Is 7894 1975 PDF
Is 7894 1975 PDF
Is 7894 1975 PDF
0 Copyright 1383
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Gr 8 June 1976
IS 7894 - 1975
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF EARTH DAMS
Chairman Iprplurntins
SHRII. P. KAPLA Irrigation De artment, Government of Punjab,
Chandigar g
MImbrrz
DR M. c. CHATURVBDI Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
CHISP EN~INBI~R
( MID ) Public Works Department, Government of Andhra
Pradesh, Hyderabad
SUPERXNTBNDIN~ ENOINEER,
CD0 ( Aftcmots)
Dkrroa (EBDD ) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTYDIRXZOR( ERDD ) ( AItem& )
DR K. T. SUNDARARAJA IYEN~AR Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
SHRI P. J. J~ot~s Associated Cement Companies Ltd, Bombz.y
SHRI M. R. VINAYAKA(Alternate )
SHIU K. V. KOCHANIYAN Kerala State Electricity Board, Trivandrum
SHRI Y. K. MEHTA Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SHRIJ. F. MILITRY Public Works Department, Government of Gujarat,
Gandhinagar
DR B. PANT Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune
SHRI A. S. KHOT ( Alkmah )
SHRIE. C. SALDANHA Irrigation and Power Department, Government of
Maharashtra, Bombay
SHRI V. P. SHIMPI( Alfcmatc )
SEW D. M. SAVUR Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI V. B. DESAI ( Altemtc )
SECRETARY Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi
DEPUTYSECRETARY ( 1.0. ) ( Altmate )
SRRIJ. S. SINQHOTA Beas Designs Organization, Nangal Township
SHRIJ. S. ATWAL( AItema:e )
S-I D. AJITHASIMHA, Diictor General, Big ( fi-oj%io Member )
Director ( ‘Civ Engg )
Semtaty
SHIU K. K. SHAIWA
Assistant Director ( Civ Engg ), BlS
(ConrifJuedon pug@2 )
@ Copyrighf 1983
BUREAU QF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is proteukY unucr the hdkzn mC@Wg/tt Acf (XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shallbe deemed to be an infringementof copyright under the said Act.
IS I 7994 - 1975
C0nU?H Rcpresenrillg
Srur S. N. Guau RAU Central Water Commission, New Deihi
2
IS 7894- $975
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF EARTH DAMS
0. FOREWORD
0.1This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 10 December 1975, after the draft finalized by the Dam Sections
( Non-overflow ) Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil
Engineering Division Council.
0.2 Earth embankments are widely used for roads, railways, river training
works, canal embankments, dams, etc. The economy and safety of these
works can be accomplished by adopting proper methods of design, construc-
tion and maintenance. The failure of these structures is likely to result in
loss of life and damages to property. It may also result in damage and/or
washout of the structure fully or partially.
0.3 The most important cause of failure is sliding. It may occur slowly or
suddenly and with or without forewarning. Such a failure causes a portion
of the earth fill to slide downwards an outwards with respect to theremain-
ing part generally along a well-define$ slide surface. ,4t the time of the
.,,failure the average-shearing stress exceeds the average shearing resistance
I along the sliding surface. It is, therefore, necessary that the designer takes
special care to eliminate the possibility of such a failure.
0.4 In the design of earth dam both safety and economy call for thorough
soil studies of the foundation and of the materials of construction, combined
with stability computations. The methods of stability -analysis currently in
use have been developed largely as a result of studies of actual slides on old
dams. The stability computations serve as a basis either for the redesign
of slope of an existing structure or for deciding the slope of a new structure
in accordance with the specified safety requirement. Because of wide
variations in the properties of subsoil formation and the heterogeneity of
soils available for construction of earth dam, the design of an earth dam
constitutes a problem that calls for individual treatment. Additional studies
are required in complex situations such as earth dams founded on marshy
soils, marine clays and materials susceptible to liquifaction.
3
l8 I 7894 - 197s
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the procedure for analysing the stability of earth
dam slopes for different conditions of loading to which the dam is expected
to be~subjected during its life time. The -analysis covers types of shear test
results to be used, conditions requiring analysis, computation of pore
pressures, methods of analysis and considerations for earthquake forces.
