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    Fluids - Lecture 13 Notes: Bernoulli Equation

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    The document discusses the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in a fluid flow. It provides: 1) A derivation of the 1D and 2D Bernoulli equations from the momentum and continuity equations under assumptions of steady, inviscid, irrotational flow. 2) An explanation that the Bernoulli equation only relates pressure and velocity along a streamline, but can relate them everywhere for irrotational flow. 3) An overview of how the Bernoulli equation allows solving potential flows in two steps by first finding velocity from the potential and then pressure from Bernoulli. It also discusses uses for venturi flow.

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    Fluids - Lecture 13 Notes: Bernoulli Equation

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    The document discusses the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in a fluid flow. It provides: 1) A derivation of the 1D and 2D Bernoulli equations from the momentum and continuity equations under assumptions of steady, inviscid, irrotational flow. 2) An explanation that the Bernoulli equation only relates pressure and velocity along a streamline, but can relate them everywhere for irrotational flow. 3) An overview of how the Bernoulli equation allows solving potential flows in two steps by first finding velocity from the potential and then pressure from Bernoulli. It also discusses uses for venturi flow.

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    The document discusses the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in a fluid flow. It provides: 1) A derivation of the 1D and 2D Bernoulli equations from the momentum and continuity equations under assumptions of steady, inviscid, irrotational flow. 2) An explanation that the Bernoulli equation only relates pressure and velocity along a streamline, but can relate them everywhere for irrotational flow. 3) An overview of how the Bernoulli equation allows solving potential flows in two steps by first finding velocity from the potential and then pressure from Bernoulli. It also discusses uses for venturi flow.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views4 pages

    Fluids - Lecture 13 Notes: Bernoulli Equation

    Uploaded by

    Amino file
    The document discusses the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in a fluid flow. It provides: 1) A derivation of the 1D and 2D Bernoulli equations from the momentum and continuity equations under assumptions of steady, inviscid, irrotational flow. 2) An explanation that the Bernoulli equation only relates pressure and velocity along a streamline, but can relate them everywhere for irrotational flow. 3) An overview of how the Bernoulli equation allows solving potential flows in two steps by first finding velocity from the potential and then pressure from Bernoulli. It also discusses uses for venturi flow.

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    of 4

    Fluids Lecture 13 Notes

    1. Bernoulli Equation
    2. Uses of Bernoulli Equation
    Reading: Anderson 3.2, 3.3

    Bernoulli Equation
    Derivation 1-D case
    The 1-D momentum equation, which is Newtons Second Law applied to fluid flow, is written
    as follows.
    u u p
    + u = + gx + (Fx )viscous
    t x x
    We now make the following assumptions about the flow.
    Steady flow: /t = 0
    Negligible gravity: gx 0
    Negligible viscous forces: (Fx )viscous 0
    Low-speed flow: is constant
    These reduce the momentum equation to the following simpler form, which can be immedi-
    ately integrated.
    du dp
    u + = 0
    dx dx
    1 d(u2 ) dp
    + = 0
    2 dx dx
    1 2
    u + p = constant po
    2
    The final result is the one-dimensional Bernoulli Equation, which uniquely relates velocity
    and pressure if the simplifying assumptions listed above are valid. The constant of integration
    po is called the stagnation pressure, or equivalently the total pressure, and is typically set by
    known upstream conditions.

    Derivation 2-D case


    The 2-D momentum equations are
    u u u p
    + u + v = + gx + (Fx )viscous
    t x y x
    v v v p
    + u + v = + gy + (Fy )viscous
    t x y y
    Making the same assumptions as before, these simplify to the following.
    u u p
    u + v + = 0 (1)
    x y x
    v v p
    u + v + = 0 (2)
    x y y

