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IS 4701 (1982): Code of practice for earthwork on canals

[WRD 13: Canals and Cross Drainage Works]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
Invent a New India Using Knowledge

! > 0 B


BharthariNtiatakam
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 ( Reaffirmed 2004 )

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

EARTHWORK ON CANALS

( Firs1 Revision)

Second Reprint AUGUST 1991

UDC 626.131.5:006,76 >

I

@ Copyright 1983

BUREAU OF INDI*AN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 5 June 1983
 IS :4701-1982

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
EARTHWORK ON CANALS

( First Revision)
Irrigation Canals and Canal Linings Sectional Committee, BDC 57
Chairman Representing
SHRI S. B. KHARE Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, New Delhi

Membirs
ADDITIONALDIRECTOR Irrigation Research Institute, Khaugaul, Patna
SHRI N. C. BHATNAGAR Central Ground Water Board, Chandigarh
SHRI R. K. PRASAD( Affcrnnfc )
DR A. S. CHAWLA Water Resources Development Training Centre,
University of Roorkee, Roorkee
DR R. .J. GARDE ( ANcrnatc)
SHRI CHICKARYANE Union Carbide (India) Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. K. KARAMCHANDANI(Alternate)
CHIEF ENGINEER Irrigation and Power Department, Government of
Andhra Pradesh
DR J. PURUSHOTHAM ( Afternatc )
CHIEF ENGINEER ( IRRIGATION) Public Works Department, Government of Karnataka,
( SOUTH) Bangalore
CHIEF ENGINEER( Alfernntc )
CHIEF ENGINEER( CANAL ) Irrigation Works, Covernment of Punjab
DIRECTORCENTRAL DESIGNS ( Altern&)
CHIEFENGINEER(IRRIGATION) Public Works Department, Government of Tamil
Nadu
SR DY CHIEF ENGINEER
( IRRIGATION ) ( Alternote)
SHRX0. P. DATTA Bear Dam Project, Talwara Township
SHRI S. L. NIROLA ( Alternate)
DIRECTOR ( B & CD-I ) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR( B & CD-I ) ( Altemotc)
DIRECTOR Irrigation Department, Government of Rajasthan
DIRECTOR( B & CD-II ) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR( HW-II ) ( Afternate)
SHRI T. A. E. DSA Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SHRI N. C. DUGGAL ( AIttntdt)
SHRIJ. M. GARG Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkce, Uttar Pradesh
SHRI JAGDISHMOHAN (Alfemafc)
( Conliaucd on pugc 2 )

@ Copyright I983
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reptoducti II in whole or in part by any means except with written pecmisaioa of the
publinhm Bhall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the uid Act.
lS:4701-1982

( Corttinu~d from page I )

Members Re&esenting
SHRI H. K. KHOSLA Irrigation & Power Department, Government of
Haryana
SUPERINTENDINGENOINEER ( Altrrnak )
Srm K. M. MAHESHWARI Planning Commission, Government of India,
New Delhi
SHRI N. K. DIKSHIT ( Altematr)
SI~RI GAURI KANTA MISRA Irrigation Department, Government of Uttar
Pradesh
SHRI R. ii. ACOARWAL ( Altematr)
SHRI P. C. SA~RNA Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune
SHRI V. P. Brian ( Aitem& )
SECRETARY Central Board of Irrigation & Power, New Delhi
SHRI A. SI3AItIP Fibreglasr Piikington Ltd, Bombay
SHRI G. K. TAKIAR ( AIta~k)
SHRI C. D. THAT~E Irrigation Department, Government of Gujarat
SHRI K. B. SHAH (Alfemak)
SWRI S. L. VARUDKAR Irrigation Department, Government of Maharashtra
SHRI G. RAMAN, Director General, ISI (Ex-o&o Member)
Director ( Civ Engg )
Senitay
SHRI S. K. CHA~~HURI
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), ISI

2
 IS ; 4701- ma

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
EARTHWORK ON CANALS

( First Revision)
0. FOREWORD
0.1This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 31 December 1982, after the draft finalized by the Irrigation Canals and
Canal Linings Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engi-
neering Division Council.
0.2 The construction of canals involves a variety of earthwork problems.
Because of the great longitudinal extent of the work many different kinds
of conditions are encountered which for maximum economy should be
treated differently. Moreover, design of a work is based on assumptions
regarding the quality of work which will be obtained during construction.
These assumptions hold good only if the materials used and the work as
actually executed are according to the specifications which are known to
give desired results. This standard describes methods for carrying out
projects for excavation and construction of embankments on canals. This
standard does not, however, cover design of cuttings and embankment
slopes for canals.
0.3 This standard was first issued in 1968. The revision of the standard
has been taken up in the light of experience gained during the years.
Salient changes made in this revision are listed below:
a) Provisions regarding clearing the materials have been slightly
modified;
b) Side slopes in cutting in canals to be provided depending on type
of soil have been added;
c) Factors to examine sub-grade soil to determine the portion of canal
reaches to be lined have been added;
d) Protective measures for lined sections in areas of high ground
water table have been indicated;
e) Methods for classification of rock excavation have been stated;
f) Provisions regarding preparation of sub-grade for lined reaches
have been modified; and
g) Treatment to repair the settlement in embankment subject to
site conditions has been suggested;

3
IS : 4701-1982

h) Provisions regarding requirements for material for the embankment

construction have been modified; and
j) zo;;zcon requirements of embankments have also been
.

