Glossary of Implant Dentistry 3 ICOI

Glossary
of Implant Dentistry
#3
eb ot noitartsullI
detelpmoc
Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................... 4
Explanatory Notes........................................................................................................... 5
Alphabetic Listing of Terms..............................................................................................7
Illustrations & Diagrams.............................................................................................. 145
Index by Alphabet......................................................................................................... 187
External Links
References.....................................................................................................Click to View
Pisa Consensus.............................................................................................Click to View
Tomography Consensus................................................................................Click to View
55 Lane Rd. #305

Fairfield, NJ 07004
07043-1454 USA
888.449.ICOI
www.dentalimplants.com Authorship:
Edited by several doctors and university departments.
Copyright 2017 by ICOI, Inc. ICOI's glossary will be under constant revision.
4 5
Introduction Explanatory Notes
What you are now engaged in is ICOIs new digital implant glossary. Entries
Technically this is our third glossary and, in a sense, our final one. Main entries are listed in boldface, by alphabetical order,
Glossary III has been designed as a living document in digital format, letter by letter, without regard to intervening hyphens or spaces.
wherein changes and additions will be seamlessly added for years to
come.
Suggestions simply have to be submitted to our Glossary Committee Definitions
at [email protected]. When a term has multiple meanings, the ordering of
Also included is an alphabetized index and a currently suggested list senses within an entry is alphabetic.
of references.
The Glossary Committee will meet periodically to review submissions
Abbreviations
and updates will be made.
Most importantly this glossary and updates are provided to all ICOI Abbr Abbreviation; Introduces the expansion of the abbreviation.
members and others at no charge. Acronym Introduces the expansion of the acronym. e.g.
Exempli Gratia; For example. i.e. Id Est; That is.
Obj See Objectionable; Some terms are confusing or improperly used. The reader is
directed to the proper terminology which has the same connotation.
See Directs the reader to the synonymic term where the definition is presented,
to related terms, and/or to appendices.
Sugg Suggested; When a term raised considerable objections among reviewers,

the standard definition was listed. Alternative terms are suggested.
Symbol Introduces the expansion of the chemical symbol.
Syn Synonym; Synonyms are listed under the preferred term.
Interactive Elements
Underlined Hyperlink; Click the underlined terms will refer you to the related terms.
Visual Media; Click the sign will refer you to the PDF, Illustration or video.
Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Alphabetic
Listing of Terms
8 3-D printing Abutment transfer device 9
A
3-D printing computed tomography (CBCT) Absorbable Abutment clamp Abutment impression between the abutment and the
See: Three-dimensional printing which can be visualized and See: Bioabsorbable. Forceps which usually engage coping superstructure increased with
manipulated on the computer the component circumferentially See: Impression coping. the rotational freedom.
screen using specific software. Abutment used to assist in the positioning
3-D rendering See: Voxel, 3-D rendering and seating of an abutment on a Abutment-implant Abutment screw
The portion of a dental implant
or a dental implant component dental implant platform. interface A threaded fastener used to
The process of converting digital 3-D volumetric
that serves to support and/ The coronal surface area of connect an abutment to a dental
information such as from a
reconstruction Abutment connection contact between the implant implant. It is usually torqued to
CBCT scan using modern 3D or retain a prosthesis. It may
See: Three-dimensional volumetric consist of one or more pieces. 1. The act of fastening an body and the implant abutment a final seating position.
computer graphics processing
reconstruction, Computed axial See: Anatomic healing abutment, abutment to a dental implant.
into photorealistic images that can Abutment selection
be visualized and manipulated
tomography (CAT), Cone-beam Angulated abutment, Castable 2. The interlocking, interfacial Abutment-level impression
computed tomography (CBCT), geometry between a dental The impression of an abutment A step in the prosthodontic
on the computer screen. abutment, Custom abutment,
which can be visualized and implant and an abutment. either directly using conventional treatment whereby a decision
See: 3-D volume, Healing abutment, Multi-
manipulated on the computer See: External connection, impression techniques, or is made regarding the type of
3-D volumetric reconstruction unit abutment, Nonangulated
screen using specific software. External hexagon, Internal indirectly using an abutment abutment to be used for the
abutment, Prefabricated
3-D scanner See: Voxel, connection, Internal hexagon, impression coping. restoration based on dental
abutment, Prepable abutment,
3-D rendering, 3-D volume Morse taper connection. See: Implant-level impression. implant angulation, interarch
Device that analyses a realworld Temporary abutment,
space, soft tissue (mucosal)
object to collect data on its Transmucosal abutment,
shape and or other attributes University of California at Los Abutment driver Abutment mount height, planned prosthesis,
Instrument or device used Prefabricated device, usually occlusal factors (e.g., opposing
such as color or texture, and Angeles abutment (UCLA
to assist in the delivery and packaged with an abutment, used dentition, parafunction),
transforms this data into a abutment), Zirconia abutment.
tightening of an abutment to a for the transfer of an abutment to esthetics, and phonetic
digital format that can be used
Abutment analog dental implant. a dental implant intraorally. considerations.
with computer software for
exportation to 3-D printing or A replica of an abutment usually Abutment swapping
CAD CAM applications. incorporated within a cast for Abutment holder Abutment Rotation
Instrument that provides abutment The amount that an abutment See: Platform switching.
the fabrication of a prosthesis.
3-D volume See: Analog/analogue, retention for extraoral preparation can rotate when connected to a
and polishing procedures.
Abutment transfer device
See: Three-dimensional volume Implant analog. dental implant which can lead
to prosthesis misfit. It has been See: Orientation jig.
rendering, Computed axial
tomography (CAT), Cone-beam shown that the marginal gaps