1.2 This standard does not cover special cases such as transition between,
earth dam and masonry and concrete dam.
1.3 This standard does not cover stability analysis of rockfill dams.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard. the following definitions shall apply.
2.1 Actuating or Driving Force - The force which tends to cause move-
ment or sliding of the soil mass in the dam.
2.2 Critical Surface - The possible failure surface which gives the lowest
value of factor of safety.
2.3 Effective Stress Method - A method of analysis in which thepore
pressures that exist on the potential failure surface within the dam
and the foundation are estimated and allowed for separately from normal
stress, The shear strength of soils are also determined in terms of effective
strea.
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IS : 7894 - 1975
2.4’ Embankment Dam - It includes earth dams and earth core rock-
fill dams.
2.5 Factor of Safetv. - For circular arc analvsis. it is the ratio of
stabilizing force to actuating force. For sliding &edge analysis, it is the
ratio of design shear strength to developed shear strength.
2.6 Failure Surface -The plane or surface along which a part of the dam
section tends to move or slide.
2.7 Phreatic Line -The upper flow line, or free surface of seepage,
along which the pressure in the soil water is equal to the atmospheric
pressure.
2.8 Stabilizing or Resisting Force -The force which opposes move-
ment or sliding of soil mass in the dam.
2.9 Steady Seepage- This corresponds to a condition in which steady
seepage flow has been established through the dam section for any
reservoir level.
2.10 Sudden Drawdown -That rate of lowering of’ reservoir water
level which does not allow full dissipation of pore pressure simultaneously
with the lowering of reservoir level.
2.11 Total Stress Method -A method of analysis in which total stresses,
without allowance for pore water pressures, are taken into account.
The shear strength of the soils adopted in analysis are also determined
in terms of total stresses without pore pressure measurements. In this
procedure it is assumed that the pore pressures which will develop in
the sample during the laboratory test will be equal to those which would
develop in the dam at the time of failure. In other words the shear strength
is assumed to include the influence of the pore pressure during loading as
well as shearing.
2.12 Trial Sliding Mass -The portion of the dam and foundation
( if any) lying above the assumed failure surface.
3. PRINCIPLES
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IS : 7894 - 1975
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IS : 7894 - 1975
4.2 ‘Q Test -During this test, initial water content is kept constant.
Thus the change in the water content is not permitted either prior to or
during shear. For saturated soils as the drainage of water from the voids
does not take place, the applied normal load induces a balanced pore water
pressure and hence the shear strength is independent of the normal load and
envelope of the shear strength is a straight line parallel to the abscissa. For
partially saturated soil samples, however, there is a decrease in the volume
due to the compression of air or gas present in the voids and from the
increased solution of gas in the pore water under test pressure. The
strength envelopes for partially saturated soil have the curved portion in the
low stress range. For partially saturated soils, therefore, this curved portion
of the envelope should be used including the cohesion intercept when the
dam stresses are in this low range. Because the envelopes are the curved
lines, the strength relationship cannot be expressed conveniently in terms
of ‘ cohesion ’ and ‘ angle of internal friction ’ and hence approximation for
this condition is necessary. For the purpose of design, therefore, these
curved envelopes shall be replaced with a series of straight lines approxima-
tely parallel to the curved envelopes so that the cohesion intercept and
friction angle can be determined for variousnormal load ranges.
4.3 R Test
4.3.1 In this test the fully saturated soil sample is allowed to consolidate
under one set of normal stress condition and after allowing a proper degree
of consolidation it is subjected to shearing process during which the water
content is kept constant, that is, no drainage is allowed. Consolidation of
sample prior to-shearing dissipates the pore pressure due to load and only
the pore pressures due to shearing are present at the time of failure. The
results of this test, after deductingpore pressure in case of triaxial shear test
and without such deduction in case of direct box shear, can be considered
as effective stress parameters.
4.3.2 Results of these tests are valid only if full saturation of the soil
sample is achieved. For achieving complete saturation the usual method
of back pressure is considered satisfactory.
