Diana Concrete and Masonry Tutorials

Chapter 22
Interfaces in Masonry Wall

Name: Wall
Path: /Examples/ConcMas/Wall
Keywords: analys: nonlin physic.
constr: suppor.
elemen: cl12i cq16m interf pstres struct.
load: temper weight.
materi: brittl crack discre elasti isotro linear secant shear soften unload
zero.
option: direct groups newton regula units.
post: binary femvie.
pre: femgen.
result: cauchy displa stress total.
potential crack
symmetry
2.40 wall t = 0.10
rim
0.20 beam t = 0.20
6.00
Figure 22.1: Model
This example illustrates the application of interface elements in a masonry wall [Fig. 22.1].
The complete wall is 2.40 m high, 6.00 m long and 0.10 m thick. The wall is placed on
a beam with a square cross-section of 0.200.20 m. Wall and beam are connected via
a rim. We assume that a crack may arise in the wall along the vertical symmetry line.
In this example we will concentrate on the methods for creating the model, rather than
examining the results of the analysis. To show the possibilities of connecting parts of the
model with interface elements we will model the complete structure instead of only one
half.
22.1 Finite Element Model

We will model the masonry wall and the beam with CQ16M plane stress elements and the
rim and potential crack with CL12I structural interface elements. The elements of the rim
Diana-10.0 Users Manual Concrete and Masonry Analysis (VI) February 11, 2016 First ed.
358 Interfaces in Masonry Wall
behave linearly, those of the crack nonlinearly. We launch iDiana and enter the Design
environment with the name of the model.
iDiana
FEMGEN WALL
Analysis and Units
Analysis Selection
Model Type: Structural 2D
Via the Analysis and Units dialog we indicate that this is a model for two-dimensional
structural analysis.
22.1.1 Geometry Denition

First we will place all geometry points in such a way that the two parts of the wall and
the beam can be modeled separately. Later on we will move some parts to their nal
location.
Points wall.fgc
GEOMETRY POINT COORD 0.0
GEOMETRY POINT COORD 6.0 0.2
EYE FRAME
EYE FRAME
GEOMETRY POINT COORD -0.2 0.4
GEOMETRY POINT COORD -0.2 2.8
EYE FRAME
VIEW GEOMETRY ALL VIOLET
LABEL GEOMETRY POINTS ALL VIOLET
We dene the coordinates of the points, omitting the zeros for the default Y = 0 and
Z = 0 coordinates. We scale the display such that all currently dened points t in the
viewport. Finally we display the points with labels [Fig. 22.2].
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:49:16 points.ps
Model: WALL
Analysis: DIANA
P14 P13 P10 P9
P11 P12 P7 P8
P6 P5 P4
P1 P2 P3
Z X
Figure 22.2: Created points
Surfaces for beam wall.fgc

CONSTRUCT SET OPEN JOIST
GEOMETRY SURFACE 4POINTS P1 P2 P5 P6
CONSTRUCT SET CLOSE
February 11, 2016 First ed. Diana-10.0 Users Manual Concrete and Masonry Analysis (VI)
22.1 Finite Element Model 359
We create the surfaces for the beam and include these in a set called JOIST.1 This is
done for easier modelling and postprocessing. This set will be available in the Results
environment.
Surfaces for wall wall.fgc
CONSTRUCT SET OPEN WALL

CONSTRUCT SET CLOSE
LABEL GEOMETRY SURFACES
We create the surfaces for the wall and assemble these in a set named WALL. We display
the current geometry, including surface labels [Fig. 22.3a]. Note that there is a gap in
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Model: WALL Model: WALL

Analysis: DIANA Analysis: DIANA
Model Type: Structural 2D Model Type: Structural 2D
L10 L20 L14
L11 L15
S3 S4 S3 S7 S4
L9 L13
L8 L21 L12
L17 S5 L19 S6
L16 L18
L3 L7
S1 S2 L4 S1 S2
L2 L6
L1 L5
Y Y
Z X Z X
(a) for wall and beam (b) all, interfaces included
Figure 22.3: Surfaces
between the three surfaces. This is for easier modelling of the interface between the
surfaces.
Surfaces for interfaces wall.fgc
CONSTRUCT SET OPEN INT

CONSTRUCT SET OPEN RIM
CONSTRUCT SET CLOSE RIM
CONSTRUCT SET OPEN CRACK
CONSTRUCT SET CLOSE
CONSTRUCT SET CLOSE
LABEL GEOMETRY LINES ALL VIOLET
LABEL GEOMETRY SURFACES
Finally we generate and assemble the surfaces for the interfaces in three dierent sets:
INT with all interfaces, RIM with the interfaces in between wall and beam, CRACK with the
interface in between the two wall parts. We display the complete geometry of the model,
including labels for lines and surfaces [Fig. 22.3b].
22.1.2 Meshing
We have now completely dened the geometry of the model and may perform the meshing
process.
1 Because BEAM is a reserved word for iDiana commands, we have chosen the set name JOIST.
Generate mesh wall.fgc
MESHING DIVISION SURFACE INT 24 1

MESHING DIVISION SURFACE JOIST 24 6
MESHING DIVISION SURFACE WALL 24 24
MESHING TYPES INT IL33 CL12I
MESHING TYPES S5 IL33 CL12I BASE L3
MESHING TYPES JOIST QU8 CQ16M
MESHING TYPES WALL QU8 CQ16M
MESHING GENERATE
First we specify the divisions for a regular mesh. Note that for the interface surfaces
in set INT the division in the thickness direction is one. Then we specify the Diana
element type for the various parts: the generic QU8 eight-node quadrilateral for the wall
and the beam, and the matching generic IL33 interface element, respectively mapped to
the specic CQ16M and CL12I Diana elements. Note that for each interface surface we
must specify the line that is connected to the material via the BASE option. Finally we
generate the mesh.
Display mesh wall.fgc
VIEW MESH
VIEW HIDDEN SHADE
VIEW OPTIONS COLOUR TYPES
VIEW OPTIONS COLOUR OFF
VIEW MESH JOIST RED
VIEW MESH +WALL GREEN
VIEW MESH +RIM BLUE
VIEW MESH +CRACK VIOLET
EYE FRAME
We make a shaded hidden view which for this two-dimensional model simply means
that the elements will be lled with colour. Then we display the elements in a colour
according to their type: the QU8 quadrilateral elements in red and the IL33 interface
elements in orange [Fig. 22.4a]. To check if the sets of elements have been lled correctly
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Y Y
Z X Z X
Element Types
QU8
IL33
(a) colour for element types (b) colour for sets
Figure 22.4: Generated mesh
we display the various sets where the + sign causes superposition of the specied part
on the current display [Fig. 22.4b]. Note the small triangular gap at the junction of sets
CRACK and RIM. This is due to the provisional gaps between the surfaces. We will remove
this gap presently by gluing the surfaces together [ 22.1.6].
22.1.3 Supports
To dene the supports with respect to the geometric parts and display them on the mesh
we give the following commands.
wall.fgc
PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT L1 Y

PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT L5 Y
PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT P2 X
VIEW HIDDEN OFF
VIEW OPTION SHRINK
VIEW MESH
LABEL MESH CONSTRNT
We dene three sets of supports: CO1 which suppresses the translation in Y -direction of
line L1, CO2 which suppresses the translation in Y -direction of line L5, and CO3 which
suppresses the translation in X-direction of point P2. Then we display the mesh in
shrunken elements style with labels for the supports: spikes in the direction of the
suppressed translation [Fig. 22.5].
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Model: WALL
Analysis: DIANA
Z X
Figure 22.5: Supports
22.1.4 Material and Physical Properties

We may now continue with the specication of material and physical properties in the
Property Manager dialog.
iDiana
View Property Manager...

Property Manager

Material properties iDiana

Property Manager

Materials Material Name: CONCRETE
Linear Elasticity Isotropic
Mass Mass Density
Materials Material Name: MASONRY

Mass Mass Density
Expansion Isotropic - Constant Params.
Materials Material Name: MATRIM

Linear Elasticity Interfaces
Materials Material Name: MATCRK

Static Nonlinearity Interfaces Cracking Discrete Cracking Linear Tension Softening
Secant Mode-I Unloading Zero Shear Stin. aft Crack
We create two elastic isotropic materials: a material named CONCRETE with E = 30109 ,
= 0.2, and = 2400; and a material named MASONRY with E = 5109 , = 0.2,
= 1800, and = 105 . Then we dene a material named MATRIM with properties
for the interface elements of the rim: the linear stiness moduli D11 = 3331010 and
D22 = 1391010 , respectively for the normal and shear traction. For a material MATCRK
we specify the properties for discrete cracking in the interface elements: the stiness
moduli D11 = D22 = 1.01010 , the tensile strength ft = 11010 , and the fracture energy
Gf = 100 [Vol. Material Library].
Physical properties iDiana
Property Manager
Physical Properties Physical Property Name: THKB
Geometry Plane Stress Regular
Physical Properties Physical Property Name: THKW

Physical Properties Physical Property Name: INTER

Geometry Interface Line Plane Stress
As physical properties we dene two thicknesses THKB with t = 0.2 and THKW with
t = 0.1. For the interface elements we specify a set of physical properties named INTER
the thickness t = 0.1.
Properties assignment wall.fgc
PROPERTY ATTACH JOIST CONCRETE THKB

