Database Testing

About the Tutorial

Database testing includes performing data validity, data integrity testing, performance
check related to database and testing of procedures, triggers and functions in the
database. This is an introductory tutorial that explains all the fundamentals of Database
testing.

Audience
This tutorial has been designed for all those readers who want to learn the basics of
Database testing. It is especially going to be useful for all those software testing
professionals who are required to test the applications in order to find out how they affect
the database performance.

Prerequisites
We assume the readers of this tutorial have hands-on experience of handling a database
using SQL queries. In addition, it is going to help if the readers have an elementary
knowledge of basic database concepts.

Copyright & Disclaimer

Copyright 2016 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.

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Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our
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in this tutorial, please notify us at [email protected]

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 Database Testing

Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i
Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... i
Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................................... i
Copyright & Disclaimer ..................................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii

1. DB Testing Overview .............................................................................................................................. 1

Why You Need to Perform Database Testing? ................................................................................................ 1
Database Testing Vs Front-End Testing ........................................................................................................... 2

2. DB Testing Types .................................................................................................................................... 4

Structural Database Testing ............................................................................................................................ 4
Functional Testing ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Nonfunctional Testing ..................................................................................................................................... 7

3. DB Testing Processes .............................................................................................................................. 9

Database Testing Stages .................................................................................................................................. 9

4. DB Testing Techniques ......................................................................................................................... 10

Database Schema Testing .............................................................................................................................. 10
Stored Procedure Tests ................................................................................................................................. 10
Trigger Tests .................................................................................................................................................. 11
Server Setup Scripts ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Functional Testing Method............................................................................................................................ 12
Stress Testing ................................................................................................................................................. 12
Benchmark Testing ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Testing a Database via Front-end .................................................................................................................. 13

5. DB Testing Scenarios ............................................................................................................................ 14

Structured Database Testing ......................................................................................................................... 14
Functional Database Testing ......................................................................................................................... 14
Non-Functional Database Testing ................................................................................................................. 14

6. DB Testing Objects ............................................................................................................................... 16

Schemas ......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Tables in Database......................................................................................................................................... 16
Stored Procedures ......................................................................................................................................... 16
Triggers .......................................................................................................................................................... 17

7. DB Testing Data Integrity ..................................................................................................................... 18

8. DB Testing Data Mapping ..................................................................................................................... 19

Key Aspects of Data Mapping ........................................................................................................................ 19
Steps in Data Mapping Testing ...................................................................................................................... 19

9. DB Testing Performance (Load, Stress) ................................................................................................. 20

Load Testing................................................................................................................................................... 20
Stress Testing ................................................................................................................................................. 20

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10. DB Testing Tools ................................................................................................................................... 21

11. DB Testing Database Backup ................................................................................................................ 22

Types of Data Backups ................................................................................................................................... 22

12. DB Testing Recovery............................................................................................................................. 24

13. DB Testing Security .............................................................................................................................. 25

Types of Threats on a Database System ........................................................................................................ 25
Database Security Testing Techniques .......................................................................................................... 26
Database Security Testing Tools .................................................................................................................... 27

14. DB Testing Challenges .......................................................................................................................... 29

15. DB Testing Interview Questions ........................................................................................................... 31

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1. DB Testing Overview

Database testing includes performing data validity, data integrity testing, performance
check related to database and testing of procedures, triggers and functions in the
database.

Example
Consider an application that captures the day-to-day transaction details for users and
stores the details in the database. From database testing point of view, the following
checks should be performed:

The transactional information from the application should be stored in the database
and it should provide correct information to the user.

Information should not be lost when it is loaded to database.

Only completed transactions should be stored and all incomplete operations should
be aborted by the application.

Access authorization to database should be maintained. No unapproved or

unauthorized access to user information should be provided.

Why You Need to Perform Database Testing?

There are multiple reasons why database testing is performed. There is a need to perform
data integrity, validation and data consistency check on database as the backend system
is responsible to store the data and is accessed for multiple purpose.

Given below are some common reasons for Database testing:

To ease the complexity of calls to database backend, developers increase the use
of View and Stored Procedures.

These Stored procedures and Views contain critical tasks such as inserting
customer details (name, contact information, etc.) and sales data. These tasks
need to be tested at several levels.

Black-box testing performed on front-end is important, but makes it difficult to

isolate the problem. Testing at the backend system increases the robustness of the
data. That is why database testing is performed on back end system.

In a database, data comes from multiple applications and there is a possibility that
harmful or incorrect data is stored in the database. Therefore, there is a need to
check database components regularly. In addition, data integrity and consistency
should be checked regularly.

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Database Testing Vs Front-End Testing

Database testing is different from front-end UI testing. The following table highlights the
key differences:

Database Testing UI Testing

Database testing is known as data

UI testing or front-end testing is also called
validation and integrity testing or back-
Application testing or GUI testing.
end testing.

UI testing involves checking functionalities

Database testing involves testing of
of an application and its components like
back-end components, which are not
forms, graphs, menus, reports, etc.
visible to users.
These components are created using front-
This includes database components and
end development tools like VB.net, C#,
DBMS systems such as My SQL, Oracle.
Delphi, etc.

UI testing involves checking the

Database testing involves checking
functionality of application, buttons, forms
stored procedures, views, schemas in
and fields, calendar and images, navigation
database,
from one page to other, and the overall
tables, indexes, keys, triggers, data
functionality of the application.
validations and data consistence check.

To perform DB testing, a tester needs a

To perform UI testing, a tester needs a
thorough knowledge of database
good understanding of business
concept- like procedures and functions,

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views, indexes, keys and good hands-on requirements, application functional

SQL. knowledge, coding, etc.