7
IS : 7894 - 1975
8
IS : 7894 - 1975
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-IS : 7894 - 1975
5.3.2 All the zones above phreatic line drawn for upstream water level
under consideration?should be considered as moist for working out resisting
and driving forces and zones below it should be taken with their submerged
weights for working out both resisting and driving forces.
5.3.3 Partial pool condition may not prove to be critical for all earth
dams and hence analysis for this condition needs to be carried out onlv in
cases where it is considered necessary. This condition is likely to be critical
in cases of high dams where the range of drawdown is small as compared
to the height of dam.
5.4.1 Earth dams may get saturated due to prolonged higher reservoir
levels. Sudden drawdown condition corresponds to the subsequent lower-
ing of reservoir level rate faster than pore water can dissipate. This induces
unbalanced seepage forces and excess pore water pressures. This condition
becomes critical ‘if the materials of the upstream portion of the dam are
not freely draining.
10
IS : 7894 - 1975
PHREATIC
LINE
7
11
IS ! 71194 - 1975
a) <ones above phreatic line - All the zones above phreatic line shall
be considered as moist for computing both the driving and
resisting forces.
b) <ones in the drawdown range - For computing driving forces the
core material and non-free-draining material shall be considered
as saturated and freely draining material shall be considered as
moist. For computing resisting forces the pore pressures shall
be adopted as for any of the methods indicated in 5.4.2, 5.4.3
and 5.4.4.
c) <ones below drawdown level - All zones including foundation zone
below the drawdown level shall be considered as buoyant for
computing both the driving and resisting forces.
5.4.6 The analysis for upstream slope shall be done for the condition of
1 F
the drawaown nom:
a) Full reservoir level ( FRL ) in case of earth dams with gated
spillways, and
b) A level corresponding to mid-level between full reservoir level
( FRL ) and maximum water level ( MWL) to lowest water
level ( LWL ) in case of earth dams with ungated spillways.
5.4.7 For downstream slope the analysis shall be carried out for the
condition of drawdown from maximum tail water level (-Max TWL j to
mmimum tail water level ( Min TWL ).
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IS : 7894 - 1975
5.6.2 The saturation for the downstream shell material shall be assumed
as under:
a) Fifty percent if the coefficient of permeability is lo-4 cm/s or less,
b) Zero percent if the coefficient of permeability is 10-Z cm/s or
more, and
c) Percentage shall vary linearly from fifty to zero for the coefficients
of permeability lying between 10M4 cm/s and 10-Z cm/s.
6.1 Methods for determining the phreatic line are available in any standard
book on soil mechanics. It is, however, not necessary to determine accu-
rately the phreatic line for stability analysis. The approximate method
given in 6.2 is good enough for the purpose.
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IS : 7894 - 1975
7. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
7.1 The methods of analysing the slope stability depending upon the pro-
file of failure surface are:
a) Circular arc method, and
b) Sliding wedge method.
14
IS t 7894 - 1975
7.3.2 In sliding wedge method of analysis the trial sliding mass is divided
into two or three segments, the top segment is called active wedge and
the bottom segment is called passive wedge. The middle wedge in case of
a three wedge system is called the central block. The resultant of the
forces acting on the active wedge and the passive wedge are first
determined. These resultants acting on the central block along with
other forces on the block shall give a closed polygon for stability. The
procedure for this analysis is given in Appendix D.
15
IS : 7894 - 1975
CENTRE OF ASSUMED
/- FAILURE SURFACE
PHREATIC LINE
WATER
c_-~- LEVEL --
_ DIRECTION OF
EARTHQUAKE FORC
Te
Wl : Saturated unit weight of the material in the slice ( below phreatic line )
AH : Horizontal earthquake coefficient
I, : Tangential component of earthquake force ( W 1.cosa.AH )
Jv, : Normal component of earthquake force ( W 1.sina.AH )
most critical one giving lowest accepted factor of safety may be located. In
practice, however, a limited number of slip circles, about 12 to 15, selected
on the basis of past experience arc considered sufficient for each condition
of analysis.