PROPERTY ATTACH WALL MASONRY THKW
PROPERTY ATTACH RIM MATRIM INTER
PROPERTY ATTACH CRACK MATCRK INTER
We have now dened all properties for the model and must assign them to the appropri-
ate geometrical parts (sets). The beam gets the material properties CONCRETE and the
thickness THKB. The wall gets the material properties MASONRY and the thickness THKW.
The horizontal interface gets the material properties MATRIM and the physical properties
INTER. Finally the vertical interface gets the material properties MATCRK and the physical
properties INTER.
Check assignment wall.fgc
LABEL MESH OFF

VIEW OPTIONS COLOUR MATERIALS
VIEW HIDDEN SHADE
VIEW OPTIONS COLOUR PHYSICAL
VIEW HIDDEN SHADE
To check the properties assignment we display a mesh with colour modulation for the
material properties [Fig. 22.6a], and for the physical properties [Fig. 22.6b]. The displays
and the legend conrm the correctness of the properties assignment. Note that the inter-
face elements for crack and rim have dierent material properties (green and yellow) but
that the physical properties are the same (yellow).
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Y Y
Z X Materials Z X
CONCRETE Physical
MASONRY THKB
MATRIM THKW
MATCRK INTER
(a) material properties (b) physical properties
Figure 22.6: Colour modulated mesh properties
22.1.5 Loading
For this model the loading comprises dead weight only.
Dead weight wall.fgc
PROPERTY LOADS GRAVITY ALL -10. Y
We apply gravity load for the entire model with g = 10 m/s2 .
22.1.6 Gluing the Surfaces Together

Now that the modelling is completed, the parts can be moved to their nal position.
Move parts wall.fgc
CONSTRUCT TRANSFRM TRANSLATE TR1 P12 P5
CONSTRUCT TRANSFRM TRANSLATE TR2 P7 P5
GEOMETRY MOVE S3 TR1
yes
GEOMETRY MOVE S4 TR2
yes
MESHING GENERATE
We dene two transformations: TR1 is dened by the translation vector from point P12
to P5 which will move the beam to the wall, TR2 is dened by the translation vector
from point P7 to P5 which will close the vertical crack interface. We apply the two
transformations to the appropriate surfaces, which will move the two parts of the wall
to their nal position. This modication to the geometry cancels the mesh, therefore we
must re-generate it.
Check moved parts wall.fgc
VIEW OPTIONS SHRINK
VIEW HIDDEN SHADE
VIEW MESH
VIEW HIDDEN OFF
VIEW GEOMETRY JOIST RED
VIEW GEOMETRY +WALL GREEN
VIEW GEOMETRY +INT BLUE
To check whether the transformations have been applied correctly we display the nal
model [Fig. 22.7a]. Note that the interface elements are no longer visible because these
have a zero thickness. However, a display of the geometry with various colours for the
sets proves their existence [Fig. 22.7b].
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Y Y
Z X Z X
(a) element mesh (b) geometry
Figure 22.7: Final model
22.1.7 Temperature in Time

The time-dependency of the temperature of the wall must be supplied via an input data
le in Diana batch format.
temper.dat
TEMPER
0.0 100.0
/ WALL /
0.0 -100.0
END
This input in table TEMPER denes a temperature decrement of 100 in 100 s for all
elements in the wall.
22.2 Transient Nonlinear Analysis

Now that we have checked the nal model, we may write it to a le in Diana batch input
format and initiate the analysis.
iDiana
UTILITY WRITE DIANA
yes
FILE CLOSE
yes
wall
ANALYSE WALL
Analysis Setup

Via the Analysis Setup dialog we activate the following batch commands for the nonlinear
analysis of this example [Vol. Analysis Procedures].
wall.dcf
*FILOS
INITIA
*INPUT
*INPUT
READ FILE="temper.dat"
*NONLIN
TYPE PHYSIC
BEGIN OUTPUT FEMVIEW BINARY
DISPLA TOTAL
STRESS TOTAL GLOBAL
END OUTPUT
BEGIN EXECUT
BEGIN LOAD
STEPS EXPLIC SIZE 1.
LOADNR=1
END LOAD
BEGIN ITERAT
METHOD NEWTON REGULA
MAXITE=20
BEGIN CONVER
ENERGY TOLCON=1E-08
FORCE OFF
DISPLA OFF
END CONVER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
BEGIN EXECUT
TIME STEPS EXPLIC SIZE 1.(15)
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=20
BEGIN CONVER
22.2 Transient Nonlinear Analysis 365
ENERGY CONTIN TOLCON=1E-08

FORCE OFF
DISPLA OFF
END CONVER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
*END
The rst *INPUT command reads input le wall.dat with the generated mesh. The
READ command after the second *INPUT command reads le temper.dat with the time-
dependent temperature of the wall [ 22.1.7]. As we execute fteen time steps of one
second each, the wall is cooled down 15 in this analysis.
wall.fvc
FEMVIEW WALL
UTILITY TABULATE LOADCASES
When the analysis has been terminated we enter the iDiana Results environment to
assess the results. The tabulation shows the available results.
reslc.tb
;
; Model: WALL
;
; LOADCASE DATA
;
; Name Details and results stored
; ---- --------------------------
;
; MODEL STATIC "Model Properties"
; Element : THICKNES*
;
; LC1 1 LOAD = 1 "Load case 1"
; Nodal : TDTX...G
; Element : EL.SXX.G
;
; LC1 2 TIME = 1 "Load case 1"
; Nodal : TDTX...G
; Element : EL.SXX.G
;
... remainder skipped
Note that Diana has passed sixteen load cases to the Results environment of iDiana:
all named LC1 but with increasing step numbers for each executed step in the nonlinear
analysis.
22.2.1 Deformation and Horizontal Stress

We will display the deformation and the horizontal stress for the rst and the last time
step and as an animation.
First and last step wall.fvc
VIEW MESH WALL

RESULT LOADCASE LC1 1
VIEW OPTION DEFORM USING TDTX...G RESTDT 1500
RESULT ELEMENT EL.SXX.G SXX
PRESENT CONTOUR LEVELS 25
RESULT LOADCASE LC1 16
VIEW OPTION DEFORM USING TDTX...G RESTDT 1500
RESULT ELEMENT EL.SXX.G SXX
PRESENT CONTOUR LEVELS 25
We ask iDiana to display any results in a mesh which shows the deformation 1500
enlarged. We select the rst load case (time step) and the horizontal stresses XX as
analysis result. We display the values of these stresses in a colour lled contour style with
twenty-ve levels [Fig. 22.8a]. We make a similar display for the last step [Fig. 22.8b].
Note that in the last step the crack interface is clearly open and that, due to the lack of
contact between the two walls, the stress distributions are separated.
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Deformation = .15E4 Deformation = .15E4
LC1: Load case 1 LC1: Load case 1
Step: 1 LOAD: 1 Step: 16 TIME: 15
Element EL.SXX.G SXX Element EL.SXX.G SXX
Max/Min on model set: Max/Min on model set:
Max = .224E4 Max = .725E6
Min = -.681E4 Min = -.179E6
.189E4 .69E6
.154E4 .655E6
.119E4 .62E6
844 .586E6
496 .551E6
148 .516E6
-200 .481E6
-548 .447E6
-896 .412E6
-.124E4 .377E6
-.159E4 .342E6
-.194E4 .307E6
-.229E4 .273E6
-.264E4 .238E6
-.298E4 .203E6
-.333E4 .168E6
-.368E4 .134E6
-.403E4 .99E5
-.438E4 .642E5
Y -.472E4 Y .295E5
-.507E4 -.528E4
-.542E4 -.4E5
Z X -.577E4 Z X -.748E5
-.612E4 -.11E6
-.646E4 -.144E6
(a) rst step (b) last step
Figure 22.8: Deformation and horizontal stress
Animation wall.fvc
PRESENT CONTOUR FROM -0.143E6 TO 0.681E6 LEVELS 25

RESULT LOADCASE LC1
DRAWING ANIMATE LOADCASE PLOTFILE anima
Since we used time increments in the nonlinear analysis we can ask iDiana to create an
animation of the behaviour of the wall in time. In order to get the same colour modulation
for stress values over the respective time steps, we take over the extreme contour bounding
values of the last step contours [Fig. 22.8b]. Then we select all load cases and make an
animated display. Here we ask for a plot le of each frame so that we can present the
animation as a still [Fig. 22.9]. The frames must be read from left to right and from top
to bottom. Note that the crack begins to show up at step 6.
Figure 22.9: Animation of deformation and horizontal stress
Chapter 23
Discrete Modelling of Masonry

Name: MasonDi
Path: /Examples/ConcMas/MasonDi
Keywords: analys: linear nonlin physic static.
constr: suppor tying.
elemen: interf l8if pstres q8mem struct.
load: deform.
materi: elasti isotro.
option: adapti direct groups loadin newton nonsym regula size units.
pre: femgen.
result: cauchy displa extern force green princi reacti strain stress total
tracti.
(b) nite element model
(a) test specimen
Figure 23.1: Masonry structure
In this example we will assess a masonry structure in shear, similar to that of a test
specimen as shown in Figure 23.1a. The assessment of this specimen has been published
by Van Zijl, Rots, and Vermeltfoort [15]. We will create a nite element model [Fig. 23.1b],
using the Simplied Modelling Method with Brick Crack Interface. To model the bricks
we will apply Q8MEM elements (plane stress, linear, 4-node) with L8IF linear interface
elements for the brick joint- and brick crack-interfaces. The interface elements will have a
nominal width of 0.5 mm. For each masonry brick there will be eight plane stress elements
and two interface elements.
Modelling strategy. We will build the complete model in three steps. First we will
create half a brick with interface elements to represent the brick crack and the brick joint.
This part will then be meshed, the axes of the interface elements checked, and some
properties attached. Then we will copy the half brick into a basic block of two bricks.
368 Discrete Modelling of Masonry
Finally we will copy the two brick model several times into a complete wall after which
the hole will be cut away.
Material models. In this example we will keep the material in the bricks and brick
crack interfaces linear. This means that only the brick joints can crack during the analysis.
Therefore we could have used the Simplied Modelling Method in this case. However,
for educational purposes, we have chosen the Simplied Modelling Method with Brick
Crack Interface.

