3ME5568-Chapter 2 - Lecture WIND
3ME5568-Chapter 2 - Lecture WIND
3ME5568-Chapter 2 - Lecture WIND
B1 C D ,max
1
B2
C Ds C D ,max sin 2 a s
cos a s
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The lift coefficient is given by
C L A1 sin a A2
2 cos 2
a
15 a 90
sin a
B1 C D ,max
A1
2 2
sin a s
A2 C Ls C D ,max sin a s cos a s
cos a s
2
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Example Airfoil - NACA 0012
4-digit series of airfoils
The NACA 0012 airfoil is symmetrical, the 00
indicating that it has no camber
The 12 indicates that the airfoil has a 12%
thickness to chord length ratio
This series uses the following equation to
specify the shape:
y t x x x
2
x
3
x
4
A wind turbine
blade operates in
this region of
angle of attack
under normal
operating
conditions,
Lowering the
angle of attack
lowers the lift and
blade loading.
Typical aero-properties for a wind turbine blade (~18% thick NACA)
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Blade Element Momentum Balance - Assumptions
The flow area swept by the
rotor is divided into a number
of concentric ring elements,
There is no radial
dependency between the
rings,
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The thrust on this element from the disc defined by the
rotor is:
dT dm V1 V4
The mass flow rate on this element is also given by
Vb dA Vb 2rdr
dm
Thus,
dT 2rVb V1 V4 dr
Where,
V1 wind speed before the rotor,
Blade section
dT 4rV1 a 1 a dr
2
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and the torque on the ring element is given by:
dQ dm Vt r 2rdrVb 2wr a 2
dQ 4r V1w 1 a adr
3
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According to Betz, the blade element would
also give
V1 2rdr
16 1
dP 3
27 2
Which gives
1 a 3
16
0.593
a 27
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Example 4.4
A horizontal-axis wind turbine with
rotor 30 m in diameter is 32%
efficient in 12 m/s average winds.
Assuming standard air density of
1.23 kg/m3, estimate the power in the
wind (kW) and the annual energy
(kWh/yr) produced by the turbine in
those winds.
87
Solution
The power in the wind is given by:
1 1
P a AV x1.23x x302 x123 751.2 kW
3
2 2 4
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Outline
Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines
Blade Element Momentum Theory (BMT)
Bernoullis equation applied to the wind
stream tube
Power coefficient of the rotor - Betz limit
Axial induction factor - the tip-speed ratio
The power law - Friction coefficient of various
terrain
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Wind turbine blade performance Analysis using BMT method
a f b
wr
Where, lr V is the local tip speed ratio, and f is the
flow angle,
1
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The normal and tangential coefficients CN and CT are given by
C N CL cos f CD sin f
CT CL sin f CD cos f
CL and CD coefficient of the blade are determined from adequate tables.
* Betz does not include rotation of the wind, a 0
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The influence factors a and a are then calculated by :
1
a and
4 F cos 2 b
1 sCL
sCL sin b a 1 a
4 Flr cos b
Blade cross-section
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Where, F is the Prandtl tip loss factor (introduced to
account for the decreasing forces on the blade towards
the tip), defined as
2 B R r
F arccos exp
2 r sin f
a ac where ac 0.2
a is replaced by:
1
a 2 K 1 2ac
2
K 1 2ac 2
2
4 Kac2 1
4 F sin 2 f
Where, K
sC N
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Once a convergent set of a and a has been determined,
the local normal and tangential forces per length unit of
the blade are calculated
1 V 1 a 2 2
FN r 1
c r C and
sin f
2 N
2
1 V1 1 a wr 1 a
FT r cr CT
2 sin f cos f
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The distribution of these forces along the rotor blade
form
the basis for calculating the total shaft torque and
the mechanical power captured by the rotor,
thus, the total axial force and power are given by:
R
T B FN r dr
0
R
P wB rFT r dr
0
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The mechanical power captured by the rotor is also given by
P AV C p a, a, b , TSR
1 3
2
In which Cp, the power coefficient is a function of the pitch angle
b and the tip speed ratio (TSR), l:
wR R
TSR l
V1
wR is the angular speed of the rotor and R is the rotor radius,
the pitch angle b and the rotor speed wR are the parameters
used for the turbine control.
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The power coefficient is given by
l
8 CD
C p 2 Flr a 1 a 1
3
tan b dlr
l lh CL
The chord length as a function of radius according to Betz is
given by
16R
cr Betz
1
9 BC L r 4
2
TSR TSR
2
R 9
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The mechanical power output of one ring element of the rotor is
calculated by making the following iteration:
1 a and a are set at some guessed values
a = a = 0 is a good first time guess
2- The incidence angle a is calculated
3- From the blade profile data sheet we find CL and CD
4 - CN and CT are calculated
5 - a and a are calculated. if a > 0.2 then a is calculated from the
Glauerts correlation
6 - If a and a as found under step-5 differ more than 1% from the
last/initial guess, continue at step-2, using the new a and a
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