9.2 After trying about 12 to 15 failure circles, if the lowest value of factor
of safety is acceptable the profile of the section needs no changes and the
assumed profile shall be considered adequate from considerations of stabi-
lity. However, if-the value ofthe factor of safety obtained for the critical
failure arc is more than required, the section shall be modified by reducing
the berm widths and steepening the slopes. The above process shall be
repeated till tlxe profile of the section gives the required factor cf safety. If,
on the other hand, the value of factor of safety obtained during the process
of calculation for the failure surface is less than ,the minimum acceptable,
the same shall be increased to the required value by trials after carrying
o’lt necessary changes in the profile.
9.3 For the sake of simplicity and reducing the calculations, the various
materials, namely, riprap, internal filters, rock-toes, erc, falling within the
sliding mass shall be considered to have the same properties as those of
the respective zones within which they are located. This will not mate-
rially effect the value of factor of safety as these materials usually cover
only a small sectional area as compared tr> the areas of the zones in which
16
IS: 7894-1975
9.4 Stability analysis of the slopes shall be done for sections of dam for
different heights, the entire length being divided into suitable reaches. In
deciding the reaches, variations in foundations conditions shall also be taken
into account.
10.1All the results of stability analysis for each condition of analysis for the
final section evolved shall be presented on one drawing sheet only and shall
be called as master sheet. The various circles tried should be numbered
serially and shown on this sheet. The critical circle shall be marked
distinctly in colour. The design parameters ( densities and shear strength
values ) along with the design assumptions shall be shown on the drawing.
A table showing the values of factors of safety for various circles shall also
be shown.
10.2 If the topography of the ground across the axis of the dam, on which
dam will be resting, is very undulating the profile of the ground along the
transverse direction of dam axis shall be plotted and the proposed earth
\dam section shown on it. The analysis of this section shall then be carried
out. If the topography of the ground is fairly uniform and flat, the cross
section shall be drawn after considering the horizontal ground profile with
its elevation as that of a point along the axis of the dam.
17
APPENDIX A
( Clause 5.1.1 )
I
MINIMUM DESIRED VALUES OF FACTORS OF SAFE’rY AND TYPE OF SHEAR
STRENGTH RECOMMENDED FOR VARIOUS LOADING CONDITIONS z
CCW Loading Condition of Dam Slope Mqst Pore Pressure Assumptions Type of Shear Minimum
NO. Likely to be Strength Desired
Critical Test to be Factor of
Adopted Sqfcry
I Construction condition with or Upstream and To be accounted for by Hilf’s QRt 1.0
without partial pool* downstream method
II Reservoir partial pool Upstream Weights of material in all zones R SJ l-3
above phreatic line to be taken
as moist and those below as
buoyant
G III Sudden drawdown:
a) Maximum head water to Upstream As given in 5.4.2 R S$ 1.3
minimum with tail water
at maximum
b) Maximum tail water to Downstream As given in 5.4.5 R S: 1.3
minimum with reservoir full
IV Steady seepage with reservoir Downstream As given in 5.5.2 R S: 1.5
full
V Steady seepage with sustained Downstream As given in 5.6.1 R S1 1.3
rainfall
VI Earthquake condition:
a) Steady seepage Downstream As given in case IV RSf 1 *oi
b) Reservoir full Upstream As given in case II R S$ 1 .og
NOTE - These factors of safety are applicable for the methods of analysis mentioned in this standard.
*Where the reservoir is likely to be filled immediately after completion of the dam, construction pore pressure would
not have dissipated and these should be taken into consideration.
tThis is to be adopted for failure plane passing through impervious foundation layer.
$S test may be adopted only in cases where the material is cohesionless and free draining.
#Values are according to IS : 1893-1975 ‘Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures ( third reuision )‘.
IS : 7894 - 1975
APPENDIX B
( Clause 5.2.3 )
COMPUTATION OF PORE PRESSURES BY
j. W. HILF’S METHOD
B-l. ASSUMPTIONS
C>The pressures in the pore water and the air in the pores are
always equal and directly after compaction of the embankment
material they are equal to atmospheric pressure;
4 The decrease in the embankment volume at any given elevation
under the weight of the fill placed above is caused by compression
of the air in the voids and solution of the air in the pore water;
e) Boyles’s and Henry’s laws are valid for this compression and
solution; and
f > No dissipation of pore water pressures from drainage occurs
during construction.