10 Access hole Alloplast 11
Access hole Acetaminophen Actual implant length/ Manufacturing (DDM), Ailing implant dried bone allograft (DFDBA),
The channel in a screw-retained Amide of acetic acid and diameter layered manufacturing and General term for a dental and solvent-dehydrated
implant prosthesis giving access to p-aminophenol, a nonopioid The exact measurement of additive fabrication. implant affected by peri-implant mineralized allograft. Allograft
the abutment or prosthetic screw, analgesic and antipyretic drug, the length and diameter of a See: Rapid prototyping, mucositis, without bone loss. bone is processed and prepared
usually through the occlusal or which may be administered dental implant. 3-D printing For some authors, an ailing by tissue banks.
lingual surface of the prosthesis. orally or rectally. See: Nominal implant dental implant is an implant See: Homograft.
Additive Manufacturing with a history of bone loss
length/diameter.
Accessory ostium Acid-etched surface File (AMF) that is not progressing.
All-On-4
Occasional opening of the Treatment of a surface with Added surface Data format proposed for Sugg: Peri-implant mucositis, The All-on-4 treatment concept
maxillary sinus either into the an acid in order to increase its See: Additive surface treatment. additive manufacturing by the Peri-implantitis. is a technique for total
infundibulum or directly in the surface area by subtraction. For American Society of Testing rehabilitation of the edentulous
wall of the middle meatus. a dental implant, modifying Additive fabrication and Materials (ASTM). This Alendronate sodium patient or for patients with badly
See: Ostium (maxillary sinus). the surface has the intention See: Solid freeform fabrication file will describe the shape and Oral nitrogen-containing broken down teeth, decayed
of enhancing bone-to-implant (SFF). composition of any 3D object to bisphosphonate used for the teeth or compromised teeth
Acellular contact, enhancing be fabricated on any 3D printer. treatment of osteoporosis. due to periodontal disease,
Devoid of cells. osseointegration. Additive Manufacturing Unlike its predecessor STL It acts as a specific inhibitor placing four implants in either
See: Subtractive surface (AM) format, AMF has native support of osteoclast-mediated arch where the distal-most
Acellular dermal allograft treatment. Defined by ASTM (American for color, materials, lattices, bone resorption. implants are placed in a tilted
Allogenic skin graft, derived from Society for Testing and texture, and constellations. See: Bisphosphonate (BP). position to increase support
a human cadaver consisting of Activating tool Materials) as the process for a fixed prosthesis usually
a thin split-thickness of dermis, Instrument used to increase of joining materials to make Additive surface treatment Allogenic graft placed immediately on the day of
devoid of cellular content following or reduce the retention objects from STL files and 3D Syn: Added surface. See: Allograft. surgery. All-on-4 is a registered
a tissue preparation process. of an attachment. model data, usually layer upon Alteration of the surface of a trademark of Nobel Biocare.
See: Attachment. layer, as opposed to subtractive dental implant by addition Allograft
Acellular dermal matrix manufacturing methodologies, of material. Syn: Allogenic graft.
graft (ADM) such as traditional machining. Graft tissue from genetically Alloplast
See: Acellular dermal allograft The term AM encompasses
Aesthetic Buccal Flap (ABF) dissimilar members of the same Syn: Alloplastic graft.
many technologies including See: Esthetic Buccal Flap (EBF) species. Four types exist: frozen, Synthetic, inorganic material
subsets like 3D Printing, Rapid freeze-dried bone allograft used as a bone substitute or as
Prototyping (RP), Direct Digital (FDBA), demineralized freeze- an implant (See: Implant).

12 Alloplastic graft Anatomic healing abutment 13
Alloplastic graft Alveolar bone proper Alveolar mucosa Alveolar recess Alveoloplasty Analgesic
See: Alloplast. The bone lining the alveoli. Also Syn: Lining mucosa. A cavity in the maxillary sinus See: Osteoplasty. Medicine used to relieve pain.
called cribriform plate due to the The lining mucosa that covers floor formed by a septum. Two general categories exist:
Aluminum oxide numerous perforating channels the alveolar process apical to See: Maxillary sinus septum. Alveolus opioid and nonopioid.
A metallic oxide. (Volkmanns canals), lamina the mucogingival junction. It Syn: Socket.
1. Alpha single crystal: An dura due to the radiographic consists of a nonkeratinized Alveolar ridge The bony socket in which a Analog/analogue
inert, highly biocompatible, appearance, fibrous endosteum epithelium lining a connective The bony ridge of the maxilla or tooth is attached via the Syn: Replica.
strong ceramic material from due to the fibers of the periodontal tissue that is loosely attached to mandible that contains the alveoli. periodontal ligament. A replica of an implant,
which some dental implants ligament, bundle bone due the the periosteum and is movable. See: Alveolus, abutment or attachment
are fabricated. large quantity of Sharpeys fibers. See: Oral mucosa. Residual ridge, Ridge. Amoxicillin mechanism, usually
2. Polycrystal: Constituent of See: Buccal plate, Lingual plate. Broad spectrum antibiotic, incorporated within a cast for a
dental porcelain used to increase Alveolar nerve Alveolar ridge a semi-synthetic derivative prosthetic reconstruction.
viscosity and strength. Alveolar crest See: Anterior superior alveolar augmentation of ampicillin, with a superior
The most coronal portion of the nerve, Inferior alveolar nerve See: Augmentation. absorption and a bioavailability Analysis of variance
Alveolar alveolar process. (IAN), Middle superior alveolar of 70 to 80 percent with very low (ANOVA)
Pertaining to an alveolus. nerve, Posterior superior alveolar Alveolar ridge defect toxicity. It is effective against Test assessing the statistical
See: Alveolus. Alveolar defect nerve. See: Alveolar defect, Ridge defect. gram-positive and gram-negative significance of the differences
A deficiency in the contour of bacteria and may be combined among the obtained means of
Alveolar augmentation the alveolar ridge either in the Alveolar preservation Alveolar ridge resorption with clavulanic acid to counteract two or more random samples
See: Augmentation. vertical (apicocoronal) and/ See: Ridge preservation. See: Ridge resorption. the betalactamase destruction of from a given population.
or horizontal (buccolingual, penicillin by resistant bacteria.
Alveolar bone mesiodistal) direction. Alveolar process Alveolar septum It is the primary drug for Anatomic healing
That part of the maxilla or The compact and cancellous See: Interalveolar septum. antibiotic prophylaxis. abutment
mandible comprising the Alveolar distraction portion of bone surrounding and See: Clavulanic acid. Component secured on the
tooth-bearing and/or supporting osteogenesis supporting the teeth. Alveolectomy prosthetic platform of a dental
part of the jaw bones. See: Distraction osteogenesis See: Alveolar ridge, Removal of a portion of the alveolar Analgesia implant, with a three-dimensional
See: Bone. (DO). Residual ridge, Ridge. process usually performed to Absence of pain in response design aimed at shaping the
achieve acceptable bone contour. to stimulation that would peri-implant soft tissue to a
See: Ostectomy. normally be painful. desirable emergence profile.
See: Healing abutment.

