisor's Department/Unit/Other:
I support the use of radioactive materials by this Authorized User Applicant. I understand my responsibilities to the best of my
knowledge as a supervisor of an Authorized User.
___________________________________________ ________
Direct Supervisor Signature Date
Supervisor for Other Area
Supervisor Name:
Supervisor Title:
I support the use of radioactive materials by this Authorized User Applicant in the area(s) listed below. I understand my
responsibilities to the best of my knowledge as a supervisor of the rooms being utilized by this Authorized User.
Building: Room(s):
Building: Room(s):
___________________________________________ ________
Supervisor for Other Area Signature Date
Radiation Safety 12
CO-AUTHORIZATION AUTHORITY PAGE
PURPOSE AND CONDITIONS for a defined portion of that authorization, however, a

Secondary User must meet the criteria of being a
A Co-Authorization is considered as one Primary User for all of the Co-Authorization
authorization having one Primary User and one or specifically approved for the Secondary User.
more Secondary Users.
COMPLETING THE CO-
All inventories for a Co-Authorization are combined AUTHORIZATION AUTHORITY PAGE
under the Primary User's Authorization isotope limits
and conditions. The Secondary User is responsible for completing the
information on this page.
All Secondary AU’s must have the support of the
Primary User and the Primary User's Administrator to The Secondary User is also responsible for obtaining
join in a Co-Authorization. The Primary User may the required signature(s) for this page.
request removal of the Secondary User from the Co-
Authorization and document this request in writing Signing of the Primary User and the Primary User’s
with the RS Office. Direct Supervisor Statements confirms acceptance by
the Primary User and the Administrator of the stated
A Secondary AU may be fully Co-Authorized for the support.
entire Primary User's authorization or Co-Authorized
Radiation Safety 12
(F
CO-AUTHORIZATION AUTHORITY PAGE

Co-Authorization Primary User Statement
Primary User Name: Authorization Number:
[ ] Full Co-Authorization [ ] Partial Co-Authorization (attach description)
I support the inclusion of this individual as a Secondary User to the Co-Authorization for which I am Primary User.
________________________________________ _________________
Primary User Signature Date
(F
Primary User's Direct Supervisor Statement
Supervisor Name:
Supervisor Title:
I support the inclusion of this individual as a Secondary User to the Co-Authorization under this Primary User, who
I supervise.
(F
____________________________________________ _______________
Primary User's Direct Supervisor Signature Date
Radiation Safety 14
TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE PAGE
PURPOSE
• At least 8 hours of training and
The RSC must review the training and experience of experience, including 4 hours of formal
all individuals requesting authorization. classroom/laboratory instruction with 4
hours of supervised experience,
Criteria for acceptable training and experience are concerning the understanding of
based on the proposed uses and amounts of radiation units, radiation detection,
radioactive materials. regulations, emergency procedures and
specific instruction appropriate to the
REQUIREMENTS - GENERAL type and form of byproduct materials to
be used.
Individuals requesting permission to direct studies
utilizing uncontained radioactive materials exceeding Refresher training is required periodically (see MU
the quantities listed in 10 CFR 20 Appendix C must Radiation Safety Training Program).
meet the following criteria:
REQUIREMENTS - MEDICAL
• A bachelor level college degree or equivalent
of training and experience in physical or Individuals requesting permission for medical use
biological sciences, authorizations must contact the RS Office for special
instructions commensurate with the requirements of
• At least 20 classroom hours of training, or 10 CFR 35.
equivalent training and experience in the safe
handling of radioactive materials, Refresher training is required periodically (see MU
characteristics of limiting radiation exposure, Radiation Safety Training Program).
units of radiation dose and quantities,
radiation detection, instrumentation and
biological hazards of exposure to radiation. COMPLETING THE TRAINING AND
EXPERIENCE PAGE
Refresher training is required periodically (see MU
Radiation Safety Training Program). Complete the personal data section. This is for the
AU applicant only.
REQUIREMENTS - SEALED SOURCES
AND OTHER CONTAINED SOURCES Document the type, date, and the duration of
classroom (formal) training you have received on
Individuals requesting permission to direct studies listed topics. Indicate where training was received.
utilizing sealed sources, contained sources, foils, (At a minimum the applying AU must meet the
vendor prepared assay kits, or other uncontained training requirements listed above. If not, the AU
radioactive materials less than the quantities listed in will need to complete additional training).
10 CFR 20 Appendix C must meet the following
criteria: Document the type, date, location and duration of
experience you have working with radioactive
• An associate level degree or equivalent materials.
training and experience in technical,
medical, physical, or biological areas,
Radiation Safety 15
(F
TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE PAGE

Personal data
Name: Date of Birth:

Sex: [ ] Female [ ] Male
Statement of Training (minimum of 20 total classroom hours or equivalent training and experience):
Provide the following information and documentation substantiating your training in: Principles and practices
of radiation protection; Biological effects of radiation; Basic calculations for radioactivity measurement and
standardization; Instrumentation and monitoring techniques; and other applicable training.
When & Where Trained Duration & Type* of Training Topics
(F
*Please indicate classroom (formal) courses only.
Statement of Experience with radioactive materials (actual use or equivalent experience, minimum of 20
total hours):
Provide the following information and documentation substantiating your experience --
Activities Used Date, Duration &

Isotope (mCi) Type of Use Location of Experience
Radiation Safety 16
ISOTOPE PAGE
PURPOSE Use of Radioactive Material:
The RSC must review the isotope, form, use, and Provide general description of each use as it relates to
possession limits to ensure that MU does not exceed the safe handling for each of the listings.
the limits set by the licenses and registrations.
The following generic procedures need only be
Information on special uses involving radioactive identified:
materials must be reviewed by the RS Office to
ensure all aspects of a safe work environment are • Northern blot,
being evaluated and met.
• Southern blot,
COMPLETING THE ISOTOPE PAGE • Western blot,

Radioactive Material Requested: • Hybridization,
List each isotope separately. List one of the • Soil moisture gauge use,
following forms for each of the isotopes listed:
• Iodination,
• activation byproduct, any form,
• Soil density gauge use,
• activated or contaminated,
• Gas chromatograph electron capture foil use.
• contained source,
Identify all the special uses requiring additional
• daughter product, controls and provide a written description of each
special control in accordance with the following:
• generator,
• isotope kit, Biohazards -- If work will involve the use of

biohazards, describe:
• microsphere,
• The biohazards/safety procedures/special
• plated source, waste handling,
• seed, • The use procedure(s) involving the

biohazards,
• source foil,
• The radiation safety procedures
• slug, involving biohazards.
• or sealed source
Hazardous Materials -- If work will involve the
use of hazardous or dangerous chemicals,
Provide requested order limit and possession limit in describe:
milliCuries for each listing. The order limit cannot
exceed the possession limit of the specific • Registered User (RU) name and RU
authorization. Number,
Radiation Safety 17
• Hazardous material use/safety I-125 or I-131 in quantities that are greater

procedures/mixed (hazardous + than 1 mCi – If you plan to iodinate, use or
radioactive) waste handling & store radioiodines, describe:
accumulation,
• The radionuclide involved and
• The use procedure(s) involving procedure(s) used;
hazardous materials,
• The maximum activity involved with
• The radiation safety procedures iodination;
involving hazardous materials.
• The proposed storage, usage, or
iodination in each room or area;
Airborne hazards -- If work will involve the
powdery, volatile, or other airborne forms of • The maximum activity in any container
radioactive materials, describe: storing solutions or waste;
• Airborne safety procedures fume hood or • The individuals who will be handling
glove box facilities, greater than 5 mCi of radioiodine.
• The use procedure(s) involving airborne

radioactive materials, H-3 -- If using quantities that are greater
than 100 mCi of tritiated water or sodium
• The radiation safety procedures for borohydride, or greater than 25 mCi of
airborne radioactive materials. tritiated organic material , describe:
• The maximum activity in any container

High energy Beta’s (P-32 or higher) greater storing solutions or waste,
than 5 mCi -- If P-32 or other high energy
beta emitter will be used, describe: • The storage and usage in each use area,
• The procedures used to minimize & • The individuals who will be handling
detect contamination, these materials.
• The procedures used to minimize

exposure (including use of plastic Gamma emitters with energies greater than
shields), 500 keV, describe:
• The maximum activity in any stock • The maximum activity in any container
solution, storing solutions or waste,
• The maximum activity in any other • The proposed storage and usage in each
container storing solutions or waste, use area,
• The proposed storage and usage in each • The individuals who will be handling
room or area, gamma emitter’s quantities greater than 5
mCi.
• The individuals who will be handling
greater than 5 mCi of P-32.
Long Lived Isotopes, describe:
• The maximum activity in any container

storing solutions or waste,
Radiation Safety 18
• The specific lab procedures to prevent or • The radioactive materials used,

eliminate any long-lived contamination
of the laboratory, • The use procedure(s) involving plants,
• The procedures or use protocols to assist • The location(s) of the plants,

in the future laboratory close out or
decommissioning. • The individuals providing care for the
radioactive plants,
Sealed Sources -- If you plan to use • The radiation safety procedures

radioactive sealed sources or gas involving the plants, including
chromatograph sources, list for each: radioactive waste management.
• The isotope;
Animal use -- If you plan experiments
• The last calibration date and associated involving radioactive materials in live
activity; animals, describe:
• The manufacturer, model, and serial • The animal type(s) and animal protocol
number; number for each vertebrate type,
• Locations of storage and use. • The radioactive materials used,
• The use procedure(s) involving live

Food items or food container use -- If you animals,
plan to use any food items or food containers,
describe: • The location(s) of animals,
• The specific food item(s) used, • The individuals providing care for the
radioactive animals,
• The food container(s) used,
• The radiation safety procedures
• Purpose for use, involving animals, including radioactive
waste management.
• The locations of storage and use,
• The labeling precautions taken to ensure no Human use -- If you are applying to use
consumption by humans occur. radioactive materials in or on humans,
provide copies of the following:
Live plant use -- If you plan to conduct
• Board Certification(s),
experiments involving radioactive materials in
live plants, describe:
• State Medical License Registration(s).
• The plant type(s),
Radiation Safety 19
(F
ISOTOPE PAGE
Radioactive Material requested:
Isotope Form Order Limit (mCi) Possession Limit (mCi)
(F
Use of Radioactive Material: [Form or attachment must be typed or very neatly printed in black ink]
Attach the use protocol(s) planned for each isotope and the associated radiation safety procedures unless you utilize
one of the "generic" procedures.
[ ] Generic procedure(s) to be used as noted --
Isotope Generic Procedure(s)
(F
Special uses requiring additional controls -- provide written description(s) of the additional controls for
each special use noted here (See How to Complete Authorization Application Isotope Page)
[ ] Biohazards
[ ] Hazardous materials/mixed waste
[ ] Airborne hazards
[ ] High energy beta (P-32 or higher) greater than 5 mCi
[ ] I-125 and/or I-131 greater than 1 mCi
[ ] H-3 greater than 25 mCi
[ ] Gamma emitters w/ E greater than 500 keV
[ ] Long-lived isotopes (Half life greater than 120 days)
[ ] Sealed Source/Foil
[ ] Food stuffs or food container use
[ ] Live plant use
[ ] Animal use
[ ] Human use
Radiation Safety 20
RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL LOCATION PAGE
PURPOSE • Describe how security to the modified

restricted area will be maintained.
The RS Office must review your facilities and
equipment to determine their adequacy for the • If food and drink are to be allowed in the
isotopes and the type of work you are requesting to non-restricted area, explain how the food and
do. The need for special security, posting or drink will be brought into that area, and how
monitoring equipment will be also determined. the food and drink will be kept completely
out of the proposed restricted area.
The RSC reviews the adequacy of the facilities and
equipment for each authorization application. • Explain how all individuals having access to
the modified restricted area will be trained to
ROOM AND AREA INFORMATION know and understand their responsibilities
with regard to compliance with the special
Each room or area must be reviewed and approved on conditions governing the area.
an individual basis.
• Before the application is forwarded to the
Rooms will be designated as restricted areas. Storage RSC, it will be reviewed and approved for by
and use of radioactive materials is approved all Environmental Health and Safety (EHS)
anywhere within the restricted area. groups (i.e., Radiation Safety, Environmental
Management Services, Industrial
Information concerning the surrounding areas is Hygiene/Biosafety, and General Safety). If
needed to help locate the room and to assess safety compliance issues are identified for any
concerns (e.g., radiation levels, contamination safety issue, the application for restricted
control, etc.). area modification will not be supported.
Once a restricted area modification has been
Information on the location of the radioactive work granted, any deficiency identified with
areas, storage areas, and other items on the compliance of the special conditions
identification key should be submitted with the governing that area could result in the
application. These locations may be moved withdrawal of the approval.
anywhere within the restricted area without need of
an authorization amendment. COMPLETING THE RADIOACTIVE
MATERIAL LOCATION PAGE
MODIFIED RESTRICTED AREA
Complete separate form for each room or area.
To request a modification of a restricted area:
Provide a floor plan identifying the items listed in the
• Explain the purpose for requesting a Identification Key. Plan should be a "to scale" floor
modification of restricted area. plan with room dimensions.
• Provide a floor plan of the entire restricted Provide information on how security of radioactive
area and surrounding areas, identifying all material will be maintained when authorized
doors securing the area, and marking what personnel are not present.
areas within the current restricted area will
remain as the restricted area and what areas Identify how the area will be used by checking the
will remain the non-restricted. appropriate box(s) on the form.
Radiation Safety 21
(F
RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL LOCATION PAGE

Complete separate sheet for each room
Building: Room Number:
Floor plan of total room(s) containing restricted area and identify surrounding areas (include overall dimensions)
. . . . . . . . . . . Identification Key
B = bench top
. . . . . . . . . . . C = centrifuge
D = desk
. . . . . . . . . . . DH = door handle
E = emergency proc.
. . . . . . . . . . . EE = electrophoresis
F = floor
. . . . . . . . . . . FR = freezer
H = hood
. . . . . . . . . . HS = heat sealer
L = laminar flow hood
. . . . . . . . . . . M = µ centrifuge
O = oven/incubator
. . . . . . . . . . . R = refrigerator
S = sink
. . . . . . . . . . . SA = storage area
SH = shields
. . . . . . . . . . . T = telephone
WA = waste area
What level of security will be maintained for radioactive materials when authorized personnel are not present?
[ ] All radioactive materials (including waste) will be stored in locked cabinet(s), refrigerator(s), or
freezer(s).
[ ] The room will be locked.
[ ] Other (specify).
This room is requested:
[ ] for use as a radioactive work area

[ ] to contain a modified restricted area as described above
[ ] for a common use area
[ ] for storage only
[ ] for use as a transient radioactive work area
[ ] for other (specify)
Note: Transient radioactive work areas are the areas where radioactive material are used for infrequent short periods of time
(generally <8 hours), where constant line-of-sight control and/or lockable security is maintained, . Tand where the
area will must have a documented survey confirming that no radioactive material remains in quantities greater than
those allowed for unrestricted areas at the conclusion of the use and, do not require posting.
Radiation Safety 21
RADIATION SURVEY INSTRUMENTATION PAGE
PURPOSE If you borrow a survey meter, provide the requested

information and signature from the AU who is
The RS Office and the RSC must review your survey lending the meter.
instrumentation to determine the adequacy of the
instrument for the isotopes and the type of work you Uncalibrated survey meters will not be approved for
are requesting to do. use in radiation safety surveys.
COMPLETING THE RADIATION SURVEY Provide requested information for each counting
INSTRUMENTATION PAGE system you plan to use.
If you need assistance in identifying a counting

Provide requested information for each radiation
system for your use, contact your assigned Health
survey meter.
Physicist for a nearby system location or information
concerning the purchasing a new instrument.
If you need to obtain a radiation survey meter,
contact your assigned HP for ordering information.
Radiation Safety 22
(F
RADIATION SURVEY INSTRUMENTATION

Radiation survey meter
For Beta or Gamma Emitters
[ ] Manufacturer: (F
Model No.: Serial No.:
Detector Type or Model No.:
[ ] Manufacturer:
Detector Type or Model No.:
[ ] Instrument borrowed from
Authorized User: Authorized Number:
I allow the use of my survey meter by this Authorized User.
____________________________________ ______________________
Meter Owner Signature Date
Counting Equipment
[ ] Beta Counter (Liquid Scintillation Counter or other)
Location:
Manufacturer: (FOR INFORMATION ONLY DO NOT USE)
[ ] Gamma Counter
Location:
Manufacturer:
Radiation Safety 24
ANTICIPATED TRANSACTIONS PAGE
PURPOSE • The estimated volume per month for each

waste type checked, and for each applicable
The RS Office must review your anticipated receipts, isotope.
transfers (on or off license) and generation of waste.
This is needed to determine what kind of radiation • Please estimate your waste generation
safety support is necessary and if we have the volumes in the following units:
facilities, equipment, and staff to provide it.
o Solids in cubic feet,
The RSC reviews the adequacy of the radiation safety
support for each authorization application. o Liquids (jugs) in gallons,
COMPLETING THE ANTICIPATED o Liquids (vials) in gallons,

TRANSACTIONS PAGE
o Liquids (stock) in gallons,
Estimated Use
o Animal in kilograms,
List for each isotope the estimated number of
shipments and total activity you anticipate receiving o Seeds in number of seeds.
each calendar quarter.
Do not include any transfers of radioactive material

from other MU AU’s in this section.
Planned Transfers In or Out
If you plan to receive or transfer radioactive materials

to other MU AU’s, provide the following information
for each supplier or recipient:
• Estimated generation of radioactive waste,
• The type(s) of radioactive waste you

anticipate generating: animal (carcass, waste
and bedding), Mo-99 generator, liquid (jugs),
liquid (stock), liquid (vials), seeds, solid, or
other.
Radiation Safety 25
(F
ANTICIPATED TRANSACTIONS PAGE

Estimated use:
Isotope Shipments/Quarter Activity received/Quarter
(F
Planned Transfers In or Out:
If you plan to receive or transfer radioactive materials to other Authorized Users, list the following data for
each supplier or recipient: [Attachment must be typed or very neatly printed in black ink]
a. Name and address of supplier or recipient.
b. Radioactive isotope(s) to be transferred.
c. Estimate of activity(s) to be transferred and an annual estimated total activity to be transferred.
Estimated Generation of Radioactive Waste:
Provide estimated volume per month for each waste type checked:
[ ] No radioactive waste to be generated:

[ ] Solid (cubic feet): ________
[ ] Liquid (jugs - gallons): ________
[ ] Liquid (vials - gallons): ________
[ ] Liquid (stock - gallons): ________
[ ] Animal (kilograms): ________
[ ] Seeds (number of seeds): ________
[ ] Other (describe): ________
Radiation Safety 26
TEMPORARY TRANSFER OF AUTHORIZATION PAGE
PURPOSE Personal Data for the Substitute AU
Any AU who plans to be away from MU for greater Provide requested information about the substitute
than 30 continuous days must either inactivate the AU taking over the authorization..
authorization or temporarily transfer authorization
responsibilities to another AU.
Substitute AU Statement
Please arrange for the temporary transfer at least two
weeks before you depart so that the inactivation can Signing the Substitute AU Statement confirms
be completed or the authorization responsibilities can acceptance of the stated responsibilities.
be transferred to another AU in a timely manner.
Approval of Direct Supervisor
COMPLETING THE TEMPORARY Provide name and department of the Transferring
TRANSFER PAGE AU's Direct Supervisor.
Transferring AU Data Signing by the Direct Supervisor indicates support
for this temporary transfer.
Provide full name and Authorization Number.
Describe purpose for absence, provide the date that
the transfer will begin and the anticipated end date.
Radiation Safety 27
(F
TEMPORARY TRANSFER OF AUTHORIZATION PAGE

