Chem Project Class 12 With Investigatory Project On ' Antacids'
Chem Project Class 12 With Investigatory Project On ' Antacids'
Chem Project Class 12 With Investigatory Project On ' Antacids'
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TEACHER'S NAME
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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CONTENTS
1. Antacids
2.Action Mechanism
3.Indications
4.Side Effects
5.Hyper Acidity
6.Famous Antacids
7.Important Commonly Used Antacids
(i) Aluminium Hydroxide
(ii) Magnesium Hydroxide
(iii) Calcium Carbonate
(iv) Sodium Bicarbonate
(v) Magnesium Carbonate
8.Investigatory experiment
ANTACIDS
ACTION MECHANISM
INDICATIONS
1. ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, Alum, is the most stable form of
aluminum in normal conditions. It is found in nature as the mineral
gibbsite and its three, much rarer, polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite
and nordstrandite. Closely related are aluminum oxide hydroxide,
AlO(OH), and aluminum oxide, Al2O3, differing only by loss of
water. These compounds together are the major components of
the aluminum ore bauxite. Freshly precipitated aluminum
hydroxide forms gels, which is the basis for application of
aluminum salts as flocculants in water purification. This gel
crystallizes with time. Aluminum hydroxide gels can be
dehydrated to form an amorphous aluminum hydroxide powder,
which is readily soluble in acids. Heat-dried aluminum hydroxide
powder is known as activated alumina and is used in gas
purification, as a catalyst support and an abrasive.
PRODUCTION
Bauxites are heated in pressure vessels with sodium hydroxide
solution at 150200 C through which aluminum is dissolved as
aluminate (Bayer process). After separation of ferruginous
residue (red mud) by filtering, pure gibbsite is precipitated when
the liquid is cooled and seeded with fine grained aluminum
hydroxide. The aluminum hydroxide is further calcinated to give
alumina, which may be smelted in the Hall-Heroult process in
order to produce aluminum.
CHEMISTRY
Gibbsite has a typical metal hydroxide structure with hydrogen
bonds. It is built up of double layers of hydroxyl groups with
aluminum ions occupying two-thirds of the octahedral holes
between the two layers.
USES
The applications of aluminum seem to be endless. It is used as
water purifier, a mordant in dyes, and an enhancer in
photographic development process, as an ingredient in cosmetics
and in a number of medicines. It also has uses in the construction
industry and in ceramics. Aluminum hydroxide also finds use as
fire retardant filler for polymer. It is one of the versatile of the
aluminum compounds.
2. MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical
formula Mg(OH)2. As a suspension in water, it is often called milk
of magnesia because of its milk-like appearance. The solid mineral
form of magnesium hydroxide is known as brucite. Magnesium
hydroxide is common component of antacids and laxatives; it
interferes with the absorption of folic acid and iron. Magnesium
hydroxide has low solubility in water, with a Ksp of 1.51011; all of
magnesium hydroxide that does dissolve does dissociate. Since
the dissociation of this small amount of dissolved magnesium
hydroxide is complete, magnesium hydroxide is considered a
strong base.
HISTORY
In 1829, Sir James Murray used a fluid magnesia preparation of
his own design to treat the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the
Marquis of Anglesey. This was so successful that he was
appointed resident physician to Anglesey and two subsequent
Lords Lieutenants, and knighted
PRODUCTION
Magnesium hydroxide can be precipitated by the metathesis
reaction between magnesium salts and sodium, potassium, or
ammonium hydroxide:
Mg2+ (aq.) + 2 OH (aq.) Mg(OH)2 (s)
USES
Suspensions of magnesium hydroxide in water (milk of
magnesia) are used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid, and a
laxative.
Milk of magnesia is sold for medical use as chewable tablets,
capsules, and as liquids having various added flavors. It is used as
an antacid, though more modern formulations combine the
antimotility effects of equal concentrations of aluminum
hydroxide to avoid unwanted laxative effects.
3. CALCIUM CARBONATE
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical
formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rock in all
parts of the world, and is the main component of shells of marine
organisms, snails, pearls, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the
active ingredient in agricultural lime, and is usually the principal
cause of hard water. It is commonly used medicinally as a calcium
supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be
hazardous.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Calcium carbonate shares the typical properties of other
carbonates. Notably: it reacts with strong acids, releasing carbon
dioxide:
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
it releases carbon dioxide on heating (to above 840 C in the case
of CaCO3), to form calcium oxide, commonly called quicklime, with
reaction enthalpy 178 kJ / mole:
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Calcium carbonate will react with water that is saturated with
carbon dioxide to form the soluble calcium bicarbonate.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
This reaction is important in the erosion of carbonate rocks,
forming caverns, and leads to hard water in many regions.