0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this

standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test ok analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in
the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in
this standard.

1. SCOPE

1.1This standard covers requirements and methods for earthwork on canals

covering excavation and construction of embankments.

2. GENERAL

a.1 Effect of Weather Conditions - An earthwork project may be affected

by weather conditions which may alter the conditions of the soil to some
depth. The earthwork should be as far as possible, so planned that it is
carried out during the most favourable season. Rainfall may so affect the
exposed surface of cohesive soils as to result in interruption both in the use
of excavating plant and in the transport of materials. In wet weather, work
may have to be stopped entirely owing to excessive moisture near the surface
of soil. Iri extremely dry weather, it may be necessary to add water to the
soil in borrow area or at the fill to fulfil requirements of compaction. It
is advisable to compact the soil in its final position in the fill or embankment
immediately after it is placed.
a.2Safety Precautions - Blasting, where required, shall be permitted only
when proper precautions have been taken for the protection of persons and
property in accordance with IS : 4081-1967t. Blasting shall be carried out
only by persons thoroughly conversant with the working methods and
precautions to be observed in using explosives. To avoid the danger of
injury from flying debris all personnel in a blasting area shall retreat to an
adequate distance and take adequate cover. While carrying out excavation
adequate precautions in accordance with IS : 3764-1966: shall be taken
for the safety of workers.
*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( rhsed).
t.Specification for safety code for blasting and related drilling operations.
$Specification for safety code for excavation work.
 IS:4701-1982
2.2.1 The location and desigu of magazines for explosives, method of their
transport and general precautions to be taken to prevent accidents shall be
in accordance with the provisions of Indian Explosives Rules, 1940 and
local regulations and regular rules aud regulations framed thereunder,
if any.
2.3 Hawing - Prior to the commencement of a work all relevant data
shall be collected and drawings prepared showing the location of the
excavation, and embankment reaches separately. On these drawings both
the excavation and filling reaches should be distinctively indicated
separately and the quantity of material to be excavated and placed in fill
stated in these reaches. This information would be useful to ensure
economic hauls throughout the work. Where the material to be excavated
consists of different types and if the various types have to be used separately
in the fill or run to spoil tip, the quantities of each class of material in each
area should be shown on drawings.
From the nature of material to be excavated and the method of its
disposal, the type of excavation, the length of haul and the amount of
compaction necessary, it is possible to select the most suitable type of plant
for a particular job.
2.3.1 No earthwork on canals should be started unless proper acquisition
and demarcation of land has been finalized and permission of concerned
organization obtained. Such laud shall be demarcated by fixing permanent
boundary stones at intervals of 200 m on both sides on straight reaches
and at points where there is change in direction or change in land width.
Similar precautions shall be taken for defining the borrow areas also. Such
areas will be temporarily acquired and suitably demarcated.

3. SETTING OUT

3.1Prior to the commencement of work the ceutre line of the proposed

canal shall be marked by stones or pegs each at about 30 m interval:
Curves shall be laid out; top and bottom edges of the excavation and toe
of all embankments suitably peg marked. Reference pegs should also be
driven into ground at a fixed distance outside peg markings. All levels
shall be referred to an established bench mark not subject to subsidence or
interference.

3.2 Profiles of designed canal section in fill and moderate cut reaches may
be marked at intervals of 25 m at curves and 50 m in straight reaches.

4. CLEARING

4.1The land over which embankments are to be formed and other excava-
tion is to be carried out shall be cleared of all trees, bushes, rubbish, ant hills
5
 1

IS : 4701- 1982

and other objectionable matter. The cleared materials shall be suitably

disposed off.
4.1.1 All waste materials to be burned shall be piled neatly and when in
suitable condition shall be burned completely. Piling for burning shall be
done in such manner and in such locations as to cause the least fire risk.
All burning shall be so thorough that the materials are reduced to ashes.
Necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent fire from spreading to areas
beyond the limits of cleared areas and suitable equipment, and supplied
for use in preventing and suppressing fires shall be kept available at all
times.
4.2 In filling reaches, all holes and hollows whether originally existing or
produced by digging up roots shall be filled with suitable earth, well ram-
med and levelled off.
4.2.1 In filling reaches, the boulders in the top strata shall be removed
and filled with suitable material.
4.2.2 Boulders which may interfere with the work should be generally
removed after breaking them down, if necessary.
4.3 It is desirable to protect the trees outside the outer edge of the canal
embankments. However, the presence of trees in the vicinity of a canal
can accentuate variation of moisture content in the sub-stratum. In the
case of expansive soils such excessive moisture variation can result in
damage to the lining. Such influence is believed to extend to distances
equal to twice the height of the tree.

