Scattering in The Attractive Yukawa Potential: Application To The Ion-Drag Force in Complex Plasmas
Scattering in The Attractive Yukawa Potential: Application To The Ion-Drag Force in Complex Plasmas
Scattering in The Attractive Yukawa Potential: Application To The Ion-Drag Force in Complex Plasmas
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(6)
for far collisions the scattering angle decreases very fast, due to
exponential screening of the interaction potential. It is conve-
nient to consider the contribution of close and far collisions to
the momentum-transfer cross section separately.
Close collisions . As can be seen from Fig. 3, the
behavior of as a function of the normalized impact parameter
is practically independent of for . This self-sim-
ilarity allows us to present this contribution to the cross section
in the form , where
and . The coefficient can be determined by direct
numerical integration. We found that for all
in the range .
Far collisions . Contribution of far collisions
to the cross section can be estimated in the following way.
The scattering angle decays rapidly in the vicinity of , as
, so that the range for the
large angle scattering is . Therefore, the contribution
of the large angle scattering, , vanishes rapidly as
grows (see also Fig. 3). Then, the small angle approximation
Fig. 2. Particle trajectories during collisions for different impact parameters,
. A unique parameter characterizing the scattering, , is equal to 30. Impact is applicable, yielding .
parameters are chosen to be below, about, and above the transitional impact This functional dependence is in agreement with numerically
parameter ' 4.24. found . Note that the ratio
decreases with . It is 0.3 for and tends
to zero as .
Combining the contribution from close and far collisions and
using (7), we can write the momentum-transfer cross section in
the form (with accuracy )
(8)
C. Analytical Approximation
Expressions (6) and (8) represent physically justified analyt-
ical approximations but have limited range of validity:
and , respectively. For practical purposes, however, it
would be useful to have an analytical expression that is appli-
cable in a whole range of considered . We propose the fol-
lowing simple analytical form:
Fig. 3. Scattering angle versus the normalized impact parameter = (
is the transitional impact parameter). The numerical calculations are for four
different scattering parameters . (9)
the transcendent equation . Although this formula does not describe all the details of the
It grows with monotonically, starting from exact dependence (e.g., local maximum and minimum
. Conditions 1) and 2) determine the transi- at ), it shows reasonable agreement with the numerical
tional impact parameter, , as a function of (and, thus, of results for 0.1 10 (see Fig. 1). Because of its simplicity,
), which also in- (9) can be also quite useful for numerical estimates of the ion
creases, starting from 3.33. For large , we obtain drag force which require integration of the cross section over
the asymptotic solutions: and the ion velocity distribution function.
(10)
(11)
V. ION-DRAG FORCE
(12)
Finally, we apply the obtained results to estimate the ion
At very large , however, , exceeds the transitional impact drag force acting on an isolated micrometer-size grain in a
parameter, . That means that the OML approach is bulk low-pressure plasma. This force is associated with the
no longer applicable, because for particles having (4) has momentum transfer due to the relative ion drift and determines
multiple roots. These particles experience far collisions, with various important processes in complex plasmas (e.g., particle
considerably larger than and, therefore, are not absorbed (for transport [7], [10][13], particle-particle interaction (ion
). Thus, the absorption radius for very large equals the shadowing) [14][16], wave propagation and stability [17],
transitional impact parameter: . [18], crystal rotation in a magnetic field [19], void formation
The total momentum-transfer cross section for the case of under microgravity conditions [5], [20][25], etc.). We restrict
finite-size particles consists of collection and scattering parts: ourselves to the situation of subthermal relative drift, ,
. Collection formally corresponds to the scattering which corresponds to a slow grain motion and/or the ion drift in
angle , yielding . The scattering part is a weak electric field. Even a weak plasma anisotropy induced
KHRAPAK et al.: SCATTERING IN THE ATTRACTIVE YUKAWA POTENTIAL 559
by the drift can cause the deviation of the grain potential from the ion-drag force on the particle size and plasma number den-
the Yukawa form: The potential does not fall off exponentially sity was calculated.
at very large distances, , but exhibits asymptotic Finally, let us define the range of parameters where our es-
behavior [26], [27]. In addition, the plasma absorption on a timations of the ion-drag force are applicable. We take typical
grain causes asymptote at large [14], [16]. How- bulk plasma parameters: Ar gas, eV, , and
ever, in [7], it was shown that (for particular set of plasma cm . This gives 6 (where is in m) as
parameters) this deviation does not affect substantially the long as . This implies that for submicrometer grains, (15)
momentum-transfer cross section (see also Fig. 1). Therefore, can be used to estimate the ion-drag force. For grains of a few
for our problem the attractive Yukawa interaction potential micrometers, (16) is applicable. Our model also assumes iso-
between positive ions and a negatively charged grain seems to lated dust grain and collisionless ions. This means that the
be a good approximation, at least when . The interaction average interparticle distance and the ion mean-free path both
is characterized by (where exceed the characteristic interaction length 40 m .
and are the grain surface potential and charge number, For the chosen parameters, this gives the pressure and particle
respectively). The plasma screening is mostly associated with number density ranges up to 50 Pa and 1.5
ions, , provided the electron-to-ion 10 cm , respectively.
temperature ratio is large.