14 Anchor pin Antibiotic prophylaxis 15
Anchor pin Angulated abutment Anodization Anorganic bone matrix Anterior loop Anteroposterior spread
Device used to stabilize a Syn: Angled abutment. Electrolytic passivation process (ABM) An extension of the inferior (AP spread)
surgical or stereolithographic Abutment with a body not used to increase the thickness Xenogenic or allogenic bone alveolar nerve, anterior to the Distance from the center of the
guide. It engages the underlying parallel with the long axis of the of the natural oxide layer on substitute derived from the mental foramen, prior to exiting most anterior dental implant to a
bone through a sleeve dental implant. It is used when the surface of a metal (e.g., mineral portion of bone and the mandibular canal, via the line joining the distal aspects of
incorporated in the guide. the implant is at a different titanium). During the process, used for intraoral grafting mental foramen. the most distal dental implants.
See: Fixation pin, Fixation screw, inclination in relation to the a dye may be used to color a procedures. By chemical and This measurement provides
Stabilization pin proposed prosthesis. Examples dental implant component to physical processes, sterilized Anterior nasal spine a guideline for the length of
are implant manufacturers stock facilitate its recognition. osteoconductive deproteinized Triangular pointed projection cantilever acceptable within the
Anesthesia angulated abutments ranging See: Anodized surface. particles are obtained with a at the anterior extremity of the bilateral distal extensions of an
Absence of all sensation. from 15, 17, 25, and 30. porosity, crystalline structure, intermaxillary suture. implant-supported prosthesis.
See: Dysesthesia, Hyperesthesia, See: Nonangulated abutment, Anodized surface and chemical composition It may serve as a source of
Hypoesthesia, Paresthesia. Multi-unit abutment Treatment of a metal surface similar to normal bone. autogenous bone for intraoral Antibiotic
by the application of a voltage grafting procedures. A natural, semisynthetic or
Angiogenesis Anisotropic surface on a specimen (e.g., titanium) Anorganic bovine bone synthetic antimicrobial agent
Formation of new blood vessels. Surface with a immersed in electrolytes (e.g., matrix (ABBM) Anterior superior alveolar used to prevent or treat
See: Vascularization. directional pattern. phosphorus, calcium, sulphur, Xenogenic bone substitute nerve infections caused by bacteria
See: Isotropic surface. or magnesium), in order to derived from the mineral Branch of the infraorbital nerve and other microorganisms.
Angiogenic increase its oxide layer. portion of bovine bone and arising within the infraorbital See: Antibiotic prophylaxis.
Which promotes or develops Ankylosis See: Anodization. used for intraoral grafting canal. It initially runs laterally
blood vessels, or promotes an Dental ankylosis is characterized procedures. By chemical and within the sinus wall and then Antibiotic prophylaxis
increase in vascularization. by the fusion of the tooth root Anodontia physical processes, sterilized curves medially to exit the Administration of an antibiotic
to the bone, preventing both Congenital absence of teeth. osteoconductive deproteinized infraorbital foramen. It supplies prior to a surgical procedure
Angled abutment eruption and orthodontic particles are obtained with a the maxillary anterior teeth. (e.g., sinus graft) in order
See: Angulated abutment. movement. The periodontal porosity, crystalline structure, to prevent or reduce the
ligament is obliterated by a bony and chemical composition incidence of postoperative
bridge and the tooth root is similar to normal bone. infection. In patients with a
fused to the alveolar bone. risk of endocarditis, a standard
protocol is recommended for
certain dental procedures.
See: Antibiotic.

16 Anti-inflammator Autogenous bone graft 17
Anti-inflammatory Antrolith Apical (retrograde) actual physical imaging process. Atrophic Attachment-retained
The property of a substance Calcified mass found in the peri-implantitis Since artefacts may interfere with Characterized by atrophy. Use of a mechanical device for
or treatment that reduces maxillary sinus, resulting Obj See: Implant periapical lesion. the diagnostic process performed the retention of a prosthesis to
inflammation. from the complete or partial on CBCT data sets, every user Atrophy an abutment or transmucosal
See: Corticosteroid, Nonsteroidal encrustation of a foreign body Apically positioned flap should be aware of their presence. Decrease in size of a cell, organ, portion of a one-part implant.
anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). (e.g., retained root). A flap sutured in a direction See: Scatter, Beam hardening tissue or part. See: Attachment, Cement-
apical to its original presurgical See: Disuse atrophy, retained, Friction-retained,
Antirotation Antroscope position.
Artificial gingival Ridge atrophy. Screw-retained.
A feature or characteristic An instrument for See: Coronally positioned flap. Gingiva-colored pink
that prevents the rotation of illuminating and examining restorative material used to Attached gingiva Attachment selection
two joint components. the maxillary sinus. Articulator replicate natural tissue. Part of the gingiva extending A step in the prosthodontic
An articulator is a mechanical See: Composites (Dental) from the base of the sulcus treatment whereby a decision
Antral floor Antroscopy device used to relate casts of the to the mucogingival junction is made regarding the type of
See: Maxillary sinus floor. Inspection of an antrum using maxillary and mandibular arches,
Asepsis around teeth. It is attached attachment to be used in the
an antroscope. reproducing recorded positions Prevention from contact with to bone by the periosteum; to prosthesis based on implant
Antral mucosa of the mandible in relation microorganisms. cementum by the gingival fibers; angulation, interarch space, soft
See: Schneiderian membrane. Antrostomy to the maxilla. An articulator to cementum, enamel, or dentin tissue (mucosal) height, and
The surgical opening of an
Asleep by the epithelial attachment.
assists in the fabrication of fixed amount of retention needed.
Antral polyp antrum for purposes of and removal prosthodontic See: Sleeper implant.
Multilocular, pendulous, drainage or grafting. restorations. Attachment Augmentation
irregularly shaped edematous See: Sinus graft.
Aspergillus A mechanical device for
See: Virtual articulator Any procedure meant to correct
space usually associated with Fungus responsible for the fixation, retention and a soft or hard tissue deficiency.
rhino-sinusitis. Antrum Artifact maxillary sinus fungal infections stabilization of a dental See: Bone augmentation.
Based on Greek antron Term used in (aspergillosis). prosthesis. Consists of one or
Antral septum meaning cave, a cavity or medical/dental imaging to more parts, made of titanium, Auricular prosthesis
See: Septum. chamber within bone.
Atraumatic extraction
describe misrepresentation of gold or plastic. See: Ear prosthesis
See: Sinus. The extraction of a tooth
tissue or bone structures seen
with minimal damage or injury Attachment activating tool Autogenous bone graft
in CT/CBCT images induced
Antrum of Highmore by discrepancies between the
to the surrounding hard and See: Activating tool. Bone harvested from one site
See: Maxillary sinus. soft tissues. and transplanted to another site
mathematical modeling and the
in the same individual.