B-2. FORMULA
u Pa. A
= v, + 0.02 VW- n
where
u = induced pore pressure in kg/ems;
P,, = absolute atmospheric pressure in kg/cm%;
A = embankment compression, in percent of original total
embankment volume;
V, = volume of free air in the voids of the soil directly after
compaction, in percent of original total embankment
volume; and
VW = volume of pore water, in percent of origrnal total embank-
ment volume.
19
* IS : 7894 - 1975
B-2.2 The numerical values for the initial air and water volume for w in
the formula may be estimated from laboratory compaction tests and from
previous experience with average embankment densities. The earth dam
compressibi1it.y may be derived from laboratory consolidation tests or from
the average of field measurements for similar dam materials.
B-2.3 The equation at B-2.1 may also be used to compute the theoretical
pore pressure at which all the air is forced into solution; that is, when the
dam becomes completely saturated. This state which occurs when the
compression of the specimen A becomes equal to the initial volume of air
in the voids V, is described by the equation:
[j - ‘aeva
0.02 VW
where the symbols are as described in B-2.1.
APPENDIX C
( Clause 7.2.3 )
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS OF FORCES
BY CIRCULAR ARC METHOD
C-l. GENERAL
C-l.1 After deciding upon the tentative cross section of the proposed earth
dam as stated in 0.6 (d), a possible circular failure surface through the dam
and foundation (in case foundation is not firm and through which failure
is anticipated) shall be assumed. The trial sliding mass shall be divided
-into a number of vertical slices. The number of slices depends on the
width and profile of the sliding mass, number of various zones included
in the sliding mass and the accuracy desired. Usually 10 to 15 slices are
desirable. For zoned embankment and stratified foundations with different
properties, where an arc of the potential failure surface passes through more
than one type of material, the vertical ordinates of the slices for each zone
or part of the fcjundation shall be obtained by locating the slice at each
such dividing point. The slices, for convenience, may be of equal width
though it is not rigidly necessary to do SO. For this, trial surface computa-
tions are made of the shear force needed for equilibrium and the strength
forces available. The failure surface is shown in Fig. 3A. Forces acting
on a typical slice in the analysis of downstream slope for steady seepage
condition are shown in Fig. 3B.
C-2. ANALYSIS
C-2.1 The driving forces and resisting forces may be analysed by either of
the methods given at C-2.2 and C-2.3.
20
IS D ‘1894 - 1975
CENTRE OF ASSUMED
A
FAILURE SURFACE
MAXIMUM POOL L
-
HARD, STRATUM AILURE
__.._ ..CE
SURFAl
RADIUS OF FAILURE
SURFACE
,TIC LINE
CORE MATEhAL
BELOW PHREATIC
LlKE----- N=Wcosa
1 :.W sin6
(=UNIT COHESIO
21
IS : 7894 - 1975
of the slice results in an uplift force which reduces the normal component
of the weight of the slice, The net or effective downward force acting on
the curved bottom boundary of the slice is the total weight minus the
upward force due to pore water pressure. The effect of the pore prasure
on resisting forces is accounted for by assuming buoyant weight of the
material lymg below the phreatic line. Component of shearing resistance
due to internal friction is therefore ( N - U) tan 4, where 4 is the angle
of shearing resistance of the material at the base of the slice and ( N - U )
is the effective normal load fla. Another force acting at the bottom of
the slice and which opposes the movement of sliding mass is the shearing
resistance offered by the material due to its cohesion, C, and is equal to the
unit cohesion, c, multiplied by the length of the bottom of the slice and
is approximately equal to c x bjcos a. In practice the length of the arc
may be measured accurately as the expression blcos a shall not give the
length of arc of the slice when b is not infinitely small. The total resisting
or stabilizing force S developed at the bottom of the slice is equal to
(CX b/cosa)+ (N- U) tan &. The driving or the actuating force I
due to the weight of the slice is equal to W sin a. Similar forces are worked
out for all the slices considered for a potential failure surface. The results
of these computations shall be tabulated and sums of the resisting and
driving forces shall be obtained. The factor of safety against sliding for the
assumed failure surface is computed by the equation:
.
,5~_=~[C+(Jf- u)tan+l
zl- ZW sin a
where
FS = factor of safety,
b = width of slice.