5. EXCAVATION
5.1 Earthwork in Cutting - Canal section shall be excavated as shown on
the drawings or as directed by the engineer-in-charge. Both edges of the
bank, specially the inner one shall be neatly aligned symmetrically to the
centre line of the channel. They shall be absolutely straight in straight
reaches and smoothly curved on bends. All gangways, roads and stoppings
shall be such that they fall within the canal section so that final dressing of
slope will consist of digging only and no filling will be required.
5.1.1 Suitable arrangements for drainage shall be provided to take surface
water clear of the excavation during the progress of work. S.umps may be
constructed at suitable places and water collected may be pumped out.
When cutting on cross sloping ground, it is advisable to cut a catch water
drain on the higher side to prevent water from flowing down the cutting
slope.
5.1.2 Wherever ground water is met during excavation adequate measures
shall be taken to dewater the cutting. The choice of method to be emplo-
yed and type of equipment to be used would depend on the nature of
ground and the volume of water to be dealt with.

6
 IS : 4701- 1982

5.1.2.1 If there is a continuous flow of water a subdrain with sumps at

intervals may be installed, Drainage will be helped by excavating from
downstream side to upstream side so that water tends to drain away from
the working face. Generally area is drained by providing pilot cut to
natural valley so as to drain the subsoil water.
5.1.2.2 In case of lined canals subsoil water shall not be allowed to
accumulate in the bottom of the canal and pumping arrangements shall be
so organized as to deal with any temporary flood water which may occur.
As described above ( 5.1.2.1) the subsoil water should be drained by
providing drain or pumping the subsoil water so as to keep the area dry
as far as possible.
5.1.3 Excavation may be carried out by manual labour or by excavating
machines. The choice of type of excavating machine to be used will depend
on the nature and quantity of materials to be excavated and also on the
leads and lifts involved.
5.1.3.1 Side slopes for canals should be provided depending on type of
soil through which the canal is laid. Generally the following slopes are
provided for unlined canals :
Sl No. Type of Soil Side Slopes ( HOW.
: vet-t)
1. Very light loose sand to 15:1to2:1 (incutting)
average sandy soil 2 : 1 to 3 : 1 ( in embankment)
2. Sandy loam 1 : 1 to 2 : 1 ( in cutting)
l-5 : 1 to 2 : 1 ( in embankment )
3. a) Sandy soi! or gravel 1 : 1 to 1.5 : 1 ( in cutting)
b) Muram, gravel mixed soil > l-5 : 1 to 2 : 1 (in filling)
4. Black cotton l-5 : 1 to 2.5 : 1 (in cutting)
25 : 1 to 3.5 : 1 ( in embankment )
5. Clayey soils 1 : 1 to 2.5 : 1 ( in cutting )
1.5 : 1 to 3 : 1 (in embankment)
6. Rock a25 : 1 to Q5 : 1 (in cutting )
NOTE 1 - The above slopes are for general guidance for height ofembankment up to
6 m. For heights in excess of the above special studies for the stability of slope are
recommended.
NOTE 2 -In case of rocky areas above recommended side slopes may require
change due to any adverse jointing pattern.

5.1.4 Exploratory holes and type of soil shall be determined before

excavation. The permeability characteristics of the soil encountered should
be assessed by making use of in place permeability tests as required.
Canal sub-grade soil on the slopes and bottom with respect to probable
future seepage and erosion should be examined. In case of high seepage

7
xs : 4701 1982
l

losses are anticipated, or if the soils are fine and lacking in cohesion
and could erode badly under the proposed operating conditions, suitable
measures such as lining, etc, should be planned.
51.5 Above the lining in case of lined sections and above the proposed
water level in case of unlined sections the rock may be allowed to stand at
its steepest safe angle and no finishing is required other than removal of
rock masses which are loose and are liable to fall.
5.1.5.1 Lined sections in areas of high ground water shall be protected
against uplift by drainage system as per IS : 4558-1968*. If fine grain
soils ( sand ) are to be placed as sub-grade below concrete or membrane
lining, this should be without organic matter, gravel, pebbles, etc. Natu-
ral sub-grade should be inspected and organic material, gravels, pebbles,
protruding should be removed from sub-grade. Filter blankets should be
provided beneath lining as per IS : 4558-1968* to release uplift pressure.
All washable materials and any soil which generally becomes unstable on
saturation such as organic soil, loose, silts, expansive clays are generally
removed or properly treated for embankment and canal linings so as to
provide safe and stable sub-grade under operating conditions.
5.2 Rock Excavation - Rock may be excavated by the following methods :
a) Quarrying out by hand with suitable rock wedges and hammers,
steel bars, picks, etc, and breakings with rock hammers;
b) Loosening by use of pneumatic paving breakers;
cl Drilling suitable holes by hand with jumpers or pneumatic drilling
machines, and breaking up rock with plugs and features;
4 Drilling holes by hand jumpers or pneumatic drilling machines as
above, but breaking the rock with suitable commercial explosives,
or blasting devices; and
9 Ripping with suitable heavy duty tractors where the rock formation
falls within the range of ripability of commercially available units.
52.1 Classification of rock could be done as below:
a) Disintegrated rock removable by crow bars and pick axes;
b) Fissured and fractured rocks jointed at less than 450 mm apart;
c) Hard rock boulders of size greater than 300 mm in any dimension
up to 3 m3 ;
dj Solid and sheet rock boulders of size greater than 3 m3; and
e) Generally hard soil, hard muram, stoney earth and elrth/sand
mixed with stone and boulders not exceeding 300 mm in any
direction.
*Code of practice for under-drainage of lined canals.