To build the nite element model we start iDiana and enter the Design environment with
the name of a new model for which we choose BRICK.
iDiana
FEMGEN BRICK
Analysis and Units
Analysis Selection
Units Denition
Length: Millimeter
Force: Newton
Time: Second
In the dialog Analysis and Units we indicate that the model is for a two-dimensional
structural analysis and specify the adopted units [mm, N, s].
Meshing parameters brick.fgc
CONSTRUCT SPACE TOLERANCE ABSOLUTE 0.1

MESHING DIVISION DEFAULT 2
First we create a proper environment for the model, i.e., setting tolerances and devisions
for meshing . Since we are going to model interfaces with a thickness of 0.5 millimeter we
set an absolute modelling tolerance of 0.1 millimeter. Then we change the default of four
element divisions along a new line to 2. This complies with the eight structural elements
and two interface elements that will be created in every brick.
23.1.1 Modelling Half a Brick

We will dene and mesh the geometry of one half of a brick.
Geometry brick.fgc
GEOMETRY POINT 0.0 0.0 0.0

GEOMETRY SWEEP P1 TRANSLATE 104.75 0.0 0.0
EYE FRAME
GEOMETRY SWEEP L1 TRANSLATE 0.0 0.5 0.0
EYE FRAME
VIEW OPTIONS SHRINK GEOMETRY 0.9
LABEL GEOMETRY SURFACES ALL VIOLET
We dene the geometry of half a brick using one point and several sweep commands.
This includes the interface elements on two sides [Fig. 23.2a]. The surface at the bottom
(S1) represents the brick joint. The surface at the right (S3) represents the brick crack
interface.
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Model: BRICK Model: BRICK

S2 S3
S1
Y Y
Z X Z X
Element Types
IL22
QU4
(a) geometry (b) mesh
Figure 23.2: Modelling half a brick
Mesh brick.fgc
MESHING TYPES S1 IL22 L8IF BASE L1

MESHING TYPES S2 QU4 Q8MEM
MESHING TYPES S3 IL22 L8IF BASE L7
MESHING DIVISION AUTOMATIC
MESHING GENERATE
VIEW OPTIONS COLOUR TYPES
VIEW MESH
VIEW OPTIONS SHRINK MESH 0.9
VIEW HIDDEN FILL COLOUR
To mesh the current geometry we rst complete the meshing type denition, then generate
and view the mesh of the half brick [Fig. 23.2b]. Note the 22 quadrilateral elements (QU4,
orange) and the interface elements (IL22, red).
Axes. When using interface elements in two-dimensional analysis it is very important

that their axes are correctly aligned. The general rule of thumb is that the interface
element local z-axis should be aligned in the same direction as the global Z-axis.
brick.fgc
VIEW HIDDEN OFF

EYE DIRECTION 1 1 1
EYE FRAME
LABEL MESH AXES ALL Z RED
GEOMETRY FLIP S3
MESHING GENERATE
LABEL MESH AXES ALL Z BLUE
The rst birds-eye view of the mesh shows that the axes of the brick joint interface are
not aligned correctly [Fig. 23.3a]. Therefore we ip the axes via the FLIP option. The
second view shows that the local z-axes are correctly aligned [Fig. 23.3b].

To dene the material and physical properties we launch the Property Manager dialog.
iDiana

Property Manager

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Y Y
Z X Z X
(a) as generated (b) after ip
Figure 23.3: Local z-axes of elements (note the interfaces!)

Property Manager

Materials Material Name: MASONRY
Materials Material Name: CRACK

Materials Material Name: GROUT

Static Nonlinearity Interfaces Combined Crack-Shear-Crush
Constant Mode II Fract. Energy
We dene the parameters for three material instances [Table 23.1]: MASONRY for the brick
elements with linear elastic properties, CRACK for the brick crack interfaces with linear
Table 23.1: Material parameters
Youngs modulus E 1.74104 N/mm2

Bricks
Poissons ratio 0.15
Linear normal stiness D11 1.0104 N/mm3
Cracks
Linear tangential stiness D22 1.0103 N/mm3
Linear normal stiness D11 83.0 N/mm3
Linear tangential stiness D22 36.0 N/mm3
Tensile strength ft 0.25 N/mm2
Fracture energy Gf 0.018 N/mm
Cohesion c 0.35 N/mm2
Friction angle 0.6435011 rad
Dilatancy angle 0.5404195 rad
Joints Residual friction angle r 0.6435011 rad
Conning normal stress for 0 u 1.3 N/mm2
Exponential degradation coecient 5.0
Cap critical compressive strength fc 8.5 N/mm2
Shear traction control factor Cs 9.0
Compressive fracture energy Gfc 5.0 N/mm
Equivalent plastic relative displacement p 0.093
Fracture energy factor b 0.05
stinesses, and GROUT for the brick joint interfaces with linear stinesses and nonlinear
properties for the combined cracking-shearing-crushing model.
Property Manager
Physical Properties Physical Property Name: INTERFAC
Geometry Interface Line Plane Stress
Physical Properties Physical Property Name: PLANE

Geometry Plane stress Regular
Here we specify the thickness of the model, for which we choose 100 mm. We create two
property instances, both with a thickness of 100 mm: INTERFAC for the interface elements,
and PLANE for the brick elements.
Attachment brick.fgc
VIEW GEOMETRY ALL
PROPERTY ATTACH S1 GROUT INTERFAC
PROPERTY ATTACH S2 MASONRY PLANE
PROPERTY ATTACH S3 CRACK INTERFAC
We attach the material and physical properties to the appropriate parts of the model.
23.1.3 Creating the Two-brick Model

To expand the half brick model to two bricks we will copy it two times. We must take
special attention to the correct assignment of material properties.
Copying geometry brick.fgc
CONSTRUCT SET COMPLETE APPEND SURFACES ALL
GEOMETRY COPY COMPLETE TRANSLATE 0.0 50.5 0.0
EYE ROTATE TO 0
EYE FRAME
GEOMETRY COPY COMPLETE TRANSLATE -105.25 0.0 0.0
EYE FRAME
For convenience we assemble all surfaces in set COMPLETE before the translation. First
we copy the geometry over 50.5 mm (the bricks height) in vertical direction [Fig. 23.4-
a]. Again we put all surfaces, including the ones just created, into the set COMPLETE.
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Y Y
Z X Z X
(a) rst copy (b) second copy
Figure 23.4: Making the geometry of the two-brick model
A subsequent translation, now over 105.25 mm (half the bricks width) in horizontal
direction creates the geometry of the two-brick model [Fig. 23.4b]. Actually, the model
now comprises two half bricks with one full brick on top. Although the geometry is OK,
we must correct the attachment of the materials to the interfaces.
Geometry and materials brick.fgc
LABEL GEOMETRY MATERIALS ALL RED
LABEL GEOMETRY SURFACES ALL BLUE
PROPERTY ATTACH S3 MATERIAL GROUT
PROPERTY ATTACH S12 MATERIAL GROUT
LABEL GEOMETRY MATERIALS ALL RED
LABEL GEOMETRY SURFACES ALL BLUE
The geometry labels [Fig. 23.5a] show that surfaces S3 and S12 have the material for the
crack attached (CRACK), while this should be the material for the joints (GROUT). We
correct this via the two PROPERTY ATTACH commands. The new geometry labels conrm
the correction [Fig. 23.5b].
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:00 geomma1 iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:00 geomma2

MASONRY CRACK MASONRY CRACK MASONRY GROUT MASONRY CRACK

S11 S12 S5 S6 S11 S12 S5 S6
GROUT GROUT GROUT GROUT

S10 S4 S10 S4
MASONRY CRACK MASONRY CRACK MASONRY CRACK MASONRY GROUT

S8 S9 S2 S3 S8 S9 S2 S3
GROUT GROUT GROUT GROUT

S7 S1 S7 S1
Y Y
Z X Z X
(a) after copy (b) corrected
Figure 23.5: Material assignment to geometry of the two-brick model
23.1.4 Expansion to the Complete Model