Data comes from multiple heterogeneous

Data is entered manually into applications.
data sources over web applications,
Intranet applications and various other
It involves functional testing of front-end
applications.
applications.

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2. DB Testing Types

Based on the function and structure of a database, DB testing can be categorized into
three categories:

Structural Database Testing It deals with table and column testing, schema
testing, stored procedures and views testing, checking triggers, etc.

Functional Testing It involves checking functionality of database from user

point of view. Most common type of Functional testing are White box and black box
testing.

Nonfunctional Testing It involves load-testing, risk testing in database, stress

testing, minimum system requirements, and deals with the performance of the
database.

Structural Database Testing

Structural database testing involves verifying those components of database, which are
not exposed to end users. It involves all the components of repository, which are used to
store the data and are not changed by the end users. Database administrators with good
command over SQL stored procedures and other concepts normally perform this testing.

Discussed are the common components tested with respect to Structural Testing:

Schema / Mapping Testing

It involves validating the objects of front-end application with database object mapping.

In Schema Testing:

Sometimes it happens that the end user application objects are not correctly
mapped or compatible with database objects. Therefore, checking the validation of
the various schema formats associated with the databases is required.

It is required to find the unmapped objects in database, like tables, views, columns
etc. is required.

There are various tools in the market that can be used to perform object mapping in
schemas.

Example: In Microsoft SQL Server, a tester can write simple queries to check and validate
schemas in the database.

If the tester wants to make changes to a table structure, he/she should ensure that all the
stored procedures having that table are compatible with this change.

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Stored Procedures and Views Testing

In this testing, a tester ensures that the manual execution of stored procedures and views
generate the required result.

The tester ensures:

If it enables the required triggers to be executed as expected.

If the development team has covered all the loops and conditions by passing input
to applications in the procedures.

If there are any unused stored procedures in the database.

TRIM operations are applied properly when the data is fetched from required tables
in database.

Validation of the overall integration of the stored procedure modules as per as the
requirements of the application under test.

Exception and error handling mechanisms are followed.

The most common tools that are used to perform stored procedures testing are LINQ, SP
Test tool, etc.

Trigger Testing
In trigger testing, a tester needs to ensure the following:

Whether the coding conventions are followed during the coding phase of the
triggers.

See the triggers executed meets the required conditions.

Whether the trigger updates the data correctly, once they have been executed.

Validation of Update/Insert/Delete triggers functionality w.r.t application under

test.

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Tables and Column testing

The key areas covered in this testing are:

Validating the data types in the database to field values in front-end application.

Validating the length of data field in database to length of data types in the
application.

Checking if there are any unmapped tables or columns in the database from
application field objects.

Naming conventions of database tables and columns are verified, if they are in
accordance with business requirement or not.

Validating the Keys and Indexes in the database, i.e., primary and foreign keys in
tables are defined as per requirement.

Check if the primary keys and their corresponding foreign keys are same in two
tables.

Check Unique and NOT NULL characteristics of keys are maintained.

Length and data type of keys and indexes are maintained as per requirement.

Database Server Check

Database Server check involves verifying:

If the database server can handle the expected number of transactions as per the
business requirement.

If the configuration details of database servers meets the business requirement.

If the user authorization is maintained as per requirement.

Functional Testing
Functional testing is performed keeping in mind an end-user point of view; whether the
required transactions and operations run by the end-users meet the business
specifications.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing involves verifying the integration of database to check the functionality.
The test cases are simple and are used to verify incoming data and outgoing data from
the function.

Various techniques such as cause-effect graphing technique, equivalence partitioning and

boundary-value analysis are used to test the functionality of the database.

Its advantages are as follows:

It is fairly simple and is performed in the early stages of development.

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Cost of developing test-cases is less as compared to white-box testing.

Its disadvantages are as follows:

A few errors cannot be detected.

It is unknown how much program needs to be tested.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing deals with the internal structure of the database and the specification
details are hidden from the users. It involves the testing of database triggers and logical
views, which are going to support database refactoring.

It performs module testing of database functions, triggers, views, SQL queries etc. This
type of testing validates database tables, data models, database schema etc. It checks
rules of Referential integrity. It selects default table values to check on database
consistency.

The most common techniques used to perform white box testing are condition coverage,
decision coverage, statement coverage, etc.

Coding errors can be detected in white-box testing, so internal bugs in the database can
be eliminated. The limitation of white-box testing is that SQL statements are not covered.

Nonfunctional Testing
Nonfunctional testing involves performing load testing, stress testing, checking minimum
system requirements to meet business specification, risk finding and performance
optimization of database.

Load Testing
The primary target of load testing is to check if most running transactions have
performance impact on the database.

In Load testing, the tester checks:

The response time for executing the transactions for multiple remote users.
Time taken by the database to fetch specific records.

Examples of load testing in different testing types:

Running most used transaction repeatedly to see performance of database system.

Downloading a series of large files from the internet.
Running multiple applications on a computer or server simultaneously.

Stress Testing
Stress testing is performed to identify the system breakpoint. In this testing, application
is loaded in such a way that the system fails at one point. This point is called the
breakpoint of database system.

Determining the state of database transactions involves a significant amount of effort.

Proper planning is required to avoid any time and cost-based issues.
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The most commonly used stress testing tools are LoadRunner and WinRunner.

Let us take an example of Stress Testing. A CRM application can take a maximum user
load of 50000 concurrent users. Suppose you increase the load to 51000 and make some
transactions such as updating records or adding an entry. As soon as you do the
transaction, the application can sync with the database system. So the next test is to
perform with a user load of 52000. Sometimes, Stress Testing is also called Fatigue
Testing.

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3. DB Testing Processes

The process to perform database testing is similar to testing of other applications. DB

testing can be described with key processes given below.