8
 IS : 4701-1982

5.2.2 Excavation of rock is usually done by loosening and removing the

rock by forming a slightly sloping open face across the cut and working
towards this open face. The depth and width of this face will vary accord-
ing to the nature of rock and method adopted. Several faces may be worked
simultaneously, one behind the other, with benches between each face; the
space between the faces and the length of each bench varying according to
the conditions prevailing and the methods adopted for removing the rock.
Provided that proper equipment and technique are adopted, drilling and
blasting is the most speedy and economical method for excavating hard
rock. For soft rocks ripping may loosen the rock at greater speed and at
much less cost.
5.2.3 Blasting in a manner as to produce over breakage which in the
opinion of engineer-in-charge is excessive shall not be permitted. Special
care shall be taken to prevent over-breakage or loosening of m.aterial on
bottoms and side slope against which rigid lining is to be placed.
5.2.3.1 Final cutting for 45-60 cm in hard rock shall be carried out by
controlled blasting or trimming or with the help of pneumatic paving
breakers.
5.3 Preparation of Subgrade - Where the canal is to be lined the excavation
and preparation of subgrade shall be done in accordance with IS : 3837-1978*.
Where the canal is not to be lined, excavation shall be done to full depth and
width required and shall be finished to prescribed lines and grades. Where
the original ground surface is below the grade of the canal the bottom of
the canal shall be filled to the grade in a mnnner prescribed for the cons-
truction of canal embankments (see 6.6.2 ). In so far as practicable the
finishing operation required on canal sections shall be performed
simultaneously with canal excavation.
5.3.1 The sub-grade and embankment for a canal may comprise of rock
or soil. Canal sections excavated in rock should be inspected to examine
whether joints or fissures exist which will cause excessive seepage or piping.
In case this is so, rock will require grouting or the section may require
lining. Rock surfaces on which compacted earth is to be placed should be
moistened before placing the first layer of earth but standing water should
not be allowed. The minimum soil cover over rock should be 225 mm.

6. EMBANKMENT CQNSTRUCTION

6.1 Before commencing the work, the toe of the slope on each side of the
banks shall be lock-spitted ( Dag-Belled ) and marked by pegs, firmly driven
into the ground at intervals of about 20 III. Profiles made by bamboos,
earth or other convenient materials and strings shall be set up for the
guidance of the workmen at about 50 m apart over straight reaches and
IS : 4701- 1982

about 25 m apart at curves. In setting up the profile for an embankment

a suitable allowance shall be made for settlement ( see 6.2.2.1).
6.1.1 Masonry blocks shall be constructed at each profile to indicate the
centre line as also the bed level of the canal before starting the entire
earthwork.
6.2 General Requirements - Embankments shall be built to the height and
slope as shown on the drawings. All the edges of the embankment shall
be neatly aligned symmetrical to the centre line of the channel. They shall
be absolutely straight in reaches and smoothly curved at bends.
6.2.1 Tbe top of each embankment shall be levelled and finished so as
to be suitab!e for roadway and given a cross outward slope to drain away
rain waters. The bank carrying inspection road shall be given a suitable
cross slope.
6.2.2 For embankment in which controlled compaction has not to be
carried out (6.6.1 ), suitable allowance shall be made for settlement.
6.2.2.1 An allowance of about 10 percent for settlement is recommen-
ded for embankments in which controlled compaction has not been carried
out ( see 6.6.1 ).
6.3 Methods of Construction-Embankments may be built by tianual
labour or by machinery depositing the materials directly from excavation.
The choice of type of excavating plant will depend qn many factors. Where
boulders which may interfere with the work are encountered they shall be
dealt with in accordance with 4.2.2.
6.3.1 General Drainage - Under ordinary circumstances no special
drainage works are necessary in embankments but where required ditches
may be dug at a distance not less than 3 m from the toe of the slope. The
necessity for any drain so provided will depend on the topography of the
ground on which the embankment is constructed, having regard to the
desirability of preventing an accumulation of water at the base of the
embankment.
6.3.2 In case any settlement takes place in the embankment after its
completion it would also induce cracks in the embankment in addition to
causing damage to lining. The following treatment is suggested to repair
the settlement subject to site conditions.
A trench of minimum required width shall be dug along the crack
in the embankment for a depth to which the crack has extended plus
minimum 0.25 m or to a depth of I m whichever is more. The width of
the trench shall, however, not be less than 0.5 m. This trench shall be
lilled back with a thorough mixture of clay and fine sand having plasticity
index of 10 or less, and should be placed in 150 mm thick layers and
thoroughly compacted.

