SQL, 'Structured Query AS is a keyword in SQL that allows

Language', is a programming you to rename a column or table

language designed to manage data using an alias.
stored in relational databases. SQL
operates through simple,
declarative statements. This keeps
AVG
SELECT AVG(column_name)
data accurate and secure, and helps FROM table_name;
maintain the integrity of databases,
regardless of size. AVG() is an aggregate function that
returns the average value for a
Here's an appendix of commonly numeric column.
used commands.
BETWEEN
COMMANDS SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ALTER TABLE WHERE column_name BETWEEN value_1 AND
value_2;

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column

datatype; The BETWEEN operator is used to
filter the result set within a certain
ALTER TABLE lets you add columns range. The values can be numbers,
to a table in a database. text or dates.

AND COUNT
SELECT column_name(s) SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name FROM table_name;
WHERE column_1 = value_1
AND column_2 = value_2;
COUNT() is a function that takes the
AND is an operator that combines name of a column as an argument
two conditions. Both conditions and counts the number of rows
must be true for the row to be where the column is not NULL.
included in the result set.
CREATE TABLE
AS CREATE TABLE table_name (column_1
datatype, column_2 datatype, column_3
SELECT column_name AS 'Alias' datatype);
FROM table_name;
 INSERT INTO table_name (column_1,
CREATE TABLE creates a new table column_2, column_3) VALUES (value_1,
in the database. It allows you to 'value_2', value_3);
specify the name of the table and
the name of each column in the INSERT statements are used to add
table. a new row to a table.

DELETE LIKE
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE SELECT column_name(s)
some_column = some_value; FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;

DELETE statements are used to

LIKE is a special operator used with
remove rows from a table.
the WHERE clause to search for a
specific pattern in a column.
GROUP BY
SELECT COUNT(*) LIMIT
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name; SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
LIMIT number;
GROUP BY is a clause in SQL that is
only used with aggregate functions.
LIMIT is a clause that lets you
It is used in collaboration with
specify the maximum number of
the SELECT statement to arrange
rows the result set will have.
identical data into groups.
MAX
INNER JOIN
SELECT MAX(column_name)
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_1 FROM table_name;
JOIN table_2
ON table_1.column_name =
table_2.column_name; MAX() is a function that takes the
name of a column as an argument
An inner join will combine rows and returns the largest value in that
from different tables if the join column.
condition is true.
MIN
INSERT
SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name;
 not met, then NULL values are used
MIN() is a function that takes the to fill in the columns from
name of a column as an argument the right table.
and returns the smallest value in
that column. ROUND
OR SELECT ROUND(column_name, integer)
FROM table_name;

SELECT column_name
FROM table_name ROUND() is a function that takes a
WHERE column_name = value_1
OR column_name = value_2;
column name and an integer as an
argument. It rounds the values in
OR is an operator that filters the the column to the number of
result set to only include rows decimal places specified by the
where either condition is true. integer.

ORDER BY SELECT
SELECT column_name SELECT column_name FROM table_name;
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name ASC|DESC;
SELECT statements are used to fetch
data from a database. Every query
ORDER BY is a clause that indicates
will begin with SELECT.
you want to sort the result set by a
particular column either
alphabetically or numerically.
SELECT DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM
OUTER JOIN table_name;

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_1 SELECT DISTINCT specifies that the

LEFT JOIN table_2
ON table_1.column_name =
statement is going to be a query
table_2.column_name; that returns unique values in the
specified column(s).
An outer join will combine rows
from different tables even if the the SUM
join condition is not met. Every row
in the left table is returned in the SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name;
result set, and if the join condition is
SUM() is a function that takes the
name of a column as an argument
and returns the sum of all the
values in that column.

UPDATE
UPDATE table_name
SET some_column = some_value
WHERE some_column = some_value;

UPDATE statments allow you to edit

rows in a table.

WHERE
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;

WHERE is a clause that indicates you

want to filter the result set to
include only rows where the
following condition is true.