PREPARATION
The vast majority of calcium carbonate used in industry is
extracted by mining or quarrying.
Alternatively, calcium oxide is prepared by calcining crude calcium
carbonate:
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Water is added to give calcium hydroxide:
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Carbon Dioxide is passed through this solution to precipitate
calcium carbonate (P.C.C):
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
USES
Calcium carbonate is known as whitening in ceramics applications,
were it is used as a common ingredient for many glazes.
4. SODIUM BICARBONATE
Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical
compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a
white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder.
Since it has long been known and is widely used, the salt has many
related names such as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda,
bicarbonate of soda.
HISTORY
The ancient Egyptians used natural deposits of natron, a mixture
consisting mostly of sodium carbonate decahydrate and sodium
bicarbonate. The natron was used as a cleansing agent like soap.
In 1791, a French chemist, Nicolas Leblanc, produced sodium
bicarbonate as we know it today. In 1846 two New York bakers,
John Dwight and Austin Church, established the first factory to
develop baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide.
PRODUCTION
NaHCO3 is mainly prepared by the Solvay process, which is the
reaction of calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, ammonia, and
carbon dioxide in water.
USES
Sodium bicarbonate is primarily used in cooking (baking) where it
reacts with other components to release carbon dioxide, that
helps dough rise. The acidic compounds that induce this reaction
include phosphates, cream of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt,
buttermilk, cocoa, vinegar, etc.
5.MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
Magnesium carbonate , MgCO3 , is an inorganic salt that is a white
solid.
Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also
exists as minerals.
PREPARATION
Magnesium carbonate is ordinarily obtained by mining the mineral
magnesite.
CHEM PROJECT CLASS 12 with IN search
USES
The primary use of magnesium carbonate is production of
magnesium oxide by calcining. Magnesium carbonate is also used in
flooring , fire proofing , fire extinguishing , compositions ,
cosmetics , dusting powder and toothpaste.
Other applications are as filler material , smoke suppressant in
plastics , a drying agent and color retention in foods.
In addition, high purity magnesium carbonate is used as antacid
and an additive in table salt to keep it free flowing.
1. Carbonate :
Regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may result in
altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones. A chemical
reaction between the carbonate and hydrochloric acid may
produce carbon dioxide gas. This causes gastric distension which
may not be well tolerated. Carbon dioxide formation can also lead
to headaches and decreased muscle flexibility.
2. Aluminum hydroxide:
May lead to the formation of insoluble aluminium-phosphate-
complexes, with a risk for hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia.
Although aluminium has a low gastrointestinal absorption,
accumulation may occur in the presence of renal insufficiency.
Aluminium-containing drugs may cause constipation.
3. Magnesium hydroxide:
Have laxative properties. Magnesium may accumulate in patients
with renal failure leading to hypomagnesaemia, with
cardiovascular and neurological complications.
HYPERACIDITY, CAUSE FOR INTAKE OF ANTACIDS
SYMPTOMS OF HYPERACIDITY
INVESTIGATORY EXPERIMENT
PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare 1 litre of approximately HCl solution by diluting 10 ml
of the concentrated acid for one litre.
2. Similarly, make 1 litre of approximately NaOH solution by
dissolving4.0g of NaOH to prepare one litre of solution.
3. Prepare Na2CO3 solution by weighing exactly 1.325 g of
anhydrous sodium carbonate and then dissolving it in water to
prepare exactly 0.25 litres (250 ml) of solution.
4. Standardize the HCl solution by titrating it against the
standard Na2CO3 solution using methyl orange as indicator.
5. Similarly, standardize NaOH solution by titrating it against
standardized HCl solution using phenolphthalein as indicator.
6. Powder the various samples of antacid tablets and weigh 1.0 g
of each.
7. Add a specific volume of standardized HCl to each of the
weighed sample is taken in conical flasks. The acid should be in
slight excess, so that it can neutralize all the alkaline component
of the tablet.
8. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein and warm the flask till most of
powder dissolves. Filter off the insoluble material.
9. Titrate this solution against the standardized NaOH solution,
till a permanent pinkish tinge is obtained. Repeat this experiment
with different antacids.
CONCLUSION:
The antacid which has maximum volume of HCl
is used for neutralizing i.e. OCID 20 is more effective.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. WEBSITES :
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com
www.ask.com
www.pharmaceutical-drugmanufacturers.com
www.answers.yahoo.com
2.BOOKS :
Comprehensive Practical Manual for class XII
Pradeeps New Course Chemistry
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