Set up the environment

Run a test
Check the test result
Validate according to the expected results
Report the findings to the respective stakeholders

Various SQL statements are used to develop the Test cases. The most common SQL
statement, which is used to perform DB testing, is the Select statement. Apart from this,
various DDL, DML, DCL statements can also be used.

Example: Create, Insert, Select, Update, etc.

Database Testing Stages

DB testing is not a tedious process and includes various stages in database testing lifecycle
in accordance with the test processes.

The key stages in database testing are:

Checking the initial state

Test run
Outcome validation as per expected result
Generating the results

First stage in DB Testing is to check the initial state of the database before starting the
testing process. Then database behavior is tested for defined test cases. In accordance
with the results obtained, test cases are customized.

For successful database testing, the workflow given below is executed by every single test.

Cleaning up the database If there is testable data in the database, it should

be emptied.

Set up Fixture This involves entering the data into the database and check the
current state of the database.

Perform test, verify results and generate results The Test is run and the
output is verified. If the output is as per expected results, the next step is to
generate the results as per requirement. Otherwise, testing is repeated to find the
bugs in database.

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4. DB Testing Techniques

This chapter explains the most common techniques that are used to perform Database
Testing.

Database Schema Testing

As mentioned earlier, it involves testing each object in the Schema.

Verifying Databases and devices

Verifying the name of database
Verifying the data device, log device and dump device
Verifying if enough space allocated for each database
Verifying database option setting

Tables, columns, column types rules check

Verify the items given below to find out the differences between actual and applied setting.

Name of all the tables in database

Column names for each table
Column types for each table
NULL value checked or not
Whether a default is bound to correct table columns
Rule definitions to correct table names and access privileges

Key and Indexes

Verify the Key and indexes in each table:

Primary key for each table

Foreign keys for each table

Data types between a foreign key column and a column in other table Indices,
clustered or non-clustered unique or not unique

Stored Procedure Tests

It involves checking whether a stored procedure is defined and the output results are
compared. In a Stored Procedure test, the following points are checked:

Stored procedure name

Parameter names, parameter types, etc.

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Output: Whether the output contains many records. Zero rows are effected or only
a few records are extracted.

What is the function of Stored Procedure and what a stored procedure is not
supposed to do?

Passing sample input queries to check if a stored procedure extracts correct data.
Stored Procedure Parameters: Call stored procedure with boundary data and
with valid data. Make each parameter invalid once and run a procedure.

Return values: Check the values that are returned by stored procedure. In case
of a failure, nonzero must be returned.

Error messages check: Make changes in such a way that the stored procedure
fails and generate every error message at least once. Check any exception
scenarios when there is no predefined error message.

Trigger Tests
In a Trigger test, the tester must perform the following tasks:

Make sure the trigger name is correct.

Validate the trigger if it is generated for a specific table column.
Triggers update validation.
Update a record with a valid data.
Update a record with invalid data and cover every trigger error.
Update a record when it is still referenced by a row in other table.
Ensure rolling back transactions when a failure occurs.
Find out any cases in which a trigger is not supposed to roll back transactions.

Server Setup Scripts

Two types of tests should be performed:

Setting up the database from scratch, and

To set up an existing database.

Integration Tests of SQL Server

Integration tests should be performed after you are through with component testing.

Stored procedures should be called intensively to select, insert, update, and delete
records in different tables to find any conflicts and incompatibility.

Any conflicts between schema and triggers.

Any conflicts between stored procedures and schema.

Any conflicts between stored procedures and triggers.

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Functional Testing Method

Functional testing can be performed by dividing the database into modules as per
functionality. The functionalities are of the following two types:

Type 1: In Type 1 testing, find out the features of the project. For each major
feature, find out the schema, triggers, and stored procedures responsible to
implement that function and put them into a functional group. Then test each group
together.

Type 2: In Type 2 testing, the border of functional groups in a back-end is not

obvious. You can check the data flow and see where you can check the data. Start
from the front-end.

The following process takes place:

When a service has a request or saves data, some stored procedures will get called.

The procedures will update some tables.

Those stored procedures will be the place to start testing and those tables will be
the place to check the test results.

Stress Testing
Stress Testing involves getting a list of major database functions and corresponding stored
procedures. Follow the steps given below for Stress Testing:

Write test scripts to try those functions and every function must be checked at least
once in a full cycle.

Perform the test scripts again and again for a specific time period.

Verifying the log files to check any deadlocks, failure out of memory, data
corruption, etc.

Benchmark Testing
If your database does not have any data problems or bugs, system performance can be
checked. A poor system performance can be found in benchmark testing by checking the
parameters given below:

System level performance

Identify most-likely-used functions/features
Timing maximum time, minimum time and average time to perform functions
Access volume

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Testing a Database via Front-end

Back-end bugs can also be found sometimes by doing front-end testing. You can follow
the simple steps given below to detect bugs by front-end testing.

Write queries from the front-end and issue the searches.

Pick up an existing record, change the values in some fields, and save the record.
(It involves the UPDATE statement or update stored procedures and update
triggers.)

Insert a new menu item in the front-end window. Fill in the information and save
the record. (It involves the INSERT statements or insertion stored procedures and
deletion triggers.)

Pick up an existing record, click on the DELETE or REMOVE button, and confirm the
deletion. (It involves the DELETE statement or deletion stored procedures and
deletion triggers.)

Repeat these test-cases with invalid data and see how the database responds.

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5. DB Testing Scenarios

In this chapter, we will see some common database test scenarios with respect to various
testing methods.

Structured Database Testing

Common database scenarios with respect to Structured Database Testing are given below:

Verifying the name of database, verifying the data device, log device and dump
device, verifying if enough space allocated for each database and verifying
database option setting.