We will now expand the two-brick model to the complete geometry of the masonry wall
specimen. The expansion involves two copy operations: rst horizontally then vertically.
After the copy operations we must not forget to apply a line of interface elements along
the upper edge of the model.
Horizontal copy brick.fgc
LABEL GEOMETRY OFF

GEOMETRY COPY COMPLETE 4 TRANSLATE 210.5 0.0 0.0
EYE FRAME
LABEL GEOMETRY LINES L146 RED
LABEL GEOMETRY LINES L155 RED
UTILITY DELETE LINES L146 L155
yes
All current surfaces are assembled in a set COMPLETE. This set is then copied four times
in horizontal direction over a distance equal to the width of a brick (210.5 mm). The
resulting geometry now comprises two full layers of bricks [Fig. 23.6a]. Note that we must
delete the two lines which represent superuous interfaces near the right edge.
Model: BRICK
Analysis: DIANA
L155
L146
Y Y
Z X Z X
(a) 4 copied horizontally (b) 7 copied vertically
Figure 23.6: Expansion of the two-brick geometry
Vertical copy brick.fgc

GEOMETRY COPY COMPLETE 7 TRANSLATE 0.0 101.0 0.0
EYE FRAME
DRAWING CONTENTS MONITOR OFF
Again, we collect all current surfaces in a set COMPLETE. Now this set is copied seven
times in vertical direction over a distance equal to the thickness of two brick layers (101
mm). The geometry now completely covers the specimen of the masonry wall [Fig. 23.6b].
Interfaces along upper edge. The model still lacks a line of appropriate interfaces
along its upper edge. You can apply these easily by copying an horizontal line of interfaces,
for instance with the following commands.
brick.fgc
CONSTRUCT SET TMP APPEND SURFACES LIMITS VMIN 757.4 VMAX 758.1
VIEW GEOMETRY ALL YELLOW
VIEW GEOMETRY +TMP BLUE
GEOMETRY COPY TMP UPINT TRANSLATE 0 50.5 0
VIEW GEOMETRY +UPINT RED
We select all surfaces along the lower edge of the upper brick layer with Y -coordinates in
the range 757.5 Y 758.0.1 With the LIMITS option we collect the surfaces (interfaces)
which are located completely within the specied range of Y -coordinates in a set TMP.
To check if the set is correctly lled we highlight it in blue [Fig. 23.7a]. We copy this set
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:00 geom6a iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:00 geom6b
Y Y
Z X Z X
(a) selected row (blue) (b) copied to upper edge (red)
Figure 23.7: Copying interfaces onto the upper edge
vertically over a distance of the thickness of a brick layer (50.5 mm) to apply the appro-
priate interfaces along the upper layer. For a nal check we display the new interfaces in
red [Fig. 23.7b].
23.1.5 Cutting the Hole

To nish the geometry denition of the brick wall specimen we must cut away the hole
near the center of the wall.
brick.fgc
CONSTRUCT SET HOLE APPEND SURFACES LIMITS 315.50 526.00 252.75 555.75
VIEW GEOMETRY ALL YELLOW
VIEW GEOMETRY +HOLE GREEN
UTILITY DELETE POINTS HOLE
yes
LABEL GEOMETRY TYPES ALL BLUE
1 To check this, zoom in on this edge, display point labels, and tabulate some points.
Here we assemble all surfaces in the hole (including the interfaces!) in a set HOLE. The
specied limits of the area exactly coincide with the center line of the joints. To check the
hole, we display the set in green [Fig. 23.8a]. If we delete the points in this set iDiana will
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:00 hole iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:00 geomfin
L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF
Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEM
L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF L8IF
Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEM Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEM
Y Y
Z X Z X Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEML8IF Q8MEM
(a) hole highlighted (b) hole cut away
Figure 23.8: Geometry with hole
also delete all the lines and surfaces attached to these points. This way, the interfaces
along the edges of the hole are also deleted. This is conrmed with a display of the
remaining geometry, including labels for the assigned element types [Fig. 23.8b].
23.1.6 Boundary Constraints and Loading

The boundary constraints and loading must be applied along the top and bottom edges
of the model. Therefore we will dene some sets. To clean up things, we will rst delete
the sets that have been dened so far.
Sets brick.fgc
UTILITY DELETE SETS ALL

yes
CONSTRUCT SET BOTTOM APPEND LIMITS VMAX .25
CONSTRUCT SET TOP APPEND LIMITS VMIN 808.25
VIEW GEOMETRY BOTTOM VIOLET
VIEW GEOMETRY +TOP BLUE
LABEL GEOMETRY POINTS TOP
We dene two sets: BOTTOM for the lower edge and TOP for the upper edge. The sets are
simply specied via the LIMITS option: BOTTOM is lled with everything below a vertical
coordinate of 0.25 and TOP with everything above 808.25. We display the sets to conrm
their accurate denition [Fig. 23.9a]. Note that due to the very narrow vertical limit
values the sets only contain lines and points.
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:00 geombnd iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:01 geomcolo
P668 P667
P666 P665
P672 P671
P670 P669
P676 P675
P674 P673
P680 P679
P678 P677
P684 P683
P682 P681
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 LO1 CO2
Y Y
Z X Z X
CO1 CO1 CO1 CO1 CO1 CO1 CO1 CO1 CO1 CO1
(a) sets for boundaries (b) labels in geometry
Figure 23.9: Constraints and loading
Boundary conditions and loading brick.fgc

PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT BOTTOM X Y
PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT TOP Y
PROPERTY BOUNDARY MPC RBEAM TOP P682 X
PROPERTY LOADS DISPLACE P682 -1 X
LABEL GEOMETRY CONSTRNT ALL BLUE
LABEL GEOMETRY LOADS ALL RED
The lower edge is supported in X- and Y -direction and the upper edge in Y -direction only.
Furthermore, we apply a multi-point constraint to prevent horizontal deformation of the
upper edge. Finally, for loading we apply a unit displacement in horizontal X-direction
of a point on the upper edge. Due to the multi-point constraint this load involves a
uniform displacement of the entire upper edge.
23.1.7 Generating the Final Mesh

We are now ready to generate and check the mesh of the complete model of the masonry
wall specimen.
Mesh and materials brick.fgc
MESHING GENERATE
VIEW OPTIONS SHRINK MESH 0.8
VIEW HIDDEN FILL
VIEW OPTIONS COLOUR MATERIAL
VIEW MESH ALL
EYE ZOOM FACTOR 4 160 160
We generate the mesh and display it in shrunken elements style, with colours modulated
according to assigned materials [Fig. 23.10a]. The individual bricks, each with a 42
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:01 meshfin iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:01 meshfinz
Y Y
Z X Materials
Z X Materials
GROUT MASONRY
MASONRY GROUT
CRACK CRACK
(a) full view (b) zoomed-in
Figure 23.10: Final mesh, colours modulated for materials
element mesh, are clearly outlined by the interface elements representing the joints. The
vertical cracks show up as interface elements along the vertical center line of each brick.
This is even more obvious when we zoom in on the model [Fig. 23.10b].
Boundary conditions brick.fgc
EYE FRAME
VIEW HIDDEN OFF
VIEW MESH ALL
LABEL MESH CONSTRNT
LABEL MESH OFF
LABEL MESH LOADS
To check the boundary conditions we display these on the full mesh. The supports show
up as red spikes and the linear constraints as a continuous red line [Fig. 23.11a]. The
load, i.e., the horizontal displacement, shows up as a violet arrow [Fig. 23.11b].
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:01 meshcns iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:01 meshlod
3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S 3S
3M 3S 3S
Y Y
Z X Z X
(a) constraints (b) load
Figure 23.11: Boundary conditions of the mesh
23.2 Linear Analysis

The model is now nished and ready for analysis. We write it to an input data le
bricka.dat in Diana batch format and then close it.
iDiana
UTILITY WRITE DIANA bricka
yes
FILE CLOSE
yes
Discrete Modelling of Masonry
ANALYSE BRICK
Analysis Setup

The ANALYSE command launches the Analysis Setup dialog where we can accept all the
default settings for a Structural Linear Static analysis. This results in the following batch
command le.
linear.dcf
*FILOS
INITIA
*INPUT
*LINSTA
OUTPUT FEMVIE
*END
We run the analysis with the input data le and this command le. When the analysis
has terminated there is an iDiana database with analysis results (model name LINEAR).
To assess these results we enter the Results environment with the model name.
linear.fvc
FEMVIEW LINEAR
VIEW MESH
VIEW OPTIONS EDGES OUTLINE
RESULTS LOADCASE LC1
We display the outlines of the model and select load case 1 (the only one available).
23.2.1 Displacements
Displaying the deformed model is a good way to check if there are any errors in the model.
We start with displaying the undeformed mesh.
23.3 Nonlinear Analysis 377
linear.fvc
RESULTS NODAL DTX....G RESDTX

PRESENT SHAPE
First we select the load case and then the nodal result attribute RESDTX which represents
the displacement vector. The shape of the deformed mesh is displayed in red [Fig. 23.12-
a]. It shows that there are no errors in the model. Note that iDiana applies a default
multiplication factor to make the deformation discernible (see the legend).
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:09 lindfm iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:09 lineeq
Model: LINEAR Model: LINEAR