18 Autogenous Demineralized Dentin Matrix (ADDM) Barrier membrane exposure 19
B
Autogenous Demineralized Available bone Axonotmesis moderate infections caused Bacterial leakage Barium sulfate (BaSO4)
Dentin Matrix (ADDM) Portion of an edentulous Nerve injury with loss of axonal by susceptible organisms, and Gaps which can exist between Finely ground radiopaque
Dentin from non-endodontically ridge that can be used for the continuity, but with maintenance may be administered orally and the implant body and the powder used as a marker
treated teeth removed of all placement of a dental implant. of the myelin sheath. Sensory intravenously. abutment which under the in the construction of a
visible tissue debris are ground and/or motor functions are See: Azalide. forces of mastication can radiographic template.
and treated to facilitate release Avascular impaired. Recovery may occur lead to microbial leakage, and
of BMPs to induce differentiation Lacking blood vessels. after one to three months. It may colonization of bacteria. This Bar overdenture (implant)
of undifferentiated mesenchymal be caused by a drill violating the leakage may be a contributing Removable partial or complete
cells into osteogenic cells having Avascular necrosis mandibular canal, an anesthetic factor for peri-implantitis. denture, which may be implant-
the potential for stimulating bone Cell death that occurs as a result needle penetrating the nerve See: Peri-implantitis, Abutment supported or implant-tissue-
formation. The resulting ADDM of inadequate blood supply. trunk, or excessive reflection. connection supported. Implants in this type
also provides a scaffold and space See: Neurapraxia, Neurotmesis. of reconstruction are connected
for the new bone formation. Axial loading Ball abutment together with a bar incorporating
See: Dentin grinder, Bone scaffold Refers to any force applied in Azalide See: Ball attachment. attachment mechanisms for
the direction of the long axis of a New generation of macrolide retention and/or support of
Autogenous graft dental implant. derivatives with improved Ball attachment the prosthesis.
Syn: Autograft, Autologous graft. See: Nonaxial loading. pharmacokinetic properties, Extracoronal type of attachment
Tissue taken from one site and tissue penetration, and activity mechanism used to retain an Barrier membrane
transplanted to another site in Axial slice against many gram-positive and overdenture, consisting of a Syn: Occlusive membrane.
the same individual. A thin section from a computed gram-negative bacteria. spherical shaped abutment and Device which helps confine
tomography scan data (usually See: Azithromycin. a metal housing. a grafted area. It is meant to
Autograft between 0.125 to 2.0 millimeters See: Metal housing. prevent migration of grafting
See: Autogenous graft. thick) transverse to the patients Azithromycin material and/or prevent
length axis, ideally parallel to the An azalide antibiotic which Bar ingrowth of unwanted
Autologous graft plane of occlusion. inhibits bacterial protein Syn: Connecting bar. cells into a site.
See: Autogenous graft. See: Cross-sectional slice, synthesis, and is effective A connector between two or
Panoramic reconstitution. against a wide range of gram- more dental implants or teeth. It Barrier membrane
positive, gram-negative, and is used to provide exposure
anaerobic bacteria. It is used retention, stability, and/or See: Exposure.
in the treatment of mild to support to a prosthesis.

20 Basal bone Biomechanics 21
Basal bone Bending stress Beveled incision Bioactive Biocompatible the bond to hydroxyapatite-
See: Bone. Stress caused by a load that Cut made at an acute angle to Having an effect on, or eliciting a Property of a material to elicit coated dental implants.
tends to bend an object. the gingival or mucosal surface. response from, living tissue. or perform without a negative See: Osseointegration.
Basic multicellular unit See: Compressive stress, Stress. See: Bioinert. host response (immune
(BMU) Bicortical stabilization response or inflammation)
Biologic width
Functional unit consisting of Benign paroxysmal The engagement of a dental Bioactive fixation in a specific application. In The combined apicocoronal height
cellular elements responsible for positional vertigo (BPPV) implant with the crestal cortical Stabilization involving direct general, biocompatibility is of connective tissue and epithelial
bone formation and resorption Short, recurrent episodes of bone of the edentulous ridge physical and/or chemical measured on the basis of attachment. It exists around teeth
(i.e., remodeling). vertigo when carrying out certain and the cortical bone of the base attachment mechanism(s) allergenicity, carcinogenicity, as well as around dental implants
lateralization and extension of the mandible or the floor of between biological tissues and localized cytotoxicity, and once exposed to the oral cavity.
Basic structural unit (BSU) movements of the head. In the maxillary sinus or floor of the a dental implant surface at the systemic response.
The unit of bone tissue formed by implant dentistry, it may be a nasal cavity. It may also apply to ultra-structural level.
one basic multicellular unit (BMU). postoperative complication the engagement of the facial and Biodegradable Biomaterial
It is also referred to as an osteon. following a surgery in the maxilla lingual cortices. Bioactive glass Property of a material to Material used to replace part of
where osteotomes were used. Absorbable alloplastic material degrade when placed in a a living system or to function in
Beam hardening Bilateral stabilization composed of metal oxides: SiO2, biologic environment. contact with a living system.
Beam hardening is one of Betamethasone See: Cross-arch stabilization. Na2O, and P2O5. It has the ability See: Bioabsorbable.
the most prominent sources An oral, topical, and inhaled to form a chemical bond with Biomechanical test
of artifacts in CBCT imaging glucocorticoid with a long half-life. Bioabsorbable living tissues thereby helping Bioinert A test that measures the physical
modalities. When there are dense See: Glucocorticoid. Syn: Absorbable. stabilize a filled defect site and Property of a material that properties of any biomechanical
objects within a CBCT scan, such Property of a material to maintaining a rigid scaffold upon elicits no host response. device, device-tissue interface
as a dental implant embedded Beveled flap degrade or dissolve in vivo. which cells can migrate and grow. See: Bioactive. (e.g., bone-implant), or the
in bone, the type of energy from Section of soft tissue outlined Breakdown products are properties of tissues themselves.
the object turns adjacent voxels by a surgical incision made at incorporated into normal Bioceramics Biointegration
black giving an appearance of an acute angle to the gingival or physiologic and biochemical Specially designed and The bonding of living Biomechanics
radiolucency in the bone. mucosal tissue. processes (e.g., bioabsorbable fabricated ceramics for the tissue to the surface of a Scientific field that deals with
See: Artifact, Voxel, Scatter membranes or sutures). repair or reconstruction of biomaterial or implant, the mechanical properties of
diseased, damaged, or missing independent of any mechanical biologic structures as well as the
parts of the body. interlocking mechanism. interaction between mechanical
It is often used to describe devices and living tissues,
organs, and organisms.