Names of all the tables in database, column names for each table, column types
for each table, null value check or not. Verify the Key and indexes in each table:
Primary key for each table, foreign keys for each table.

Data types between a foreign key column and a column in other table Indices,
clustered or non-clustered unique or not unique.

Functional Database Testing

Common Database Test scenarios with respect to Functional Database Testing are:

Finding out the schema, triggers and stored procedures responsible to implement
that function and make them into a functional group and then each group can be
tested together.

Check data flow and see where you can check the data. Start from the front-end.

Non-Functional Database Testing

Common Database Test scenarios with respect to Non-Functional Database Testing
are:

Write test scripts to try major functions and every function must be checked at
least once in a full cycle.

Perform the test scripts again and again for a specific time period.

Verifying the log files to check any deadlock, failure out of memory, data corruption,
etc.

Write queries from a front end and issue the searches. Pick up an existing record,
change values in some fields and save the record. (It involves UPDATE statement
or update stored procedures, update triggers.)

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Insert a new menu item in a front-end window. Fill in information and save the
record. (It involves INSERT statements or insertion stored procedures, deletion
triggers.)

Pick up an existing record, click on the DELETE or REMOVE button, and confirm the
deletion. (It involves DELETE statement or deletion stored procedures, deletion
triggers.)

Repeat these test-cases with invalid data and see how the database responds.

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6. DB Testing Objects

Schemas, tables, stored procedures, and Triggers are key objects of a database. We
have already shared DB testing types and test scenarios for these data base objects.

Schemas
A database schema defines the structure of a database system in a format supported by
the database management system. A Schema refers to how a database is structured
(composed of database tables in the case of Relational Databases).

The database schema is a set of formulas called integrity constraints imposed on a

database. These integrity constraints ensure compatibility between parts of the schema.

In a relational database, the schema consists of tables, fields, views, indexes, packages,
procedures, functions, triggers, types, materialized views, synonyms, database links, and
other elements.

Schemas are generally stored in a data dictionary. Although a schema is defined in text
database language, the term is often used to refer to a graphical depiction of the database
structure. In other words, schema is the structure of the database that defines the objects
in the database.

Common type of Schemas used in a data warehouse are:

Star Schema
Snowflakes Schema
Galaxy Schema

Tables in Database
In a relational database, a table is used to organize the information into rows and columns.

Example A Customer table contains information such as customer id, addresses, phone
numbers, and so on as a series of columns.

Each single piece of data is a field in the table. A column consists of all the entries in a
single field, such as the telephone numbers of all the customers. Fields are organized as
records, which are complete sets of information (such as the set of information about a
particular customer), each of which comprises a row.

Stored Procedures
A stored procedure is a series of SQL statements stored in the database in a compiled
form and multiple programs can share it. The use of stored procedures can be helpful in
maintaining data integrity, data control access and improving productivity.

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Triggers
A database trigger is code that is executed in response to certain events on a particular
table or view in a database. The trigger is mostly used for maintaining the integrity of the
information on the database.

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7. DB Testing Data Integrity

Data Integrity is important in a database. It includes data validation before insertion,

updates, and deletion. Triggers must be in place to validate reference table records.

For checking Data Integrity, you need to perform the following operations:

You need to check major columns in each table and verify if any incorrect data
exists. (Characters in name field, negative percentage, etc.)

Find out inconsistent data and insert them into relevant tables and see if any failure
occurs.

Insert a child data before inserting its parents data. Try to delete a record that is
still referenced by the data in another table.

If a data in a table is updated, check whether the other relevant data is updated as
well. You need to ensure that replicated servers or databases are in sync and
contain consistent information.

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8. DB Testing Data Mapping

Data mapping in a database is one of the key concept that needs to be validated by every
tester. Usually the testers have to verify the user interface front end field mapping with
the corresponding back end database field.

This information is given in Software requirement specification or business requirement

specification SRS/BRS document. If mapping is not provided, then you need to check the
coding part.

When you take any action in the front end application, there is a corresponding CRUD
action get invoked, and tester have to check the every invoked action is successful or not.

Key Aspects of Data Mapping

Given below are the key aspects of Data Mapping:

To check the fields in the UI/Front end forms and mapped consistently with the
corresponding DB table. This mapping information is defined in the requirements
documents as mentioned above.

For any action performed in the front end of an application, a corresponding CRUD
Create, Retrieve, Update and delete action gets initiated at the back end.

A tester will have to check if the right action is invoked and the invoked action in
itself is successful or not.

Steps in Data Mapping Testing

Given below are the steps followed for Data Mapping Testing:

Step 1: First check for syntax error in each script.

Step 2: Next is to check for table mapping, column mapping, and data type
mapping.

Step 3: Verify lookup data mapping.

Step 4: Run each script when records do not exist in destination tables.

Step 5: Run each script when the records already exist in the destination tables.

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9. DB Testing Performance (Load, Stress)

An application with more response time and poor performance can lead to huge problems.
Database Load Testing is used to find any performance issues before you deploy your
database applications for end users.

Database Load Testing helps you design database application for performance, reliability
and scalability. Load Testing of Database applications involves testing the performance
and scalability of your Database application with varying user load.

Database Load testing involves simulating real-life user load for the target Database
application. It helps you determine how your Database application behaves when multiple
users hits it simultaneously.

Load Testing
The primary target of Load Testing is to check if most running transactions have
performance impact on the database. In load testing, you need to check the following
aspects:

The response time for executing the transactions for multiple remote users should
be checked.

With normal transactions, you should include one editable transaction to check the
performance of the database for these type pf transactions.

With normal transactions, you should include one non-editing transaction to check
performance of database for these type of transactions.