22
is : 7894 - 1975
C-2.3 Graphical Method -The summations of the resisting and driving
forces may be done by graphical method and may be adopted in preference
to the arithmetical method described at C-2.2. Any vertical line within
sliding mass from the outer slope of the dam to the bottom offailure surface
represents weight of strip or slice infinitely small in width. This is resolved
into two components, one normal to the failure surface .N and other
tangential to it T. These components for other various vertical slices
selected within the failure are plotted separately on two horizontal base
lines after projecting the verticals of the failure surface on the base lines.
The extremities of these normal and tangential components are then joined
by smooth and continuous curves. The areas under these curves represent
the summation of the normal and tangential forces acting on the failure
surface. The areas for various zones are planimetered and multiplied by
the respective unit weights of the material. In order to account for the
effect of the pore pressure, the normal forces shall be worked out on the
basis of effective unit weights. The summation of normal forces when
multiplied by the respective tangent of angle of internal friction along with
addition of cohesion gives the total resisting force. The summation of
tangential forces gives total driving force. The factor of safety shall then
be calculated as given in C-2.2.
23
&
TABLE 2 CALCULATIONS FOR AREA OF SLICES
( Clause C-2.4)
*
SLICE HORI- SHELLABOVE COREABOVE COREBELOW FOVNDATSON I
ZONTAL PHREATIC LINE PHREATIC LINE PHREATICLINE
WIDTH __-_*--~~-_-_h_-~~---_--rr -~------r.
Height of Slice Area Height of Slice Area. Height of Slice Area‘. Height ofSlice A& u,
r_---h_-_~ ~--~h__~ C---_h--y C-_-__h--y
Left Right Avg Left Right Avg Left Right Avg Left Right Avg
(11 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)
m m m m ,2 m m m ma m m m m2 m m m m*
3 3.75 2.0 4.0 3.0 11.25 3.25 4.50 3.87 14.51 3.50 5.50 4.50 16.87
2
4 4.50 &O 6’0 5.0 22’50 4.50 2.75 3.62 16.29 5.50 7.50 6.50 29.25
5 4.25 6.0 8.5 7.25 30.81 2.75 1.50 2.12 9.01 7.50 8.50 8.0 3400 - - - -
6 3.25 8.5 10.0 9.25 30.06 1.50 0.0 0.75 2.43 8.50 6.50 7.50 3437 0.0 2.0 1.0 3.25
7 6.75 10.0 3.5 1 l-75 79.31 - - - - 6.50 0 3.25 21.93 2.0 6.0 4.0 27.00
8 6.00 13.5 13.5 13.5 81.00 - - - - - - - 6.0 8.0 7.0 42.00
9 9.00 13.5 10.5 12.0 108.00 - - - 8.0 10.25 9.12 82.08
‘10 8.00 10.5 8.0 9.25 74.00 - - - 10.25 11.0 10.62 84.96
11 7.75 8.0 5.5 6.75 52.31 - - - - - - 11.0 10’5 10.75 83.31
12 7.00 5.5 3.0 4.25 29’75 - - - - - 10.5 90 9.75 68.25
13 7’00 3.0 0.0 1.50 10.5 - -. - 9.0 6.5 7.75 5425
14 11.00 - - - - - - - 6.5 0.0 3.25 35.75
TA8LE 3 COMPUTATIC#S FOR NEUSTING AND DRIVING FORGES
(c&we c-2.4)
Portion A$ BC CD TOTAL
#------- . ---
Slice 14 -
f she11 f Above 3*ll
- 11:5
6.07 Ha,5
1451 22:o
16.29 30%1
9.01 SO&
2.43 7915
_ 1 81.800
- 108sO
- 7:zO
-
5?31
-
2:?75
-
ltE0
-
-
7
I phreatic
Area of Various
I line
$e=,” the I core 4
, I I I Below - 6.56 16.87 29.25 34.00 2437 21.93 - - - - -
I
1 Foundation
EEeafic
- - - - - 3.25 27.00 42’00 82.08 84.96 83.31 68.25 54.25 35-75
6.35 23.06 23.06 46’12 63’16 61.62 162.58 166’05 221.40 151.70 10723 60.98 21.52 -