22 Biomimetic Bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) 23
Biomimetic hypercalcemia of malignancy Bisphosphonate-related Blade implant Bone 5. Cortical bone: (Syn: Compact
The study of the structure and or metastatic bone lesions. Its osteonecrosis of the jaw A laminar endosseous dental The mineralized connective tissue bone) The noncancellous hard
function of biologic systems mechanism of action involves (BRONJ) implant designed to be placed that constitutes the majority of the and dense portion of bone
as models for the design and the suppression of osteoclasts A complication characterized within bone. skeleton. It consists of an inorganic consisting largely of concentric
engineering of materials and thereby reducing bone by exposed necrotic bone in the component (67%) (minerals lamellar osteons and
machines. To replicate or imitate resorption. Two main groups maxillofacial region that does such as calcium phosphate) and interstitial lamellae.
a body structure (anatomy) and/ exist: nitrogen containing and not heal within eight weeks after Blanching an organic component (33%) 6. Lamellar bone: Mature bone,
or function (physiology). non-nitrogen containing, with diagnosis and proper care, in a To make or become white or (collagenous matrix and cells). organized in layers (lamellae)
subgroups of either oral or patient under current or previous pale, usually in reference to 1. Alveolar bone: Bony portion of that may be concentrically
Bioresorbable intravenous administration. bisphosphonate treatment and peri-implant or periodontal soft the mandible or maxilla in which arranged (compact bone) or
See: Resorbable. See: Bisphosphonate-related who has not received radiation tissues (e.g., during prosthetic the roots of the teeth are held parallel (cancellous bone).
osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). in the head and neck area. try-in/ insertion). by periodontal ligament fibers. 7. Woven bone: Syn: Nonlamellar
Biphasic calcium Risk factors include route of Alveolar bone is formed during bone, Primary bone, Primitive
phosphate (BCP) Bisphosphonate- Blasted implant surface tooth development and eruption. bone, Reactive bone. Immature
administration (intravenous
Alloplastic bone substitute associated osteonecrosis 2. Basal bone: Bone of the bone encountered where
versus oral), duration of therapy, Treatment of a surface by grit
consisting of 60% hydroxyapatite (BON) and type of bisphosphonate mandible or maxilla, excluding bone is actively healing or
blasting to increase its surface
and 40% beta-tricalcium See: Bisphosphonate-related (nitrogen containing or not). area by subtraction. the alveolar bone. being regenerated.
phosphate used in intraoral osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). See: Bisphosphonate (BP). See: Subtractive surface 3. Bundle bone: Type of alveolar
grafting procedures. The bone, so-called because of
Bone-anchored hearing aid
treatment.
granules are 90% porous and Bisphosphonate-induced Bite splint the continuation into it of the
(BAHA)
with interconnected pores of 100 osteonecrosis of the jaw See: Occlusal guard. principal (Sharpeys) fibers of A surgically implanted abutment
to 500 microns. (BIONJ) Block graft the periodontal ligament. to transmit sound by direct
See: Calcium phosphate, See: Bisphosphonate-related Black space Graft consisting of a monocortical 4. Cancellous bone: (Syn: conduction through bone to the
Tricalcium phosphate (TCP). osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). See: Black triangle. Medullary bone, Spongy bone, inner ear, bypassing the external
piece of autogenous bone (e.g.,
Trabecular bone) Bone in which auditory canal and middle ear.
chin or ramus), or a piece of
Bisphosphonate (BP) Black triangle the trabeculae form a three- A titanium prosthesis is
bone replacement graft, usually
Syn: Diphosphonate. Syn: Black space. dimensional latticework with surgically embedded into the
stabilized in the recipient
Group of drugs used to Condition when a void is present the interstices filled with skull with a small abutment
site with screws.
manage osteoporosis and in the interproximal space apical bone marrow. exposed outside the skin.
Pagets disease, or to treat to the contact point.