LC1: Load case 1 Deformation = 67.3
Nodal DTX....G RESDTX LC1: Load case 1
Max = 1 Min = 0 Element VONMISES EL.EXX.G
Factor = 67.3 Calculated from: EL.EXX.G
Max = .289E-3
Min = .218E-4
.265E-3
.241E-3
.216E-3
.192E-3
Y Y .168E-3
.143E-3
.119E-3
Z X Z X .947E-4
.704E-4
.461E-4
(a) deformation (b) Von Mises strain
Figure 23.12: Results of linear analysis
23.2.2 Strains
We also assess the strains due to the linear analysis.
linear.fvc
VIEW OPTIONS DEFORM USING DTX....G RESDTX

RESULT ELEMENT EL.EXX.G EXX
RESULTS CALCULATE VONMISES
PRESENT CONTOUR LEVELS
With the DEFORM option we display the outlines of the deformed model. Then we select
the strains via result attribute EXX and let iDiana calculate the equivalent Von Mises
strains. We display these in a contour plot [Fig. 23.12b]. Note that the highest strains
occur near the upper corners of the hole.
23.3 Nonlinear Analysis

To perform the analysis of the cracks in the model we enter the iDiana Index environment
and initiate a subsequent analysis.
iDiana
INDEX
ANALYSE BRICK
Analysis Setup

In the Analysis Setup dialog we indicate a Structural Nonlinear analysis. We choose

options for load steps, iteration procedure, output2 , etc. The options should result in the
following batch commands.
2 Hint: To get output in the integration points of the elements click Properties in the Results Selection
dialog and then, in the Result Item Properties dialog, set the Location to Integration points.
nonlin.dcf
*FILOS
INITIA
*INPUT
*NONLIN
BEGIN EXECUT
BEGIN ITERAT
BEGIN CONVER
DISPLA OFF
ENERGY TOLCON=0.0001
FORCE TOLCON=0.001
SIMULT
END CONVER
MAXITE=50
END ITERAT
BEGIN LOAD
LOADNR=1
BEGIN STEPS
BEGIN AUTOMA
SIZE=8.15
MAXSIZ=0.2
END AUTOMA
END STEPS
END LOAD
END EXECUT
BEGIN OUTPUT FEMVIE BINARY
DISPLA
FORCE
STRAIN TOTAL TRACTI INTPNT
STRAIN TOTAL GREEN LOCAL INTPNT
STRAIN TOTAL GREEN PRINCI INTPNT
STRESS TOTAL CAUCHY LOCAL INTPNT
STRESS TOTAL CAUCHY PRINCI INTPNT
END OUTPUT
*END
Now we run Diana with these commands and the brick.dat input data le. Once the
analysis has terminated we enter the iDiana Results environment to assess the results.
nonlin.fvc
FEMVIEW NONLIN
The tabulation of the load cases shows all the performed load steps together with their
load factors. The latter being equal to the horizontal displacement uX of the upper edge.
We show only the head and tail of the tabulation:
.tb
;
; Model: NONLIN
;
; LOADCASE DATA
;
; ---- --------------------------
;
;
... lines skipped
; Nodal : TDTX...G FBX....G

; Gauss : EL.DUX.L EL.EXX.L EL.E1 EL.SXX.L EL.S1
; * Indicates loads data
;
23.3 Nonlinear Analysis 379
To inspect the behaviour of the model in the nonlinear analysis we will plot the load
displacement diagram for all load steps. We will also display the deformed mesh.
Loaddisplacement diagram nonlin.fvc
RESULTS NODAL FBX....G FBX
PRESENT GRAPH NODE 1387
For the horizontal axis we select all load cases, i.e., the load factors for each step. For the
vertical axis we select the calculated horizontal force FX represented by result attribute
FBX. The specied node is the one at the horizontal load on the upper edge of the model
[Fig. 23.11b] and thus we get a loaddisplacement diagram for the upper edge [Fig. 23.13a].
The diagram shows a rather steep increment to FX 54000 at a horizontal displacement
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:49:51 lodis iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:49:51 nlidfm
Model: NONLIN Model: NONLIN

Nodal FBX....G FBX LC1: Load case 1
Max/Min on whole graph: Step: 37 LOAD: 2
Ymax = -.809E4 Nodal TDTX...G RESTDT
Ymin = -.541E5 Max = 2.01 Min = 0
Xmax = 8.15 Factor = 33.4
Xmin = .102
*1E4 Variation over loadcases
Node 1387
-.5
-1
N -1.5
O
D
A -2
L
F -2.5
B
X -3
.
.
. -3.5
.
G
-4
F
B
X -4.5
-5
-5.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
LOAD Y
Z X
(a) loaddisplacement for top (b) deformation (33) at uX 2.0 mm
Figure 23.13: Displacement
uX 2.0 mm. Then follows a gradual decline until FX 30000 at uX 8 mm.

Deformation nonlin.fvc
RESULTS LOADCASE LC1 37
RESULTS NODAL TDTX...G RESTDT
VIEW MESH
PRESENT SHAPE
To assess the deformation we choose a load step for which the force is about at its
maximum, i.e., at uX 2.0 mm. We select the total displacements, attribute RESTDT, and
plot a deformed mesh [Fig. 23.13b]. Note that iDiana applies an automatic multiplication
factor of approximately 33. The most signicant cracks show up along the diagonal from
the lower-left to the upper-right corner.
23.3.2 Stresses in the Bricks

The following commands display a contour plot of the principal stresses.
nonlin.fvc
VIEW OPTIONS EDGES ALL
VIEW OPTIONS DEFORM USING TDTX...G RESTDT
RESULTS GAUSSIAN EL.S1 S1
Here we make two plots: result attribute S1 represents the rst principal stress [Fig. 23.14-
a], and S2 the second which shows mainly compression [Fig. 23.14b]. As principal stresses
only occur in the bricks, the other elements (the interfaces) have no colour and therefore
clearly show the cracks.
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:49:52 nlis1 iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:49:52 nlis2
Model: NONLIN Model: NONLIN

Deformation = 33.4 Deformation = 33.4
Step: 37 LOAD: 2 Step: 37 LOAD: 2
Gauss EL.S1 S1 Gauss EL.S1 S2
Max = 7.15 Max = .284
Min = -4.65 Min = -8.81
Results shown: Results shown:
Mapped to nodes Mapped to nodes
6.08 -.542
5 -1.37
3.93 -2.19
2.86 -3.02
Y 1.79 Y -3.85
.714 -4.67
-.358 -5.5
Z X -1.43 Z X -6.33
-2.5 -7.15
-3.57 -7.98
(a) 1 (b) 2
Figure 23.14: Principal stress in the bricks at uX 2.0 mm
23.3.3 Crack Strains

Instead of the deformation, the crack strains in the interfaces provide for an even more
distinct way of displaying the cracks in the model.
nonlinb.fvc
RESULTS GAUSSIAN EL.DUX.L DUNY

The result attribute DUNY represents the crack strain perpendicular to the interface. A
contour plot of this result lls the open cracks with colours [Fig. 23.15]. These crack
strains may also be interpreted as a measure for the width of the crack: from very narrow
(blue) to wide open (red).
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:49:52 nlcrk.ps
Model: NONLIN
Deformation = 33.4
LC1: Load case 1
Step: 37 LOAD: 2
Gauss EL.DUX.L DUNY
Max = .817
Min = -.188
Results shown:
Mapped to nodes
.725
.634
.543
.451
Y .36
.269
.177
Z X .86E-1
-.539E-2
-.967E-1
Figure 23.15: Crack strains at uX 2.0 mm
Animation. It is rather spectacular to see the cracks develop with increasing deforma-
tion in an animation, i.e., a movie. We must ensure that all frames of the movie have the
same scaling for the deformation and contour levels.
nonlin.fvc

VIEW OPTIONS DEFORM USING TDTX...G RESTDT 15
PRESENT CONTOUR FROM -1 TO 3.4 LEVELS 10
DRAWING ANIMATE LOADCASES PLOTFILE ancrk
We select all load cases to get as much frames as possible. Then we ensure a xed
deformation scaling factor of 15, and consistent contour levels. We start the animation
via the DRAWING ANIMATE command. Due to the PLOTFILE option we can show the frames
in this document. Here we only show a subset of twenty frames [Fig. 23.16].
23.4 Additional Exercise 381
Figure 23.16: Crack development animation frames
23.4 Additional Exercise

It is also of interest to analyse the structure where the top edge is still rigidly connected
in X-direction but also allowed to move vertically. Assuming that the model itself is
identical to that already used we can prepare the modied model.
brick.fgc
FEMGEN BRICK
UTILITY TABULATE CONSTRNT ALL
UTILITY DELETE CONSTRNT CO2
yes
PROPERTY BOUNDARY MPC RBEAM TOP P682 Y
VIEW MESH
VIEW OPTIONS SHRINK
LABEL MESH CONSTRNT
The tabulation shows that constraint CO2 represents the vertical support of the top edge.
We replace this support by a multi-point constraint in Y -direction to keep the edge
straight. The labeling of the constraints conrms their correctness [Fig. 23.17].
23.4.1 Nonlinear Analysis