Above - IO.68 25.53 28.67 15.85 4.27 - 7 - - - - -
I phreatic
line
Below
phreatic
5.93 15.26 26-47 30.77 22.05 1984 - - - __ - -
i line - - - - - 26.59
2.41 20.08 31.24 61.06 63.21 61.98 50.77 40.36
Total Weight of Slice 6.35 39.67 63.85 101.26 109.78 90.35 202.50 197.29 282’46 241.91 16921 Ill*“5 61.88 26.59
(WR)
Shell 23.06 23.06 46.12 63.16 6::; 162.58 166.05 221.40 151’70 107.23 60.98 21.52 -
6.35
- 10.68 25.53 28.67 - - - - - -
f Above 1985
phreatic
1
line
5. Weight for ’ Core i - - - - -
Dlivink Below - 1240 32’13 55.72 64:77 46.42 41.77 - -
1
Forces, t plueatic
i I line
- - - - - 2.41 ?ma 31.24 61.98 50.77 4.36 26.59
Foundation 61.05 6021
I 26.59
1Total Weight of Slice 695 46.23 80.72 130.51 143.78 174.72 224.43 197.29 282’46 214.91 169.21 Ill.75 61.88
1 (WD)
a, degree 66 60 53.30 47 40 35 29 22’30 13 4.30 4.30 12.30 31.00
!: cosa 0.594 0.682 0.819 0.874 0.923 0.996 0,996 @976 0.857
POR- ZONE AREA OF ZONE UNIT NORMAL TOTAL tari @ Ne. COHESION, c
TION
r___h-_y WEIGHT FORCE NORMAL tan ---h-y
cm2 m2 ( EFFEC- FORCE @ Unit Length Cohe-
TIVE ) (Ne) Cohe- of sion
( EFFEC- sion Arc c.L,
TIVE) (c) !L) t
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 00) (11) (12)
AB Shell above phreatic line 0.05 1.25 2.05 2.56 2.56 0.55 1.40 0 4 0.00
BC Core below phreatic line 2.38 59.50 0.905 53.84
Core above phreatic 1inC 1.25 31.25 1.76 55 00
Shell above phreatic line 2.05 51.25 2.05 105,06 213.90 0.35 74.86 2-O 25 50.00
CD Foundation 18.50 462.50 0.744 344.10
Core below phreatic line 1.55 38.75 @905 35.07
Core above phreatic line 0.08 2.00 1.76 3.52
Shell above phreatic line 17.55 438.75 2.05 899.43 1282.12 0.45 576.95 1.9 71 134.90
o-05
D
tan 9 =
CENTRE OF ASSUME0
FAILURE SURFACE
TOP OF DAM 751.3
SOFT OVERBURDEN
FOUNDATION
LASSUMEO FAILURE SURFACE
ROCK LEVEL 709-00
I
CIRCULAR ARC METHOD
All dimaIaiona in metrc8.
FIG. 5 TYPICAL CALCULATIONS
FORDOWNSTREAM
SLOPEBY GRAPHICALMETHOD ( STEADYSEEPAGE)
29
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
IS : 7894 - 1975
Total = 554*80t
838.11
Factor of Safety = ~54~~ - 1.51
APPENDIX D
( Clause 7.3.2)
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS OF FORCES BY SLIDING
WEDGE METHOD
D-l. NOTATIONS
D-l.1 For the purpose of this appendix the following notations shall have
the meaning indicated after each:
C = total cohesive force,
CA = developed cohesive force of active wedge,
ccs = developed cohesive force of central block,
CD = developed cohesive force,
Cr = developed cohesive force of passive wedge,
EA =’ resultant force of active wedge,
EP = resultant force of passive wedge,
&, EH = force required to close the force polygon,
FA = resultant of normal and frictional force of active wedge,
FCB = resultant of normal and frictional force of central block,
r;, = resultant of normal and frictional force of passive wedge,
A-D = developed normal force,
SD = developed shear strength = CD + ( ND - U) tan 40,
U = pore water pressure,
WA = total weight of active wedge,
31
6
rs : 7894 - 1975
D-2. ANALYSIS
D-2.2 The total weight W of the segment is equal to the area multiplied
by the appropriate gross unit weight of the material. It is assumed that
the shear strength developed at the bottom of wedge is equal to
&‘D=CD + (ND- U) tan+DwhereCD =-&,tan+D=.tG~, and
.