Transferring Authorized User
Name: (F
Purpose of absence:
Planned Period of Absence From: To:
Personal Data for Substitute Authorized User:
Authorized User to whom authorization is being temporarily transferred. This individual should have experience
with similar radioactive materials and responsibility for labs in the vicinity of the transferred authorization.
Name: Authorization Number:
Department/Unit:
Office Address:
E-Mail Address:
Office Telephone: Lab Telephone: FAX:
Substitute Authorized User Statement
I understand and accept my responsibility to the best of my knowledge as a Substitute Authorized User to act in the
name of the Authorized User during this period of absence.
_______________________________________________ ___________________
Substitute Authorized User Signature Date
Approval of Direct Supervisor for Transferring Authorized User
Name: (F
Department:
I support this temporary transfer.
_________________________________________________ ____________________
Direct Supervisor Signature Date
Radiation Safety 28
HOW TO TRAIN RADIATION WORKERS
GENERAL Explain how to perform and document radiation

surveys, action levels, when to contact the RS Office,
The Training Guide for RW’s, is a suggested format and any specific requirements of the laboratory
for the required training of all RW’s under the AU's program.
authority prior to their use of radioactive materials.
This guide also provides a mechanism to do Discuss the isotopes in use in the laboratory and the
authorization specific annual training, as ability to detect them by different methods.
recommended by the RSC.
Discuss the use of the various isotopes of the
This training should be performed by the AU, but can authorization, their half-life, activity calculations,
be delegated to laboratory supervisors who are specific handling and detection procedures, waste
approved as RW’s and are cognizant of all of the minimization techniques, disposal procedures, and
requirements and commitments of the authorization. mechanisms for meeting the unwanted Hazardous
Training Records shall be retained for 3 years by the Material requirements.
AU and a copy of the training shall be sent to the RS
Office upon completion of the training. 10 CFR PART 19 INSTRUCTIONS
Individuals must attend formal training through the Discuss the Following;
MU Radiation Safety Training Program) prior to or
soon after being registered as a RW. • Title 10 Part 19 (10 CFR 19) regulatory
terminology,
All RW’s are required to periodically update their • NRC form 3, RW’s rights and
formal training. responsibilities,
• Where the regulations can be located.
RADIATION PRINCIPLES AND
TERMINOLOGY THAT ALL RW MUST Risks associated with radiation exposure are
KNOW discussed in the NRC Regulatory Guide 8.29,
"Instructions Concerning Risks for Occupational
Discuss the Following; Radiation Exposure."
• Basic radiation principles: isotopes approved DOSIMETRY

under the authorization, and their types of
radiation emissions, particles/photon. The RW should be able to describe;
• Basic radiation protection principles: time, • Basic radiation dosimetry,

distance, shielding, dose calculations from • Who wears dosimetry - why and why not,
exposure measurements (TEDE, CEDE), • Terminology of reports and how to wear and
radiation measurements, and posting and labeling store dosimetry,
requirements including. • When and how to return the assigned
dosimetry back to the RS Office,
• Basic radiation units: rad, rem, roentgen, curie, • When and how to request bioassay
Becquerel, dpm, and multiples; e.g., milli-, procedures if trigger levels are exceeded or if
micro-, Mega-, etc. uptake, intake or ingestion of radioactive
materials is suspected,
• The ALARA (As Low As Reasonably • The declared pregnant worker program and
Achievable) concept of reducing personnel the need to contact the RS Office if a
exposures. pregnancy occurs or is anticipated.
Radiation Safety 29
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES Discuss and demonstrate the procedures for

maintaining:
Discuss the following with the RW:
• Radioactive material receipt,
• The laboratory specific and generic radiation • Inventory,
emergency procedures to limit the spread of, • Use records for the laboratory,
and to control personnel contamination in the • Include the requirement for decay correcting
event of an accident involving radioactive and maintaining inventory of material in
materials; stock, use and waste.
• Reinforce the need to contact the RS Office
directly, or by contacting the MU Police, if Discuss and demonstrate the procedures for
action levels are exceeded or spread of managing:
material beyond the AU's control is
suspected; • Radioactive waste,
• The Posted Fire, Medical Emergency, and • Inventory maintenance and decay,
Hazardous Material emergencies involving or • Pickup request,
not involving radioactive materials. Note the • Documentation of the disposal.
RS Office provides a Radiation Emergency
Procedures Flyer to each Authorization. Note that the waste remains on the AU's inventory
until it has been removed from the laboratory by
EHS.
LABORATORY/AUTHORIZATION
SPECIFIC ITEMS Review when to notify RS Office for:
Review the authorization as issued by the RSC:
• Contamination events,
• Spills,
• Isotopes,
• Personnel contamination events,
• Possession limits,
• Other emergency situations.
• Chemical/physical forms,
• Material uses, Demonstrate and observe the performance of:
• Any conditions stated in the application or in
the Authorization Form. • Survey meter use,
• Swipe surveys and their analysis,
Review the basic laboratory safety rules for:
• "After each use" monitoring,
• Radioactive material, • Overall laboratory survey,
• Chemical, • Procedures for documenting surveys.
• Biological,
• Infectious material, DOCUMENTATION
• Prudent safety practices for proper laboratory • Have the RW complete the 5 question test.
apparel.
• Discuss the answers and any other questions
that may have arisen.
Discuss the laboratory specific procedures for:
• Provide the signatures and printed data
requested.
• Ordering,
• If you want this training documentation
• Receipt,
tracked in EHS's training records, mail a
• Transfers of radioactive material under the
copy of the completed form to: EHS Training
requirement of the RSM.
Coordinator, # 8 Research Park Development
Building.
• Retain the record for three years.
Radiation Safety 30
TRAINING GUIDE FOR RADIATION WORKERS

(Type or Print Clearly)
The following checklist of training items is a suggested format for required training to all Radiation Workers under
the Authorized User's (AU’s) authority prior to using radioactive material without direct supervision of the
Authorized User or another approved Radiation Worker. The training should be performed by the AU but can be
delegated to laboratory supervisors who are approved as Radiation Workers (RW’s). Training records must be
documented, dated and retained in the AU's records for 3 years. A copy may be sent to the RS Office for record
retention.
The following items should be covered to the extent appropriate, according to the Radiation Worker's
assigned responsibilities, for all personnel working with or surveying for radioactive materials:
DATE TOPIC
Basic radiation principles; types of radiation, particle / photon emissions.
Radiation protection; time, distance, shielding, dose calculations, radiation measurements, area
postings (signage).
Radiation units and terminology; including rad, rem, roentgen, curie, etc.
Description of ALARA concept.
10 CFR Part 19 requirements, regulatory terminology, NRC form 3, rights of RW’s, where is the
regulation located, and recommended areas to post NRC form 3 in your laboratory.
Radiation dosimetry; dosimetry terminology, how to wear dosimetry, bioassay, declared pregnant
worker program, fetal dosimetry, terminology (TEDE, CEDE).
Emergency response procedures involving radioactivity; Fires, injuries, major and minor spills,
spill response, notification and clean up procedures.
Instructions on how to perform radiation surveys and what are any specific requirements for the
area.
Description of the various isotopes used in the laboratory; handling procedures, waste
minimization strategies, disposal and precautions associated with specific isotopes.
Review the Authorization documentation; applications, authorizations, conditions necessary to

maintain compliance, basic lab rules (lab coats, eye protection, eating restrictions, and open toed
shoe restrictions), etc.
Procedures for ordering, receipt and transfer of radioactive materials.
Record keeping requirements; inventories, training, etc.
Instructions on managing radioactive waste, requesting a pickup and disposal documentation.
Radiation Safety 31
TRAINING GUIDE FOR RADIATION WORKERS – CONTINUED
Notification requirements; when to call the RS Office.
Observe and demonstrate the appropriate technique for checking and using a survey meter.
Observe and demonstrate the appropriate use of a liquid scintillation counter; discuss windows,
protocols, efficiencies, dpm vice cpm, trigger levels, and false positives and appropriate corrective
actions.
Observe and demonstrate the appropriate use of any other method of counting used. The use of a
type counter was demonstrated.
Observe and demonstrate the procedure for performing a laboratory survey for contamination and
discuss trigger levels.
Emphasize the importance of dry runs and cold runs prior to performing each type of experiment.
1) What does ALARA stand for? __________________________________________________________
2) What are the colors of a "CAUTION RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS" sign? _____________________
3) What can you do to minimize your dose from radioactive materials? ____________________________
4) Can beta radiations from tritium, carbon-14 or sulfur-35 penetrate the skin? ______________________
5) What unit is used to measure activity? ____________________________________________________
I understand and have demonstrated the noted training topics.
Print Name: ______________________________ Employee/Student Id: __________________________
Signature: ______________________________ Date: _______________________________________
Print Trainer's Name: ______________________ Employee/Student Id: __________________________
Trainer's Signature: ________________________ Date: _______________________________________
Authorized User Name: ___________________ _ Au #: _______________________________________
Course Id: ___________ Course Hx: _________ Date Entered: ____________ Initials: ___________
Radiation Safety 32
HOW TO TRAIN ANCILLARY WORKERS
The following items should be covered for all personnel frequenting areas where radioactive materials are used
(students, secretaries, custodians, RW’s, etc.).
RESPONSIBILITIES Identify radioactive material caution labels on

packages, work areas, equipment, samples and
The training of the Ancillary Workers should be review and discuss the NRC Form 3 “NOTICE TO
performed by the AU but can be delegated to EMPLOYEES”.
laboratory supervisors approved as RW’s. Training
records must be documented, signed, dated, and Review your laboratory specific spill and emergency
retained by the AU for 3 years. An additional copy procedures along with the posted Radiation
shall be sent to the RS Office. Emergency Procedures. Include instructions on when
to contact other lab personnel, when to call 911, and
EXISTING HAZARDS when and how to contact RS Office.
Ancillary Workers are required to know the hazards GUIDELINES

which they may encounter in the laboratory, the
individuals responsible for the work in the areas, and The training must be extremely clear as to what they
who to contact if they suspect that a problem may are allowed to do in the various laboratory areas.
exist or if an accident occurs. It is recommended that They may be asked by an inspector what they can or
this information be presented and reviewed annually. cannot do.
Walk around the laboratory with each new Ancillary The “Training Guide for Ancillary Personnel”
Worker; discuss all hazards - including radioactive checklist of training items is a suggested format for
materials, radio toxicities, radioactive detection the required training of all ancillary personnel under
methods, hazardous chemicals, infectious and other the AU's authority, prior to working without direct
physical hazards. Demonstrate normal work supervision in any area where radioisotopes are used.
conditions and introduce them to the persons
responsible for the work area(s) so that they know Common radioactive isotopes that the AU is allowed
whom to contact if they suspect a problem or have to use under the authorization can be found on the
questions of a safety nature. Radiation Safety Web Page resource section.
Discuss the requirements and mechanisms for DOCUMENTATION

security of radioactive materials, and prohibition of
food and drink in restricted areas. Have the worker complete the three question test.
Discuss the answers and any other questions or
WARNING AND POSTING concerns that they may have.
Review the importance of the laboratory posting, any Provide the signatures and printed data on the form.
specific authorization modifications, and the If you want this training documentation tracked in
laboratory rules for Radiation Safety. EHS's training records, mail a copy of the completed
form to: EHS Training Coordinator, # 8 Research
Park Development Building. The training record
must be maintained for three years.
Radiation Safety 33
TRAINING GUIDE FOR ANCILLARY PERSONNEL
The following checklist of training items is a suggested format for the required training for all ancillary personnel
under the Authorized User's (AU’s) authority prior to working, without direct supervision, in an area where
radioisotopes are used. The training should be performed by the AU but can be delegated to laboratory supervisors
approved as RW’s. Training records must be documented, signed, dated and retained in the AU's records for a
minimum of 3 years.
The following items should be covered for all personnel frequenting area where radioactive materials are
used (students, secretaries, custodians, radiation workers, etc.):
DATE TOPIC
Demonstration of the types of radioactive materials used in the lab; this can be done by using
survey meters or other suitable measuring equipment.
Show personnel where radioactive materials are used, stored and disposed.
Instructions regarding the necessity of maintaining security of radioactive materials.
Instructions regarding the requirement of no eating, drinking and other hygienic use issues while in
lab.
Show some examples of various signage’s’ they might encounter and explain the meaning of these
signs.
Explain the actions and use of the procedures necessary in the event of a spill or other unusual
occurrence. Who to notify and how to control access.
1. Circle the radiation symbol. ϖ ☯ à ® Ñ
2. Is it alright to eat your lunch at your desk in a radiation laboratory? _______________________________
3. Who should be notified in the event of a spill in this area? _______________________________________
The above items have been described and understood by me.
Print Name: _____________________________ Employee/Student Id: _________________________
Signature: _____________________________ Date: ______________________________________
Print Trainer's Name: _____________________ Employee/Student Id: _________________________
Trainer's Signature: _______________________ Date: ______________________________________
Authorized User Name: ___________________ Au #: ______________________________________
Course Id: _________ Course Hx: _________ Date Entered: ____/___/_____ Initials: __________
Radiation Safety 34
REGISTERING RADIATION WORKERS AND ORDERING PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY
PURPOSE HOW TO FILL OUT THE RADIATION

WORKER APPLICATION
The Radiation Worker Dosimetry Application Form,
is used to register a RW under a given authorization, Complete Items 1-6 as indicated on the Form for RW
and if appropriate, order dosimetry for that and/or dosimetry requests. NOTE: You must include
individual. A separate form must be submitted for your social security number if you are requesting
each individual working under a given authorization. dosimetry. If no dosimetry is required then the
registering individual can use his or her student or
A separate form must be submitted for each employee identification instead of their SSN Both
authorization under which the RW is working. By RW applicants and those requesting dosimetry must
signing this form, RW’s are authorizing the release of complete items 1 – 6.
their previous radiation exposure records for MU
records. RW’s are also verifying that they have been If you do not have a "MASTER COPY" and Items 7-
trained, and understand and accept the 10 are blank, you must complete them.
responsibilities appropriate to their use of radioactive
materials. By signing this form, AU’s are confirming
that the RW has been trained in the authorization- Radiation Workers
specific radiation safety procedures. The AU’s are
also approving and accepting responsibility for this Item 11: Indicate the formal Radiation Safety training
RW to handle radioactive materials under their courses that you have attended; the location, contact
authorization. hours, and the date of the class or workshop.
Only one form needs to be submitted for each RW Item 12: Indicate the actual on the job, isotope
under a given authorization, unless changes need to handling experience that you have acquired, also list
be made in the assignment of personnel dosimetry. the isotopes, chemical/physical forms, maximum
To obtain dosimetry for personnel who will only be activities that you have processed location of that use,
exposed to x-ray radiation, please contact the RS type of use, and dates.
Office at 882-7221 to obtain the proper form.
Item 13: Indicate the isotopes and activities that you
AUTHORIZATION-SPECIFIC FORMS are expecting to handle under this authorization.
The Radiation Worker Dosimetry Application Form, Item 14: To be registered as a RW, you must indicate
shown in this manual is a generic form. A form that you have received authorization-specific training
specific for each authorization will be issued with the from the AU or their staff covering radiation safety,
group's data and dosimetry series code already laboratory safety, and your worker responsibilities.
printed. This specific form will be stamped in red Be sure to include the dates of the training.
with: "MASTER COPY". The AU should only use
this red stamped original copy to make photocopies All applicants must read the responsibilities
for registering RW’s and ordering personnel statement and then sign and date the form (item 15).
dosimetry.
All applicants using radioactive material must have
their AU agree to the responsibilities statement and
sign the form (item 16).
Radiation Safety 35
Dosimetry Application If you begin working for a separate agency that

requires dosimetry monitoring while you are still
Dosimetry Information (complete only if you are employed at MU, you must contact the EHS office.
requesting dosimetry). EHS is required by the NRC to contact the second
employer periodically for exposure information.
Circle the action you wish to take (Add, Delete,
Change or Transfer). Attach a note if applicable. You can either mail or fax the form to: Radiation
Safety Office, #8 Research Park Development
Circle the dosimeter type(s) you wish to order. If Building, and Phone: 882-7221, Fax: 882-7940
ordering a fetal dosimeter, you must first contact your
assigned HP.
REMOVAL OF RADIATION WORKERS
If a Series Code is not printed, your lab/department
does not have dosimetry service. Contact either your When a RW is no longer working under an
assigned HP or call the RS Office at 882-7221. authorization, please contact your assigned HP at the
RS Office at 882-7721 to have that individual’s
Check the appropriate Dosimetry History Information registration closed out for that authorization.
box and complete the employer information if
required.
Radiation Safety 36
RADWORKER AND DOSIMETRY APPLICATION
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI – COLUMBIA
Environmental Health and Safety, 8 Research Park Development Building, Columbia, MO 65211-3050
Phone (573) 882-7221 Fax (573) 882-7940
RADWORKER APPLICATION
Directions: Complete items 1-16 to become a RadWorker under an Authorized User. Shaded areas are REQUIRED fields. Please type or print clearly.
Only complete Dosimetry Information (below) if a personal dosimeter is required.
1.-Worker Name 2.-Job Classification 3.-Date
/ /
4.-Birthdate 5.-Social Security Number 6.-Sex 7.-AU Office/Laboratory Phone
/ / Male Female /
8.-Department 9.-AU Address 10.-Authorized User AU No.
11.-Radioactive Material Training Classes Where Trained Contact Hours Date
/ /
/ /
12.-Radioactive Material Handling Experience
Radioisotope Form Activity Used (mCi) Where Gained Type of Use Dates
/ / to / /
/ / to / /
13.-Radioactive materials and quantities to be used at MU
14.-Worker instructed by Authorized User or staff on laboratory safety, radiation safety and worker responsibilities? Yes Date / /
Comments:
15.-Radiation Worker’s Signature ________________________________________________Date ____/____/____

Radiation Worker – I have been trained and understand and accept my responsibilities appropriate to the use of Radioactive Materials.
I authorize the release of my radiation exposure records (internal and external) to the RSO of the University of Missouri-Columbia.
16.-Authorized User’s Signature ________________________________________________ Date ____/____/____
Authorized User - As identified above, I approve and accept responsibilities for this individual to handle RAM under my Authorization.
DOSIMETRY APPLICATION
Directions: Only complete this portion to add, change or transfer a required personal dosimeter.
CIRCLE CHOICES
ADD DELETE CHANGE (Attach Note) TRANSFER (Attach Note)
Dosimeter Type to ADD: Whole Body (Chest) Extremity Ring (Sm. Med. Lg.) Fetal Dosimeter (Contact Your Assigned HP)
Dosimetry Series Code: Assigned Health Physicist: Dosimetry Frequency:
Dosimetry & radiation exposure history information: Check the box(s) below that apply.
I was required to wear a dosimetry monitoring device during this year (complete employer information below).
I was assigned a dosimeter at a previous employer (complete employer information below).
I am currently monitored by another employer (complete employer information below).
I have never been monitored for radiation exposure.
Previous Employer Name: _____________________________________________________________________________
Street Address: _______________________________________________ City ____________ State ______ Zip ______
Radiation Safety 37
Health Physicist Approval