Time taken by database to fetch specific records should be checked.

Stress Testing
Stress testing is performed to identify the system breakpoint. Here the application is
loaded in such a way that the system fails at one point. This point is called the breakpoint
of the database system. Stress testing is also known as Fatigue Testing.

Determining the state of database transactions involves a significant amount of effort.

Proper planning is required to avoid any time- and cost-based issues.

The most common stress testing tools are LoadRunner and WinRunner.

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10. DB Testing Tools

There are various tools provided by vendors that can be used to generate Test data, to
manage Test data and perform database testing like Load Testing and Regression Testing.

A few common tools that are used are given below.

Category Description Examples

These tools are used to put high

usage loads on your database, which Web Performance
Load Testing Tools enables to determine whether your Rad View
system's landscape will stand up to Mercury
your business needs.

These tools are used to implement

compliance and standards as per the
IBM Optim Data Privacy
information security regulations.
Data Security Tools

A tester uses these tools to generate

the test data for a database system.
These are mostly required when you
Data Factory
have huge amount of data and you
DTM Data Generator
need sample to perform DB
Test Data generator Turbo Data
Testing. It is commonly used for Load
tools
and Stress testing.

These tools are used to maintain

version control for test data. You
Test Data IBM Optim Test Data
have to define the expected results
Management Tool Management
and then you compare it with the
actual outcomes of the tests.

SQLUnit
These tools are used to perform
Tools to perform TSQLUnit
regression testing on your database.
Unit Testing DBFit
DBUnit

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11. DB Testing Database Backup

The most important part of an organizational growth is its data. In case of a system failure,
there is a need to restore the data. Back up is an exact copy of the database, which helps
you to restore your data in case of any data loss.

Consider a finance company which has data related to its customers such as A/C number,
customer names, credit and debits, duration, etc. How would such an organization deal
with the pressure of losing such important information in case of a data failure?

This is the reason you back up the data so that in case of any failure of a disk, disk
controller, etc. you can rely on the backup to restore it into the database.

Types of Data Backups

There are two types of backup that can be used:

Physical Backups Physical backup includes taking back up using third-party

backup tools like Veritas Net Back, IBM Tivoli Manager or user manager backups
using OS utilities.

Logical Backups Logical backup of database includes taking backups of logical

objects like tables, indexes, procedures, etc.

Example: One of common tool to take data backup is Oracle Recovery Manager
(RMAN) that is an Oracle utility to take database backup.

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RMAN consists of two components:

Target database for which backup is required.

RMAN client is used to run commands to take data backup.

BACKUP VALIDATE is used to test if you are able to make a valid backup of database
files. It ensures:

If backup is in place for physical or logical objects of database.

If regular backups are set up for invaluable data.
If the backup tool meets the backup requirements of an organization.

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12. DB Testing Recovery

Database recovery testing is used to ensure that the database is recovered. Recovery
testing allows you to find out whether the application is running properly and to check
retrieving invaluable data that would have been lost if your recovery method is not
properly setup.

You also check if several critical processes are running smooth to ensure that the data
recovery will pass smoothly through the testing phase.

You can perform the following checks for database recovery:

Any errors or mistakes in the backup software and you need to resolve these issues
at an earlier stage.

You need to conduct the recovery testing so that you will know what to do in case
of an emergency situation.

You need to check recovery testing needs so that you can plan for an effective
recovery strategy.

You should also know how you can recover the documents.

You need to run the recovery tests in early phase of the project. This allows you to remove
and throw away every type of errors from the system. Here is a list of some of important
points, which should be considered at the time of testing:

Time span when changes or modifications occurs in database system.

The period by which you want your recovery plan conducted.

The sensitivity of data in database system. More critical the data is, the more
regularly you will need to test the software.

Common Steps in Database Backup and Recovery Testing

In database recovery testing, you need to run the test in the actual environment to check
if the system or the data can actually be recovered in case of any disasters and any other
unforeseen events in the business environment.

Given below are the common actions performed in Database Recovery Testing:

Testing of database system

Testing of the SQL files
Testing of partial files
Testing of data backup
Testing of Backup tool
Testing log backups

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 Database Testing
13. DB Testing Security

Database security testing is done to find the loopholes in security mechanisms and also
about finding the vulnerabilities or weaknesses of database system.

The main target of database security testing is to find out vulnerabilities in a system and
to determine whether its data and resources are protected from potential intruders.
Security testing defines a way to identify potential vulnerabilities effectively, when
performed regularly.

Given below are the primary objectives of performing database security testing:

Authentication
Authorization
Confidentiality
Availability
Integrity
Resilience

Types of Threats on a Database System

SQL Injection
This is most common type of attack in a database system where malicious SQL statements
are inserted in the database system and are executed to get critical information from the
database system. This attack takes advantage of loopholes in implementation of user
applications. To prevent this, user inputs fields should be carefully handled.

Privilege Elevation in Database

In this attack, a user already has some access in the database system and he only tries
to elevate this access higher level so that he/she can perform some unauthorized activities
in database system.

Denial of Service
In this type of attack, an attacker makes a database system or application resource
unavailable to its legitimate users. Applications can also be attacked in ways that render
the application, and sometimes the entire machine, unusable.

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 Database Testing

Unauthorized Access to data

Another type of attack is gaining unauthorized access to data within an application or
database system. Unauthorized access includes:

Unauthorized access to data via user based applications

Unauthorized access to by monitoring the access of others
Unauthorized access to reusable client authentication information

Identity Spoofing
In Identity Spoofing, a hacker uses the credentials of a user or device to launch attacks
against network hosts, steal data or bypass access controls to database system.
Preventing this attack requires IT-infrastructure and network-level mitigations.