10
 IS : 4701- 1982

6.4 Requirements for Material -Where the embankment is constructed by

taking material from borrow pits care shall bc exercised that all large clods
are broken and no clod bigger than human fist, say 8 to 10 cm, roots.
grass and other rubbish are burried in the banks. Before procuring materials
from borrow pits all perishable materisl shall be stripped off from the top
surface as specified in 6.5.1. Unless otherwise directed by the engineer-in-
charge all materials shall be deposited in embankments so that cobbles,
gravel and boulders are well distributed through other material and not
rested in any position within or under the embankment.
6.4.1 In areas where gravel and stone is mixed with earth, these should
be removed as far as possible. But the areas where all gravel material
cannot be economically removed, cobbles, stones of size greater than 40 mm
should be removed to ensure proper compaction. This is very important
for lined sections where plastic membrane is provided to reduce seepage.
The existence of nest of cobbles may result in more seepage and piping. In
view of this measure to remove cobbles of larger size should be taken at
the excavation area itself.
6.5 Preparation of Ground Surface for Embankment - Before beginning
the construction of embankments the surface area of ground to be occupied
shall be cleared of all roots and vegetable matter of any kind and stripped
to a suitable depth.
6.5.1 The depth to which top soil is removed shall be adequate to re-
move all perishable material and any soil which may become unstable on
saturation or may interfere with development of proper bond between the
foundation and embankment. It is not necessary to remove all the soil con-
taining fine hair like roots but only the rather heavy mat. Table 1 may
serve as a guide for fixing the depth of stripping.

TABLE 1 DEPTH 0F STRIPPING

TYPE OF VEOETAI~LE (:OVER DEPTH OF STRIPPING

ONTXESOIL

Soil containing light grass cover 5.0 to 7.5 cm

i\gricultural land To the bottom of ploughcd

zone usually 15.0 to 22.5 cm

6.5.2 The ground surface under all canal embankments (excepting rock
surfaces ) where it is below the maximum water level in the canal, shall be
scarified making open furrows not less than 20 cm deep below natural
ground surface at intervals of not more than 1 m. However, where the
ground surface is below the bed level of the canal the entire surface of the
foundations for embankments shall be stripped to a depth of not less than
20 cm.

11
IS : 4701- 1982

6.6 Compaction Requirement - Embankments shall be compacted, as

shown on the drawings, to achieve the requirements laid down in 6.6.1
and 6.6.2. General methods of compaction of embankments are given in 7.
6.6.1 Embankments Without Controlled Compaction - Where the natural
ground surface is above the maximum water level in the canal but below the
top of the embankment, the embankment shall be built in layers not excee-
ding 30 cm in thickness and to the full width of the embankment. Each
layer shall be commenced from the edge farthest from the excavation. Top
of each layer shall be kepr slightly depressed in the centre. The excavating
and hauling equipment shall travel over the embankment to evenly distri-
bute the material and compacting effort over whole surface. If the
embankment is to carry a highway it shall be constructed in accordance
with 6.6.2, 6.6.3.1, 6.6.4, 6.6.4.1 and 6.6.5.
6.6.2 I~mbankmewrs With Controlled Compaction - Where the natural
ground is below the maximum water level in the canal the portion of the
embankment up to the maximum water level or where rigid lining is to be
laid, the portion of embankment up to the upper level of the lining, shall be
built according to the requirements given in 6.6.3.1, 6.6.4 and 6.6.5.
6.6.2.1 Embankment shall be built in layers generally not exceeding
25 cm in thickness ( loose layer) and to full width of the embankment.
Each layer shall be commenced from the edge farthest from excavation.
Top of each Jayer shall be kept slightly depressed in the centre.
6.6.3 Generally blending of two or more materials are recommended to
obtain suitable soil for earth lining. Fine soil from borrow areas is
gsnerally added to coarse soil to improve impermeability. But coarse soils
are added to fhre soils to improve erosion residance. The proportions for
blending should be ascertained by laboratory test.
6.6.3.1 Impervious zone -The impervious zone wherever shown on
the drawings shall be built of material having sufficient percentage of clay
so that it can be compacted at optimum moisture content by suitable
compacting equipment to the maximum dry density. The material shall be
compacted to a density as specified in 6.6.5. The water tightness of mate-
rial should be checked by carrying out permeability test. The coefficient of
permeability of impervious material should not be greater than 30 cm per
year. The impervious material should preferably be free from large size
particles. If this is not possible the maximum size and percentage of gravels
to be permitted is 40 mm and 20 percent respectively. When the above
relaxation is allowed the engineer-in-charge should ensure that relative
standards set for dry density and permeability are fulfilled.
6.6.3.2 The rest of the compacted zone may consist of any suitable
support for the impervious core under various conditions of saturation and
draw down. If silty or sandy material is used for this portion, such a
material will not be amenable to compaction by the usual compaction