.
Date received ____/____/____ Date evaluated ____/____/____ HP Signature ______________________________
DECLARATION OF PREGNANCY AND ORDERING FETAL BADGES
GENERAL pregnancy, then she must fill out and sign the
"Declaration of Pregnancy" Form provided by the RS
Generally, RW’s are limited to 5000 mrem/year Total Office. If she chooses not to declare her pregnancy,
Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE). However, she may still request a fetal badge to measure
females who declare that they are pregnant, are external exposure to the fetus. However, as a non-
offered additional protection to the developing fetus. declared pregnant woman, her annual dose limit will
The limit is 500 mrem TEDE for the declared remain at the 5000 mrem.
gestational period. This limit exists due to the fact
that rapidly developing cells are generally more DOSIMETRY
vulnerable to biological insult than less rapidly
growing cells, regardless of the type of insult The pregnant worker will be issued an embryo/fetus
(radiological, chemical, viral, etc.). The following badge, similar to the badge she is already wearing,
steps should be taken in order to gain the information for use in monitoring the external exposure levels to
necessary to make an informed decision regarding the the fetus.
risks of working with radioactive materials during
pregnancy. Need for monitoring internal dose to the fetus will be
assessed based on the pregnant worker's possibility of
The individual makes an appointment with a HP or having intake of radioactive materials.
the RSO (882-7221) to discuss the risks of ionizing
radiation during pregnancy. See NRC Regulatory The results of her monitoring will be reported on a
Guide 8.13 “Instruction Concerning Prenatal monthly basis throughout the remainder of the
Radiation Exposure” for additional information. gestation period. Consult with your assigned HP
with any questions regarding the procedure.
The individual can decide whether or not to declare a
pregnancy. If the individual decides to declare the
Radiation Safety 38
DECLARATION OF PREGNANCY
(F
10 CFR 20.1003 DEFINITIONS -- DEFINES A DECLARED PREGNANT WOMAN AS FOLLOWS:
"Declared pregnant woman means a woman who has voluntarily informed the licensee, in writing, of her pregnancy
and the estimated date of conception. The declaration remains in effect until the declared pregnant woman withdraws
the declaration in writing or is no longer pregnant."
10 CFR 20.1208 DOSE TO AN EMBRYO/FETUS -- STATES:
(a) The licensee shall ensure that the dose equivalent to an embryo/fetus during the entire pregnancy, due to
occupational exposure of a declared pregnant woman, does not exceed 0.5 rem (5 mSv).
(b) The licensee shall make efforts to avoid substantial variation above a uniform monthly exposure rate to a
declared pregnant woman so as to satisfy the limit in paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) The dose to the embryo/fetus shall be taken as the sum of--
(1) The deep-dose equivalent to the declared pregnant woman: and
(2) The dose equivalent to the embryo/fetus resulting from radionuclides in the embryo/fetus and
radionuclides in the declared pregnant woman.
(d) If the dose to the embryo/fetus is found to have exceeded 0.5 rem (5 mSv), or is within 0.05 rem (0.5 mSv) of
this dose, by the time the woman declares the pregnancy to the licensee, the licensee shall be deemed to be in
compliance with the paragraph (a) of this section if the additional dose to the embryo/fetus does not exceed
0.05 rem (0.5 mSv) during the remainder of the pregnancy.
I, , (Print Last Name, First Name, MI) have read the above Nuclear Regulatory
Commission definition of a "DECLARED PREGNANT WOMAN" and section 10 CFR 20.1208 on the dose to an
embryo/fetus and understand them. By declaring my pregnancy in writing, I understand I have reduced my maximum
permissible deep-dose equivalent exposure to 0.5 rem (5 mSv) during the entire gestation period from that of a non-pregnant
woman. With this understanding I am voluntarily informing the University of Missouri-Columbia that I meet the NRC
definition and request that a fetal dosimeter be issued to me. I estimate that the date of conception to be on or about / / .
________________________________________________________ Date: _____________________

Signature of the Applicant
Identification Number: ____________________________________ Code: ____________________
Badge Account: 3200 Series: ____________________________ Badge No.: ________________
________________________________________________________ Date: _____________________

Signature of the Radiation Safety Officer or designee.
(F
Radiation Safety 39
WHEN USE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS REQUIRES BIOASSAYS
GENERAL I-125 or I-131 in an Uncontained Form:
Generally bioassays should be performed within A bioassay shall be performed immediately when
seven (7) days after use of specified quantities of greater than 0.100 microCurie of material may have
tritium (H-3) or within ten (10) days of specified entered the body through absorption, ingestion,
quantities of radioiodines. The activity level is injection or other accidental deposition.
determined by the way in which the isotopes are used
i.e. either in fume hoods or in open bench conditions. A bioassay shall be performed within 10 days for the
following:
ISOTOPES
• When greater than 1.0 mCi of material is
H-3 in an Uncontained Form: processed in an open room,
A bioassay shall be performed within 7 days for the • When greater than 10.0 mCi of material is
following: processed in an operating fume hood.
• When greater than 0.250 mCi of material TO SCHEDULE A BIOASSAY

may have entered the body through
absorption, ingestion, injection or other If you have questions regarding the need for
accidental deposition, bioassays or to schedule one, contact your assigned
HP at 882-7221. Bioassays are conducted routinely
• When greater than 10 mCi of material is throughout campus and one can usually be scheduled
processed in an open room, to meet your needs. Describe the isotope, activity and
date the material was handled within the time frames
• When greater than 100 mCi of material is mentioned above.
processed in an operating fume hood.
Radiation Safety 40
ALARA REPORTING
GENERAL REPORTS AND INVESTIGATIONS
The ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) A Quarterly Report of all individuals who have
program sets personnel dose levels, well below the exceeded quarterly ALARA Levels is provided to the
annual regulatory limits, where an investigation will RSC.
be initiated to determine the cause of the dose, and
dose reduction can reasonably be done. An ALARA Investigation Report may be sent to
individuals who exceeded any ALARA Level. The
ALARA INVESTIGATIONAL LEVELS individual is asked to complete the ALARA Report
describing the type of work that was performed
The ALARA investigational levels are listed in during the monitoring period and, if possible, to
ALARA Investigation Levels. The NRC limits are identify ways to reduce future exposure. This report
presented below for comparison. is to be signed by the individual, individual’s
supervisor, and the RSS person who conducted the
Doses reported by Landauer are used to determine if investigation. The returned reports are then filed
ALARA levels have been exceeded. Different with the individual exposure records.
ALARA levels have been established for specific
groups. Contact the RS Office for further
information concerning these specific groups or the
establishment of different ALARA levels for a new
group.
NRC DOSE LIMITS (10 CFR 20)
Occupational Dose Limits Public Dose Limits

Area of Dose
(mrem/year) (mrem/year)
Total Effective Dose Equivalent (or Whole

5,000 100
Body: external + internal)
Committed Dose Equivalent (or any organ

50,000 NA
dose)
Eye Dose Equivalent (or lens of the eye) 15,000 NA
Shallow Dose Equivalent (or skin dose) 50,000 NA
Extremity Dose (or shallow dose to any

50,000 NA
extremity)
Minor (less than 18 years of age) 10% of Occ. limits above NA
Embryo/Fetus of Declared Pregnant Woman

500 NA
(limit taken over time of pregnancy)
Radiation Safety 41
CONTROL AND SECURITY OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
POLICY Restricted Areas
The MU RSP exists to provide safe work conditions Restricted Area is any area to which access is
and to meet the regulatory requirements in the control controlled by the licensee for purposes of
and security of radioactive materials. In order to protection of individuals from exposures to
ensure control and security of radioactive materials, radiation and radioactive materials (e.g., labs
the following policy is implemented: Prudent approved for use or storage of radioactive
laboratory practice appropriate for the non- material).
radioactive work in the laboratory (e.g., NIH and
CDC Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Areas where radioactive materials are
Laboratories; Prudent Practices for Handling routinely used or stored are usually
Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories; ACS Safety in designated as restricted areas. Such areas
Academic Chemistry Laboratories) will be followed. must have two conspicuous signs at each
Radioactive materials shall be secured from entryway: first, “RESTRICTED AREA”; and
unauthorized removal or access. second, “NO EATING, DRINKING, OR
SMOKING”. AU’s may also request the
Food and drink shall not be stored or consumed, nor sign, “AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL
should cosmetics be applied, - in the restricted area, ONLY”. If the area is required to be posted
unless radioactive materials are sealed sources. because of the amount of radioactive
materials, the conventional radiation caution
The restricted area shall include the entire laboratory symbol and the words “CAUTION
area (includes rooms to which access can only be RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL” must also be
made through the laboratory) bounded by walls and a posted at each entryway.
lockable door. A modification to the restricted area
may be granted if the AU, department head or other AU’s are responsible for security of their
responsible person applies for modifications; the AU areas. If the restricted area is required to be
or other responsible person submits a written plan for posted for radioactive material, the restricted
the modification indicating how the modification will area must be supervised when unlocked, or
not compromise prudent laboratory practices or the radioactive material (stock, samples and
control and security of radioactive materials, and waste) must be locked up or otherwise
RSC approves the modifications. secured from unauthorized removal.
PROCEDURES Certain restricted areas which contain very

large quantities of radioactive materials may
AU’s are responsible for the security of all require additional security measures beyond
radioactive materials in their possession including these listed.
radioactive waste in storage. NRC regulations allow
for the use and storage of radioactive materials in two
types of areas:
Radiation Safety 42
Unrestricted or Controlled Areas All licensed materials that are not in locked
storage in unrestricted or controlled areas,
Unrestricted or Controlled Areas are defined as must be under constant surveillance and
any area which access is not controlled by the immediate control of an approved RW or AU
licensee for purposes of protection of individuals at all times.
from exposures to radiation and radioactive
materials. However, all areas within the MU Continuous radiation exposure in unrestricted
campus facility buildings are considered to be or controlled areas should be kept below 0.02
controlled areas because access can be limited mR/hr (including background) and not to
by the University for any reason. exceed a cumulative total of 100 mR in a
year. These levels will be verified by
All licensed materials that are stored in periodic radiation exposure measurements.
unrestricted or controlled areas must be secured Allowance for higher dose rates must be
from unauthorized removal from the place of approved by the RSO.
storage. Such areas include locked and labeled
“CAUTION RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL” NOTE: Anyone who suspects that
refrigerators, freezers, or cabinets in hallways. radioactive material has been lost or stolen
shall contact the RS Office immediately.
Radiation Safety 43
POSTING AND LABELING FOR RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS USE LABORATORIES
REQUIREMENTS FOR POSTING REQUIREMENTS FOR LABELING
Areas where access is controlled for purposes of Each container of radioactive material must bear a
radiation protection are designated as RESTRICTED durable, clearly visible label bearing the radiation
AREAS. symbol and the words “CAUTION RADIOACTIVE
MATERIAL”.
Restricted areas must be posted with the following:
The label must also provide sufficient information,
• “RESTRICTED AREA;” such as those below, to permit individuals handling
or using the containers, or working in the vicinity to
• “NO EATING, DRINKING OR take precautions to avoid or minimize exposure.
SMOKING;”
• The radionuclide(s) present,
• In most instances, “CAUTION
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS;” • An estimate of the quantity of radioactivity,
• and in some instances, “AUTHORIZED • The date for which the activity is estimated,
PERSONNEL ONLY.”
• Radiation levels,
Postings must be readily visible at the entrance to the
area. The posting must be at all doors, portals or • Kinds of materials, and
other defined entryways into the restricted area for
easy visibility, access control, and security of the • Mass enrichment.
radioactive material. Control and Security of the
radioactive materials must be maintained at all times. Prior to removal or disposal of empty
uncontaminated containers to unrestricted areas, the
EXCEPTIONS FROM POSTING radioactive material label must be removed or
defaced to clearly indicate that the container no
Posting, other than one of the four walls, must be longer contains radioactive materials.
approved as a specific modification to the
authorization by the RSC. EXCEPTIONS FROM LABELING
The “CAUTION RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS” Containers holding radioactive material in quantities
posting may not be required for all areas based on the less than those listed on the Radionuclide Data
activities allowed in the room. Contact your assigned Sheets. The Radionuclide Data Sheets can be found
HP to learn more about these exceptions. in the resource section of the RS webpage.
Areas where radioactive material are used for Containers attended by an individual who takes the
infrequent short periods of time (<8 hours), where proper radiation safety precautions.
constant line-of-sight control and/or lockable security
is maintained, and where the area will have a Containers that are accessible only to authorized
documented survey confirming that no radioactive individuals if the contents are identified to these
material remains in quantities greater than those individuals by a readily available written record.
allowed for unrestricted areas at the conclusion of the
use, do not require posting. These areas are known EXAMPLE OF POSTING REQUIREMENT
as Transient Use areas.
Radioactive material labeling and posting
requirements for some typically authorized isotopes
are shown below. See the Radionuclide Data Sheets
on the RS Offices Webpage or the NRC webpage,
Radiation Safety 44
for this and more information on these and other concerning labeling and posting requirements for
isotopes. Contact your assigned HP for information other authorized isotopes.
Radiation Safety 45
POSTING, SECURITY AND CONTROL OF AREAS WHERE

ONLY SEALED SOURCES ARE PRESENT
GENERAL POSTING
Sealed sources are a special program within MU’s Sealed source storage containers, cabinets, exposure
RSP. These sources are permanently encapsulated in devices, equipment containing sealed sources and, if
a solid form with an inert covering, so as to preclude appropriate, transport containers must be posted with
their leakage and/or dispersal to the environment “CAUTION RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS”.
under normal circumstances. These types of sources
also include foils, where the radioactive material is Posting of a room entrance or area is not required
permanently bound to a metal substrate. In both when the radiation level at 30 centimeters from the
cases the manufacturing process is performed and source container or housing do not exceed 5 mrem/hr
controlled under a license issued to the manufacturer [10 CFR 20.1903 (c)]. Most rooms or areas in which
specifically for the production and distribution of sealed sources are stored at MU do not require
these products. These sources are used for the posting.
radiation they emit, rather than for the radioactive
material itself. Rooms or areas where the dose rate at 30 centimeters
is in excess of 5 mrem/hr must be posted at the
LEAK TESTS AND INVENTORY entrance with “CAUTION RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS” and with “RESTRICTED AREA”
MU’s NRC License requires these sources to be leak signs. However, by definition, the radioactive
tested at prescribed intervals. The license also material is not in an "un-contained" form, therefore,
requires that all locations of storage and use must be there is no requirement for the “NO EATING,
approved by the RSC. DRINKING OR SMOKING” posting. Additionally
the NRC Form 3 and Radiation Emergency
Inventory, radiation level measurements, and leak Procedures are required to be posted in the storage,
tests are performed, and documented by the RSS or use room.
during quarterly inspections. This inventory meets
the requirement for the authorization's Quarterly SECURITY
Report. AU’s are responsible for assuring that the
sources remain secure and that their use controlled. Emergency and DOT transport procedures are
The source(s), apparatus, or inventory/use log may be required to be with the source transport packaging
required to have a documented monthly and manifest during field operations. Direct RW
review/inventory to assure control. Radiation dose supervision must be maintained during all field
measurements may or may not be required for the operations when the source is not secured under lock
monthly documented review, depending on the nature and key.
and use of the source(s). The monthly requirements
for user documentation will be issued as a specific
authorization condition.
Radiation Safety 46
HOW TO MINIMIZE YOUR EFFORT AND MAINTAIN A USABLE

LAB WITH GOOD RADIATION SAFETY
GENERAL TRAINING
Radiation safety does not have to be a burden. Make sure your personnel’s training is up to date. It
Remember that you can break down the RSP is recommended that all RW’s have continuing
requirements into six basic areas: radiation safety training each year. The RS Office
provides many different opportunities for training
• Radioactive material receipt, throughout the year.
• Inventory, SURVEYS
• Use, Monitoring must be conducted after each use of

uncontained radioactive material and in the case of
• Disposal, spills and decontamination. Hands, shoes, floor, work
area, etc. should be monitored after each use of
• Personnel training, and radioactive material. Documented surveys must be
done at the specified intervals based on activity of the
• Surveys. radioactive material handled. Remember to do both
swipes and meter surveys. Swipes are valuable in
Keep your work area neat and organized. Label any assessing removable contamination. See Procedures
equipment which is known to be or may potentially for Surveys for specific requirements.
become contaminated. In lieu of labeling, keep all
contaminated equipment together in area which is
clearly designated for radioactive material use.
Make sure waste material and any contaminated

laboratory equipment is properly shielded to
minimize any unnecessary exposure to your fellow
workers. Be sure you periodically survey your waste
areas to check for high exposure levels and spill of
radioactive material.
RECORDS
Keep accurate records of your material receipt and

usage. Note any transfers in or out, and keep records
of your waste disposal, including non-radioactive
chemical constituents.
Radiation Safety 47
OBTAINING A REQUEST FOR APPROVAL TO ORDER RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
PURPOSE AND CONDITIONS COMPLETING A REQUEST FOR

APPROVAL TO ORDER RADIOACTIVE
This procedure applies to all radioactive materials MATERIAL
purchased with any MU funds that will be ordered
and received under MU’s license. Fill out the MU “Request for Approval to Order
Radioactive Material” form.
Each request for approval to order radioactive
material must be reviewed and approved by EHS to JOB/ORDER NUMBER AND ORDERING
ensure that the AU is approved to purchase
radioactive material. Bring or send the completed and signed “Request for
Approval to Order Radioactive Material” form to
All radioactive material must be delivered to EHS EHS for review and signature approval.
unless a special condition is approved and included in
your authorization.
Radiation Safety 48
NOTIFICATION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL ORDER
PURPOSE List each isotope, its chemical and physical form, and
activity ordered in mCi for each material ordered.
Once you have placed an order for radioactive Please note that each chemical form of each isotope
material, the RS Office must be notified of the order with its activity must be listed separately. Also,
to ensure same day delivery to the lab following delivery of the radioactive material will be delayed if
receipt at EHS. Same day delivery cannot be ensured the order amount plus the current possession exceeds
if the notification is received after 8:00 am on the day the authorization limit for that isotope.
of delivery. To notify the RS Office of a radioactive
material order, fax the completed “Notification of Print the name of the person placing the order and
Radioactive Material Order”, form the same day that their telephone number in case the RS Office has any
the order is placed. questions concerning the order notification.
HOW TO COMPLETE THE FORM Here are some suggestions on using the order form:
Complete the date the order is placed. • If you have a routine scheduled receipt of
radioactive material, please contact your
Print the AU’s name and Authorization Number assigned HP to review whether notification
which will be receiving the radioactive material. would not be necessary for each order.
Print the full name of the vendor supplying the • If you order the same material from the same
radioactive material. vendor or the same person orders every time,
set up a standard order notification so that
Print the date that the radioactive material is you only have to fill in the items that change
scheduled to be delivered to the Research Park each time.
Development Building #8. Please use separate
Notification Forms for different delivery dates.
Print the building and room number where Radiation

Safety is to deliver the radioactive material. Please
note that the delivery location must be an approved
area under this authorization.
Radiation Safety 49
(F
Notification of Radioactive Material Order
Environmental Health & Safety Fax No.: 882=7940
(Type or Print Clearly)
(F
Date Ordered: ____ /____ /____ (Please fax to MU EHS the same day the order is placed to assure prompt delivery)
Authorized User Name: ___________________________________________ Auth. No.:_______________________

(Please print)
Vendor: _________________________________________________________________________________________
(Please print)
Date Scheduled for Delivery: _____ /_____ /_____ Job/ Order No.: _________________________________________
(Please use separate notification form for different delivery dates)
Delivery Location -- Building: ___________________________ Room: ______________________________

(Please note that delivery location must be an approved area under the Authorization)
Isotope(s) Ordered Physical and Activity Ordered (mCi)

(For each chemical form) Chemical Form (For each chemical form)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(Please note that delivery will be delayed if order amount plus current possession exceeds authorization limit)
Contact Person: _______________________________________ Telephone No.: ___________________________

(Please print)
(F
Radiation Safety 50
HOW TO TRANSFER POSSESSION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
RESPONSIBILITIES The following information must be included:
When transfers of radioactive materials to or from • A contact person (name and phone),
other AU’s are anticipated, the AU’s involved should • The transferring and receiving AU’s (names,
be listed on the application for authorization, along numbers, and locations),
with the isotope(s) and activity(s) limit per transfer, • Isotope,
and an estimate of the total activity per year to be • Activity,
transferred. • Inventory number,
• Transfer date,
EHS must be notified with the necessary information
• Verification that the packaging, labeling,
about the transfer, prior to the transfer of radioactive
contamination requirements have been met,
material, and that all the requirements for transferring
radioactive material is documented. • Verification that the receiving AU's
authorization limit has not been exceeded by
receiving the transfer (which includes the
TRANSFERRING RADIOACTIVE
amount on-hand, including waste that has not
MATERIAL BETWEEN AUTHORIZED been transferred to EHS, plus the amount of
USERS the transfer).
Authorization Transferring Material Authorization Receiving Transfers