For this analysis we write a new data le in Diana batch format.
iDiana
UTILITY WRITE DIANA brickb
yes
We run the analysis with the new input data le brickb.dat and the same command le
as for the previous analysis [ 23.3 p. 377].
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:48:02 meshcnsb
3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S 3S
4S
4M
3M 3S
4S 3S
4S
Z X
Figure 23.17: Modied constraints
diana brickb.dat nonlin.dcf nonlinb

This analysis yields a model NONLINB for the iDiana Results environment. We enter this
environment when the analysis has terminated.
nonlinb.fvc
FEMVIEW NONLINB
The head and tail of the load cases tabulation are now:
.tb
;
; Model: NONLINB
;
; LOADCASE DATA
;
; ---- --------------------------
;
;
... lines skipped

; Gauss : EL.DUX.L EL.EXX.L EL.E1 EL.SXX.L EL.S1
;
We will assess the results in a similar way as for the previous model.
Load-displacement diagram nonlinb.fvc
The diagram shows a peak force at uX 0.3 mm followed by a steep decline [Fig. 23.18a].
The force reaches a zero value at uX 2 mm and remains like that al the way until the
end of the analysis.
Deformation nonlinb.fvc
VIEW MESH
PRESENT SHAPE
To assess the deformation we choose a load step for which the force is about at its
maximum, i.e., at uX 0.3 mm. The deformation now shows up [Fig. 23.18b]. The
automatic multiplication factor is now approximately 230. Open cracks are visible near
the lower-left and upper-right corners of the hole and also near the upper-left and lower-
right corners of the wall.
23.4 Additional Exercise 383
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:50:37 lodisb iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:50:37 nlidfmb
Model: NONLINB Model: NONLINB

Max/Min on whole graph: Step: 4 LOAD: .283
Ymax = -.112 Nodal TDTX...G RESTDT
Ymin = -.119E5 Max = .293 Min = 0
Xmax = 8.15 Factor = 230
Xmin = .102
Node 1387
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-.2
N
O
D
A
L -.4
F
B
X -.6
.
.
.
.
G -.8
F
B
X
-1
-1.2
LOAD
Y
Z X
(a) loaddisplacement for top (b) deformation (230) at uX 0.3 mm
Figure 23.18: Displacements
23.4.3 Stresses in the Bricks

nonlinb.fvc

The pictures show the stress distribution in the bricks [Fig. 23.19].
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:50:37 nlis1b iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:50:37 nlis2b
Model: NONLINB Model: NONLINB

Deformation = 230 Deformation = 230
Step: 4 LOAD: .283 Step: 4 LOAD: .283
Max = .701 Max = .248
Min = -.619 Min = -1.76
.581 .66E-1
.461 -.116
.341 -.298
.221 -.48
Y .101 Y -.663
-.191E-1 -.845
-.139 -1.03
Z X -.259 Z X -1.21
-.379 -1.39
-.499 -1.57
(a) 1 (b) 2
Figure 23.19: Principal stress in bricks at uX 0.3 mm
23.4.4 Crack Strain

nonlinb.fvc
RESULTS GAUSSIAN EL.DUX.L DUNY

The normal crack strain is now displayed in the deformed model [Fig. 23.20].
Animation nonlinb.fvc

PRESENT CONTOUR FROM 0 TO 6.0 LEVELS 8
DRAWING ANIMATE LOADCASES PLOTFILE ancrkb
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:50:37 nlcrkb.ps
Model: NONLINB
Deformation = 230
LC1: Load case 1
Step: 4 LOAD: .283
Gauss EL.DUX.L DUNY
Max = .121
Min = -.151E-1
Results shown:
Mapped to nodes
.109
.962E-1
.838E-1
.715E-1
Y .591E-1
.467E-1
.344E-1
Z X .22E-1
.961E-2
-.276E-2
Figure 23.20: Crack strains at uX 0.3 mm
We ensure a xed deformation scaling factor of 7 and consistent contour levels. We

show the rst twelve frames (until uX 6 mm).
Figure 23.21: Crack development animation frames
Chapter 24
Composite Modelling of
Masonry
Name: WalShr
Path: /Examples/ConcMas/WalShr
Keywords: analys: linear nonlin physic static.
constr: suppor tying.
elemen: cq16m pstres.
load: deform time.
materi: elasti harden hill isotro maxwel plasti rankin strain viscoe.
option: adapti bfgs direct groups loadin secant size units.
pre: femgen.
result: cauchy displa force green plasti princi reacti strain stress total.
420 210 420
250
800 300
250
1050
Figure 24.1: Masonry structure and nite element model [mm]
In this example we will assess the same structure as in the example Discrete Modelling of
Masonry [Ch. 23 p. 367]. However, here we will model the bricks and joints together as a
single homogeneous material. The constraints will be as in the additional exercise [ 23.4
p. 381]: the top of the structure can move vertically but remains straight and horizontal.
The nite element model is a mesh of 2519 elements with a 57 elements hole [Fig. 24.1].

In the iDiana Design environment we will make a model WALL.
iDiana
FEMGEN WALL
Analysis and Units
Analysis Selection
386 Composite Modelling of Masonry

Units Denition
Length: Millimeter
Force: Newton
Time: Second
In the Analysis and Units dialog we specify that this is a model for two-dimensional
structural analysis. We also specify the adopted units [mm, N, s].
24.1.1 Geometry Denition

We create the basic geometry with a series of GEOMETRY POINT and GEOMETRY SWEEP
commands.
wall.fgc
GEOMETRY POINT COORD P1 0
GEOMETRY SWEEP P1 P2 TRANSLATE TR1 420
GEOMETRY SWEEP P2 P3 TRANSLATE TR2 210
GEOMETRY SWEEP P3 P4 TR1
EYE FRAME
Note that we preserve the horizontal distance of 420 in a translation TR1 to re-use it in the
third sweep operation. The initial geometry now comprises three lines which we consider
to be the bottom edge of the model [Fig. 24.2a]. We will now assemble these lines in a set
Model: WALL
Analysis: DIANA
Model Type: Structural 2D P13 L18 P14 L19 P15 L20 P16
S7 S8 S9
L21 L22 L23 L24
P9 L11 P10 L12 P11 L13 P12
S4 S5 S6
L14 L15 L16 L17
P5 L4 P6 L5 P7 L6 P8
S1 S2 S3
L7 L8 L9 L10
Y Y
Z X Z XP1 L1 P2 L2 P3 L3 P4
(a) initial lines (b) two-dimensional
Figure 24.2: Geometry denition
BOTTOM and sweep this vertically to create the two-dimensional geometry.

wall.fgc
CONSTRUCT SET BOTTOM APPEND LINES ALL
GEOMETRY SWEEP BOTTOM MID1 TRANSLATE TR3 0 250
GEOMETRY SWEEP MID1 MID2 TRANSLATE TR4 0 300
GEOMETRY SWEEP MID2 TOP TR3
EYE FRAME
LABEL GEOMETRY POINTS ALL RED
LABEL GEOMETRY LINES ALL BLUE
LABEL GEOMETRY SURFACES ALL VIOLET
DRAWING CONTENTS MONITOR OFF
UTILITY DELETE SURFACES S5
yes
The VIEW command displays the full geometry. For future comfort we label all the geo-
metric parts [Fig. 24.2b]. Since the center surface, S5, is not required we delete it.
24.1.2 Meshing
We will now create a nite element mesh on the dened geometry. We assign element
type CQ16M (quadratic, 8-node, plane stress) to all surfaces.
wall.fgc
MESHING TYPES ALL QU8 CQ16M
MESHING DIVISION ELSIZE ALL 21
MESHING GENERATE
VIEW OPTIONS SHRINK
VIEW MESH
LABEL MESH AXES ALL X RED
LABEL MESH AXES ALL Y BLUE
For a 2519 element mesh the elements have a width of 1050/25 = 42 and a height
of 800/19 = 42.1. Because of the quadratic elements we must half this size to get the
2519 mesh. The VIEW commands display the mesh in green shrunken-elements style
[Fig. 24.3a]. Because of the orthotropic nature of brickwork we also check the orientation
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:49:15 mesh1 iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:49:15 mesh2
Y Y
Z X Z X
(a) as generated (b) element axes
Figure 24.3: Mesh
of the element axes [Fig. 24.3b]. The red arrows show that all element x-axes point in
vertical direction. The blue arrows show the horizontal direction of the element y-axes.