24 Bone atrophy Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 25
Bone atrophy Bone curettage Bone derivative Bone grafting Bone marrow Bone milling
Decrease in the dimensions of Surgical shaving or smoothing A substance extracted A surgical procedure performed Non-mineralized tissue A process used to particulate
bone due to resorption. of the bone surface. from bone, such as bone to establish additional bone found within bone containing harvested bone into
morphogenetic proteins. volume, using autogenous bone hematopoietic and/or progressively smaller particles.
Bone augmentation Bone defect and/or a bone replacement graft, fatty tissues.
Placement of an autogenous See: Alveolar defect, Ridge defect. Bone expander prior to or simultaneously with Bone mineral density
graft and/or a bone replacement See: Osteotome. dental implant placement. Bone mass (BMD)
graft, or any procedure that Bone density See: Bone graft, Bone replacement The amount of bone Syn: Bone mass measurement.
corrects a hard tissue deficiency. 1. Clinical: Tactile assessment Bone expansion graft, Bone substitute. tissue, often estimated by The mineral content in a given
of bone quality reflecting the See: Ridge expansion. absorptiometry, preferably volume of bone, used as a
Bone biopsy percentage of calcified bone viewed as a volume minus measure of bone health and in
Bone sample harvested from an to marrow, determined during Bone fill Bone-implant interface the marrow cavity. the diagnosis of osteoporosis.
area of interest for analysis. osteotomy preparation. Usually Clinical and/or radiological Demarcation between the
classified from D1 (dense) to D4 restoration of a hard material surface (i.e., the dental
Bone mass Bone modeling
Bone collector (porous). Other classifications tissue defect. measurement See: Modeling (bone).
implant) and the biological
See: Bone scraper, Bone trap. exist. environment (i.e., bone). See: Bone mineral density (BMD).
2. Histological: The density is Bone fusing Bone morphogenetic
Bone condenser calculated from the percentage See: Osseointegration. Bone induction Bone matrix protein (BMP)
See: Osteotome. of all bone tissue that is See: Osteoinduction. The intercellular substance of The (TGF) superfamily of
constituted by mineralized bone. Bone graft bone consisting of collagenous growth factors which may
Bone condensing 3. Radiographic: An estimate of the Syn: Osseous graft. Bone loss (implant) fibers embedded in an stimulate osteogenesis by
See: Osteotome technique. Autogenous bone used
total amount of bone tissue (as Physiologic or pathologic bone amorphous ground substance differentiation of mesenchymal
bone mineral) in the path of one for grafting. resorption around a dental and inorganic salts. stem cells capable of inducing
Bone conduction
or more x-ray beams, as measured implant. bone formation in normally non-
See: Osteoconduction. Bone mill
by Hounsfield units. When in See: Crestal bone loss, Early crestal osseous tissues. It is produced
Bone core quotes, density is as defined bone loss, Implant periapical Device used to mechanically by osteoblasts and stored
in absorptiometry, and does not lesion, Peri-implantitis. transform harvested autogenous in bone. BMP-2, 4, and 7 are
See: Bone biopsy.
mean density as used in physics. bone into a suitable particle size, known to promote de novo bone
for grafting procedures. formation through the precess of
osteoinduction.
See: Osteoinduction

26 Bone necrosis Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) 27
C
Bone necrosis Bone remodeling unit Bone sounding Bone trap Buccal plate CAD/CAM
See: Osteonecrosis. (BRU) See: Ridge sounding. Device attached to an Syn: Labial plate. Acronym: Computer-aided design/
A group of osteoblasts evacuation system, used to Bony wall at the buccal aspect Computer-aided manufacturing
Bone quality and osteoclasts involved in Bone spreader collect autogenous bone debris, of an alveolus consisting (CAD/CAM).
A qualitative assessment of bone bone remodeling. See: Osteotome. through a process of filtration. of alveolar bone proper,
based on its density. See: Remodeling (bone). Particles harvested may be used cortical bone, with or without
Bone substitute for grafting purposes. intervening cancellous bone. CAD/CAM dentistry
Bone reduction guide Bone replacement graft Synthetic or natural materials Computer-Aided Design and
(bone reduction template) Any material other than for grafting purposes. They Bone trephine Bundle bone
Computer-Aided Manufacturing
A CT/CBCT-derived surgical autogenous bone, which is used include hard tissue replacement See: Trephine. A histologic term for the portion in dentistry, is an area of
guide used to assist in accurate as a hard tissue graft, in an polymers, natural coral, of the bone of the alveolar dentistry utilizing milling
reduction of excess bone in the attempt to stimulate new bone hydroxyapatite, tricalcium Bone turnover process that surrounds teeth technologies to produce a variety
mandible or maxilla to aid in formation in an area where bone phosphate, and various other See: Turnover (bone). and into which the collagen of different dental restorations,
the placement of dental formerly existed. biomaterials. They may be fibers of the periodontal including crowns, veneers,
implants, and to facilitate incorporated into surrounding Bruxism ligament are embedded. inlays and onlays, fixed bridges,
prosthesis design. Bone resorption tissue or gradually replaced by Habit of involuntary grinding, See: Alveolar bone proper, Bone. dental implant restorations and
Loss of bone due to original tissue. clenching, or clamping the teeth.
orthodontic appliances, with a
Bone remodeling osteoclastic activity. This generates forces that may Button implant
Bone tap variety of different materials.
See: Remodeling (bone). damage teeth and/or implants. See: Mucosal insert.
Bone scaffold See: Tap. CAD/CAM abutment
Bone remodeling rate The three-dimensional Buccal index
Bone-to-implant contact Abutment which is totally
(BRR) structure created by bone An impression record of
designed and manufactured
The turnover or replacement or bone substitute, which (BIC) the facial aspect of teeth
using computer software from
of packets of bone tissue called maintains a volumetric space The direct contact of bone with relative to a cast.
information generated from a
basic multicellular units, or for cellular growth. the surface of an endosseous
Buccal mucosal incision digital position recognition of
BMUs, in all or part of a See: Scaffold. dental implant at the light
the implant platform.
bone structure without a microscopic level. See: Mucobuccal fold incision.
See: CAM abutment, Custom
change in shape. Bone scraper See: Percentage bone-to-implant
abutment.
Device used to harvest bone contact.
particles through surface Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
shavings for grafting purposes. See: Coralline.

28 Calcium phosphate Chin graft 29
Calcium phosphate Caldwell-Luc Calvarial graft Cancellous bone graft Case sequencing Cement-retained
Mineral needed for the Surgical procedure named Autogenous bone graft Graft consisting of The order of treatment for The use of dental cement for
mineralization of the new bone after American physician harvested from the domelike medullary bone. a patient undergoing dental the retention of a prosthesis to
in a graft site. Its source is George Caldwell and French superior portion of the cranium, See: Cortical bone graft, implant therapy, including an abutment, or transmucosal
usually from the surrounding laryngologist Henry Luc. Its most frequently from the parietal Corticocancellous bone graft. time of treatment as it relates portion of a one-piece dental
bone and may be also original indication was for region, generally on the right to healing and prosthodontic implant.
introduced through the blood the relief of chronic sinusitis side (nondominant hemisphere) Cantilever restoration. See: Attachment-retained, Screw-
supply. Class of ceramics with by improving drainage of the behind the coronal suture, and A prosthetic extension retained.
varying calcium-to-phosphorous maxillary sinus through an approximately three centimeters supported on one side. Case series
ratios, which can form a direct incision into the canine fossa. lateral to the sagittal suture. Analysis of a series of patients Ceramic
bond with bone. It can also be with a certain diagnosis and Alloplastic material used for
used as a bone substitute. Callus Calvarium Cap attachment treatment of interest. There is no bone grafting or to fabricate
See: Alloplast, Biphasic calcium The tissue that forms between Obj See: Calvaria. See: Metal housing. control group involved. abutments and prostheses.
phosphate (BCP), Tricalcium and around fractured bone See: Alloplast.
phosphate (TCP). segments to maintain structural CAM abutment Case-control study Castable abutment
integrity and facilitate bone Abutment which is designed Study design used to identify Syn: University of California at Cervix
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) regeneration. by casting a waxed castable factors that may contribute to a Los Angeles abutment (UCLA See: Implant neck.
Fully biodegradable ceramic abutment, which is subsequently medical condition by comparing abutment).
alloplastic material used for Calvaria scanned, digitized, and a group of patients who have A prefabricated component, Chin graft
intraoral grafting procedures. The domelike superior portion fabricated through computer- that condition (experimental with or without a prefabricated A bone graft harvested from the
It also has barrier membrane of the cranium, derived from the aided manufacturing. group) with a group of patients cylinder, used to make a custom facial aspect of the mandibular
properties and may be used as membranous neurocranium, See: CAD/CAM abutment, who do not (control group). abutment for a cement-retained symphyseal area, between the
a carrier for the local delivery of and consisting of the frontal Castable abutment, Custom or screw-retained prosthesis, mental foramina, apical to the
antibiotics. and parietal bones and the abutment. Case report by waxing its plastic burnout roots of the teeth, and usually
See: Medical-grade calcium sulfate squamous parts of the occipital A type of documentation in pattern and subsequently above the lower border of the
(MGCS). and temporal bones. Bone may Cancellous bone which diagnosis, treatment, casting the abutment through a mandible.
be harvested from this site for See: Bone. and outcome of a patient are lost-wax technique.
grafting purposes. described. See: Prefabricated cylinder.