Verify that the user receiving the material is
Notice of ALL transfers of radioactive materials must
authorized for the isotope and activity to be
be faxed to EHS using the “Notification of
transferred.
Radioactive Material Transfer” form.
Individual laboratories can NOT transfer radioactive
Retain the original “Notification of Radioactive
material by private or a MU vehicle, unless
Material Transfer” fax form for documentation of the
specifically trained and approved by EHS.
transfer.
Radioactive material to be transferred must be TRANSFERRING RADIOACTIVE
packaged to minimize external dose rates and to
MATERIAL BY VEHICLE OR OFF
ensure that the material is well contained, including
double containment for liquids. Contact your CAMPUS
assigned HP for packaging advice.
If transport must be done by vehicle, contact your
Properly label the package and ensure that it is free assigned HP.
from external contamination (200 dpm/100 cm2).
For an off campus transfer, the transferring AU must
The above items must be documented for all transfers contact their assigned HP to evaluate whether or not
of radioactive material. This is accomplished by the shipping method conforms to all proper
attaining a copy of the “Notification of Radioactive packaging and labeling regulations.
Material Transfer” form (or equivalent form
approved by the RSO) faxed by the receiving AU.
Radiation Safety 51
(F
Notification of Radioactive Material Transfer
Environmental Health & Safety Fax No.: 882=7940
(Please fax to MU EHS before the transfer takes place)
Date Transferred: _____/______/_____
FROM Authorized User Name:
Auth. No.: _______________________ Location: _______________________

(Please print) (Room & Building)
TO Authorized User Name:
Auth. No.: _______________________ Location: _______________________

(Please print) (Room & Building)
Requirements -- Authorized Users must be authorized for the isotope and amount being transferred.
Notice of ALL transfers of radioactive materials must be faxed to EHS by the receiving Authorization.
Transfer cannot involve transport with any vehicle (contact assigned HP if vehicle is needed).
Isotope(s) Transferred Inventory Activity Is Authorization Package

Number Transferred (mCi) Limit Exceeded? Labeled and No
(if known) (Decayed to Date of (Circle yes or no) External
Transfer) Contamination
1. yes no
2. yes no
3. yes no
(Note that transfer amount plus current possession cannot exceed the authorizations limit)
Contact Person: ___________________________________________________
Receiving Auth. No.: _______________ Telephone No.:__________________

(Please print)
(F
Radiation Safety 52
MOVING OUT OF OR INACTIVATING AN APPROVED AREA
GENERAL INFORMATION • Moving it to another of your authorized areas

(Contact your assigned HP if the move must be
When moving out of an approved area, you are done by vehicle),
responsible for notifying the RSS before moving out,
for ensuring proper transfer or disposal of all • Transferring it to another MU AU (How to
radioactive materials, and for decontaminating any Transfer Possession of Radioactive Material),
remaining contaminated area or equipment. This
procedure provides the steps needed to meet these • Arranging with your assigned HP to have it
responsibilities. shipped off license.
Use This Procedure When You Are;
Thoroughly survey the room and labeled equipment,
and decontaminate contaminated items (Procedures
• Assigned a different area -- remember you must
for Surveys).
be approved to use radioactive materials in any
new area before you move radioactive materials
Arrange with assigned HP for closeout/
into any area (Radioactive Material Location
decommissioning survey.
Page),
Previously labeled equipment like refrigerators,
• Inactivating an area or total authorization (How centrifuges, liquid scintillation counters, ovens,
and When to Complete Authorization pipettes, etc. must be surveyed and de-labeled by the
Application), RSS before releasing them for unrestricted use.
• Renovating your use area and then moving back The room must be surveyed and deposted by the RSS
in, before it is released for unrestricted use.
• Terminating authorization. Do not allow anyone to move in or start any other
work in the room or on the equipment before the RSS
deposts the room or de-labels the equipment.
What To Do Before You Move Out;
Call you assigned HP to discuss reason for move and CHANGE IN AUTHORIZATION
discuss a time schedule, please give as much advance
notice as possible. When the work has been Authorization is changed to remove room; room or
completed with radioactive material in your approved total authorization inactivated, or authorization is
area arrange for a radwaste pickup and have it terminated.
completed prior to pickup (Requesting Pickup of
Radwaste) and remove any remaining radioactive To reactivate room or authorization, contact your
material or contaminated equipment by; assigned HP.
Radiation Safety 53
REQUESTING PICKUP OF RADWASTE
PREPARATION OF RADWASTE AND REQUESTING AND OBTAINING

RECORDS RADWASTE PICKUP
Segregation Request Form
Segregate all radwaste into the following forms: Complete the Radwaste Pickup Request Form
Solids, Liquids, Stock, Scintillation Vials, Gases, (PURF) as follows:
Animal Carcasses or Tissue(s), and Animal Waste.
These forms then need to be further segregated • Date of request,
according to isotope and other hazardous material • AU name,
components. Label all containers that have an EHS • AU number,
"Radioactive Hazardous Material" label with this • Registered user number,
information. • Person requesting pickup,
• Telephone number,
For liquid radwaste, a sample aliquot measurement of • Building and room of pickup.
the activity may provide the easiest and most
accurate estimate of the overall activity. A composite Different physical forms of radwaste must be
sample may be used for multiple gallon jugs of the packaged separately.
same isotope and hazard class. Be sure to list the
activity as of the date of request. List each pickup item separately. If containers have
the same isotope and type of material, you can list the
Keep unwanted stock containers separate for pickup. group of them as one pickup item.
Containers with lead shielding must not be disposed
of in normal trash, but must be returned to EHS for Mark the appropriate physical form box and provide
disposal or recycling. the quantity in the listed units.
See Collection of Radwaste in Your Laboratory for List the percent (%) by volume of each chemical
further details. component (estimate as necessary) for each pickup
item.
Records
Materials listed on the "Radioactive Hazardous
Calculate all activities to the date of the requested Material" label must match the components listed on
pickup. Ensure to date on bottom of form. the form.
Review activity balances for receipts, samples, and Liquids must have a pH greater than 5.5 and less than
different radwaste types to ensure all incoming 9.5. If the pH is not within this range, adjust the pH
activity has been accounted for. with an appropriate acid or base. Any addition of
acid or base used to adjust the pH must also be listed
as a component on the label and on the form.
List the isotope and activity in milliCuries (decayed

or measured as of date of request).
Non-contaminated empty lead pigs can be added to

the Radwaste Pickup Request Form.
Radiation Safety 54
If more bags or jugs are required, you can write your Pickup of Radwaste
request at the bottom of the form.
At time of pickup, someone in your area must be
Do not write in any other columns of the form. available to allow access to your radwaste, answer
any questions concerning the radwaste, and correct
Call you’re assigned HP if you have any questions. any problems.
Requesting a Pickup If you cannot be in the immediate area, leave a note

to alert EHS staff how to locate you. If you cannot
Fax the Radwaste PURF to the RS Office (882-7940) be reached within 15 minutes, your radwaste may not
and note any special instructions. be picked up on that day.
Routine pick-up routes have been established for If your request form is not complete, is incorrect, or
some areas of campus. Request forms must be there is a problem with the form or hazard of your
received before 8:00 am on the scheduled pickup day radwaste, your pickup may be delayed until the
to have your radwaste considered for pickup that day. corrections have been made.
EHS will try to complete requested pickups as soon Inventory Records

as possible, and will alert the AU if pickup can not be
done within two weeks of the request. Update your records to reflect that the activity of the
radwaste, which was removed from your lab, is no
If information is incomplete on the form, or is not longer possessed under your authorization.
clearly printed, or if there is a question about the
request, processing of the request may be delayed. Special Needs
Contact your assigned HP for any special radwaste

handling needs or questions.
Radiation Safety 55
This page left blank used to be old PURF. New PURF can be found on the EHS
webpage.
Radiation Safety 56
HOW TO COMPLETE YOUR QUARTERLY REPORT
GENERAL Isotope Transfers out from Authorization; transfer

transactions listed by date, isotope, and to whom
Quarterly reports cover a calendar quarter, starting on transfer was to.
January 1st of each year with subsequent quarters
beginning on April 1st, July 1st, and October 1st. Isotope Waste Pickups; lists the date that the waste
These are used by the RS Office to verify receipt, was requested to be picked up and actually was
transfers, disposals and decay of your isotopes in picked up, the isotope, its form (solid, liquid, vials,
order to meet our commitment of inventory control etc.), requested date activity, and activity at the end
for the NRC. Below are some of the areas in the of the quarter.
report you should examine to ensure that our records
match yours. Isotope adjustments made by Radiation Safety
Staff; lists any adjustments made to reconcile your
The general information includes the AU’s name and inventory records with ours, if necessary. Contact
campus address, AU’s number, survey class, e-mail your assigned HP if you have any questions
address, authorization expiration date, office and lab regarding this column.
phone numbers, assigned HP initials and RSC
Representative. Sealed Sources Isotope List; lists all sealed sources
with the internal (RS) inventory number, quantity on
Authorized Areas; lists rooms covered under the hand, type of inspection performed (leak test and/or
authorization. inventory) and the last leak test date.
Authorization Data; lists the isotopes, units, forms, Worker (as of date of report); lists current RW’s by
and quantities authorized for order and possession. name, employee ID or student number, Form 3 date
Any special conditions pertinent to the authorization (Training and Experience Form), last formal training
are listed here, such as restricted area modifications, program description, last formal training date, and the
co-authorizations, etc. (tentative) date of the next training update. You
should examine each column and then make any
Isotope Inventory Changes for the Quarter; appropriate corrections as noted in the Check off Box
Isotopes, including sealed sources, are listed area. You should also write in the information that
alphabetically with units in milliCuries. The quarter you wish to be changed in the appropriate area.
is summarized by
Instruments (as of date of report); list of all survey
• Starting possession, and counting instruments which are registered for
• Total receipts, particular authorization and calibrated by the RS
• Total transfers in, Office. Check to ensure that all instruments are
• Total transfers out, accounted for, that the serial numbers are correct, and
• Total waste, that the calibrations are current. Make corrections as
• Total adjustments, necessary on quarterly report.
• Current possession.
Name and Signature; space is provided for the
All numbers for the above columns are decayed to preparer of the report to sign and date the quarterly
the last date of the quarter for calculation purposes. report form. Once completed, the form should be
given to the AU’s for their review and signature if
Isotope Receipt from Other Licenses; list of all they were not the preparer.
receipts from other licenses.
Once the report is completed, make a copy for your
Isotope Receipt from MU Transfers; list by transfer records and return the original to your assigned HP.
date and reference who transferred the material to
you.
Radiation Safety 57
PROCEDURES FOR DEVELOPING, MAINTAINING, AND

IMPLEMENTING WRITTEN DIRECTIVES
(Authorized Users for Medical Use)
USE OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS subject as the individual named in the written

directive. Examples of positive patient identity
The following are policies and procedures to be verification include examining the patient ID
followed in the administration to patients of bracelet, hospital ID card, driver’s license, or social
therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals or dosages of I-131 security card.
(Sodium Iodide) over 30 microcuries. If the person
assigned to do any or all of the preparation and/or Verification of Dose Prior to Administration
administration of radiopharmaceuticals does not
understand any portion of a written directive, or a Prior to administering the radiopharmaceutical, the
diagnostic procedure as approved by an authorized person who will do the administration is to verify that
nuclear medicine physician, they are to stop and ask the details of the administration are in accordance
sufficient questions to adequately clarify the with the written directive (or approved nuclear
radiopharmaceutical, dose, route of administration, medicine consult). In addition to verifying the
patient identity, and any related details before patient's identity, the radiopharmaceutical, dosage
proceeding with the procedure. (activity), and the route of administration are to be
verified to be in agreement with the written directive,
Written Directives for Therapeutic Radio- or with the oral revision made by the authorized
pharmaceuticals, and Dosages of I-131 nuclear medicine physician's [written directive or
Sodium Iodide over 30 microCuries revision of written directive must be obtained in
accordance with 10 CFR 35.40(a)(1)]. The
A written directive must contain the patient’s name, radiopharmaceutical activity is to be measured in a
radiopharmaceutical, dosage and route of dose calibrator, and the results recorded and
administration and shall be signed and dated by an compared to the written directive.
authorized nuclear medicine physician prior to
preparation or administration of any therapeutic Documentation of Administered Dose
radiopharmaceutical, or dosage of I-131 Sodium
Iodide over 30 microcuries. The authorized physician, or a qualified individual
under supervision of an authorized physician (nuclear
Procedures for emergency oral directives (approved medicine physician, physicist or technologist), shall
nuclear medicine consult), and written revision(s) to make a record of the administration. The record will
an existing written directives are given in 10 CFR include the date, patient's name, radiopharmaceutical
35.40(a)(1). dosage, and signature or initials of the person
administering the dose. The administration record is
Copies of the written directives shall be retained for a included on the same form with the written directive,
period of three years after the date of administration, and is available for audit. This form will include the
as set forth in 10 CFR 35.2040. following statement, or equivalent: "Retain record for
three years following administration, as required by
Patient Identification 10 CFR 35.2040."
Prior to administering the radiopharmaceutical, the

person who is to administer the radiopharmaceutical
will positively verify the identity of the patient or
human research
Radiation Safety 58
BRACHYTHERAPY PROCEDURES Verification of Brachytherapy Plan of

Administration
The following are policies and procedures to be
followed in the use of radiation from brachytherapy Before brachytherapy radioactive sources are
sources for patient procedures. The use of sealed administered, a qualified person such as a radiation
radioactive sources for brachytherapy procedures therapy physicist, oncology physician, dosimetrist, or
may involve one or more qualified persons (radiation radiation therapy technologist, working under the
therapy physicist, radiation therapy technologist, supervision of an authorized physician will verify
dosimetrist, oncology physician) working under the that the radioisotope, number of sources, and source
supervision of an authorized physician. Prior to the strengths of the brachytherapy sources described in
delivery of radiation from any brachytherapy source the plan of treatment are in agreement with the
to a patient, there must be a written directive, see written directive. The person verifying agreement
paragraph below. If at any point a supervised worker between the plan of treatment and the written
does not understand how to carry out the written directive will sign or initial and date the plan of
directive, they are to stop and ask sufficient questions treatment.
to clarify the procedures described in the written
directive. Checking Brachytherapy Dose Calculations
Before the total prescribed brachytherapy dose has
Written Directives
been administered, an authorized physician or a
qualified person such as a radiation therapy
Prior to any administration of radiation from physicist, oncology physician, dosimetrist, or
brachytherapy sources, an authorized physician will radiation therapy technologist, under the supervision
sign and date a written directive, and a treatment plan of an authorized physician, will check the dose
for the procedure. The written directive will include calculations for the brachytherapy procedure.
the patient's name, and before implantation: treatment Whenever possible, this will not be the same person
site, the radionuclide, and dose to be delivered to the who made the original calculations. Manual dose
target area. After implantation but before completion calculations will be checked for
of the procedure the written directive will include:
the radionuclide, treatment site, number of sources, • Arithmetic errors;
and total source strength, and exposure time (or the • Appropriate transfer of data from the
total dose). Procedures for emergency oral directives written directive, plan of treatment,
and revisions to written directives are given in 10 tables, and graphs;
CFR 35.40(c).
• Appropriate use of nomograms;
Records of written directives and administration of • Appropriate use of all pertinent data in
each administered dose will be retained for a period the calculations.
of three years after the date of administration, as set
forth in 10 CFR 35.2040. If available, printouts from computer-generated dose
calculations will be checked to verify that the correct
data was used in the calculations, including position
Patient Identification of the applicator or sealed sources, isotope, number
of sources, total source strength, or source loading
Prior to administering a brachytherapy dose, the
sequence. Checking may also be done by using
patient’s or human research subject’s identity will be
manual calculations of a radiation dose to a single
positively verified as the individual named in the
key point, with comparison to the computer
written directive. Examples of positive patient
generated dose calculations. In the cases where
identity verification include examining the patient ID
radiation doses are calculated during a combination
bracelet, hospital ID card, driver’s license, or social
of computer generated output and manual
security card.
calculation, verifying will include checking that the
correct output from one type of calculation is
properly used as the input for the other type of
calculation.
Radiation Safety 59
equivalent: "Retain record for three years following

Verification of Brachytherapy Source administration, as required by 10 CFR 35.2040."
Administration
Permanent Brachytherapy Source Position
Prior to administering brachytherapy sources, a and Total Dose Verification
qualified person, such as a radiation therapy
physicist, oncology physician, dosimetrist, or For permanent brachytherapy implants, x-ray
radiation therapy technologist, under the supervision imaging of the sources in place will be performed
of an authorized physician will verify that the as a basis for verifying the position of the source
radioisotopes, number of sources, source strengths, and calculating the total dose. If applicable, this x-
and if applicable, loading sequence of the sources to ray imaging will be done after inserting the sources
be used are in agreement with the written directive into the patient. In cases where fixed geometry
and plan of treatment. The verification method will applicators or templates are used, x-ray imaging of
be appropriate to the sources used, and may include the source positions in the patient is not mandatory.
checking the serial number of sealed sources behind Immediately after implanting sources in the patient,
an appropriate shield, using a dose calibrator, survey of the patient and the surrounding area will
observing color codes on the sources, monitoring be made to confirm no sources are unintentionally
radiation output of the sources with a radiation located outside of the patient.
detector, or using clearly marked storage locations
where separate storage areas are used for different Recording Application of Permanent
source strengths. Brachytherapy Implant Sources
Temporary Brachytherapy Source Position After insertion of permanent implant brachytherapy

and Exposure Time Verification sources, an authorized physician will promptly
record the radionuclide, treatment site, number of
For temporary brachytherapy implants, the position sources, and total source strength. This form will
of the sources will be verified using x-ray imaging be in the patient's chart or other appropriate record,
procedures. When possible, the x-ray imaging will and will be signed or initialed by the authorized
be done with "dummy" sources before the physician. This form will include the following
radioactive sources are inserted. These x-ray images statement, or equivalent: "Retain record for three
of source position will be used to calculate the years following administration, as required by 10
exposure time needed to achieve the prescribed CFR 35.2040"
radiation doses, or to calculate the total dose. In the
cases where fixed geometry applicators, appliances Brachytherapy for Emergency Medical
or templates are used to calculate an exposure time Conditions
or total dose, x-ray imaging of the source positions
is not mandatory. Immediately after implanting If an authorized physician determines that delaying
sources in the patient, survey of the patient and the brachytherapy treatment in order to perform the
surrounding area will be made to confirm no sources checks of dose calculations would jeopardize the
are unintentionally misplaced outside of the patient. patient's health because of the emergent nature of
the patient's medical condition, the checks of the
Recording Application of Temporary calculations will be performed within two working
Brachytherapy Implant Sources days of completion of the brachytherapy treatment.
After insertion of temporary implant brachytherapy Acceptance Testing of Brachytherapy Dose