12
 1s : 4701. i98a

procedure using sheep foot rollers. For such. materials proper machinery
utilising the principle of vibro-compaction should be used. The minimum
relative density of the compacted material shall not be less than 70 percent.
The distribution of material shall be such that the compacted material will
be homogeneous and free from lenses, pockets or other imperfections. The
maximum dimensions of stones placed in the embankment shall be not more
than 10 cm. The excavating and placing operations shall be such that the
materials when compacted will be blended sufficiently to secure the best
practicable degree of compaction, impermeability and stability.
6.6.4 Moisture Content - Prior to and during compaction operations the
embankment shall have optimum moisture content required for the purpose
of compaction and this moisture content shall be fairly uniform throughout
the layer. In so far as practicable the moistening of the material shall be
performed at the site of excavation but such moistening shall be supple-
mented as required by sprinkling water at the site of compaction, if necessary.
6.6.4.1 If the moisture content isgreater than optimum for compaction,
the compaction operation shall be delayed until such time as the material
has dried to the optimum moisture content.
6.6.5 Dry Bulk Density After Compaction - The dry bulk density of the
soil fraction in compacted embankment material shall be not less than 95
percent of the maximum dry bulk density at optimum moisture content
obtained in accordance with IS : 2720 (Part VII)-1980*, or as specified.

7. COMPACTION METHODS AND FIELD CONTROL

7.1 Methods of Compaction - To obtain the required amount of compaction

by most economic means it is necessary to employ systematic field control.
For a particular job the following items should be decided:
a) Dry density of the soil required with regard to the soil type;
b) The most suitable moisture content at which to work and the
effect of probable moisture content variation;
c) The type or types of compaction equipment most suitable for
compacting the soil having due regard to relative costs: and
d) The thickness of loose layers.
7.1.1 Average performances of compaction plant for various types of soils
are given in Appendix A. Whilst exact details of the procedure for com-
pacting every type of soil and materials are not given in Appendix A, the
information contained in it may be used as a reasonable guide.
*Method of test for soils : Part VII Determination of moisture contcn~ dry density
relations using light compaction ( ( stcond rcuision ).

13
IS : 470111982

7.1.2 Where the magnitude of work justifies it, the procedure described
in 7.1.2.1 to 7.1.1.3 is recommended to determine the required compaction
method. In deciding the method to be employed, economic considerations
should be kept in view. For example, it may have to be decided whether it
is more economical to compact in layers of less thickness with a light roller
or thick layers with heavy rollers; again, consideration may have to be
given to the number of passes required with smooth and sheepfoot rollers to
produce specified density. Often it may be found that a combination of
two or more types of equipment would give best,results.
7.1.2.1 Standard compaction tests shall be made on available materials.
The tests will indicate broadly which are the most suitable and give a rough
idea of the best type of equipment to be used and the moisture content at
which compaction should be undertaken. This method would help in
classsifying a material according to its compaction characteristics.
7.1.2.2 Having decided on the filling material to be used, field compac-
tion trials should, where porpsible, be made with the compaction equipment
expected to be used underconditions which are likely to obtain during
construction to determine the effects of soil moisture content, thickness of
layer, and number of!passes.
7.1.2.3 In deciding on the range of moisture contents, day-to-day
variations in moisture content should be taken into consideration, particul-
arly in the case of cohesive soils. Refer 6.6.4. Having decided on the
thickness of layers and range of moisture contents, tests should be made
with the different types of equipment available, and the required number of
passes should also be determined. In all this work the state of compaction
should be measured in terms of dry bulk density.
7.1.3 During the actual construction of any earthwork, maximum use
should be made of constructional plant and routing of the plant should be
careful1.y controlled to obtain uniform compaction over as wide an area as
possible. Care should also be taken during the compaction operation to
shape the surface of the works to facilitate the shedding and to minimize
the absorption of rainwater, particular attention being given to the preven-
tion of ponding. It is advisable to do this at the end of each days work.
7.1.4 Where, in the construction of an embankment, it is necessary to
construct a culvert over which the filling has to be placed, it is essential
that the filling and subsequent compaction should be carried out in such a
manner as to avoid an unbalanced thrust on the culvert, which might
displace or damage it.
7.2 Tests for Compaction of Earthworks - The following tests shall be
carried out for determining compaction:
a) Density moisture relationship of the soil;
b) Density of the soil in field; and
c) Moisture content.