30 Chisel Cohort study 31
Chisel Clamping force Clean technique Clipping Function CMOS device piece is often moved across
An instrument with a beveled The result of the elastic Surgical procedure that takes A software application to Converts light into a digital the milling tool in different
cutting edge used for cutting or deformation of a screw after place in a clinic setting. All virtually slice through a 3D signal using photosensitive directions, unlike the single axis
cleaving hard tissue. application of torque drawing instruments, implants, grafts, volumetric reconstruction pixels and on-chip circuitry motion of a drill.
two components together. and irrigation solution used are derived from CT/CBCT used in CBCT scanners. CMOS
Chi-square test See: Preload. sterile. Surgeons wear sterile data in various planes. technology has a limited
Coagulum
A statistical method used to gloves, but hospital operating photosensitive area and higher A clot or a coagulated mass.
determine whether observed Clarithromycin room level sterility is not Closed-tray impression noise compared with a CCD.
frequencies are significantly A semisynthetic macrolide Syn: Indirect impression.
Coaptation
achieved. The surgeons and CMOS has several useful
different from expected antibiotic used in the treatment assistants wear non-sterile attire Impression technique that uses characteristics: It requires low The approximation of the
frequencies and whether there of orofacial infections caused and the patient is not necessarily an impression coping with power to operate, has high- edges of a wound.
is a statistically significant by gram-positive cocci and covered by sterile drapes. positioning features, around speed readout, is capable of
Coating
difference. susceptible anaerobes. Its See: Sterile technique. which a rigid elastic impression on-chip integration of electronic
mechanism of action involves material is injected. After 1. Abutment: Surface treatment
circuitry and produces digital
Chlorhexidine gluconate the prevention of bacteria from Clindamycin removal of the impression, for an abutment to alter
signals without external
A bis-biguanide antimicrobial, growing by interfering with Lincosamide antibiotic used the coping is unthreaded its optical transmission
converters.
used as an oral rinse or local protein synthesis. Alternate drug in the treatment of orofacial from the mouth, connected characteristics.
antiseptic. Its mechanism of used for antibiotic prophylaxis. infections caused by anaerobic to a laboratory analog and CNC milling (CNC) 2. Dental implant: A substance
action involves the lysis of bacteria. It is also active against repositioned into the impression A specific form of computer applied to all or a portion of the
bacterial membranes. Clavulanic acid aerobic bacteria, such as prior to pouring. numerical controlled (CNC) dental implant.
A beta-lactamase inhibitor streptococci and staphylococci. See: Open-tray impression. machining. Milling itself is a See: Additive surface treatment,
Cicatrix sometimes combined with Alternate drug used for antibiotic machining process similar to Textured surface.
See: Scar. penicillin group antibiotics prophylaxis. Closure screw both drilling and cutting, and
Cohort study
to overcome certain types of See: Cover screw. able to achieve many of the
Circumferential antibiotic resistance. Clip operations performed by cutting
A longitudinal study in which
subperiosteal implant See: Amoxicillin. A retentive element within an Cluster (implant) failure a group, the cohort, is chosen
and drilling machines. Milling
See: Subperiosteal implant. overdenture used for its fixation The occurrence of multiple dental for the presence of a specific
uses a rotating cylindrical
to a bar. implant failures in one or a characteristic at or during a
cutting tool that can move along
See: Bar overdenture (implant). minute group of patients derived specified time and followed over
multiple axes, and can create
from a large pool of subjects. time to discover presumably
a variety of shapes, slots and
related characteristics.
holes. In addition, the work-