sources, an authorized physician will promptly Planning Computer Programs
record the radionuclide, treatment site, number of
sources, and total source strength, and exposure Before the first use of treatment planning or dose
time (or the total dose). This form will be in the calculating computer programs for brachytherapy
patient's chart or other appropriate record, and will dose calculations, acceptance testing of the
be signed or initialed by the authorized physician. programs will be performed by a qualified person.
This form will include the following statement, or The functions of the computer programs evaluated
during acceptance testing will include the dose and
Radiation Safety 60
spatial accuracy of calculations in tissue for at least A determination will be made as to whether the
those brachytherapy procedures clinically administered radiopharmaceutical dosage or radiation
performed by authorized physicians under this dose was in accordance with the written directive or
license. treatment plan, as applicable. For each patient case
reviewed, deviations from the written directive, the
cause of each deviation, and the action required to
PERIODIC REVIEW OF MEDICAL USES prevent recurrence will be identified.
OF BYPRODUCT MATERIALS
In accordance with 10 CFR 35.41 we will develop, RECORDS FOR PROCEDURES FOR
implement, and maintain procedures to conduct ADMINISTRATIONS REQUIRING A
periodic reviews of each applicable program area, WRITTEN DIRECTIVE
e.g., radiopharmaceutical therapy and implant
brachytherapy. The number of patient cases to be A copy of the procedures for administrations
sampled will be based on the principles of statistical requiring a written directive shall be retained for the
acceptance sampling and will represent each duration of the license.
treatment modality performed in the institution, e.g.,
radiopharmaceutical and brachytherapy.
REPORTS OF MEDICAL EVENTS
These reviews will be performed by a HP, medical
physicist, or other qualified person. If possible, the
The RSO will notify the NRC Operations Center no
persons conducting the review will not review their
later than the next calendar day after discovery of the
own work. The findings of the periodic reviews will
medical event and submit a written report to the
be reported at the meetings of the Medical Quorum of
appropriate NRC Regional Office listed in 10 CFR
the RSC to ensure that the procedures for
30.6 within 15 days after the discovery of the
administrations requiring a written directive are
medical event, as required by 10 CFR 35 3045. The
effective.
RSO will also notify the referring physician and the
patient as required by 10 CFR 35.3045.
Radiation Safety 61
CORRECTIVE ACTION REVIEW FOR AUTHORIZATION DEFICIENCIES
GENERAL CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
During the course of authorization inspections the Take prompt and comprehensive corrective action
RSS sometimes finds conditions which may not be in that will address the immediate concerns and prevent
full compliance with NRC regulations, NRC license reoccurrence of the deficiency. Examples of areas to
conditions, or MU policies and procedures. If these examine include:
are not routine or reoccurring situations they are
usually corrected during or shortly thereafter the • Is training of individual lab workers
inspection and do not present further problems. adequate?
In the case these same problems reoccur inspection • Are lab surveys frequent enough and do they
after inspection, or disappear for a while and then examine the right areas?
periodically reoccur, a more aggressive approach
needs to take place to find the cause of the • Are the material use and safety procedures
problem(s), rectify the situation, and take measures to adequate and up to date?
ensure that these conditions do not occur again in the
future. • Do you maintain a dialog with the RSS if you
have any questions concerning changing
REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT requirements?
Conduct a complete and thorough review of the • Does the AU disseminate information
circumstances that led to the deficiency. Talk to the regarding radiation safety issues to the
personnel involved, review relevant procedures for laboratory staff and vice versa?
completeness or need for revisions, and review the
training of those involved to see if a lack of training • Does the laboratory staff have the
may have contributed to the problem. opportunity to suggest improvements and
assist in making the radiation safety program
IDENTIFICATION workable and more streamlined to meet the
needs of your specific laboratory?
Identify the root cause of the deficiency. Identify the
direct and indirect causes which may have led to the • Are there specific disciplinary policies for
problem. safety violations?
Follow up to determine if appropriate corrective

actions are being taken and if they are effective.
Radiation Safety 62
Radiation Safety Manual Radiation Worker
RADIATION WORKER
RESPONSIBILITIES
TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE-BASED Maintain security of radioactive materials from

EVALUATIONS access by unauthorized individuals.
Participate in radiation safety training appropriate for Ensure inventory and related records are maintained
your work situation. appropriately.
Learn about potential hazards of radiation and ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION

radioactive material associated with your work and
work area; know where information on the Notify other authorized personnel of unusual
radioactive material is kept for your review; and use circumstances.
this information when needed.
Stop work if you reasonably believe continuation of
Seek help from the AU or the RSS if you are unable the work poses an imminent danger to the health and
to fulfill your responsibilities due to lack of training safety of the lab personnel or public, and immediately
or understanding. notify your supervising RW or AU.
Understand and follow authorization-specific Report all unsafe conditions to your supervising RW,
procedures and established ALARA levels. AU, Administration, RSS, Radiation Safety
Committee, or the NRC.
MATERIAL CONTROL
Participate in the required Review and Assessment
Ensure exposure to all individuals from radioactive and the Corrective Action Program as established in
materials and radiation is As Low As Reasonably the authorization-specific procedures and implement
Achievable (ALARA). corrective actions to prevent reoccurrence.
Use engineering controls (e.g., fume hoods,

shielding, etc.) and personal protective equipment
appropriate for your work.
Radiation Safety 63
WHAT MUST BE DONE
TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE-BASED Return stock to proper storage and record activity (or
EVALUATIONS volume and activity conversion) removed.
Learn safe operating and emergency procedures Record estimated activities (or volume and activity
appropriate for your work. conversion) going to samples, liquid waste, and solid
waste to document location of radioactive material at
Follow procedures and observe precautions for the any time.
use of radioactive materials, as detailed in the
approved authorization and in the RSM. Be able to determine activity in stock, samples, liquid
waste, and solid waste at any time (this is necessary
Periodically update your radiation safety training. when waste is prepared for pickup).
MATERIAL CONTROL ASSESSMENT / CORRECTION

Carry out established authorization-specific Document any contamination you find upon
procedures to be in compliance with MU Radiation surveying, actions taken, and final dose rates or
Safety Program procedures. levels of contamination following the
decontamination efforts.
Survey yourself each time before you leave your
work area or touch areas not allowed to be Alert, notify or warn co-workers about defective
contaminated. equipment and radiation hazards.
Survey yourself and surrounding areas after you Periodically review corrective actions and ensure
finish working with radioactive material. implementation.
Radiation Safety 64
PROCEDURES
10 CFR Part 19 Reporting Requirements 66
Good Laboratory Practices When Working with Radioactive Materials 67
Procedures for Surveys 68
How to Use Your Survey Meter 71
How to use Your Liquid Scintillation Counter 72
How to Perform a Swipe Survey 73
How to Receive and Open Packages Containing Radioactive Material 74
How to Inventory Your Radioactive Material 75
Collection of Radwaste in Your Laboratory 76
Personnel Dosimetry 78
Spills, Contamination, Radiation Emergency Procedures 79
Quantities of Radioactive Materials Requiring Fume Hood Use 81
How to “Survive” an Inspection from the Radiation Safety Office 82
Radiation Safety 65
10 CFR PART 19 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

"NOTICES, INSTRUCTIONS, AND REPORTS TO WORKERS"
PURPOSE Workers must be aware of their responsibility to

report unsafe conditions which may cause violations
Part 19 of Title 10 CFR (Code of Federal of NRC regulations or license conditions to the AU,
Regulations) spells out certain requirements which the RS Office or the NRC.
licensees must meet to inform workers of hazards or
potential hazards associated with the use of Workers must be made aware of the reports available
radioactive materials, and to inform these workers of to them as a result of being monitored for radiation
their rights in reporting suspected or real problems exposure; including the annual report given to
related to the safe use of radioactive materials. workers who are currently monitored here, at MU,
and the report available to the worker upon
POSTING termination of employment, if it is requested by the
worker.
MU is required to post or make available certain
documents to the radiation worker. These documents
include the NRC license and its associated RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
documentation, regulations in 10 CFR Part 19 and
20, any applicable operating procedures related to the Workers may meet in private with representatives of
license, and any notice of violations related to the the NRC during an inspection or may request to have
license. The documents can be reviewed in the RS a representative present during an inspection. The
Office, Research Park Development Building #8, University of Missouri may also have representatives
during normal working hours, 8 a.m. - 5 p.m., present during inspections, provided that they do not
Monday - Friday. The Code of Federal Regulations interfere with the conduct of the inspection.
can be viewed on line.
Workers may bring to the attention of the NRC any
violations or suspected violations of NRC rules and
TRAINING regulations and request an inspection of the licensee.
The request for inspection must be in writing.
Persons who are likely to receive 100 mrem in a year
must be kept informed of the storage, transfer and use No employee may be discriminated against for
of radiation and radioactive materials, and in the bringing safety related concerns to the attention of
health risks associated with exposures to radiation or the NRC.
to radioactive materials.
Workers must be instructed in, and required to

observe the regulations and license conditions related
to the protection of personnel from exposure to
radiation.
Radiation Safety 66
GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES WHEN WORKING WITH

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING Syringes: Shielded syringes are to be used when

activities of greater than 1 milliCurie gamma emitters
Gloves: Disposable gloves shall be worn when are used in hand held syringes.
handling radioactive materials in an uncontained
form and when handling any item in the radiation High Energy Betas: Plastic or other low-density
work area. Contaminated gloves shall be removed shielding is required when using more than 5
and deposited in a radioactive waste receptacle before milliCurie of a high energy beta emitter such as P-32.
leaving the radioisotope work area.
Waste: Shields may be required for radioactive waste
Lab Coats: Laboratory coats (or similar protective storage as well as for the work area to maintain
clothing) shall be worn when handling radioisotopes ALARA doses.
in an uncontained form. If shorts or a dress are being
worn, then knee-length or longer laboratory coats (or
LABELING OF ITEMS & EQUIPMENT
similar protective clothing) shall be worn when
handling radioisotopes in an uncontained form. Items: Small items, such as pipettes, syringes, pens,
etc., should be individually labeled as contaminated.
Laboratory coats (or similar protective clothing) Or, the items should be confined to a well defined
worn in potentially contaminated areas shall not be and labeled area which indicates that any items in
worn in non-radioactive areas, unless surveyed and that area are contaminated or have the potential to be
found to be not contaminated. contaminated.
Shoes: Closed-toed shoes shall be worn when
Equipment: Equipment such as centrifuges,
handling radioisotopes in an uncontained form.
refrigerator/freezers, fume hoods, etc., should be
Survey: All protective clothing, including hands and labeled when the use of these items could lead to
feet, must be surveyed prior to leaving the radiation internal contamination. Labeling, along with
work area. appropriate training of all personnel, will preclude
spreading of contamination by multiple users of this
SHIELDS AND PROTECTIVE DEVICES equipment.
Gamma Emitters: Lead or similar high-density

shielding is required for routine handling of
quantities greater than 1 milliCurie of gamma
emitters.
Radiation Safety 67
PROCEDURES FOR SURVEYS
REQUIREMENTS
• Printout results from swipes counting
AU’s shall be responsible for ensuring that both (Instrument printout shall be attached in its
monitoring during use and after use are performed entirety, including counting date and
with each use of radioactive materials. The type of instrument-specific information.);
monitoring and surveys shall be appropriate for
detecting the isotope in use; and the area covered • Removable contamination reported in
shall be sufficient to assure that radioactive material disintegrations per minute (dpm) (If counts
remains controlled and within the radioisotope work per minute (cpm) re recorded, then the record
or storage area. shall also include a documented conversion
to dpm.);
All surveys shall include
• Locations where swipes indicated levels are
• Measurement of surface contamination with above 200 dpm per 100 cm2, instrument
the appropriate instrument, contamination readings greater than 0.3
mR/hr, and area radiation levels are greater
• Measurement of removable contamination by than or equal to 0.2 mR/hr;
swipes.
• Instrument used;
WHEN TO DOCUMENT A SURVEY
• Date of survey;
Although routine surveys shall be performed during
and after every use of radioactive materials, not all • Name or initials of person performing the
surveys need to be documented. survey.
Surveys shall be documented at least on the frequency When contamination or radiation levels are found
given in Table 1 of this procedure. above Table 2 or Table 3 action levels, then records
shall also indicate the corrective action(s) taken to
Surveys shall also be documented every time eliminate or minimize the excessive levels found,
contamination or radiation action levels are found, including the print out results of the re-surveyed
either by routine survey or as the result of a spill; refer areas.
to Table 2 and Table 3 for survey levels and required
accompanying actions. Area radiation levels and instrument contamination
measurements shall be reported in mR/hr.
HOW TO DOCUMENT A SURVEY
Inspection Survey Records shall be kept readily
Documented surveys shall reference a map of the available for review by RW’s, AU’s, RSS, and NRC.
area surveyed, or clearly describe the locations A sample format for recording survey data is shown
monitored. The generic survey form may be used. in a Documented Radiation Survey. AU’s are free to
Records of the survey shall include design a format more specific to their laboratory
needs.
• Locations where swipe samples were taken;
Radiation Safety 68
Table 1
WHEN DO I NEED TO DOCUMENT A SURVEY?
(Use or Storage of Potentially Uncontained Materials)
Action Required Daily Weekly Monthly
Instrument survey and Greater than 5 mCi of Greater than 1 mCi of Active Authorization
Removable Contamination activity handled or in use activity handled or in use
survey at any one time at any one time
(1) Monitoring shall be performed after each use of uncontained radioactive materials and in the case of spills. Such surveys document the event
and the effectiveness of corrective action or cleanup. (2) Surveys shall be documented on at least the frequency indicated above. (3) Surveys shall
also be documented in the case of contamination or radiation levels in excess of action levels listed in Tables 2 and 3 (including documentation of
corrective actions and results). (4) Instrument surveys are not required for tritium (H-3) or as stated in Special Conditions specifically approved for
the authorization. (5) If active Authorization does not possess radioactive material, then monthly documented survey shall document that the survey
meter(s) and LSC (or other swipe counters) are calibrated and functioning properly.
Table 2
REMOVABLE CONTAMINATION SURVEY LEVELS AND ACTIONS
(Swipes in dpm/100 cm2)
Contamination of Less Than 200 Greater Than 200 & Greater Than 2000 & Greater Than or
Less Than 2000 Less Than 20,000 Equal to 20,000
Personnel and/or clothing; ALARA Control & Report Control & Report Control & Report
areas outside restricted areas immediately immediately immediately
Floor in restricted area; areas ALARA Decontaminate, Control & Report Control & Report
outside of Radioisotope Work document & report by immediately immediately
Area next work day
Designated Radioisotope ALARA ALARA Decontaminate & Decontaminate,

Work Area document document & report
by next work day
Labeled Equipment, ALARA ALARA ALARA Decontaminate,

Apparatus or Appliances document, & if
greater than 200,000
report by next day
Note: Report any spill involving greater than 1 microcurie (2,200,000 dpm) immediately!
Table 3
INSTRUMENT SURVEY LEVELS AND ACTIONS
Instrument Surface Instrument - Area Radiation Level
ACTION
Contamination Survey Survey
Decontaminate or shield, and Greater than or equal to 0.3 mR/hr Greater than or equal to 0.2 mR/hr
document @ 1 cm from surface @ 30 cm
Control & Report immediately Greater than or equal to 3.0 mR/hr Greater than or equal to 2.0 mR/hr
@ 1 cm from surface @ 30 cm
Radiation Safety 69
DOCUMENTED RADIATION SURVEY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(F
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List all locations where the survey data exceed the levels listed below, if none indicate "none".
When laboratory ALARA or Survey Procedure action levels are exceeded, the actions taken must be documented in the comment
section below
Instrument: Efficiency: Instrument:

(DPM=CPM/Eff)
Calibration date: Calibration date:
Removable Contamination locations; Swipe(s) measurements greater than Surface Contamination, locations with readings
200 dpm/100 cm2: greater than 0.3 mR/hr @ 1 cm:
Comments: Comments:
AUTHORIZED USER: ROOM(S) & BLDG. Date: Performed By:_________________
Radiation Safety 70
HOW TO USE YOUR SURVEY METER
GENERAL If a check source is attached to the meter, use it and

compare the results to those indicated on the
A survey meter is probably your most useful tool in calibration sticker. These numbers should agree
assessing contamination in the laboratory when you within about 20%. If no check source is available,
are working with radioactive materials. It can be check the meter against a known radiation source to
used to identify areas of contamination in the work ensure that it responds to a radiation field.
area and to survey areas where you don't suspect
contamination. It should also be used to check OPERATION
yourself to ensure that you have not contaminated
your lab clothing, personal clothing and, most When surveying for contamination using a pancake
importantly, your skin. or thin-end G-M probe, use a slow sweeping (5-8 cm
per second) motion about 1 cm away from the surface
Remember that when working with tritium (H-3) a being tested. Be careful not to touch the face of the
standard G-M meter will not detect this isotope. You probe with a sharp object or the tube will puncture
must rely on swipe data for meaningful information. (about $100 to replace).
Listed below are some helpful reminders on how to
check your meter prior to surveys and how you Remember to use the survey meter to check for areas
should use them operationally. where you also may want to swipe. Just because you
can't see contamination on the meter does not mean
PRE-OPERATIONAL CHECKS that it is not there. Conversely, you may find
contamination with the meter, but it may be "fixed"
Use your battery check switch to ensure that there is and not readily removable.
enough battery power to operate your meter.
Radiation Safety 71
HOW TO USE YOUR LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER
GENERAL Initiate counting by pressing the Count Start/Stop

key, or Auto Start key.
Before beginning actual system operation, the user
should become familiar with the identification of all Get print-out results from the counting of your
system controls and indicators and their functions as samples and attach to survey maps. If counts per
related to use during system operation by referring to minute (cpm) are recorded, then the record shall also
the manufacturer's operation manual. include a documented conversion to dpm. In addition
the LSC print should also have the date, protocols,
SAMPLE MEASUREMENT OPERATIONS background, and efficiency listed.
Ensure the power is applied to the system. If swipes’ results are greater than 200 dpm, rerun
those vials. The vial(s) may have to be placed in a
Ensure the printer has an adequate supply of paper cold area prior to the rerun.. This cooling down
for the operation to be performed, and that the printer should eliminate any chemical luminescence. If
is in the ON-LINE mode. sample’s result is still higher than 200 dpm, initiate
decontamination procedures.
Load all standards and samples into the cassette.
CAUTION
Select the appropriate protocol designator (usually a The swipe protocols are defined to meet your day-to-
flag or id plate) for either general surveys with the day use of the system. They contain information like
typical 3 window set up or full open window for labs counting window settings of radionuclides you might
that only use a particular low energy isotope, i.e. select. If you want to modify your swipe protocol
Tritium. If using a Packard, place the protocol contact your Assigned HP. All the efficiency
designator on the first cassette of the batch. Reset the information is posted on your counter on the
cycle flag by pushing the slide toward the front end calibration sticker. For those of you without
of the cassette. automatic DPM, you need to use the posted
efficiencies to convert counts per minute (CPM) to
Load the cassette into the sample changer. disintegrations per minute (DPM) by the formula of
DPM = CPM/efficiency.
Close the cover on the sample changer.
Radiation Safety 72
HOW TO PERFORM A SWIPE SURVEY
PREPARATION
• "Use" areas, in addition to "hot" spots (floors,
Materials benches, equipment);
• Drawing of the area to be surveyed, • Storage areas, where material is used,
• Swipes, • Waste,
• Pen to mark the drawing and the swipes. • Material transport areas (to and from
Swipes need to be marked or pre-numbered storage/use/waste areas),
by manufacturer to match the swipe location
on the drawings, • Areas you may have gone before surveying
yourself (phone, desk, office, etc.),
• Scintillation vials and media,
• Entrance to lab (floor), "no-use" areas,
• Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) and/or
Gamma Counter, with a pre-programmed • Floor, desks, offices within lab, hallways,
protocol or setting corresponding to the etc,
energy of the suspected contaminant
(radioisotope), • Telephone, handles (drawers, equipment,
faucets, meter knobs, etc.), door knobs.
• Survey meter to check contaminated swipes
throughout survey for gross indication of
contamination, REMOVABLE CONTAMINATION
(SWIPE) SURVEY
• Pad or envelope to secure or hold the swipes
as they accumulate, such that they do not Perform survey
"cross- contaminate" other swipes, and
"Swipe" areas with filter paper, making sure that the
• Gloves, safety glasses, and lab coat. number on the swipe corresponds to the numbered
location on the drawing, and that the area covered by
Meter Contamination Survey the swipe is 100 cm2 .
Should be performed first to identify “hot” spots to
Check suspected "hot" swipes with the survey meter
be swiped.
so you can separate them from the rest of the swipes;
a periodic check should be conducted of other swipes
Identify swipe locations on drawing of lab as well.
Number locations sequentially on drawing and on the Swipes are now ready for sequential placement in
corresponding swipe for that location. Start in areas scintillation vials and counting in the LSC or Gamma
with the least potential for contamination and proceed Counter.
to the areas with the greatest potential for
contamination. Identify the following: The results should be analyzed and compared to the
Removable Contamination Survey action limits of
• "Hot" spot locations identified with survey Table 2.
meter, i.e., > 0.3 mR/hr;
Radiation Safety 73
HOW TO RECEIVE AND OPEN PACKAGES CONTAINING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
DELIVERY OF THE PACKAGE To open the package, you must be a RW and be