14
 IS : 4701- 1981

7.2.1 Density moisture relationship of the soil shall be determ:ned in

;;y?daoce with IS : 2720 ( Part VII)-19808 and IS : 2720 ( Part VIII )-

7.2.2 Density of soil in field shall be determined in accordance with

IS : 2720 ( Part XXVIII )-1974$ or IS : 2720 ( Part XXIX )-19755.
7.2.3 Moisture content of soil shall be in accordance with IS : 2720
( Part II )-1973/l.

8, DISPOSAL OF MATERIALS

8.1 All excavated materials within economic lead, suitable for construction
of canal embankment should be used in its construction. Where the canal is
aligned on sloping ground excavated material not required for the construc-
tion of embankment on the higher side shall be deposited on the lower
side. Where canal is on level or nearly level ground the material from
excavation shall be deposited on embankments on both sides of the canal.
If there is excess of material from the excavation than needed for construc-
tion of embankments of canals, it should be deposited outside the
embankments on either side of the canal in the form of spoil banks leaving
a suitable berm and cross drains as directed by the engineer-in-charge.
8.2 A gap 3 m wide at toe may be left in spoil banks at 150 m intervals for
the purpose of drainage.

9. BORROW PITS

9.1 Where canal excavation does not furnish sufficient suitable material for
embankments, additional material required may be procured from the
borrow pits. The location of borrow pits will depend on the material that
is being sought which in turn depends on the design consideration. It may
be necessary to survey the soil by means of auger borings or trial pits to
determine the extent and nature of the deposits in the borrow area.
9.2 No borrow pits shall be dug within 5 m of the toe of embankment, if
their depth is less than 0.5 m,
1) and 10 m, if their depth is more than 0.5 m;
*Methods of test for soils : Part VII Determination of moisture content dry density
relations using light compaction ( sc~ond revision).
tlkfethods of test for soils: Part VIII Determination of moirture content dry density
relations using heavy compaction (jirst rrvihm ).
$Methods of test for soils : Part XXVIII Determination of dry density of soils, in p!acc,
by the sand replacement method (jrst rsvision 1.
$Methods of test for soils : Part XXIX Determination of dry density of roils, in place,
by the core cutter method (jut reviziun).
I(Methodr of test for soils: Part II Determination of moisture conten t ( second rmirion),

15
IS : 4701- 1982

or within such a distance from the toe of the bank where a 4 : 1 hydraulic
gradient line cuts the ground surface, whichever is more. Borrow pits shall
not be more than 1 m in depth and 25 m in length. A clear distance of
1 m shall be left between the pits. The bed of borrow pits shall be left
reasonably smooth and even.
9.3 Borrow pits shall be drained to avoid stagnation of water. The bottom
level of borrow pits should be fixed with reference to the prevailing ground
slope towards the nearest natural drainage course. The pits shall be
connected together by a drain about 0.5 m wide. The bottom level of
connecting drain should suit the bed level of the pits it connects.

10. TURFING

10.1Principles Underlying the Use of Grass on Earth Slopes - Surface

stabilization of slopes and the prevention of soil erosion and weathering
may be accomplished by the establishment of grass or other herbage. The
living grass roots mechanically reinforce the soil, and the decaying organic
matter improves soils structure. The grass leaves, living or dead, protect the
surface against rain and wind. The combination of improved soil structure
and protection gives stability against erosion.
Virgin clays and other subsoils are usually deficient in those bacterial
organisms which promote healthy growth. The application of top soil to
any new slope is usually a pre-requisite for the successful establishment of
grass.
10.2 Topsoiling - The depth of topsoil required will vary according to the
nature of the subsoil aod a depth of about 15 cm of good quality soil over-
lying the subsoil is usually sufficient to sustain plant growth.
10.3 Sodding - The sods used shall be cut in rectangular shape 8 to 10 cm
thick and laid so that their edges are in close contact and then welded by
being gently rammed till they form a level and compact mat. When old
surfaces are to be turfed, they shall be picked up to a depth of about 4 cm
to give a hold to the sods. For sodding any grass which forms a thick
short turf shall be used.
10.4 TurfIng - It is difficult to generalize on the type of grass to be used
since each particular soil type required a specific grass. To ensure a satis-
factory result it is desirable to consult agriculture department, who would
make any necessary analysis of the soil before specifying the type of grass. It
would also be a help to study the grasses growing in the oeighbourhood and
to include the varieties that appear to be most suitable; this, of course,
largely depends on the top soil being obtained from the same vicinity.