Data Manipulation
In a data manipulation attack, a hacker changes data to gain some advantage or to
damage the image of database owners.

Database Security Testing Techniques

Penetration Testing
A penetration test is an attack on a computer system with the intention of finding security
loopholes, potentially gaining access to it, its functionality and data.

Risk Finding
Risk Finding is a process of assessing and deciding on the risk involved with the type of
loss and the possibility of vulnerability occurrence. This is determined within the
organization by various interviews, discussions and analysis.

SQL Injection Test

It involves checking the user inputs in application fields. For example, entering a special
character like , or ; in any text box in a user application should not be allowed. When a
database error occurs, it means that the user input is inserted in some query, which is
then executed by the application. In such a case, the application is vulnerable to SQL
injection.

These attacks are a big threat to data as the attackers can get access to important
information from the server database. To check SQL injection entry points into your web
application, find out code from your code base where direct MySQL queries are executed
on the database by accepting some user inputs.

SQL Injection Testing can be performed for Brackets, Commas, and Quotation marks.

Password Cracking
This is the most important check while performing database system testing. To access
critical information, hackers can use a password-cracking tool or can guess a common

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username/password. These common passwords are easily available on internet and also
password cracking tools exist freely.

Therefore, it is necessary to check at the time of testing if the password policy is

maintained in the system. In case of any banking and finance applications, there is a need
to set a strict password policy on all the critical information database systems.

Security Audit of Database System

A security audit is a process of evaluating companys security policies at a regular time
interval to determine whether necessary standards are followed or not. Various security
standards can be followed as per business requirement to define the security policy and
then assessment of set policies against those standards can be done.

Example of most common security standards are ISO 27001, BS15999, etc.

Database Security Testing Tools

There are various system testing tools available in market, which can be used to test OS
and application check. Some of the most common tools are discussed below.

Zed Attack Proxy

It is a penetration-testing tool for finding vulnerabilities in web applications. It is designed
to be used by people with a wide range of security experience and as such is ideal for
developers and functional testers who are new to penetration testing. It is commonly used
for Windows, Linux, Mac OS.

Paros
All HTTP and HTTPS data between server and client, including cookies and form fields, can
be intercepted and modified using these scanners. It is used for Cross-platform, Java
JRE/JDK 1.4.2 or above.

Social Engineer Toolkit

It is an open source tool and human elements are attacked rather than the system
element. It enables you to send emails, java applets etc. containing the attack code. It is
preferred for Linux, Apple Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows.

Skipfish
This tool is used to scan their sites for vulnerabilities. Reports generated by the tool are
meant to serve as a foundation for professional web application security assessments. It
is preferred for Linux, FreeBSD, MacOS X, and Windows.

Vega
It is an open source, multiplatform web security tool that is used to find instances of SQL
injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and other vulnerabilities in web applications. It is
preferred for Java, Linux, and Windows.

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 Database Testing

Wapiti
Wapiti is an open source and web-based tool that scans the web pages of the web
application and check for scripts and forms where it can inject data. It is built with Python
and can detect File handling errors, Database, XSS, LDAP and CRLF injections, Command
execution detection.

Web Scarab
It is written in Java and is used for analyzing the applications that communicate through
HTTP/HTTPS protocols. This tool is primarily designed for developers who can write code
themselves. This tool is not OS dependent.

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14. DB Testing Challenges

To perform database testing successfully, a tester should collect the requirements from all
the sources, like technical and functional requirements. There is a possibility that a few
requirements are at a high level, so there is a need to breakdown those requirements into
the small parts. Testing database is a complex task and the testers face many challenges
while performing this testing. Most common database testing challenges are:

Testing scope is too large

A tester needs to identify the test items in database testing otherwise he may not have a
clear understanding of what he would test and what he would not test. Therefore, if you
are clear on the requirement, you may waste a lot of time testing uncritical objects in the
database.

When you have a list of objects to test, next is to estimate the effort required to design
the tests and execute the tests for each test item. Depending on their design and data
size, some database tests may take a long time to execute.

As the database size is too large, it becomes a big challenge to find out the objects that
have to be tested and those which are to be left out.

Scaled-down test database

Normally testers are provided with a copy of the development database to test. That
database only have little data, which is sufficient to run the application. So there is a need
to test the development, staging and as well as production database system.

Changes in database structure

This is one of the common challenges in DB testing. Sometimes, it happens that you design
or execute a test, and the database structure has been changed at that time. This is
necessary that you should be aware of the changes made to the database during testing.

Once the database structure changes, you should analyze the impact of the changes and
modify the tests. In addition, if multiple users use the test database, you would not be
sure about the test results so you should ensure that the test database is used for testing
purpose only.

Another challenge in DB testing is that you run multiple tests at the same time. You should
run one test at a time at least for the performance tests. You do not want your database
performing multiple tasks and under-reporting performance.

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Complex test plans

The database structure is normally complex and it has huge data, so there is a possibility
that you are executing incomplete or same tests repeatedly. So there is a need to create
a test plan and proceed accordingly and checking the progress regularly.

Good understanding of SQL

To test a database, you should have a good knowledge of SQL queries and the required
database management tools.

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15. DB Testing Interview Questions

Q1. What do you understand by DB testing?

Database testing includes performing the data validity, data Integrity testing, performance
check related to database and testing of Procedures, triggers and functions in the
database.

Q2. Why do we need to perform database testing?

There are multiple reasons why database testing is performed. There is a need to perform
data integrity, validation and data consistency check on database as the backend system
is responsible to store the data and is accessed for multiple purpose.

Some of the common reasons why one needs to perform Database testing are as follows:

To ease the complexity of calls to database backend, developers increase the use
of View and Stored Procedures.