trained to properly handle the material. Sign the
All packages containing radioactive materials are to "Package opened by" line on the receipt form,
be received at EHS for processing. The package will indicating who opened and surveyed the package.
then be delivered directly to the authorized lab for
which it was ordered. The outer package is surveyed Open the outer container and inspect the inner
during processing at EHS. The following procedure containers for integrity and evidence of leakage.
provides a final check of the radioactive material into
the designated lab and helps prevent inadvertent Swipe and monitor the packing material and inner
spread of contamination. container for contamination. Document that the
survey was done on the receipt form.
RECEIVING THE PACKAGE
Open the inner container in accordance with the
Always inspect the package for integrity and manufacturer's instructions. Always check the labels
evidence of leakage. on the inner container and vial to be sure the isotope
and activity are correct. If the contents differ from
Monitor the external surface for removable your order or the outer paperwork, contact RS Office
contamination and exposure rates, or check that the and the vendor.
RS Office has performed these surveys and
documented them on the receipt form. If a package is Label all radioactive material containers with
found to have greater than 2200 dpm/100 cm2 appropriate labels.
(removable contamination), contact the RS Office
immediately.
DISPOSAL OF PACKAGING MATERIAL,
Check labels and shipping papers to insure the INNER CONTAINER, AND BOXES
shipment has been delivered to the correct address
and contains the intended activity and isotope. After ensuring that no contamination exists
(200dpm/100cm2), dispose of the outer boxes and
The final step in receiving the package is signing the packing materials as ordinary waste after removing or
receipt form. Signing the form transfers possession destroying the radiation signs or labels.
of the package from EHS to the lab. Do not sign the
form unless you have been trained to properly handle If the packing material or inner container is
the material. recyclable and you wish to recycle the container then
follow the manufacturer's instructions after insuring
If you receive a package containing radioactive that no contamination exists as described above.
material directly to your lab from the vendor, notify
the RS Office IMMEDIATELY. If the material was shipped in a plastic screw-top
inner container, it may be disposed of or recycled as
OPENING THE PACKAGE described in the Collection of Radwaste in Your
Laboratory procedure.
When opening packages containing radioactive
material ALWAYS assume they are internally
IMMEDIATELY notify the RS Office of any
contaminated and wear gloves. Be extremely
problems with the delivery, receipt, opening, or if
cautious with broken or crushed packages and those
there is contamination of packages containing
showing evidence of being wet.
radioactive materials.
Packages containing more than 10 milliCuries should
be opened in a properly operating fume hood or in a
confinement box.
Radiation Safety 74
HOW TO INVENTORY YOUR RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
INVENTORY RADWASTE INVENTORY
The activity received should be logged; including the Whether you use the Waste Record which is a part of
isotope, the current activity and the date whether or the Radioisotope Receipt, Transfer, and Inventory
not you use RS Inventory Form, or use your own Form, or use your own waste inventory log, the
form for record keeping. Be sure to use the activity isotope, activity and date need to be kept for any
delivered to you not the activity that you requested material placed in a waste container. For short half
from the vendor. These activities may differ by more life materials, be sure that the material placed in the
than 50% for short half life materials. container has been decayed to the date of disposal.
Remember waste is included as part of your
As you remove activity from the stock material, note inventory until it is removed from your premises by
the date, the activity and the balance remaining in the EHS.
stock.
DISPOSAL RECORDS
Short half life materials, such as P-32, S-35, I-125,
Rb-86, P-33 and Ca-45, should be periodically When you request a waste pickup, all of these
decayed to indicate what activities are present. Ideal individual disposals must be decayed (if short half
dates for this decay period could be every two or four life material) to the date of the pickup request.
weeks for P-32 or the last day of each calendar
quarter which will correspond with the RS Office Keep your disposal records so that you can compare
quarterly inventory reports. these with the Authorized User Quarterly Report
records.
Radiation Safety 75
COLLECTION OF RADWASTE IN YOUR LABORATORY
GENERAL Clean contaminated containers, plates or other

materials by first rinsing them at least two times and
Label all containers holding radwaste with a collecting the rinsate as liquid radwaste. Contact
"Radioactive Hazardous Materials" label. Do not use your assigned HP to review any specific cleaning
a regular “Hazardous Material” label for radioactive questions.
waste. This label must be filled out in accordance
with Hazardous Materials Management Manual. Dispose of any materials used with and around
radioactive materials as normal trash only after
Consider all activity in your radwaste as at part of surveying to show that it is not contaminated with
your radioactive material inventory until it is radioactive material and after removing or
physically removed by EHS personnel. obliterating any radioactive material labeling.
Secure and control your radwaste in accordance with Do not add additional radwaste to any container after
the Control and Security of Radioactive Materials. a pickup request form has been completed for that
container.
Segregate your radwaste by isotope. Do not mix
isotopes in your radwaste unless required by your Dispose of all radwaste only through EHS waste
authorization. pickup. Some specific short-lived isotopes may be
handled by specific procedures established as a
Our disposal options are best managed for radwaste special condition for an authorization. Contact your
containing single isotopes. assigned HP to review any disposal questions.
Segregate your radwaste according to physical form.

Do not put liquids, animal carcasses or animal tissues SOLID RADWASTE (Dry)
into solid radwaste; solids into liquid radwaste; or
stock containers in with scintillation vials. Again, Collect dry solid radwaste in fiber drums or other
our disposal options are best managed for radwaste in sturdy container lined with a poly bag.
one physical form.
Do not place free liquids or containers with greater
Do not include hazardous materials with your than microliter quantities of liquid in your dry solid
radwaste unless it is absolutely required by your use. radwaste containers.
Disposal options for mixed waste (i.e., waste
containing hazardous and radioactive materials) are Collect sharps in appropriate sharps containers to
greatly restricted, and disposal costs are extremely protect radwaste handlers.
high. If you must include hazardous materials with
your radwaste, contact EHS to review minimizing the Keep separate from other solid radwaste all lead
volume of mixed waste. containers or lead items, and other dry solid
hazardous materials contaminated with radioactive
Arrange for pickup of your radwaste within 6 months materials.
of the accumulation start date for each container.
Radiation Safety 76
LIQUID RADWASTE ANIMAL CARCASSES

Store liquid radwaste in double containment. Collect small animal carcasses or animal tissues
containing radioactive materials in poly bags and
The RS Office supplies gallon plastic bottles for keep frozen, if possible.
collection of liquid radwaste.
If you will be disposing of larger animal carcasses,
Secondary containment shall be supplied by the AU contact your assigned HP prior to any use to evaluate
and be of sufficient size to contain the volume of the and schedule a timely pickup, storage and disposal.
primary container should it fail and therefore prevent
a spill.
ANIMAL WASTES
Keep liquid radwaste containers closed when not in
use. Contact your assigned HP to establish your specific
procedures for handling animal wastes as radwaste.
Keep the pH greater than 5.5 and less than 9.5.
Do not dispose of any liquid radwaste down your

sinks. ORIGINAL STOCK ITEMS AND
CONTAINERS
If the stock vial is NOT EMPTY, place it in a “pig”

SCINTILLATION VIALS
for shielding and keep it separately for pickup.
Collect scintillation vials as radwaste in the flats the
If the stock vial is empty, it can be placed in solid
vial came in. You may collect your scintillation vials
radwaste.
in fiber drums lined with a poly bag if you ensure that
the vial caps are tightly secured on each vial.
Empty plastic screw-top containers can be placed in
the solid radioactive waste as long as the top is
Use biodegradable or environmentally friendly liquid
unscrewed from the bottom.
scintillation cocktails.
Plastic covered lead “pigs” or lead shielding can
Dispose as radwaste all scintillation vials used with
NEVER be placed in solid radioactive waste. These
radioactive materials or used to do contamination
items will be picked up separately for recycling
surveys.
and/or disposal.
"Radioactive Hazardous Materials" labels for
scintillation vials with NO activity should indicate
“SWIPES”, do not indicate any isotope.
Radiation Safety 77
PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY
REQUIREMENTS Finger or wrist dosimetry should be worn with the

detector medium facing towards the radiation source.
Personnel radiation dosimetry is required for all
persons that are likely to receive doses above 10 Workers assigned personnel radiation badges shall
percent of the radiation protection limits or those who wear them when working with radiation sources.
may enter a high radiation area.
Personnel radiation dosimetry is to be worn only by
Whole body badges should be worn as close to the the worker assigned the dosimetry.
midline of the body as possible. If working with x-
rays and lead aprons as body shielding while also
assigned a collar badge, the whole body badge is to EXPOSURE HISTORY
be worn under the leaded apron.
A permanent exposure history of all monitored
Collar badges (for x-ray dosimetry) are meant to be personnel is maintained by the RS Office.
worn at or near the shirt collar.
Annual dosimetry reports are provided for
Finger or wrist dosimetry should be used by individuals assigned personnel dosimetry.
personnel routinely handling greater than one
milliCurie of gamma emitters or beta emitters with
beta energies above 0.2 MeV.
Radiation Safety 78
SPILLS, CONTAMINATION, RADIATION EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
MINOR SPILLS contaminated skin with lukewarm water, then

washing with mild soap.
• Notify person(s) in the area that a spill has
occurred.
MAJOR SPILLS AND INCIDENTS
• Prevent the spread of contamination by INVOLVING RADIOACTIVE DUSTS,
covering the spill with absorbent paper. MISTS, FUMES, ORGANIC VAPORS AND
GASES.
• Survey the area with a survey meter and then
determine removable contamination levels by For major spills or incidents involving radioactive
performing the swipe survey. Check the area dusts, mists, fumes, organic vapors, and gases use the
around the spill for contamination. Also “Radiation Emergency Procedures.”
check hands, clothing, and shoes for
contamination.
• Consult Tables 2 and 3 on specific actions

for given swipe and instrument surveys
contamination levels.
• If required, report the incident to the RS

Office.
• If decontamination is recommended, clean up

the spill, using absorbent paper and wearing
disposable gloves and protective clothing
(lab coat).
• Carefully fold the absorbent paper with the

clean side out and place in a radioactive
waste container. Put contaminated gloves and
any other contaminated disposable material
in a radioactive waste container.
• Upon decontamination completion, check the

area around the spill. Check hands, clothing,
and shoes for contamination before exiting
the area.
• As necessary decontaminate personnel by

removing contaminated clothing and flushing
Radiation Safety 79
RADIATION EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES
EMERGENCY NUMBERS
FIRE DEPT 911 RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE (DAYS) 882-7221

AMBULANCE 911 RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE (NIGHTS) 882-7201
MU POLICE 882-7201 HOSPITAL AND CLINICS (NIGHTS) 882-7979
HOSPITAL 882-7979 ELLIS FISCHEL 911
COLUMBIA REGIONAL HOSPITAL 9333
(F
A. FIRE EMERGENCIES INVOLVING RADIATION
1. Call Fire Department (911) and give nature and location.

2. Set off fire alarm.
3. Assist in evacuation of area if necessary.
4. Inform emergency personnel that radiation hazard may exist.
5. Notify the Radiation Safety Office (882-7221). At night, on weekends, or holidays call MU Police (882-7201).
(F
B. MEDICAL EMERGENCIES INVOLVING RADIATION
1. Call ambulance (911) if necessary.

2. Assist in contacting individual’s personal physician and,
if a student, contact Student Health Center (882-7481).
3. Inform medical personnel that a radiation hazard may exist.
4. Notify the Radiation Safety Office (882-7221). At night, on weekends, or holidays call MU Police (882-7201).
(F
C. RADIATION SAFETY PROCEDURES
1. Evacuate personnel from the radiation area.

2. Assemble all personnel in nearby safe area until radiation surveys and personnel decontamination are performed
by the Radiation Safety Office.
3. Prevent spread of contamination from accident site. Use nearest telephone for communications and avoid walking
through out the building.
4. Close doors and windows and, if possible, turn off air equipment that might transfer radiation contamination
throughout the building.
5. Control access to the radiation area and place warning signs indicating any radiation and contamination hazards.
6. Notify the Radiation Safety Office of incident (882-7221). The Radiation Safety Office may be contacted during
off-duty hours through the University Police (882-7201) or the University Hospitals Emergency Response (882-
7979) or Ellis Fischel Emergency Response (911) or Columbia Regional Hospital Emergency Response (9333).
7. Decontamination of rooms and building shall only be done under the supervision of the Radiation Safety Office.
LABORATORY PERSONNEL
Name Day Phone Number Night Phone Number
(F
Radiation Safety 80
QUANTITIES OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS REQUIRING FUME HOOD USE
FUME HOOD OR GLOVE BOX INFORMATION ON VOLATILITY
Fume hoods or other forms of secondary containment The Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be
must be used when working with greater than one consulted to determine airborne hazard for the
milliCurie quantities of a radioactive material bound specific chemical compounds in question involved in
or incorporated into a chemical or physical form, the use of the radioactive material reactions in
which may easily become airborne or volatile e.g., question. The MSDS may provide some guidance as
dusts, iodines, compounds which have a high vapor to the volatility of the compounds and/or solutions
pressure, compounds which sublime, any actions but will not specifically address the radioactive
which may cause atomization, etc. properties.
BIOASSAY REQUIREMENTS
Specific bioassay requirements exist when working

with certain quantities of isotopes; Iodine 125, or
131, and Tritium are the most common.
Radiation Safety 81
HOW TO SURVIVE INSPECTIONS FROM THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE
WHEN TO EXPECT AN INSPECTION Does the "balance on hand" in the quarterly report
reflect the actual activities I possess?
Monthly Schedule: Those in this category should
expect an inspection almost any time during the Did I use the proper dates for the decayed values?
month. The inspections are usually unannounced.
Contamination
Quarterly Schedule: Before RSS visits your lab, you
will generally receive a call to schedule a convenient Have any spills occurred, and if action levels were
time. Unannounced lab inspections, though, are not exceeded, was this reported to the RS Office?
uncommon.
Was the spill recognized at the time of the event or
Semi-annual Schedule: Those in this category can discovered by lab survey?
expect a call from RSS before an inspection most of
the time. Unannounced lab inspections, though, are Did the contamination exceed the action levels in the
not uncommon. Procedures for Surveys and was the action taken,
proper and complete?
HOW TO PREPARE FOR AN INSPECTION Documented Surveys
The best way to "survive" an inspection is to make Did I use an area survey map, do the survey maps
sure that everyone working with radioactive material have all the pertinent information filled out, i.e. swipe
is well trained and is always concerned about locations, meter s/n, instruments calibration dates,
radiation safety in your lab. You also need to make etc.?
sure the following items are checked on a routine
basis. Are removable contamination survey results recorded
in DPM, and the meter survey results in mR/hr?
Inventory
Are the meter and removable contamination surveys
Are the receipts logged in as received and the use of being performed on a frequency according to
material logged as the use occurs? Procedures for Surveys?
Did I log in transfer activities and notify the RS Are documented survey results readily available?
Office about the transfer?
Instrumentation
Is material logged into waste? Note activity in waste
is still on inventory until EHS removes it from lab. Are survey meters operational and calibrated within
the acceptable calibration period?
Did I double contain the liquid waste and label the
containers properly? Is every RW able to demonstrate proper operation
check for your survey meter(s)?
Do I need to request a waste pickup?
Is every RW able to perform a meter and swipe
survey?
Radiation Safety 82
Safety Precautions Are the updated versions of NRC Form 3 and the
Radiation Emergency Procedures posted?
Is the protocol of no eating, drinking, and smoking
being followed in your laboratories? Performance-Based Evaluations
Is protective attire being worn when you handle Be prepared to answer Performance-Based-
radioactive materials? Evaluation questions.
Are work areas, and personnel monitored for Do you know your authorization's radiation program
contamination during use of radioactive material and well?
then surveyed after completion of each work period.
Do survey records support this? These questions are always related to your
authorization's day-to-day radioactive material
Posting handling, record keeping, survey performance, etc.
Is the lab posted with adequate radiation warning

labels?
Are potentially contaminated labware and equipment

labeled appropriately?
Radiation Safety 83
Radiation Safety Manual Administrator Responsible for Authorized User
ADMINISTRATOR RESPONSIBLE FOR AUTHORIZED USER
Responsibilities 85
Administrator Procedures in Support of the Authorized Users 87
Radiation Safety 84
RESPONSIBILITIES
TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE BASED MATERIAL CONTROL

EVALUATIONS
Ensure that AU’s and RW’s utilize the “As Low As
Communicate to employees, students, visitors and Reasonably Achievable” (ALARA) principles with
guests that the health, safety, and concern for the respect to radioactive materials and radiation.
environment are top priorities on the MU campus,
and that everyone shares the obligation to perform Set expectations for, and support the AU’s efforts in
work in a safe, healthful, environmentally protective establishing authorization-specific procedures.
manner.
ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION
Ensure radiation safety obligations are met in the
departments or units under your control. Set expectations and support the AU’s efforts in
performing self-assessment activities, and
implementing corrective actions.
Radiation Safety 85
WHAT MUST BE DONE
TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION

EVALUATIONS
Review the AU’s inspection records to evaluate
Review authorization applications for use of performance and identify any improvement
radioactive material and demonstrate support of AU’s opportunities if necessary. For any inspection that
training and experience, and the proposed use and resulted in a deficiency level of “A” or “B” the
facilities by signing the application. administrator should assist in establishing corrective
actions as necessary.
MATERIAL CONTROL
Review authorization applications and demonstrate

support of AU's facilities, authorization-specific
procedures, and permission to do the work by
providing a signature endorsement of the application.
Radiation Safety 86
ADMINISTRATOR PROCEDURES IN SUPPORT OF THE AUTHORIZED USERS
SUPPORT OF AUTHORIZED USER PERIODIC REVIEW
The types of support provided by an Administrator to The Administrator will receive periodic reviews of
an AU includes the use of facilities (rooms, labs, the AU’s that they directly supervise or are allowed
equipment, etc.) and the use of the departmental to use their facilities. These reviews may consist of
resources such as clerical, purchasing, maintenance, lists of the AU’s, approved use areas, isotopes, RW’s
security, etc. or inspection results. The Administrator may request
this information for any of their AU’s at any time by
The Administrator who directly supervises the AU is contacting the RSO.
actively involved in the authorization process by
signing the Authority Page for each application made SECURITY
by the AU.
The Administrator is involved in security of
There are situations when an Administrator provides radioactive materials by controlling the issuance of
support to an AU who is not supervised by that keys for restricted areas and by keeping the AU
Administrator, but is allowed use of facilities that the appraised of who has keys issued for their restricted
Administrator supervises. In this case, the areas.
Administrator shows his support by signing the
Authority Page under the “Supervisor Support for The AU can then implement additional controls if
Other Areas” (See Application for Authorization). needed and ensure that ancillary training is given to
individuals with access to the restricted areas.
INSPECTION FOLLOW UP
All individuals with key access to the restricted area
AU’s are periodically inspected. If an inspection are responsible for security of radioactive material
identifies a high deficiency score, like a level A or B within the.
deficiency, the Administrator will receive a copy of
the Inspection Report. The Administrator should
follow up with the AU to ensure that actions are
being taken to identify the root cause(s) and that
corrective actions are initiated to prevent
reoccurrence.
REMOVAL OF APPROVAL
The Administrator may remove partial or total

support from the AU. That removal of support
should be made in writing to the RSC with copies to
the AU and the RSO.
Radiation Safety 87
Radiation Safety Manual Ancillary Worker
ANCILLARY WORKER
(All Students, Faculty, and Staff having access to MU Facilities with Radioactive Material)
Responsibilities 89
Procedures 90
Radiation Safety 88
RESPONSIBILITIES
TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE-BASED MATERIAL CONTROL