16
 APPENDIX A
(Ch7use 7.1.1 )
COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS FOR SOILS AND OTHER MATERIALS
USED IN EARTHWORK CONSTRUCTION

( The information given should be taken only as an approximate guide )

- - - -
MAJOR SUB-GROUPS SUITABLB TYPE OP No. OF THICKNESS REMARKS
DIVISIONS COMPACTINO PASSES FOR OF LOOSE
EQUPYENT SATIS- LAYSR
FACTORY (ACTUAL
COMPACT ON THICKNESS
MiR DEPENDS
ot4 PLANT
USED), MC>
cm

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

-_ _-
Boulders Boulder gravels Heavy earth-moving 30 Maximum size of material
and cobble: s equipment will govern the mini-
mum thickness of layer
_-
Other Hard : Hard broken Heavy smooth-wheel 8 30
materials rock, hardcore, ctc roller As for boulders and cob-
(no soil binder) Frog-rammer 37.5 bles
Heavy vibrating plate 2 30

so/t: Chalk, soft Prack laying tractor 4 20 Best compaction is obtain-

rocks rubble and heavy smooth- ed by spreading the
wheel roller material with a doser
Frog-rammer 4* 37.5 and compacting with
four passses of the roller.
In wet weather a smooth-
wheel roller may prove
impracticable due to
skidding. In this case
adequate compaction
can be obtained by
using a heavy tractor
and thinner layer
-_ _-
Gravel and I Well-graded gravel, A concrete vibrator may
gravelly gravels and mixtu- be used when these soils
soils res, little or no are used as subgrade
fines materials. For effective
use of a vibrator the
soil should be in rela-
tively dry condition

Well-graded gravel Close moisture content

sand mixtures with control is essential
excellent clay
indrr

Uniform gravel with

little or no fines

Poorly-graded gravel As for well-graded gravel,

and gravel sand gravel sand mixtures,
mixtures, little or little or no fines
no fines
-
Gravel with fines, Smooth-wheel roller 6 20 Close moisture content
silty gravel, clayey control is essential
gravel, poorly- 1Pneumatic-tyred roller 6 20
graded gravel-sand. _ 1Vibrating smooth- 6 20
clay mixtures wheel roller

-
l Where one prsn is equivalent to 6 f~ 8 blows per unit ama. ( Conhued )

.
 T
-.
MAT MAJOR SUB-GROUPS SUITABLE TYPE h0. OF THICKNESS REMARKS
DIVISIONS COMPACTING PASSES ~06 OF LOOSE
EQUIPMENT SATE- LAYER
FACTORY (ACTUAL
COMPAC- THICKXES:,
TION, Min

:>

(2) (3) (4) (5) (7)

-
Smds and Well-graded sands Heavy vibrating platc 37.5 Vibrating rollers or vib-
sandy soih and gravelly sands, Frog-rammer 2* 3 i.3 rators Lvill be very satis-
little or no fines Power-rammer 3t 0 factory if the moiture
content of the soil IS
low, but may bc uneco-
nomical
Well-graded sand Close moisture content
with excellent clay- control is essential, when
binder the moisture content is
relatively high it is pre-
ferable to use a pneu-
matic-tyred roller
Uniform sands with -
little or no fines

Poorly-graded sands As for well-graded sands

little or no fines and gravelly sands, little
or no fines
Sands with fines, silty As for well-graded sand
sands, clayey sands, with excellent clay
poorly-graded sand. binder
caly mixtures
--
Soils havin Silts (inorganic) and -
l&v compre very fine sands, rock
rsibility flour, silty or clayey
P
fine sands,. with
slight plasnctty
-
Zlayey silts(inorganic -
<oils having 3rganic silts of low These soils are difficult to
nedium plasticity compact and the rffcct
:ompressi- of varying the contact
)ility pressure should be tried.
Close moisture content
control should be main-
tained
jmooth-wheel roller 4 20 -
neumatic tyrcd rol- -
mcdtum plasticity ler -
frack-la) ing tractor 15
:lays (inorganic)
medium plasticity
-_
Tf
iheeps - foot roller:
:rog-rammer
io 2. ;;.s -
-

1 rganic clays of me- owcr-rammer 1t 20 -

dium plasticity
_
ioils halving Ylicaccous or disto- fhese soils are considcrcd
tigh com- maccous fine sandy very undesirable for use
nessibility and silty soils, elastic in earthwork and should
silts not be employed if they
are -_._.
highlv ____.
compressible_.~__
ilays
high
(inorganic)
plasticity,
of
fat
rIt is advisable to compact
thcsc soils at the rnoi+
clays turc content at which
no change will occur
suhscquently
)rganic clays of high AS for micaccous or dis-
plasticity tomaceous fine sandy

cst and other highly

-- and silty soils
These soils are entirely
organic swamp soils - unsuirablc for earth-
--- I work construction
^ .b!ows
. -
*Where one pass is equivalent to 6 to 8 per umt area.
tWhereone pass is equivalent to 2 to 3 blows per unit area.
$For use in dry climates.
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