The calculation of the ion drag force involves the integra-
VI. CONCLUSION
tion of the momentum-transfer cross section over the ion ve-
locity distribution function [5] We studied scattering in the attractive screened Coulomb
(Yukawa) potential and calculated numerically the mo-
(13) mentum-transfer cross section for pointlike particles. The
analytical approximations were also derived. We compared
Assuming shifted Maxwellian distribution our results with earlier numerical and analytical calculations
for ions, , where by different authors. The role of the finite particle size was
and performing studied and it was shown that it does not affect significantly the
integration over angles in (13) we obtain momentum transfer. We applied the obtained results to estimate
the ion drag force in complex plasmas and discussed the limits
(14) of the applicability of the presented model.
[15] A. M. Ignatov, Lesage gravity in dusty plasmas, Plasma Phys. Rep., A.V. Ivlev was born in Moscow, U.S.S.R. (now
vol. 22, pp. 585589, 1996. Russia), in 1971. He received the M.S. degrees in
[16] S. A. Khrapak, A. V. Ivlev, and G. Morfill, Interaction potential of mi- physics and applied mathematics and the Ph.D.
croparticles in a plasma: Role of collisions with plasma particles, Phys. degree in physics from Moscow State Technical
Rev. E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Top., vol. 64, pp. University, Moscow, in 1993 and 1997, respectively.
046 403-1046 403-7, 2001. In 1998, he became a Research Scientist with the
[17] N. DAngelo, Dusty plasma ionization instability with ion drag, Phys. Complex Plasma Group, Max-Planck-Institut fr Ex-
Plasmas, vol. 5, pp. 31553160, 1998. traterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany. His cur-
[18] S. A. Khrapak and V. V. Yaroshenko, Low-frequency waves in colli- rent scientific research is mainly focused on dusty
sional complex plasmas with an ion drift, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 10, pp. and space plasmas.
46164621, 2003.
[19] U. Konopka et al., Rigid and differential plasma crystal rotation in-
duced by magnetic fields, Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids
Relat. Interdiscip. Top., vol. 61, pp. 18901898, 2000. Gregor Morfill was born in Oberhausen, Germany,
[20] G. E. Morfill et al., Condensed plasma under microgravity, Phys. Rev. in 1945. He received the B.S. degree (first class
Lett., vol. 83, pp. 15981601, 1999. honors) in physics in 1967 and the Ph.D. degree in
[21] D. Samsonov and J. Goree, Instabilities in a dusty plasma with ion drag space plasma physics in 1970, both from Imperial
and ionization, Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Inter- College, London University, London, U.K.
discip. Top., vol. 59, pp. 10471058, 1999. He stayed in research (Max Planck Institut fur
[22] J. Goree, G. E. Morfill, V. N. Tsytovich, and S. V. Vladimirov, Theory Physik and Astrophysik, Max Planck Institut fur
of dust voids in plasmas, Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Kernphysik) and was appointed Director at the Max
Interdiscip. Top., vol. 59, pp. 70557067, 1999. Planck Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik in 1984,
[23] V. N. Tsytovich, S. V. Vladimirov, G. E. Morfill, and J. Goree, a position he still occupies now. He has written
Theory of collision-dominated dust voids in plasmas, Phys. Rev. over 300 publications, has given over 300 talks at
E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Top., vol. 63, pp. scientific meetings and universities, and holds six patents. His research interests
056 609-1056 609-11, 2001. include: investigation of distant magnetospheres using energetic solar particles,
[24] M. R. Akdim and W. J. Goedheer, Modeling of voids in colloidal first calculations of diffusive shock acceleration in interplanetary space, cosmic
plasmas, Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. ray transport theory, origin of Jupiters particle rings and Spokes in Saturn
Top., vol. 65, pp. 015 401(R)-1015 401(R)-4, 2001. rings, transport of dust in turbulent pro-planetary disks with application to
[25] S. A. Khrapak et al., Comment on Measurement of the ion drag force meteorite measurements, acceleration of cosmic rays in shear flows, devel-
on falling dust particles and its relation to the void formation in complex opment of information-dynamical theories for analysis of complex systems,
(dusty) plasmas, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 10, pp. 45794581, 2003. discovery of plasma crystals and liquid plasmas, first kinetic measurements
[26] D. Montgomery, G. Joyce, and R. Sugihara, Inverse third power law for of phase transitions (plasma crystals), first observations of complex plasmas
the shielding of test particles, Plasma Physics, vol. 10, pp. 681686, under microgravity conditions, complex plasma studies of surface interactions,
1968. domain formation, and wave propagation under microgravity conditions.
[27] G. Cooper, Shielding of slow test particles in a plasma, Phys. Fluids, Dr. Morfill has received several prizes including the Patten Prize, Indiana Uni-
vol. 12, pp. 27072710, 1969. versity, Bavarian Innovation Prize, and the Wissenshaftpreis of German Stifter-
verband. He is an Honorary Professor at Leeds University, Leeds, U.K., and the
University of Arizona, Tempe. He is a foreign member of the Russian Academy
of Sciences and received the Gagarin Medal in 1999. He received an honorary
doctorate from the Technische Universitat, Berlin, Germany, in 2003.
S. A. Khrapak, photograph and biography not available at the time of publica- H. M. Thomas, photograph and biography not available at the time of publica-
tion. tion.