EVALUATIONS
Observe related signs, posters, warning signals and
Seek instruction from the authorized personnel in directions. Assist in maintaining security and control
understanding your responsibilities for access to of radioactive materials when you have access to
restricted areas. restricted areas that contain them.
Be acquainted with and understand your

responsibilities toward providing colleagues, staff, ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION
students, and visitors with a safe work environment.
Notify authorized personnel of any unusual
circumstances observed regarding work place safety.
Radiation Safety 89
PROCEDURES
ACCESS AND SECURITY • If you are the last person to leave the
restricted area, then you are responsible for
As an Ancillary Worker, you have access to locking the area.
radioactive materials or radioactive work areas. You
are not allowed to handle radioactive materials except • You are responsible for reporting any
under the direct supervision of an AU or RW. unusual circumstance with regard to work
place safety to the AU or RW responsible for
You are responsible for ensuring security of the restricted area.
radioactive materials from unauthorized access or
removal. This means TRAINING
• If someone unfamiliar to you enters the You must receive training to understand the specific
restricted area containing radioactive requirements for the particular restricted areas to
materials, you should ask them to identify which you have access. You may receive training
themselves and not let them have access to from the AU or RW.
the material.
MU’s Campus Facilities (custodians, maintenance,
• If a workman comes in to do work in a construction, energy management, etc.) receive
restricted area, you should direct them to the ancillary training from the RS Office or from the
AU or RW responsible for the area, or be University of Missouri-Columbia Research Reactor
completely briefed by the AU or RW as to (MURR). Hospital Support Staff (housekeeping,
what the workman is allowed to do and not to plant engineering, etc.) receive ancillary training
do. from the RS Office. All these individuals are
encouraged to discuss specific requirements with the
• If someone is delivering radioactive people responsible for any restricted areas that they
materials, you are not allowed to accept the must enter.
material. You must find the AU or a RW to
accept the delivered radioactive material.
Radiation Safety 90
Radiation Safety Manual Radiation Safety Committee
RADIATION SAFETY COMMITTEE
Management and Radiation Safety 92

General Information 93
Quorums 94
Authorization Application Review and Approval Policies 96
Enforcement Procedures 98
Radiation Safety 91
MANAGEMENT AND RADIATION SAFETY
RESPONSIBILITY DELEGATION OF RESPONSIBILITY
The responsibility for the governance of the Policies related to the management of programs
University (MU) is vested in the Board of Curators. utilizing radiation except those at MURR are
established by MU’s RSC.
Executive responsibility and authority for
administrating the University is assigned to the Implementation of MU’s RSC policies is the
President. The President delegates responsibilities responsibility of the RSO.
and authority to conduct operations on and by the
University Campuses to the Chancellors. The RSO is appointed by the Chancellor upon
recommendation of the Vice Chancellor for
The Chancellor is responsible for negotiating the Administrative Services and the Vice Provost for
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Licenses for the Research.
University of Missouri – Columbia.
The Chancellor has delegated this responsibility to

the Vice Chancellor for Administrative Services.
Licenses of all types needed by the University are

issued in the corporate name of the University: The
Curators of the University of Missouri.
Radiation Safety 92
GENERAL INFORMATION
GENERAL • Develop and direct implementation by the

RSO of the University policies for proper
The Radiation Safety Committee (RSC) advises the uses of radioactive materials and review all
Chancellor through the Vice Provost for Research on general guidelines and/or procedures issued
all matters relating to the safe use of radiation. The by the RSO.
Vice Provost for Research is responsible for
appointing members and assigning the chairperson to • Create special quorums within the
the RSC. Membership is constituted to satisfy the Committee to approve user authorization and
requirements as outlined in 10 CFR 33. to generally oversee and review various
disciplines. Such special quorums could
A representative from campus management and include but are not limited to areas such as
persons knowledgeable in the application and uses of medicine and human use, biological and
radioactive materials will be included in the RSC physical science, engineering and veterinary
membership. science.
The RSO will be an ex-officio, non-voting member • Develop safety manuals as necessary to
of the RSC. An Alternate Chair may be designated ensure proper program implementation and
from within for special purposes upon a proper good health physics practices.
motion and vote by the RSC.
• Establish methods for maintaining records of
DUTIES OF THE RSC the RSC’s proceedings.
• Review and approve or deny the uses of • Review and approve all new requests for
radioactive materials by MU personnel, authorization and requests for significant
except for medical uses. changes in existing authorization.
• Advise the campus administrators on matters • Empower the RSO to issue interim
relating to radiation safety. authorizations, including changes to existing
authorizations, and amendments of a non-
• Review the performance of the RSO, the signification nature, e.g., minor increases in
RSP and the RSS to assure maintenance and quantities, use of isotopes in the same or
adequate control of radiation risks. lower toxicity group as currently authorized,
and movement to a laboratory of equal or
• Oversee an annual program audit and make improved design.
recommendations to management on
continued maintenance of the operational • All interim authorizations issued by the RSO
radiation safety program. This annual must be reviewed and approved at the next
program audit will be used to identify areas RSC/Medical Use Quorum (MQ) meeting.
of noncompliance within the program. These
areas of noncompliance will then be
analyzed, corrected and then actions will be
instituted to prevent recurrence.
Radiation Safety 93
QUORUMS
GENERAL QUORUM MEDICAL USE QUORUM

A simple majority of the RSC shall constitute a A special quorum of MU’s RSC is responsible for the
general quorum. This general quorum shall be the radiation safety review of all human use applications
minimum number of members required to be present and for oversight of the University of Missouri
at a meeting in order to transact business on behalf of Healthcare RSP. This special quorum functions as
the RSC. A general quorum shall always include the hospital’s RSC as required by NRC regulation 10
individuals representing the following positions: CFR 35. The special quorum membership, including
Chair of the RSC or the properly appointed alternate, the Associate Chair, shall be appointed by the Vice
RSO, member of management, at least one person Provost for Research with recommendations from the
knowledgeable in the area of the radiation currently Dean of the School of Medicine and the Director of
being discussed, and any other individuals required the University of Missouri Healthcare. In order to
by applicable state or federal regulations. conduct business, a simple majority of the quorum
membership must be present and must include the
Associate Chair (or properly appointed alternate), the
SPECIAL QUORUMS RSO, a member of hospital management, a
representative of nursing services and at least two
Special quorums shall be those quorums created by persons with expertise in medical uses of radiation.
the RSC for the purpose of overseeing and reviewing
various disciplines within the radiation safety The duties of the MQ consists of three primary
program. A special quorum shall always include functions:
individuals representing the following positions:
Chair or Associate Chair (who shall be appointed and
• Review all applications for radiation safety
approved by a simple majority vote of the
compliance when materials are used in
Committee), RSO, a representative from
humans before action is taken by the RSC.
management, at least one person knowledgeable in
the area of specialty of the quorum, and any other
individuals required by federal or state regulations or • Serve as a Hospital RSC as defined by 10
deemed appropriate by the RSC. CFR 35.
When a Special Quorum reviews an application for • Furnish consultation to the Institutional
use by an individual user, it shall do so by first Review Board and the Vice Provost for
informing the RSC. Such information would include Research.
the name of the applicant, a general summary of the
applicant’s experience and nature of the proposed
use. Such information shall be distributed with
adequate time for notice and comment by the RSC
members prior to special quorum review of said
application. If comments have been submitted, such
comments shall be discussed at a special quorum
meeting prior to approval/denial of said application.
The RSC shall have power to overrule any or all

authority of a special quorum which reports to the
RSC.
Radiation Safety 94
PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCT OF ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT

BUSINESS
The Vice Chancellor for Administrative Services is
The MQ and the RSC shall meet as needed to responsible for providing adequate support for RS
conduct the business of the University. Office operations on the campus. The RSC shall
curtail current and/or future campus radiation
A simple majority of those individuals present shall programs whenever it determines adequate RS Office
be used to approve motions for the Special Quorums support is not or cannot be provided. Any proposed
and MQ’s. curtailment of campus radiation programs because of
inadequate RS Office support shall be reported by the
The MQ shall conduct business in the following committee chairperson to the Vice Provost for
order:: Research and to the Vice Chancellor for
Administrative Services.
• Approval of minutes of the previous meeting,
• Announcements,
• Old business,
• New business.
The RSC shall follow the above procedure; however,

they shall also have the responsibility to review any
quorum reports.
All items discussed by the RSC and the quorums

shall be documented.
Radiation Safety 95
AUTHORIZATION APPLICATION REVIEW AND APPROVAL POLICIES
GENERAL • Types: Use area addition; minor change in

plan for investigation and authorization-
specific radiation safety procedures; minor
The following review and approval scheme has been change in radioactive material use rate and
adopted by the MU RSC to process changes in waste disposal; minor change of special
authorizations in a timely fashion while providing a conditions; renewal application without
level of review and approval commensurate with the change, or with reduction or removal of
requested change. The level of review and approval isotope, or with change of use area;
may be moved to a higher level of the review team temporary transfer of authorization.
feels circumstances warrant an increased level of
review and approval. INTERIM CHANGES
ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES • Request: Authorization application

submitted by AU; interim approval may be
• Request: Request of change by AU, requested.
Administrator, or RSO
• Review/Approval Chain: HP, RSO, RSCR,
• Review/Approval Chain: HP (as needed), RSC.
RSO
• Change: Interim authorization amendment
• Change: RSS records updated; updated issued following approval by RSCR (if
authorization form may be issued at that time requested) and final authorization
or at the next amendment; RSC updated on amendment issued following approval by
amendments issued. RSC.
• Types: Name; degree; job title; department • Types: Increase in possession limit or type of
(without change in authorized administrative isotope which is not a higher hazard class or
reporting); office address; telephone inspection class; new AU (interim approval
numbers; e-mail address; type of instrument issued for less than or equal to 1 mCi per
used; change in RW’s approved to work isotope); renewal with isotope increase or
under authorization; change in order amount addition.
limit up to possession limit; reduction or
removal of isotope possession limit; use area MAJOR CHANGES
inactivation or closeout; inactivation or
reactivation of authorization; authorization • Request: Authorization application
termination; addition or removal of submitted by AU.
Secondary User; change in Primary User in
existing co-authorization. • Review/Approval: HP, RSO, RSCR, RSC.
MINOR CHANGES • Change: Authorization amendment issued

only following approval by RSC.
• Request: Authorization application
submitted by AU. • Types: Increase in possession limit or type of
isotope which is a higher hazard class or
• Review/Approval Chain: HP, RSO, RSCR. inspection class; major change in plan for
investigation and authorization- specific
• Change: Authorization amendment issued radiation safety procedures; major change in
and RSC periodically updated. radioactive material use rate and waste
disposal; major change of special conditions
(e.g., modification of restricted area); new
AU; renewal with major changes.
Radiation Safety 96
Authorization Application Review Flow Chart
Application Submittal
Application to use radioactive materials

(or amend/renew current use) is submitted
to the Radiation Safety Office
RSO assigns HP and RSCR for specific review
Health Physicist Review
Assigned HP reviews application for

specific criteria and prepares application
for RSO, RSCR, and RSC/Quorum
reviews
Further Review
Radiation Safety Officer Radiation Safety Office files

Resolving Administrative
are updated; amendment
Questions Changes
RSO reviews the application for overall issued and RSC updated as
program review needed
If any questions
are raised during
any part of the Minor, Interim, and Major Changes
process, the HP,
RSO and RSCR
work with the
Applicant to
resolve concerns Radiation Safety Committee
and provide Representative (RSCR) Review Final Authorization
Minor
additional amendment issued by RSO
Changes
information Assigned RSCR reviews the application with RSC updated
for the RSC specific to their area of
expertise
Interim*, Major Changes
Radiation Safety Committee (RSC) Review
RSC will review and discuss application at a full Administration

Committee meeting or a meeting of a Special Quorum reviews and
approves new Final review and
or Medical Quorum. Upon proper motion and vote, the
authorization for Authorization amendment
application is approved and authorization is granted by
human use issued by RSO
signature of the Committee Chair.
(The Medical Quorum reviews applications for human

use and the full Committee may choose to review any
application)
*Interim authorization may be issued by the RSO prior to final RSC approval
Radiation Safety 97
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
GENERAL AU RESPONSE TO DEFICIENCIES
The RSS will inspect facilities, perform surveys, and Response to the violations is based upon the type of
verify inventories, etc, for compliance. The deficiency and the progress that the AU has
inspection is essentially an ALARA audit of each demonstrated in correcting previous problems. In all
AU's radiation safety program. These inspections of instances the AU will be informed of the deficiency.
the authorization radiation safety program are crucial The AU will be held responsible for correcting
to maintaining radiation exposures ALARA. deficiencies and ensuring compliance of his/her
authorization. Consideration for immediate
The inspections also document that the individual corrective action will be a factor in the prescribed
radiation safety programs are being conducted in response required:
compliance with MU’s License conditions and
commitments granted by the NRC. An escalated • "D" Level Deficiencies - - The AU will be
enforcement format is based on the fact that there are informed of the deficiency in the inspection
items which are of more importance than others, report. As this level of deficiency is minor,
based upon the repercussions which could result from they can usually be corrected immediately on
noncompliance. A four tiered enforcement strategy the spot. The assigned HP may discuss
is proposed. corrective mechanisms with the AU and
staff. The AU will insure that the deficiency
While all deficiencies can lead to violations imposed has been corrected in a timely fashion and
by the NRC, the tiered enforcement reflects the level typically review of the correction will occur
of hazard and the level of corrective action necessary. at the next inspection.
DEFICIENCY LEVELS • "C" Level Deficiencies - - The AU will be

informed of the deficiency in the inspection
"D" Level Deficiencies are those of an report. Typically, the deficiency will be
administrative, documentation or record keeping discussed by the assigned HP with the AU.
type. The AU will be required to take corrective
action within a given time period to correct
"C" Level Deficiencies are associated with the AU's the deficiency. The RSS will follow up at
radiation safety program confirming the safe use of the end of the time to assure the deficiency
radioactive materials. has been corrected.
"B" Level Deficiencies are those which, if • "B" Level Deficiencies - - The AU will be
continued, could result in the NRC issuing a told of the deficiency immediately by the
violation, and perhaps assessing the University and/or inspector or the assigned HP. The deficiency
responsible individuals a monetary fine. This level of will be discussed by the assigned HP with the
deficiency would require timely remediation of the AU. The AU will be required to take
situation by the AU and the RSS. corrective actions in a time period established
to correct the deficiency. The corrective
"A" Level Deficiencies are the most serious from action will require a written response from
the potential damage/injury to the environment, the AU to the RSO as to what the deficiency
RW’s, general public and may require immediate was, why the deficiency occurred, and the
reporting to the NRC, which could result in issuance remedial action that the AU has taken to
of violations and monetary fines. This level of assure that it will not recur in the future. The
deficiency would require immediate cessation of the inspection report will be forwarded to the
project by the RSS in order to control the situation. assigned RSCR for their consideration and
discussion with the AU and the RSC.
Radiation Safety 98
Informational copy will be provided to the documentation developed by the AU and

AU's Administrator. personnel involved, or by the RSS and RSO
will be completed on a time frame
• "A" Level Deficiencies - - The AU will be compatible with NRC reporting
told immediately of the deficiency by the requirements. Informational copies will be
Inspector. The operation will be immediately provided to the AU's Administrator.
curtailed, the deficiency will then be
discussed and the AU will be required to take NOTE: Deficiencies will be assigned at time of
corrective action within an immediate time inspections. Notification of a problem to the
period established to stabilize and control the RSS will not result in issuance of a deficiency.
operation. The incident will be immediately However, an inspection may be conducted at any
reported to the RSO and the assigned HP. time and deficiencies issued if corrective actions
The potential health and safety, and have not been implemented in a timely manner.
regulatory implications will govern the Recurrent deficiencies may escalate the
remedial actions required. Potentially the enforcement action to the next level.
AU's authorization may be immediately
suspended. Reactivation of the authorization At the time of inspection, the RSS may interact
will not occur until a RSC review has been with a knowledgeable RW’s whom the AU’s
conducted. The AU will be required at a have designated to act in their absence.
minimum to report to the Committee what
occurred, why it occurred and how the AU
intends to prevent a recurrence and ensure
safe continuation of the authorization. Any
Radiation Safety 99
DEFICIENCY LEVELS
EXAMPLES OF AUTHORIZATION DEFICIENCIES
Class of Deficiency Type/Examples AU Corrective Action RSS/RSO/RSC
Follow-Up
D - Level Administrative; e.g., Complete or correct deficiency RSS verifies corrective

• Poor or incomplete record keeping such action and documents in AU
as; file
o No meter or LSC listed on
survey maps
o Initials missing on Package
receipt
o No CPM to DPM conversion
o Calibration dates on survey
maps out of date.
• Minor deficiencies immediately
corrected.
• Out of date HML
• Security violation but no significant
exposure risk to public, e.g. ppg, or low
activities of low energy isotopes.
C - Level Minor program violations; e.g., Immediate response to correct • RSS verifies corrective
• Improper waste storage, i.e. no if possible; or correct action and documents,
secondary containment deficiency within specified • Technical follow up
• Missed Radiation Survey for month time frame and documentation of
• No HML on waste corrective action/notify
• Minor contamination found during HP,
inspection unidentified by AU’s surveys • HP may visit/call
• Improper ordering,
• ALARA response deficiency,
• RSS identified Corrective Actions to
Prevent Re-Occurrence from previous
inspection results not followed.
• Evidence of Personal Safety violation-
(broken glass in improper waste
container)
• Security violation where access to
significant items presents exposure risk
to public, e.g. Stock Vials but < 2mr/hr
• Escalation of D – Level
B - Level Major program violations: e.g., Respond to RSO with • RSCR notified/ may
• Evidence of food and/or drink, corrective actions in writing visit with HP,
• Major contamination, including: • RSO notified,
• Spread of contamination, • Reasons for problem, • HP will visit and
• Program violation due to inadequate • Immediate remediation of present summaries to
personnel training, problem, RSCR and RSO,
• No Surveys performed for more than • How it will be prevented • May suspend
one month. in the future. authorization
• Security violation where access to temporarily
radiological items or sources presents
exposure risk to public > 2 mR/hr.
• Escalation of C – Level
A - Level Major loss of program control; e.g., Immediate cessation of • RSO verifies cession
• Lack of control of material, operations of operations;
• Spread of contamination to unrestricted • Immediate notification of • Notify RSCR and RSC
areas, RSO; Chair;
• Any NRC reportable event, • Suspend operations • Notify NRC if
• Personnel exposure in excess of limit, pending review; required;
• Escalation of B – Level • Respond to RSO with • May suspend
corrective actions in authorization;
writing including reasons • If authorization has
for problem, immediate been suspended, AU
remediation of problem, must report to RSC
and how it will be and describe corrective
prevented in the future actions and formally
request re-instatement
of authorization
Radiation Safety 100

Radiation Safety Manual Radiation Safety Office
RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE

Radiation Safety Officer Responsibilities 103
MU Radiation Safety Training Program 104
Emergency Response 106
Instrument Calibrations 107
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Periodic Inspections 108
Routine Inspections by the Radiation Safety Office 109
Radioactive Material Ordering and Delivery 110
What Happens at EHS After You Submit Your Request for a Radwaste Pickup 111

RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE
GENERAL
The RS Office operates out of the Department of At MU the RSS makes up the technical personnel for
EHS. the RS Office. The RSS is typically comprised of but
not limited to an RSO, Deputy RSO (DRSO), HP’s,
The primary objective of the RS Office is to and Environmental Health Technicians (EHT’s).
administer and oversee the technical aspects of the
Radiation Safety Program at MU.

RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER RESPONSIBILITIES
GENERAL • Write and publish guidelines and/or

procedures for radiation safety.
The Vice Chancellor for Administrative Services is
responsible for providing adequate radiation safety • Report incidents, as required to the
support and surveillance to the MU programs. The applicable regulatory agency. Descriptions
RSO directs the RS Office unit, which is part of the of these incidents shall be provided to the
Environmental Health and Safety Department. The RSC and to Campus Administration.
RSO reports through the Director of EHS to the Vice
Chancellor for Administrative Services. The RSO • Regularly inspect laboratory facilities of each
qualifications shall meet the applicable NRC investigator authorized to use radiation
requirements. sources by the methods and frequency
developed in collaboration with the RSC.
RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES
• Define the procedures for response to
• Implement the policies of the RSC. emergency situations in order to provide
prompt and positive corrective action. These
• Review all applications for uses of radiation procedures are to be reviewed annually.
to ensure compatibility with appropriate
license conditions. • Supervise all ordering, receipt, survey,
monitoring and delivery of all shipments of
• Issue and authorize the use of radioactive radioactive material arriving at MU.
materials.
• Conduct and coordinate all training programs
• Approve and/or coordinate transfer of of MU personnel in the proper procedures for
radioactive material. the use of radioactive material.
• Restrict or suspend use and/or possession of • Supervise and coordinate the radioactive
radioactive materials whenever a significant waste disposal program.
deviation from established guidelines and
procedures has occurred. Such deviation of • Oversee the storage of radioactive material,
use shall include any threat to health or including radioactive waste.
property.
• Maintain inventory of all radioisotopes.
• Provide liaison to the NRC in negotiations
for licenses through the Vice Chancellor of • Supervise decontamination and recovery
Administrative Services. operations.
• Provide consultation on radiation safety • Perform or arrange for leak tests on all sealed
problems to authorized users, to health sources and calibration of radiation survey
physics staff members, and to others having a instruments.
need for the information.
• Issue/Monitor dosimetry.
• Provide staff assistance to the RSC as
required. • Maintain all appropriate records including
minutes of all RSC meetings.
• Design, arrange for the printing, and
maintain a supply for distribution of all
required forms.

MU RADIATION SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAM
GENERAL time a patient undergoes a therapy the nurses

assigned to the patient go through this training.
Initial training requirements for AU’s are given in the
Authorization Application Training and Experience Operating Procedure for the GR-12 Irradiator:
Page. Initial training requirements for RW’s are This course is designed to instruct the trainee on the
given in How to Train RW’s. MU’s NRC License operating procedure for the GR-12 Irradiator.
requires that AU’s and RW’s periodically have
refresher training. The Radiation Safety Training Nuclear Medicine In-Service: This course is
Program conducted by the RS Office is designed to designed to train Technologists and Doctors on
meet these training requirements. regulations and procedures for using radioactive
materials.
DESCRIPTIONS OF RADIATION SAFETY
COURSES AVAILABLE Veterinary Radiology In-Service: This course is
designed to advise Technicians and Doctors on
Radiation Awareness Training for Ancillary regulations and procedures that need to be followed
Personnel: This course is designed to train ancillary for Veterinary Nuclear Medicine.
personnel, who may work unescorted in radiation use
areas, on radiation protocols, and security issues. RAD – MURR Indoctrination Training: This
This course is provided each year for custodians and training is held outside EHS. Training is directed at
housekeepers. personnel from Campus Facilities, Energy
Management, MU Police and RW’s under the Health
New Authorized User Review of the Radiation Physics Manager of MURR. It is designed to train
Safety Program: This course offers an introduction such personnel in radiation safety and their
for new AU’s to the MU RSP. It also gives the RSO responsibilities so they may work unescorted at
a chance to become acquainted with new AU’s. This MURR.
training is required for every new AU.
Introduction to Radiation Safety at MU – New
Radiation Contamination Control: This course Radiation Workers: This course is designed to give
gives instruction on how to identify and control new RW an introduction to the Radiation Safety
radioactive contamination within the laboratory. Program at the University of Missouri – Columbia.
Radiation Decontamination: This course gives Radiation Safety at MU – Update: This course is
instruction on how to clean up radioactive designed to give experienced RW’s an update course
contamination in the laboratory. on the Radiation Safety Program at the University of
Missouri – Columbia.
Radiation Contamination Detection: This course is
concerned with detecting radiation contamination in Radiation Safety Committee: This course gives
the laboratory. credit to members for service on this committee.
Credit is given at the completion of each year of
Radiation External Training: This gives trainees service.
credit for attending Radiation Safety courses outside
the University of Missouri – Columbia. The RSO Radiation Special Seminar: This course includes
will evaluate all external training based on course seminars, talks, lectures and question and answer
outline and proof of attendance. Credit is given sessions about requested topics in radiation and
based on this evaluation. radiation safety.
Implant Therapy Personnel Training: This course Radiation Safety Train the Trainer: This course is
advises nurses on regulation and procedures that need designed to review specific radiation safety
to be followed for radioactive implant therapy. Each requirements of authorization and use of radioactive

materials. The AU should be in attendance at this See the EHS webpage for schedule of Radiation
type of training. Safety courses. Contact the RS Office at 882-7221 to
specifically schedule any one of these training
Radiation Safe Handling Workshop: This course is programs for your group. Also, contact the RS
designed especially for AU’s and RW’s at MU. Office to discuss the development of a specific
This course includes basics of radiation safety, training course.
measurements, radiation biology, protection guides
and regulations. Half of the contact hours involve
laboratory procedures using radioisotopes and
detection techniques.

EMERGENCY RESPONSE
GENERAL EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
The RS Office provides standby emergency response During working hours contact the RS Office at 882-
capabilities for use in situations where you can not 7221 for assistance. Make sure you give the
properly respond to a radioactive material situation or receptionist a clear message regarding the nature of
you feel uncomfortable with a potential radiation the problem. If you know your assigned HP, you
emergency. may try to contact that person first.
An emergency call list is available with the MU MU Police will contact RSS members after hours for
Police Department and the University of Missouri response to a radiation emergency situation.
Healthcare, which will allow them to contact a Therefore after hours contact MU Police first at 882-
member of the RSS during non-working hours and 7201 so that they can contact one of the RSS
put them in touch with the person requesting help. members. If the emergency only involves radioactive
material, make sure that you indicate this to the MU
Should an emergency arise during working hours, Police dispatcher so that they will use the appropriate
contact your assigned Health Physicist or if not call list. There is also a Hazardous Materials call list
available, state your problem to one of our office for situations involving chemical spills.
staff members and they can connect you with
someone who can lend assistance. Refer to the Radiation Emergency Procedures for
more details concerning your response.

INSTRUMENT CALIBRATIONS
GENERAL CALIBRATED INSTRUMENTS
The RS Office provides survey meter calibrations for For Liquid Scintillation, the RSS performs efficiency
AU’s free of charge. Survey meters are calibrated checks on the instrument for the particular protocol
annually or upon repair. and isotope that you use in performance of swipe
surveys. On some counters it is possible to set up
The AU is responsible for replacing batteries and for and use multiple protocols to accommodate the needs
any repairs on the instruments. of different AU’s who may be using different
isotopes.
A list of your current active survey meters, Liquid
Scintillation, and other counting equipment is Portable survey instruments probe efficiencies are
available for you to see during routine quarterly determined for different isotopes to help estimate
inspections, and is printed on the quarterly reports. contamination levels when the isotope is known or
You should report any discrepancies to your assigned suspected (i.e., surface reading with the probe face at
HP. 1 cm).
If you have any questions regarding the operation of

your instrumentation, you can contact your assigned
HP or another member of the RSS, and they will be
glad to assist you.

NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION PERIODIC INSPECTIONS
GENERAL ITEMS WHICH MAY BE REVIEWED

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission periodically Records of radioactive materials receipt, use, and
performs inspections at MU to ensure compliance disposal. This includes waste pickups and transfers.
with NRC rules and regulations. The inspection
helps to assure that MU meets its regulatory Training records for persons authorized to work
obligations through adherence with its license unsupervised in the lab.
conditions and any other agreements which may have
been mutually agreed upon by the two parties. Documentation of periodic surveys. This includes
Generally, when an NRC inspector calls on you in your swipe and meter readings along with any
your laboratory, they will ask many of the same decontamination efforts performed.
questions and review much of the same paperwork
which the RSS looks at during a quarterly inspection. Proper operation of hoods, survey instruments and
You should cooperate with the NRC inspector as you other radiation counting instrumentation.
would with any EHS inspector.
Proper posting of areas, NRC Form 3, Radiation
Emergency Procedures, etc.
Performance based appraisals based on your ability to

perform a radiation safety function properly.

ROUTINE INSPECTIONS BY THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICE
GENERAL ITEMS FOR REVIEW
The RS Office performs routine inspections of each Records of radioactive materials receipt, use, and
of the AU’s on campus. disposal. This includes waste pickup and transfers.
The purpose is to review records, to perform Training records for persons authorized to work
contamination checks, to ensure that radiation safety unsupervised in the lab.
equipment is operational, to verify that the lab
posting and labeling is current and appropriate, and in Documentation of periodic surveys. This includes
general, to advise the AU and RW’s on compliance your swipe and meter readings along with any
issues. decontamination efforts performed.
The purpose of these inspections is not punitive in Proper operation of survey instruments, and other
nature, but they are designed to ensure that you will radiation counting instrumentation.
pass any inspection which occurs if NRC inspectors
appear in your laboratory. Proper posting of areas, NRC Form 3, Radiation
Emergency Procedures, etc.
In some cases, authorized areas are inspected more
frequently, such as nuclear medicine which is Performance based appraisals based on your ability to
inspected monthly. perform a radiation safety function properly.
Authorizations which exhibit problems regarding

certain compliance issues may also require increased
inspection frequencies.

RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL ORDERING AND DELIVERY
GENERAL • Phone number where the person can be reached if

additional information is required,
Once you have received your authorization to possess
radioactive material and have obtained a Job/Order • Location radioactive material is to be delivered
number to order the material, it is time to place your (must be authorized for these areas),
order. Once you place your order with the vendor,
you must call or fax EHS to notify them of the • Isotope and activity ordered,
impending delivery. This assists RSS in scheduling
your delivery upon receipt of the package and in • Vendor, and
meeting the necessary regulatory requirements for
receipt of radioactive materials. The following • Expected arrival date.
information will be required to process your order.
INFORMATION REQUIRED Once the package arrives, the RSS fills out the
paperwork required for DOT purposes, performs any
Use the Notification of Radioactive Material Order radiological measurements as required by
form to provide the following information: regulations, and delivers the package to your place of
work. Once you receive the package, be sure to
• AU name, survey the empty package prior to disposal and
remove or deface any information related to
• Person submitting the information, radioactive content. You must use the check off box
on your receipt form to document that this has been
performed.

WHAT HAPPENS AT EHS AFTER YOU SUBMIT YOUR REQUEST

FOR A RADWASTE PICKUP
GENERAL Solids that contain a hazardous component are

considered mixed waste. They are placed in the EHS
Upon arrival at our office your request for a hazardous waste facility, and ultimately shipped to a
radioactive waste pickup is sent to our waste permitted facility for disposal.
handling personnel, so that we can schedule it into
our pickup schedule. Liquid Radwaste
EHS PICKUP Liquid radwaste that does not contain a hazardous

component (as defined by EPA RCRA regulations)
Once we have verified the appropriate information will be disposed of in accordance with NRC
has been submitted, your request will then be regulations to the sanitary sewer. Isotopes that have
scheduled for pickup at the next available time. half lives shorter than 120 days are held to decay for
a period of time prior to disposal.
Should you need a special pickup, please notify your
assigned HP so that one can be arranged. Liquids that contain a hazardous component, and
cannot be decayed to background levels, are
Once the waste has been picked up and sent to its considered mixed waste. They are placed in the EHS
intermediate destination at EHS it is entered into the hazardous waste facility, and ultimately shipped to a
database. If you are subtracting out too much permitted facility for disposal.
inventory, i.e., more that you have in stock, use, etc.,
an error will occur and you will be notified by your Scintillation Vials and Animal Carcasses
assigned HP. This is why we need you to decay and
estimate as accurately as possible the radwaste Scintillation vials containing H-3 and C-14 are
amount that you wish to be picked up. incinerated in the EHS incinerator. Isotopes with half
lives less than 120 days are incinerated after a decay
You will have a chance to correct any information period of at least 10 half lives.
submitted during the quarterly report review period.
This will allow you to correct, add, or delete any Animal carcasses or tissue are held for decay, if
information which was erroneously entered into your possible, and then incinerated.
activity account.
Scintillation cocktail and animal tissues containing
Upon segregation at EHS into mixed, liquid or solid H-3 or C-14 in concentrations of equal to or less than
wastes, the radwaste is stored until a sufficient 0.05 microCuries/g of material can be disposed of as
quantity can be accumulated for further processing if they did not contain radioactive materials. Only
(i.e., decayed in storage, shipped as radioactive EHS staff can make this type of disposal.
waste, or mixed waste.) Availability of this disposal option is why it is very
important to have a reasonable estimate of activities
for H-3 and C-14 in these forms.
EHS MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
RADWASTE Scintillation vials, animal carcasses and tissues that
contain a hazardous component, and cannot be
Solid Radwaste (Dry)
decayed to background levels, are considered mixed
waste, and they are placed in the EHS hazardous
Depending on the isotope, the solid waste will be
waste facility, and ultimately shipped to a permitted
shipped to a licensed burial site, held at EHS
facility for disposal.
facilities for decay to background levels or
incinerated.
Scintillation vials, and animal carcasses and tissue
with isotopes greater than 120 day half life are

shipped off-site to a radwaste facility for further Sealed Sources, Foils, and Seeds
processing and disposal.
Unwanted sealed sources, foils, and seeds with half
Stock Items, Stock Containers, and Shielding lives less than 120 days are held for decay of at least
10 half lives and then disposed as normal trash.
Stock vials are kept separate for decay in storage and
final survey. Every effort is made to return unwanted sealed
sources, foils, and seeds with half lives greater than
The stock containers are inspected to determine if 120 days to their manufacturer. Otherwise, they are
they have lead shielding. Containers not containing shipped off-site to a radwaste facility for further
lead are surveyed and, if clean, may be disposed of as processing and disposal.
normal trash or reused. Containers containing lead
are surveyed and, if clean, they may be reused or
recycled.

Radiation Safety Manual References
REFERENCES
10 CFR Part 19, “Notices, Instructions and Reports to NUREG 1556, V.9 “Consolidated Guidance About
Workers: Inspection and Investigations” Material Licenses Program-Specific Guidance About
Medical Use Licenses-Final Report”
10 CFR Part 20, “Standards for Protection Against
Radiation” NUREG 1556, V.11 “Consolidated Guidance About
Material Licenses Program-Specific Guidance About
10 CFR Part 30, “Rules of General Applicability to Licenses of Broad Scope-Final Report”
Domestic Licensing of Byproduct Material”
MU Materials License Application, June 16, 2003.
10 CFR Part 33, “Specific Domestic Licenses of
Broad Scope for Byproduct Material” MU Materials License, Amendment #98, December
16, 2003.
10 CFR Part 35, “Medical Use of Byproduct
Material” Regulatory Guide RG 8.29, “Instructions Concerning
Risks for Occupational Radiation Exposure”
10 CFR Part 51, “Environmental Protection
Regulations for Domestic Licensing and Related Regulatory Guide RG 8.13, “Instruction Concerning
Regulatory Functions” Prenatal Exposure”
10 CFR Part 71, “Packaging and Transportation of MU Hazardous Materials Management Manual, 2nd
Radioactive Material” edition, September 2000
19 CSR 20, “Radiation Protection” Missouri MU Biosafety Manual, May 2004

Department of Health and Senior Services
Radiation Safety Web Page:
NUREG 1556, V.7 “Consolidated Guidance About http://ehs.missouri.edu/rad
Material Licenses- Program-Specific Guidance
About Academic, Research and Development, and
Other Licenses of Limited Scope Including Gas
Chromatographs and X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzers-
Final Report”


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Radiation Safety

MU Radiation Safety Committee

Environmental Health and Safety

University of Missouri – Columbia

Third Edition 2004

PURPOSE Administrators (responsible for Authorized

Radiation Safety iii

Procedures for Surveys 68

Administrator Responsible for Authorized User 84

Radiation Safety Committee 91

Management and Radiation Safety 92

Radiation Safety Office 101

Radiation Safety Office 102

ALARA Investigation Levels 3

NRC Dose Limits (10 CFR 20) 41

Radiation Safety Survey Tables: 69

Table 1. When Do I need to Document a Survey? 69

Deficiency Levels: Examples of Authorization Deficiencies 100

AU - Authorized User MQ - Medical Use Quorum

CDE - Committed Dose Equivalent mrem - Millirem

CEDE - Committed Effective Dose Equivalent NRC - Nuclear Regulatory Commission

CFR - Code of Federal Regulations PBE - Performance Based Evaluation

Ci - Curie Q - Quality factor

cpm - Counts per minute R - Roentgen

DDE - Deep-Dose Equivalent RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

DOT - Department of Transportation RSC - Radiation Safety Committee

dpm - Disintegrations per minute RSCR - Radiation Safety Committee Representative

dps - Disintegrations per second RSM - Radiation Safety Manual

EDE - Effective Dose Equivalent RSO - Radiation Safety Officer

EHS - Environmental Health and Safety RSP - Radiation Safety Program

eV - Electron volt RS Office - Radiation Safety Office

GM - Geiger Mueller RSS - Radiation Safety Staff

Gy - Gray RU - Registered User

HP - Health Physicist RW - Radiation Worker

HE - Effective Dose Equivalent SDE - Shallow-Dose Equivalent

HE, 50 - Committed Effective Dose Equivalent SNM - Special Nuclear Material

HMM - Hazardous Materials Management SQ - RSC Special Quorum

HT - Dose equivalent to organ or tissue Sv - Sievert

HT, 50 - Committed Dose Equivalent T1/2 - Half life

MBq - Megabecquerel MU - University of Missouri-Columbia

µCi - MicroCurie wT - Weighting factor

The word starts with a b c d e f g h i l m n o p q r s t u w x

Department of Transportation (DOT) - U.S. Efficiency - For radiation detecting equipment, it is

Interim Authorization - Authorization issued by the License Condition - A requirement established

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) - The

Radiation Safety xii

Radiation Safety xiv

Unauthorized personnel - Any personnel or visitor X-rays - Penetrating electromagnetic radiation

Radiation Safety xvi

ALARA Investigation Levels

Deep Dose Equivalent: (DDE)**

Lens Dose Equivalent: (LDE)

Shallow Dose Equivalent: (SDE)

Shallow Dose Equivalent Maximum Extremity: (SDE_ME)

Committed Effective Dose Equivalent: (CEDE)

TRAINING Establish and implement authorization-specific

Establish, review, implement, and document

WHAT MUST BE DONE

TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE-BASED

Determine by performance-based evaluations that • any changes in authorization specific

___

For New Authorizations for Human Use: ___________________________ _