Ingeniería de Explosivos - Clase 1
Ingeniería de Explosivos - Clase 1
Ingeniería de Explosivos - Clase 1
)
been determined to be 10,000 fps but only 5,000 fps was actually
attained, the resulting pressures produced would be not one-half but only one-
quarter of the maximum ideal value potentially available.
There are many reasons why the ideal theoretical values for ve
and the pressures developed for a specific chemical and density combination
may not be obtained under actual field blasting conditions. In the first place,
theoretical determinations are based on the assumption that adequate initiating
energy has been supplied. Thus, a low strength primer manifests itself by
causing a longer induction time lag and frequently by the
development of lower-than-ideal reaction velocity. In addition, the
explosive must be given infinite confinement, with no possibility for the
release of explosion products and heat loss. Another assumption made is that
the explosive's mass is unlimited, and there is no lateral restraint to the
passage of the detonation wave. It should be recognized, however, that those
conditions as required would be difficult to attain under
many circumstances encountered in field blasting.
T h e d e s i g n o f a n e x p l o s i v e t h a t w i l l h a v e c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c q u a l ities
necessarily requires a more thorough understanding of expl osive
compounds and t heir r es pect i ve r eacti ons t han coul d be dis cuss ed here.
However, t he basic pri ncipl es and pr ocedur es ar e not diff i cult t o
understand. Users of explosives should be familiar with those
principles because the composition of a m ixture, along with the
environm e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h i t i s e m p l o y e d , i s di r e ct l y c o n t r o l l e d
by it en ergy pot e ntial, sensitivity, ability to be affected by moisture and
t e m p er at ur e, a n d ot h er s i g ni f i ca n t pr o p er t i es .
desirable, e.g., CO and NO. For example, the typical AN-FO balanced
mixture would be represented by the following chemical equation in
which 3 moles of ammonium nitrate (AN) are used for each mole of diesel
f u el oi l (FO), or
Mixture Proportioning
T o ill ustr at e the general pr i nci ples outli ned pr evi ousl y, a s ample
explosive with specific ingredients can be designed if the relative
proportions of each are known. For exampl e, let it be assumed that it
is desired to compound a mixture containing equal parts (moles) of
nitrostarch, aluminum powder, and paraffin (CH2) with sufficient ammonium
nitrate to give a balanced mixtur e. From Table 1 we see that the
nitrostarch ( ) has a shortage of oxygen equal to 18 atoms per
4 moles, or 41/2C6N3H7011 Aluminum, if A1003 were to be
atoms per single mole.
formed, requires 11/2 atoms per mole. The paraffin (CH2T requires 3 atoms
of oxygen for each mole if CO2 and H20 are to be produced. On the other
3.
hand, ammonium nitrate (N2H403) has one excess oxygen atom for each
mole. Thus, if one mole each of nitrostarch, Al, and CH2 were used, one
can deduce the following oxygen balance equation:
+ Al + CH + XN
C6N3H7011 2 2H403
- 41 - 11 -- 3 + X= 0
where X = 9
Thus, for one mole each of the reducers 9 moles of AN must be used
to provide an oxygen balance, or
+ Al + CH + 9N2H403
C6N3H7011 2
The respective weights of each ingredient in a ton batch then would be:
4.
lb.
Ni t r os t ar ch: 297
x 2000 = 562 28.1
1058
P a r af f i n : 14 x 2000 = 25 1.3
1058
+ Al + CH + 9N
C6N3H7011 2 2H403
To convert Q t o ot h e r u n i t s , t h e r es p e c t i v e f a c t or s listed in
Table 2 can Be employed. For example,
3 3 0
02 2
4 AN 340 460 8 0 + 3 + 2NO 4
N2H403 H2 N2 2
NOTE: * - These c ompoun d s are used in the water -we t co ndi ti on. PETN can be initiated
4 e. Fa40
-4- C
1)0,tvaLy-. tn,
8.