To dene the material and physical properties we launch the Property Manager dialog.
iDiana

Property Manager


Property Manager
Materials Material Name: BRICKS
Static Nonlinearity Masonry Rankine-Hill anisotropic plast Crack rate independent
For the masonry we dene a material instance BRICKS. First we specify the Youngs mod-
ulus and Poissons ratio for linear elasticity. Then we choose the RankineHill anisotropic
plasticity model with independent crack rate. For this model we ll in the parameters
according to Table 24.1. Note that due to the orientation of the element axes x indicates
a property in vertical direction and y in horizontal direction.
Property Manager
Physical Properties Physical Property Name: THICK
Here we specify the thickness of the model, for which we choose 100 mm.
Table 24.1: Material parameters for masonry (RankineHill)
Youngs modulus E 8000 N/mm2

Poissons ratio 0.15
Tensile strength in x-direction ft.x 0.25 N/mm2
Tensile strength in y-direction ft.y 0.35 N/mm2
Compressive strength in x-direction fc.x 8.5 N/mm2
Compressive strength in y-direction fc.y 8.5 N/mm2
Rankine fracture energy in x-direction Gft.x 0.018 N/mm
Rankine fracture energy in y-direction Gft.y 0.054 N/mm
Hill fracture energy in x-direction Gfc.x 15.0 N/mm
Hill fracture energy in y-direction Gfc.y 20.0 N/mm
Equivalent plastic strain p 0.0012
Attachment wall.fgc
PROPERTY ATTACH ALL BRICKS THICK
Finally we assign the dened properties to the geometry of the model.
24.1.4 Boundary Conditions

We apply the boundary conditions and loading using the following commands so that the
top of the structure is free to move in the vertical direction and has a unit displacement
in horizontal direction.
wall.fgc
CONSTRUCT SET TOP APPEND L18 L19 L20

PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT CO1 BOTTOM X Y
PROPERTY LOADS DISPLA LO1 P13 -1 X
PROPERTY BOUNDARY MPC RBEAM CO2 TOP P13 X
PROPERTY BOUNDARY MPC RBEAM CO3 TOP P13 Y
LABEL MESH OFF
LABEL MESH CONSTRNT
LABEL MESH OFF
LABEL MESH LOADS
The labeling of constraints and loading shows the supports of the bottom edge, the
constraints of the top edge [Fig. 24.4a], and the load [Fig. 24.4b].
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:49:16 mesh3 iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:49:16 mesh4
2M
3M3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S3S
2S
Y Y
Z X Z X
(a) constraints (b) loading
Figure 24.4: Boundary conditions
24.2 Preliminary Linear Analysis 389
24.2 Preliminary Linear Analysis

First of all, we will perform a linear analysis in order to check the model. Therefore, we
write a model to a le wall.dat in Diana batch format.
iDiana
UTILITY WRITE DIANA
yes
FILE CLOSE
yes
Smeared Cracking of Masonry
ANALYSE WALL
Analysis Setup

The ANALYSE command launches the Analysis Setup dialog where we initiate a Structural
Linear Static analysis. We ask for a results database LINSME with displacements. This
results in the following batch command le.
linsme.dcf
*FILOS
INITIA
*INPUT
*LINSTA
OUTPUT FEMVIE DISPLA
*END
When the analysis has terminated we enter the iDiana Results environment with the
name of the model.
linsme.fvc
FEMVIEW LINSME
VIEW MESH
We display an outline view of the mesh.
24.2.1 Deformation
To get the deformed mesh displayed we give the familiar commands.
linsme.fvc

RESULTS NODAL DTX....G RESDTX
PRESENT SHAPE
The plot shows a deformed shape as expected [Fig. 24.5].
24.3 Nonlinear Static Analysis

To perform the analysis of the cracks in the model we enter the iDiana Index environment
and initiate a subsequent analysis.
iDiana
INDEX
ANALYSE WALL
Analysis Setup

iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:49:22 lindis.ps
Model: LINSME
LC1: Load case 1
Nodal DTX....G RESDTX
Max = 1 Min = 0
Factor = 66.6
Z X
Figure 24.5: Linear deformation
In the Analysis Setup dialog we indicate a Structural Nonlinear analysis. We choose

options for load steps, iteration procedure, output1 , etc. The options should result in the
following batch commands.
nonsme.dcf
*FILOS
INITIA
*INPUT
*NONLIN
BEGIN EXECUT
BEGIN ITERAT
BEGIN CONVER
DISPLA OFF
FORCE TOLCON=1.0E-3
END CONVER
END ITERAT
BEGIN LOAD
LOADNR=1
BEGIN STEPS
BEGIN AUTOMA
SIZE=0.15
MAXSIZ=0.02
END AUTOMA
END STEPS
END LOAD
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=50
METHOD SECANT
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
DISPLA
FORCE
STRAIN PLASTI GREEN LOCAL INTPNT
STRAIN PLASTI GREEN PRINCI INTPNT
END OUTPUT
*END
Now we can perform the analysis with the input data and command les.
diana wall.dat nonsme
1 Hint:
To get output in the integration points of the elements click Properties in the Results Selection
dialog and then, in the Result Item Properties dialog, set the Location to Integration points.
24.3 Nonlinear Static Analysis 391
Once the analysis has terminated we enter the iDiana Results environment to assess the
results.
nonsme.fvc
FEMVIEW NONSME
The tabulation of the load cases shows all the performed load steps together with their
load values. We show only the head and tail of the tabulation:
nllc.tb
;
; Model: NONSME
;
; LOADCASE DATA
;
; ---- --------------------------
;
; Element : THICKNES* CRKBANDW*
;
; LC1 1 LOAD = .3E-2 "Load case 1"
; Gauss : EL.EPXXL EL.EP1 EL.EXX.L EL.S1
;
; LC1 2 LOAD = .6E-2 "Load case 1"
;
... lines skipped
;
; LC1 49 LOAD = .147 "Load case 1"
;
; LC1 50 LOAD = .15 "Load case 1"
;
To inspect the behaviour of the model in the nonlinear analysis we will assess the dis-
placements
Loaddisplacement diagram nonsme.fvc
We plot the loaddisplacement diagram for all load steps. For the horizontal axis we select
all load cases, i.e., the horizontal displacement for each step. For the vertical axis we select
the calculated horizontal force FX represented by result attribute FBX. The specied node
is at the upper left corner of the model and thus we get a loaddisplacement diagram for
the upper edge [Fig. 24.6a].
Deformation nonsme.fvc
VIEW MESH
PRESENT SHAPE
To assess the deformation we choose a load step for which the force is just near its maxi-
mum, i.e., at a horizontal displacement uX 0.1 mm. We select the total displacements,
attribute RESTDT, and plot a deformed mesh [Fig. 24.6b]. Note that iDiana applies an
automatic multiplication factor.
24.3.2 Stresses
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:50:59 lodis iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:50:59 nlidfm
Model: NONSME Model: NONSME

Max/Min on whole graph: Step: 33 LOAD: .99E-1
Ymax = -637 Nodal TDTX...G RESTDT
Ymin = -.117E5 Max = .101 Min = 0
Xmax = .15 Factor = 660
Xmin = .3E-2
Node 962
0
0 .2E-1 .4E-1 .6E-1 .8E-1 .1 .12 .14 .16
-.2
N
O
D
A
L -.4
F
B
X -.6
.
.
.
.
G -.8
F
B
X
-1
-1.2
LOAD
Y
Z X
(a) loaddisplacement diagram (b) deformation at uX 0.1 mm
Figure 24.6: Displacements
nonsme.fvc

Here we make two plots for the principal stresses in the integration points: result attribute
S1 represents the rst principal stress [Fig. 24.7a], and S2 the second [Fig. 24.7b].
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:50:59 nlis1 iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:50:59 nlis2
Model: NONSME Model: NONSME

Step: 33 LOAD: .99E-1 Step: 33 LOAD: .99E-1
Max = .288 Max = .821E-1
Min = -.463 Min = -1.33
.22 -.46E-1
.151 -.174
.832E-1 -.302
.149E-1 -.43
Y -.534E-1 Y -.558
-.122 -.686
-.19 -.814
Z X -.258 Z X -.942
-.327 -1.07
-.395 -1.2
(a) 1 (b) 2
Figure 24.7: Principal stress at uX 0.1 mm
24.3.3 Plastic Strain as Crack Pattern

Displaying the plastic strain gives a good indication of the cracked areas in the model.
Therefore we select result attribute EP1 which represents the principal plastic strain.
nonsme.fvc
RESULTS GAUSSIAN EL.EP1 EP1

This gives a contour plot of the principal plastic strain [Fig. 24.8]. Note that areas without
a plastic strain, which may be considered as uncracked, show up in dark blue. Although
reached at lesser deformation, the crack pattern is similar to that of the Brick Crack
Interface model [Fig. 23.20 p. 384].
Animation. The following commands initiate an animation of the development of the

principal plastic strain.
24.3 Nonlinear Static Analysis 393
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:50:59 nlep1
Model: NONSME
Deformation = 660
LC1: Load case 1
Step: 33 LOAD: .99E-1
Gauss EL.EP1 EP1
Max = .155E-2 Min = 0
Results shown:
Mapped to nodes
.141E-2
.126E-2
.112E-2
.984E-3
Y .843E-3
.703E-3
.562E-3
Z X .422E-3
.281E-3
.141E-3
Figure 24.8: Principal plastic strain at uX 0.1 mm
nonsme.fvc
RESULTS LOADCASE LC1 1 TO 33 STEPS 2

PRESENT CONTOUR FROM 0 TO 0.001 LEVELS 10
DRAWING ANIMATE LOADCASES
We choose for a movie frame for each odd numbered load step until the maximum dis-
placement uX 0.1 mm. Furthermore we ensure a xed deformation scaling factor of
500 and consistent contour levels. The animation implies the frames of Figure 24.9.
Figure 24.9: Plastic strain development (cracking) animation frames
24.4 Including Creep Eects

We will now add properties for creep of the masonry to the model WALL, as made in
24.1. The modied model requires a transient analysis, i.e., with time steps instead of
load steps. To modify the model we re-enter the iDiana Design environment with the
model name.
iDiana
FEMGEN WALL
24.4.1 Material Properties