    1
    Before these can be integrated, we must first restrict ourselves only to flowfield variations
    along a streamline. Consider an incremental distance ds along the streamline, with projec-
    tions dx and dy in the two axis directions. The speed V likewise has projections u and
    v.
    y p + dp
    u + du
    v + dv V strea
    mline
    p
    u
    v v
    dy

    dx u

    x
    Along the streamline, we have
    dy v
    =
    dx u
    or
    u dy = v dx (3)
    We multiply the x-momentum equation (1) by dx, use relation (3) to replace v dx by u dy,
    and combine the u-derivative terms into a du differential.
    u u p
    u dx + v dx + dx = 0
    x y x
    !
    u u p
    u dx + dy + dx = 0
    x y x
    p
    u du + dx = 0
    x
    1  2 p
    d u + dx = 0 (4)
    2 x
    We multiply the y-momentum equation (2) by dy, and performing a similar manipulation,
    we get
    v v p
    u dy + v dy + dy = 0
    x y y
    !
    v v p
    v dx + dy + dy = 0
    x y y
    p
    v dv + dy = 0
    y
    1   p
    d v2 + dy = 0 (5)
    2 y
    Finally, we add equations (4) and (5), giving
    1  2  p p
    d u + v2 + dx + dy = 0
    2 x y
    1  2 
    d u + v 2 + dp = 0
    2
    2
    which integrates into the general Bernoulli equation
    1
    V 2 + p = constant po (along a streamline) (6)
    2
    where V 2 = u2 + v 2 is the square of the speed. For the 3-D case the final result is exactly
    the same as equation (6), but now the w velocity component is nonzero, and hence V 2 =
    u2 + v 2 + w 2 .

    Irrotational Flow
    Because of the assumptions used in the derivations above, in particular the streamline rela-
    tion (3), the Bernoulli Equation (6) relates p and V only along any given streamline. Different
    streamlines will in general have different po constants, so p and V cannot be directly related
    between streamlines. For example, the simple shear flow on the left of the figure has parallel
    flow with a linear u(y), and a uniform pressure p. Its po distribution is therefore parabolic
    as shown. Hence, there is no unique correspondence between velocity and pressure in such
    a flow.
    y y
    V V
    p po p po

    Parallel Rotational flow Nonparallel Irrotational flow

    ~ = and V 2 = ||2 , then po takes on the same


    However, if the flow is irrotational, i.e. if V
    value for all streamlines, and the Bernoulli Equation (6) becomes usable to relate p and V in
    the entire irrotational flowfield. Fortunately, a flowfield is irrotational if the upstream flow
    is irrotational (e.g. uniform), which is a very common occurance in aerodynamics. From the
    uniform far upstream flow we can evaluate
    1
    po = p + V2 po
    2
    and the Bernoulli equation (6) then takes the more general form.
    1
    V 2 + p = po (everywhere in an irrotational flow) (7)
    2

    Uses of Bernoulli Equation


    Solving potential flows
    Having the Bernoulli Equantion (7) in hand allows us to devise a relatively simple two-step
    solution strategy for potential flows.
    ~ = using the
    1. Determine the potential field (x, y, z) and resulting velocity field V

    3
    governing equations.
    2. Once the velocity field is known, insert it into the Bernoulli Equation to compute the
    pressure field p(x, y, z).
    This two-step process is simple enough to permit very economical aerodynamic solution
    methods which give a great deal of physical insight into aerodynamic behavior. The alter-
    native approaches which do not rely on Bernoulli Equation must solve for V ~ (x, y, z) and
    p(x, y, z) simultaneously, which is a tremendously more difficult problem which can be ap-
    proached only through brute force numerical computation.

    Venturi flow
    Another common application of the Bernoulli Equation is in a venturi , which is a flow tube
    with a minimum cross-sectional area somewhere in the middle.

    A1 A2

    V1 V2
    p
    po
    p1
    p2
    x
    Assuming incompressible flow, with constant, the mass conservation equation gives

    A1 V1 = A2 V2 (8)

    This relates V1 and V2 in terms of the geometric cross-sectional areas.


    A1
    V2 = V1
    A2
    Knowing the velocity relationship, the Bernoulli Equation then gives the pressure relation-
    ship.
    1 1
    p1 + V12 = po = p2 + V22 (9)
    2 2
    Equations (8) and (9) together can be used to determine the inlet velocity V1 , knowing only
    the pressure difference p1 p2 and the geometric areas. By direct substution we have
    v
    2(p1 p2 )
    u
    u
    V1 = t
    [(A1 /A2 )2 1]

    A venturi can therefore by used as an airspeed indicator , if some means of measuring the
    pressure difference p1 p2 is provided.

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