TABLE 2
HEATS OF FORMATION FOR SELECTED
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
(Rf: Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 48th Ed., 1967-68)
Qp or Qr
Compound Formula Form Mol. Wgt. Kcal/mole
A10 g 43.0 + 10.7
A 0 g 70.0 - 31.7
l2
Corundum A s 102.0 -399.1
l203
CaC1 s 111.1 -190.0
2
Calcite CaCO 3 s 100.00 -288.5
Lime Ca0 s 56.1 -151.9
Ca0 s 72.1 -158.3
2
Paraffin C s 14.0 - 7.0
H2
Formaldehyde C 0 g 30.0 - 27.7
H2
Formic acid C g 46.0 - 86.7
H202
Methyl alcohol C OH 1 32.0 - 57.0
H3
Nitromethane C N 1 61.0 - 21.3
H302
Methane C g 16.0 - 17.9
H4
Urea C O s 60.0 - 79.9
H4 N2
Acetylene C2H2 g 26.0 + 54.2
Oxalic acid C2H204 s 90.0 -197.6
Ethylene C2H4 g 28.0 + 12.5
Acetic acid C 0 1 60.0 -116.4
H4
Ethylene glycol C2H406N2 1 152.0 - 56.0
dinitrate
Ethyl alcohol OH 1 46.0 - 66.4
C2H5
Ethane C2H6 g 30.0 - 20.2
RDX C3H606N6 s 222.1 + 18.3
Propane C3H8 g 44.1 - 24.8
Glycerine C3H803 1 92.1 +159.7
TABLE 2 (cont.) 9.
Qp or Qr
Compound Formula Form Mol. Wet. Kcal/ mole
C4H10
PETN s 316.1 -123.0
C5H8012N4
Pe n ta ne g 72.1 - 35.0
C5H12
2H22011
CIO g 51.5 + 33.0
CO g 28.0 - 26.4
C g 44.0 - 94.1
O2
LO.
TABLE 2 (cont.)
Qp or Qr
Compound Formula Form Mol.Wgt. Kcal/ mole
H g 58.0 + 70.3
N3
3
ercury fulminate HgC202N2 s 284.7 + 64.0
3
otassium perchlorate KC10 s 138.6 -103.6
4
3
austic potash KOH s 56.1 -111.8
0 s 94.2 - 86.4
K2
N 0 s 62.0 - 99.4
a2
+
N ion 14.0 + 85.1
11.
TABLE 2 (cont.)
Qp or Or
Compound Formula Form Mol.Wgt. Kcal/mole
NO g 30.0 + 21.6
N g 46.0 + 8.1
O2
0 g 44.0 + 19.5
N2
6
S g 64.1 - 71.0
O2
S g 80.1 - 95.1
O3
ATOMIC WEIGHTS
CONVERSION FACTORS
A. COMPOUNDS
Qe, Qe,
Formula Products cal/g m ft-lb/lb
3
(PETN) C5N4H8012 0, C ,C0 -1,402 -1,967,570
H2 N2' O2
(RDX) C -1,220 -1,711,240
0, CO
3N6H606 H2 N2'
(NC&NS) C -1,402 -1,966,870
6N3H7011 0, C CO
H2 N2' O2'
(Tetryl) C7N5H508 H20,N2,CO,C -1,009 -1,415,210
B.MIXTURES
B. MIXTURES
e
Formula Products cal./gm ft-lb/lb
H 0 N CO C -1,157 -1,623,270
2 ' 2"
(COMP.C-4) 100RDX + 28 Wax + 9 Polyisobutylene + 3 Sebacate
H 0 N C0 C -1,293 -1,814,080
2 ' 2"
C + 4NG (1/99) 0 C -1,598 -2,242,130
H2 N2' O2
4 2
CEZTAIN SEMXTED CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
0 N \1 0
14 Kt H 1,40
cyo'l 2
C1-12 0 NO,
CI 0 is404. NO2
or G`H 0
c Ha.
140
ct.t,og.
16.
STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS FOR CERTAIN SELECTED CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
0420
c,4,0
Picric Acid - C 3.
6H 071
NO2
C C
a NO2.
c"
1\10a. 1-1
Benzene - 0 0 6
C C -1-4
\H
t.; . ow ,c,
I
H o` CH
C11-4 204
17.
STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS FOR CERTAIN SELECTED CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
C HO C HO H
NO z
C..
H
C
2.0
----
NO, Lo
Dextrose - C6H 06
12
H H DH 14
I I I I
C -7C CHO
I I I I
014
014 014 1-1
Glucose - H 0
6 1 2- 6
0
I 1-1 ON H I
C 1-17_014 C C C C. 014
I I I
H OH H OIH H
Mannitol (Manuite) - aH a
6 14 6
H H OH OH
i 1 i-t
C H 2.0 1-4 c_ G C WL0
I I L
01-1 H Fl
STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS FOR CERTAIN SELECTED CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Maltose - C. H
12 22 '11
0 0
Sucrose - 12H2211
I 1
C1-12.014 cc 4,0 14
ci 14
0
C t42..01-1 94 Y I
61114 OH
Water - H20,
H.
PROPERTIES F FERTIO 1ZER AND KAMM PULS.
rip
SODIRIM. I i1=111.1