Analysis of creep eects requires the additional specication of a viscoelasticity material
model. To modify the material we launch the Property Manager.
iDiana
Property Manager
Materials Material Name: BRICKS
External External Data from File
Maxwell Chain viscoelasticity. We model the actual creep of the material with a
Maxwell Chain viscoelasticity model. This must be supplied via an external input data
le in Diana batch format.
maxwell.dat
MAXWEL 7
,1 YOUNG 2800.
,2 YOUNG 200.
RELTIM 1.0
,3 YOUNG 1000.
RELTIM 10.
,4 YOUNG 1000.
RELTIM 100.
,5 YOUNG 1000.
RELTIM 1000.
,6 YOUNG 1000.
RELTIM 10000.
,7 YOUNG 1000.
RELTIM 100000.
This species a Maxwell Chain with seven units each comprising a Youngs modulus and
a relaxation time.
24.4.2 Transient Loading

As creep analysis is transient it is performed via time steps. Consequently, the load must
be dened with respect to time. In iDiana this can be achieved via a time curve.
wall.fgc
CONSTRUCT TCURVE TC1 LIST 0 0 36000 100
PROPERTY ATTACH LO1 TC1
These commands dene a time curve which increases linearly from 0 at time t = 0 to
100 at time t = 36000 s (ten hours). We attach this time curve to the already specied
load LO1 which represents a unit horizontal displacement of the upper edge of the model
[ 24.1.4 p. 388]. During the transient analysis Diana will now apply the value of the time
curve at a certain time as a multiplication factor for the displacement.
24.5 Nonlinear Transient Analysis 395
24.5 Nonlinear Transient Analysis

Prior to the actual analysis we write a complete input data le in Diana batch format
for the modied model.
iDiana
UTILITY WRITE DIANA wallcrp
Here we write a data le wallcrp.dat. To perform the analysis we choose options similar
to those used for the previous model, except for the output of plastic strains. Because
the Maxwell viscoelastic model does not deliver uniquely dened plastic strains we will
now make a contour plot of the total strain.
noncrp.dcf
*FILOS
INITIA
*INPUT
*NONLIN
BEGIN EXECUT
BEGIN ITERAT
BEGIN CONVER
DISPLA OFF
FORCE TOLCON=1.0E-3
END CONVER
END ITERAT
BEGIN TIME
BEGIN STEPS
BEGIN AUTOMA
SIZE=50
MAXSIZ=0.02
END AUTOMA
END STEPS
END TIME
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=50
METHOD SECANT
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
DISPLA
FORCE
END OUTPUT
*END
Note that instead of load steps we now perform time steps, see the TIME command block.
Now we can perform the analysis with the input data and command le.
diana wallcrp.dat noncrp
Once the analysis has terminated we enter the iDiana Results environment to assess the
results.
noncrp.fvc
FEMVIEW NONCRP
The tabulation of the load cases shows all the performed time steps together with their
time values. We show only the head and tail of the tabulation:
nlcrlc.tb
;
; Model: NONCRP
;
; LOADCASE DATA
;
; ---- --------------------------
;
; Element : THICKNES* CRKBANDW*
;
; Gauss : EL.EXX.L EL.S1
;
;
... lines skipped
;
;
; LC1 50
TIME = 50 "Load case 1"
;
To inspect the behaviour of the model in the nonlinear transient analysis we will assess
the displacements.
Timeload diagram noncrp.fvc

We plot the timeload diagram for all time steps. For the horizontal axis we select all load
cases, i.e., the time for each step. For the vertical axis we select the calculated horizontal
force FX represented by result attribute FBX. The specied node is at the upper left
corner of the model and thus we get a timeload diagram for the upper edge [Fig. 24.10a].
Note that at time t = 39 s the horizontal displacement uX = 0.1 mm, so the horizontal
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:53:24 timlod iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:53:24 nlicrdfm
Model: NONCRP Model: NONCRP

Max/Min on whole graph: Step: 47 TIME: 47
Ymax = -580 Nodal TDTX...G RESTDT
Ymin = -.114E5 Max = .134 Min = 0
Xmax = 50 Factor = 497
Xmin = 1
Node 962
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
-.2
N
O
D
A
L -.4
F
B
X -.6
.
.
.
.
G -.8
F
B
X
-1
-1.2
TIME
Y
Z X
(a) timeload diagram (b) deformation at uX 0.13 mm
Figure 24.10: Behaviour from transient creep analysis
scale of the timeload diagram is equal to that of the loaddisplacement diagram of the
non-viscous analysis [Fig. 24.6 p. 392]. The two diagrams are quite similar towards the
maximum force. The only noticeable dierence is that the timeload diagram shows that
the maximum force is a little bit lower than that of the loaddisplacement diagram and
that a larger horizontal displacement is achieved.
24.5 Nonlinear Transient Analysis 397
Deformation noncrp.fvc

VIEW MESH
PRESENT SHAPE
To assess the deformation we choose a time step for which the force is just beyond its
maximum, i.e., at time t = 47 s where the displacement uX 0.13 mm. We select the
total displacements, attribute RESTDT, and plot a deformed mesh [Fig. 24.10b]. Note that
iDiana applies an automatic multiplication factor.
24.5.2 Stresses
noncrp.fvc

Here we make two plots for the principal stresses in the integration points: result attribute
S1 represents the rst principal stress [Fig. 24.11a], and S2 the second [Fig. 24.11b].
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:53:24 nlicrs1 iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:53:24 nlicrs2
Model: NONCRP Model: NONCRP

Step: 47 TIME: 47 Step: 47 TIME: 47
Max = .293 Max = .114
Min = -.488 Min = -1.43
.222 -.269E-1
.151 -.168
.802E-1 -.308
.917E-2 -.449
Y -.619E-1 Y -.59
-.133 -.73
-.204 -.871
Z X -.275 Z X -1.01
-.346 -1.15
-.417 -1.29
(a) 1 (b) 2
Figure 24.11: Principal stress due to transient creep at uX 0.13 mm
24.5.3 Strains
The Maxwell viscoelastic model does not deliver uniquely dened plastic strains. So,
instead of the plastic strain we will now make a contour plot of the total strain.
noncrp.fvc
RESULTS GAUSSIAN EL.EXX.L EXX

Result attribute EXX represents the total vertical strain xx . The contour plot [Fig. 24.12],
is similar to that of the plastic strain [Fig. 24.8 p. 393].
iDIANA 10.0-07 : TNO DIANA BV 17 DEC 2015 18:53:24 nlicrexx
Model: NONCRP
Deformation = 497
LC1: Load case 1
Step: 47 TIME: 47
Gauss EL.EXX.L EXX
Max = .233E-2
Min = -.133E-3
Results shown:
Mapped to nodes
.211E-2
.189E-2
.166E-2
.144E-2
Y .121E-2
.988E-3
.764E-3
Z X .54E-3
.316E-3
.914E-4
Figure 24.12: Total vertical strain due to transient creep at uX 0.13 mm

Diana Concrete and Masonry Tutorials

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What is the model trying to illustrate?

What is the model trying to illustrate?

What elements are used to model different parts of the structure?

What elements are used to model different parts of the structure?

Chapter 22

Interfaces in Masonry Wall

2.40 wall t = 0.10

0.20 beam t = 0.20

Figure 22.1: Model

22.1 Finite Element Model

22.1.1 Geometry Denition

P14 P13 P10 P9

Figure 22.2: Created points

Surfaces for beam wall.fgc

CONSTRUCT SET OPEN WALL

Model: WALL Model: WALL

L10 L20 L14

(a) for wall and beam (b) all, interfaces included

Figure 22.3: Surfaces

CONSTRUCT SET OPEN INT

Generate mesh wall.fgc

MESHING DIVISION SURFACE INT 24 1

Model: WALL Model: WALL

(a) colour for element types (b) colour for sets

Figure 22.4: Generated mesh

PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT L1 Y

Figure 22.5: Supports

22.1.4 Material and Physical Properties

View Property Manager...

Material properties iDiana

Mass Mass Density

Materials Material Name: MASONRY

Mass Mass Density

Expansion Isotropic - Constant Params.

Materials Material Name: MATRIM

Materials Material Name: MATCRK

Static Nonlinearity Interfaces Cracking Discrete Cracking Linear Tension Softening

Secant Mode-I Unloading Zero Shear Stin. aft Crack

Physical Properties Physical Property Name: THKW

Physical Properties Physical Property Name: INTER

PROPERTY ATTACH JOIST CONCRETE THKB

LABEL MESH OFF

Model: WALL Model: WALL

(a) material properties (b) physical properties

Figure 22.6: Colour modulated mesh properties

We apply gravity load for the entire model with g = 10 m/s2 .

22.1.6 Gluing the Surfaces Together

Model: WALL Model: WALL

(a) element mesh (b) geometry

Figure 22.7: Final model

22.1.7 Temperature in Time

22.2 Transient Nonlinear Analysis

ENERGY CONTIN TOLCON=1E-08

22.2.1 Deformation and Horizontal Stress

VIEW MESH WALL

Model: WALL Model: WALL

(a) rst step (b) last step

Figure 22.8: Deformation and horizontal stress

PRESENT CONTOUR FROM -0.143E6 TO 0.681E6 LEVELS 25