FS is a trial factor of safety. ND is the normal force acting on the bottom
when the wedge is at a state of equilibrium and not at failure. The forces
on each segment are considered separately. The developed values of
cohesion, CD, and developed angle of internal friction, 40, along the failure
surface are controlled by the assm,led trial factor of safety. The magni-
tude of resultant earth forces E;\ and B,, also depend on the value of trial
factor of safety. Wowever, tllc direction of forces acting on the vertical
boundaries must be assumed. If .he vertical boundary between the active
wedge -and the central block or pasive wedge is located at or below the
centre of embankment slope, the direction of the force EA is assumed to be
32
IS : 7894 - 1975
parallel to the slope. If the vertical boundary is located near the top of
the embankment slope horizontal direction for EA should be assumed. For
a vertical boundary between the centre and top of the slope, an interme-
diate angle may be selected. The direction of the force EP in the vertical
boundary between the passive wedge and the central block should be
assumed parallel to the outer embankment slope if the boundary is located
near the centre of the slope. If it is located at or near the toe of the slope
the direction of Ep should be assumed as horizontal. The resultant
forces acting at -the vertical boundaries of the active and passive wedges
are determined by constructing force polygon was shown in Fig. 7 and 8.
These forces are finally incorporated in the force polygon for the central
block ( see Fig. 9 ).
EP
WP PP
9 o”
$0
<
V
CP
CB
34
IS x7894 - 197s
TRIAL FACTOR
OF SAFETY
FIG. 10 TRUL FACTOROF SAPETYverm AEH
APPENDIX E
( CZause8.1 j
ANALYSIS FOR EARTHQUARE CONDITION BY CIRL;CJLAR
ARC METHOII
El. GENERAL
El.1 Earthquake forces acting on typical slices of a homogenous dam, one
located on the right side and other located on left of the ‘centre of circle of
upstream failure surface are shown in Fig. 2. The tangential compo-
nents of these earthquake forces for all the slices act in the direction of the
slide and thus they aggravate the failure. This force shall be added to the
35
IS : 7894 - 1975
FS =
2-rc +(Jv --lJ)tan+]- Z(Wlsinatan#XAH)
Z W siu ‘x + CIYlcosPiAH-
where
FS = factor of safety;
f?
v- - c-nh,=.;w=
I”...,“..” w..;ctmvc
*_.“-...a”_ nf
“1 the
..S” cli~w
Y.-Y”,
.N = force normal to the arc of slice;
U = pore water pressure;
( .JV-U) = e&Je;~~ normal force acting on the failure surface,
.
4 = angle of’ internal friction;
Wl = saturated weight of the slice if it is below phreatic
line and moist weights ( or drained weights, if it is
freely draining ) if it is above it;
a = angle between the centre of the slice and radius of
failure surface;
AH - horizontal seismic coefficient; and
W e= weight ~ofthe slice considered for driving force.
APPENDLx F
( Clause 8.1 )
ANALYSIS FOR EARTHQUAKE CONDITION BY
SLIDING WEDGE METHOD
F-1. ASSUMPTXONS
F-l.1 For illustrating a typical example of calculations earthquake forces
have been assumed to be of magnitude 0.1 g, that is, 10 percent of the
weight and acting in the direction of slide.
F-2. NOTATIONS
F-2.1 In addition to the notations given in Appendix D, the following
notations shall have the meaning shown against them:
FhA = horizontal~earthquake force due to weight of active wedge,
FhcB = horizontal earthquake force due to weight of central block, and
Fhp ~3 horizontal earthquake force due to weight of passive wedge.
36
L
IS : 7894 - 1975
F-3. ANALYSIS
ACTIVE WEDGE
CENTRAL BLOCK
PASSIVE
37
IS : 7894 - 1975
FhCB
r FACTOR OF SAFETY
EQUILIBRIUM
FOR
TRIAL FACTOR OF
SAFETY
39
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