Aerodynamics Notes Week 2
Aerodynamics Notes Week 2
Aerodynamics Notes Week 2
ˆ x=1 ˆ y=‘−x
Γ=− (−2y + 1) dy dx
x=0 y=0
ˆ x=1 y=1−x
=− (−y 2 + y) dx
x=0 y=0
ˆ x=1
=− [−(1 − x)2 + (1 − x)] dx
x=0
ˆ 1
1
Γ=− −x2 + x dx = −
0 6
Note that this result is identical to the one from the line integral
approach, as required.
˜
In the special case where ωz = const, then ω ⃗ ·⃗ndA would become
simply the product of that constant and the area A.
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EQUATIONS FOR IRROTATIONAL FLOW
LINEAR SUPERPOSITION
Question: in looking for simplicity: are there some flows where, with
an appropriate choice of coordinate axes, only one velocity compo-
nent is present?
Λ
ρΛl = ρ(2πrl)ur ⇒ ur = , uθ = 0
2πr
uθ = f (r) only
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Previously showed that for uθ =
Crn to be irrotational, n must be
equal to -1, with a point of singular-
ity at r = 0.
Having worked out expressions for V⃗ , ψ and ϕ for (a) uniform flow,
(b) source and sink, and (c) irrotational vortex, we can now do:
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• Once we draw the streamline pattern, we know where the flow is
faster or slower. Looking for locations where the velocity vectors
being added up might mutually cancel also gives us an idea about
where any stagnation points may be located.
• Bernoulli equation (P + 12 ρV 2 = const) then gives information
on the pressure distribution, too.
Put the coordinate origin at the center of the source. Note carefuly
how the magnitude and orientation of V⃗S (from the source) depend
on position in the plane (e.g. weak if far from the source).
Streamlines coming from the left (uniform flow) are diverted around
the source, as if the latter were an invisible obstacle. The flow returns
to a uniform flow far downstream. A stagnation point is expected, on
the upstream side of the source. We can draw in some streamlines:
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Now do the math: both Cartesian and polar coordinates.
Λθ Λ y
ψ = V∞r sin θ + = V∞ y + arctan
2π 2π x
Velocity components:
∂ψ Λ x ∂ψ Λ y
u= = V∞ + ; v = − = ;
∂y 2π x2 + y 2 ∂x 2π x2 + y 2
To find stagnation point(s): v = 0 when y = 0: look along the x
Λ y Λ
axis. There, u = 0 when V∞ = 2π x +y 2
2 = − 2πx . This means the
Λ
stagnation point is at (x, y) = (− 2πV ∞
, 0): On the −ve x axis, as to
be expected; and depending on the strength of Λ vs. V∞).
In this flow, ψ takes the same value (Λ/2) for all r as long as θ = π.
A streamline from the left continues on the x axis — but once it
reaches the stagnation point, it gets diverted (in both upper and
lower half-planes).
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2. SOURCE AND SINK → DOUBLET
3. UF + DOUBLET
K sin θ
ψ = ψU F + ψD = V∞r sin θ −
2π r
K
= V∞r sin θ[1 − R2/r2] (let = R2 )
2πV∞
Observe ψ = const(0) if r = R: a circle, or cylinder if extended in
orthogonal plane. Total of two stagnation points, front and rear.
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10
Pressure distribution in inviscis flows: Bernoulli eq.