These Stored procedures and Views contain critical tasks such as inserting
customer details (name, contact information, etc.) and sales data. These tasks
need to be tested at several levels.

Black box testing performed on front-end is important, but makes it difficult to

isolate the problem. Testing at the backend system increases the robustness of the
data. That is why database testing is performed on back end system.

In a database, data comes from multiple applications and there is a possibility that
harmful or incorrect data is stored in the database. Therefore, there is a need to
check database components regularly. In addition, data integrity and consistency
should be checked regularly.

Q3. What are the different steps involved in Database Testing?

The steps that you need to follow while performing database testing are as follows:

The data that is being in the database must be verified.

Verify if the constraints are maintained.
The performance of the procedures and execution of triggers must be checked.
Roll back and commit of transaction must be checked.

Q4. What are the different categories of DB testing? Explain.

On the basis of function and structure of a database, DB testing can be categorized into
the following categories:

Structural Database testing It deals with table and column testing, schema
testing, stored procedures and views testing, checking triggers, etc.

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 Database Testing

Functional Testing It involves checking functionality of database from user

point of view. Most common type of Functional testing are White box and black box
testing.

Nonfunctional Testing It involves load testing, risk testing in database, stress

testing, minimum system requirement, and deals wot performance of the database.

Q5. Name a few tools that can be used to test Stored Procedures in a
database.
The most common tools that are used to perform stored procedures testing are LINQ, SP
Test tool, etc.

Q6. What is a join in SQL? What are the different types of joins?
Joins are used to connect two or more tables in some logical manner. Common types of
joins include: Inner join, Non-equijoin, Outer join, Self-join, and Cross join.

Q7. What is a self-join in SQL?

You can join a single table to itself. In this case, you are using the same table twice.

Q8. How can you test an SQL Query in WinRunner?

Step 1: Connect to the database

db_connect(query1 DRIVER {drivername};SERVER server_name;UID uidname;PWD

password;DBQ database_name );

Step 2: Execute the query of the database:

db_excecute_query (write the required query that is to execute); Specify the

appropriate condition

Step 3: Disconnect the database connection by using

db_disconnect(query);

Using Output database checkpoints, SQL manual queries options must be selected. Here,
the select query can be written.

Q9. Explain the steps to test a Stored Procedures in database.

First, check the requirement of the stored procedure. The next step is to check if indexes,
joins, deletions, update are correct in comparison with tables mentioned in stored
procedure.

Next, perform the following tasks:

Validate the calling procedure name, calling parameters and expected responses
for different sets of input parameters.

Execute the procedure with TOAD or MySQL or Query Analyzer.

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Re-execute the available procedures by sending different parameters, and check

the results against expected values.

Concluding to the process, automate the tests with WinRunner.

The tester should call the stored procedure in the database using the EXEC command. If
any parameters are required, they must be passed. Different values of parameters must
be passed to confirm if the stored procedure is executed or not. On calling this command
it must check and verify the nature and behavior of the database.

Example: If the stored procedure is written to populate some table, the table values must
be checked.

Q10. What are the different types of SQL statements?

We have three types of SQL statements:

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Data Definition Language (DDL)
Data Control Language (DCL)

Q11. What are DDL statements in SQL?

DDL statements are used to define the database structure or schema. Some examples:

CREATE to create objects in the database

ALTER alters the structure of the database
DROP delete objects from the database

Q12. What is an Operator in SQL? How many types of operators are there
in SQL?
Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement and to serve as conjunctions
for multiple conditions in a statement.

Arithmetic Operators
Comparison/Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Set Operators
Operators used to negate conditions

Q13. What is the function of Union operator? What type of operator is

this?
Union is used to combine the results of two or more Select statements. However it will
eliminate the duplicate rows. Union is a set operator.

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Q14. What is the difference between Union and Union All?

Union is used to combine the results of two or more Select statements. However it will
eliminate duplicate rows

Union All operation is similar to Union, but it also shows the duplicate rows.

Q15. What is a trigger? How to check if a trigger is fired or not?

Triggers are used to maintain the Integrity of database. To check Trigger is fired or not
you can check in audit logs.

Q16. How to invoke a trigger on demand?

Triggers cant be invoked on demand. They are invoked when an associated action (insert,
delete & update) happens on the table on which they are defined. Triggers are used to
apply business rules, auditing and also for the referential integrity checks.

Q17. How do you write test-cases for Database testing?

First, get the functional requirement. Then, understand the table structure, Joins, Cursors
and Triggers, Stored procedure used, and other parameters. Next, you can write a test-
case with different values as input to these objects.

Q18. How DB testing is different from Front-end testing?

DB testing involves testing of back-end components which are not visible to users. It
includes database components and DBMS systems such as MySQL and Oracle.

Front-end testing involves checking functionalities of an application and its components

like forms, graphs, menus, reports, etc. These components are created using front-end
development tools like VB.net, C#, Delphi, etc.

Q19. Explain the process of database testing.

The process to perform database testing is similar to testing of other applications. DB
testing can be described with the following key processes:

Setting up the environment

Run a test
Check the test result
Validating according to the expected results
Report the findings to the respective stakeholders

Q20. Which SQL statements are commonly used to develop test-cases for
database testing?
Various SQL statements are used to develop the Test cases. Most common SQL statement
which is used to perform DB testing is select statement. Apart from this various DDL, DML,
DCL statements can also be used.

Example: Create, Insert, Select, Update, etc.

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Q 21. What is a View in database? How is it related to data independence?

A view is a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one
or more base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view
instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.

Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can
insulate users from the changes in the database. Hence accounts for logical data
independence.

Q22. What is VDL (View Definition Language)?

It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema.

Q23. What is normalization?

It is a process of decomposing a table into multiple tables without losing any information.
Normalization is done to achieve the following goals:

To minimize redundancy.
To minimize insertion, deletion and update anomalies.

Q24. What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing?
Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found. It is used
for query performance optimization. Indexing can be of the following types:

Binary search style indexing

B-Tree indexing
Inverted list indexing
Memory resident table
Table indexing

Q25. Define SQL and how is it different from other conventional

programming Languages?
SQL is a Structured Query language that is designed specifically for data access operations
on normalized relational database structures.

The primary difference between SQL and other conventional programming languages is
that SQL statements specify what data operations should be performed rather than how
to perform them.

Q26. What are stored procedures? What are the advantages of using
them?
Stored procedures are used to perform a user defined operation. A stored procedure can
have a set of compound SQL statements. A stored procedure executes the SQL commands
and returns the result to the client.

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 Database Testing

Q27. What are cursors in PL/SQL?

PL/SQL uses cursors for all database information accesses statements. The language
supports the use two types of cursors: implicit and explicit.

Q28. In Oracle, what is cold backup and hot backup?

Cold Backup: Cold back is known as taking back up of database files, redo logs, and
control file when the instance is shut down. This is a file copy, usually from the disk directly
to tape. You must shut down the instance to guarantee a consistent copy.

If a cold backup is performed, the only option available in the event of data file loss is
restoring all the files from the latest backup. All the changes that are performed after the
last backup is lost.

Hot Backup: Some databases cant shut down while making a backup copy of the files,
so cold backup is not an available option. For these types of database we use hot backup.

Q29. What is an SQL subquery?

SQL subquery is a means of querying two or more tables at the same time. The subquery
itself is an SQL SELECT statement contained within the WHERE clause of another SQL
SELECT statement, and separated by being enclosed in parenthesis. Some subqueries
have equivalent SQL join structures, but correlated subqueries cannot be duplicated by a
join

Q30. You have been provided with a set of tables and asked to create a
new database to store them. While checking the data values in the tables,
what points to be considered for this?
In such a case, you need to test the following aspects:

Multivalued dependencies
Functional dependencies
Candidate keys
Primary keys
Foreign keys

Q31. How do you test if your database is updated when data is entered in
front-end application?
You can go to the database and run a relevant SQL query. In WinRunner, you can use
database checkpoint function. If the application provides view function, then you can verify
the same from the front-end.

Q32. What is data-driven testing?

Data-driven testing is defined as an automation testing process where application will be
tested with multiple test data. It is simple and easy than retesting where tester just sit in
front of system and enter different new input values manually from front-end interface.

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 Database Testing

Q33. What is retesting and how it is different from data driven testing?
Once you execute the test-cases and find the defects that has been already detected and
fixed. Re-execution of the same test with different input values to confirm the original
defect has been successfully removed is called Re-testing.

Retesting is also called Data Driven Testing with a small difference:

Retesting It is a manual testing process whereas application testing done with

entire new set of data.

Data-driven Testing It is an Automation testing process where application will be

tested with multiple test data. It is simple and easy than retesting where tester
just sit in front of system and enter different new input values manually from front-
end interface.

Q34. What are the types of data driven testing?

There are four types of data driven testing:

Dynamic test data submission through keyboard

Data Driven Tests via .txt, .doc flat files
Data Driven Tests via front-end objects
Data Driven Tests via excel sheet

Q35. What is performance testing?

Performance testing is a software testing technique to determine how a system performs
in terms of speed, sensitivity and stability under a heavy workload.

Q36. What are the key points that should be considered while performing
database recovery testing?
The following key points are to be considered while performing database recovery testing:

Time span when changes or modifications occurs in database system.

The period by which you want your recovery plan conducted.

The sensitivity of data in database system. More critical the data is, the more
regularly you will need to test the software.

Q37. Name a few tools that are used by a tester to generate test data for a
database system.
The following tools are used to generate test data:

Data Factory
DTM Data Generator
Turbo Data

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 Database Testing

Q38. What are the common types of data backups?

There are two types of backup that can be used:

Physical Backups: Physical backup includes taking back up using 3rd party backup
tools like Veritas net back, IBM Tivoli Manager or user manager backups using OS
utilities.

Logical Backups: Logical backup of database includes taking back up of logical

objects like tables, indexes, procedures, etc.

A common tool to take data backup is Oracle Recovery Manager (RMAN) that is an Oracle
utility to take database backup.

Q39. Name the common actions performed in Database recovery testing?

The following actions are performed in database recovery testing:

Testing of database system

Testing of the SQL files
Testing of partial files
Testing of data backup
Testing of Backup tool
Testing log backups

Q40. What do you understand by database security testing?

Database security testing is performed to find the loop holes in security mechanisms and
also about finding the vulnerabilities or weaknesses of database system.

Q41. Name a few objectives of Database security testing.

Database security testing is performed to check the following aspects:

Authentication
Authorization
Confidentiality
Availability
Integrity
Resilience

Q42. What is SQL Injection threat?

SQL Injection threat is the most common type of attack in a database system where
malicious SQL statements are inserted in database system and executed to get critical
information from database system. This attack takes advantage of loopholes in
implementation of user applications. To prevent this user inputs fields should be carefully
handled.

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 Database Testing

Q43. Name a few tools that can be used to perform database security
testing.
The following tools can be used to perform database security testing: Zed Attack Proxy,
Paros, Social Engineer Toolkit, Skipfish, Vega, Wapiti, and Web Scarab.

Q44. What are the common challenges that you face while performing
database testing?
The common challenges that one faces while performing database testing are as follows:

Testing scope is too large

Scaled-down test database
Changes in database structure
Complex Test Plans
Good understanding of SQL

39