32 Collaborative accountability Computed tomography (CT) 33
Collaborative Collagen membrane Compact bone monomers (TEGMA, UDMA, Composite bone implant dentistry parallel to the
accountability Bioabsorbable barrier membrane See: Bone. HDDMA), a filler material such Transitional state between occlusal plane. It can be used for
Concept that captures the made from collagen (mainly type as silica and in most current woven and lamellar bone, in the treatment planning of dental
information from current CT/ 1) with the following properties: Compatible applications, a photoinitiator. which a woven bone lattice filled implants with software-based
CBCT imaging technology with well tolerated by surrounding Refers to the interchangeability Dimethylglyoxime is also with lamellar bone can be seen planning.
interactive treatment planning tissues, semi-permeable, of prosthetic components of one commonly added to achieve histologically. See: Computed tomography (CT),
software to communicate the hemostatic, and chemotactic. implant system to another. certain physical properties Cone-beam computed tomography
diagnosis and treatment plan to such as flow ability. Further Composite graft (CBCT), Software-based planning.
all members of the implant team Collar Complete subperiosteal tailoring of physical properties Combination of different
to ensure consistent surgical See: Implant collar. implant is achieved by formulating grafting materials.
and restorative outcomes. See: Subperiosteal implant. unique concentrations of each
Comfort cap constituent. An example for use Compressive stress Computed tomography
Collagen See: Hygiene cap. in dental implants incorporates Stress caused by a load (two (CT)
A molecule characterized by Complication a hybrid technique which forces applied toward one Imaging technique that uses
a triple helical structure and a Commercially pure An unfavorable condition, involves a screw-retained partial another in the same straight a combination of x-rays and
high content of glycine, proline titanium (CP-Ti) reversible or irreversible. implant bridge which provides line) that tends to compress or computer technology to generate
and hydroxyproline. It is the Biocompatible metal commonly white esthetics and a gingival shorten an object. a three-dimensional, panoramic,
major constituent of connective used for dental implants. It is an Composites (Dental) base made of ceramic material, See: Bending stress, Stress. or cross-sectional image of a
tissue fibers, the organic matrix alloy of approximately 99 wt.% Resins are types of synthetic which can then be covered with bodily structure. Two types of
of bone, dentin, cementum, titanium and small amounts materials which are used in a composite overlay to create the Computed axial tomography are used in implant
and basal laminas. Collagen (from 0.18 to 0.40 wt.%) of dentistry as restorative material final pink contours making the tomography (CAT) dentistry: axial and cone-beam.
is synthesized by fibroblasts, oxygen with trace amounts or adhesives. Synthetic resins prosthetic gingival restoration Imaging technique that uses See:Computed axial tomography
chondroblasts, osteoblasts, (less than 0.25 wt.%) of iron, evolved as restorative materials more esthetic and predictable. a combination of x-rays and (CAT), Cone-beam computed
and odontoblasts. Several types carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. since they were insoluble, See: Artificial gingival. computer technology to tomography (CBCT).
are found in the human body. Commercially pure titanium is aesthetic, insensitive to generate a three-dimensional,
Type 1 collagen is one of the classified in multiple grades. The dehydration, easy to manipulate panoramic, or cross-sectional
first products synthesized by amount of oxygen determines and reasonably inexpensive. image of a bodily structure. Data
the body when bone formation the grade of the alloy. Composite resins are most acquisition is obtained through
occurs. See: Titanium (Ti), commonly composed of Bis- a series of scans along a single
Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). GMA and other dimethacrylate axis of a bodily structure, in

34 Computer-aided design/Computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Coping screw 35
Computer-aided design/ Confocal microscopy planning of dental implants Connective tissue Contact Scanner but is treated in all other
Computer-aided Confocal microscopy is an when used with interactive attachment Contact 3D scanners probe the respects in the same way as the
manufacturing optical imaging technique for software applications. The mechanism of attachment object through physical touch, experimental group.
(CAD/CAM) increasing optical resolution See: Computed tomography (CT), of the connective tissue to converting the data into a digital See: Case-control study,
Process for direct and contrast of a micrograph Cone-beam computed tomography a tooth or a dental implant. file to be used for dental CAD Experimental group.
preparation of an object from by means of adding a spatial (CBCT), Software-based planning. Around the latter, the connective CAM applications.
pinhole placed at the confocal See: Custom abutment, CAD/
Conversion prosthesis
computer-acquired or computer- tissue fibers are generally parallel
plane of the lens to eliminate
Configuration CAM, CAM abutment See: Transitional prosthesis/
generated data. and circumferential to the
out-of-focus light. It enables Specific size and shape of a implant surface and constitute restoration.
Computer-aided navigation the reconstruction of three- dental implant or component. the apical part of the biologic Continuous suture
Syn: Uninterrupted suture.
Coolant
Syn/See: Navigation surgery. dimensional structures from the width.
Confirmation jig Suture made from an A fluid used as an irrigating
obtained images.
Computer-assisted surgical See: Parallel confocal imaging See: Verification jig. Connective tissue graft uninterrupted series of solution to reduce heat
guide technology A soft tissue graft made of tissue penetrations, fastened at generated during drilling.
Conical abutment
See: Stereolithographic guide. connective tissue. each end by a knot.
Cone-beam computed A transmucosal abutment Coping
See: Interrupted suture.
Computer-based planning tomography (CBCT) used in the fabrication of a Consolidation period A prefabricated or custom
See: Software-based planning. screw-retained prosthetic See: Distraction osteogenesis Continuous wave mode component that fits onto a
Syn: Helical cone-beam computed
reconstruction. (DO). (Cw-mode) dental implant or abutment.
tomography, Spiral cone-beam
Computer-generated computed tomography. Type of operation in which the
surgical guide Connecting bar Contact osteogenesis Coping design
Imaging technique that uses laser emits radiation energy as a
See: Bar. The formation of new bone Specific coping shape or pattern,
See: Rapid prototyping, a cone-shaped x-ray beam to constant, uninterrupted stream.
directly on a dental implant, or the method by which it is
Stereolithography, acquire multiple images of a Connective tissue (CT)
following the migration of Control group made or planned. The coping
Stereolithographic guide, Surgical patient. Images are captured
A primary tissue with many is specific for use within an
guide, Three-dimensional printing. on flat panel detectors or osteogenic progenitor cells A group of subjects which
different forms and functions, implant system.
image intensifiers. Volume through the fibrin clot matrix to receives a placebo instead of the
Computer Numeric including support, storage, and
data can be acquired in a single the implant surface. experimental treatment
Controlled Machining protection. It is often recognized Coping screw
rotation of the beam and the See: Distance osteogenesis.
as distinct from other tissues See: Prosthetic screw.
See: CNC milling (CNC) detector, at reduced radiation
due to its larger proportion of
exposure. It can be used for
extracellular matrix.
precise diagnosis and treatment

36 Coping, Telescopic Cross-arch stabilization 37
Coping, Telescopic Cortical bone Corticosteroid Countersink drill Crestal bone loss Critical bending moment
See: Telescopic coping See: Bone. Any of the steroid hormones Drill used to enlarge the coronal Bone resorption of the most The moment at which the
produced by the adrenal cortex part of an osteotomy. coronal aspect of the ridge external nonaxial load applied
Coralline Cortical bone graft or their synthetic equivalents. around the neck of the implant. overcomes screw joint preload,
A form of ceramic from the Graft consisting of They are involved in a wide range Cover screw causing loss of contact between
calcium carbonate skeleton of compact bone. of physiologic systems such Syn: Closure screw, Healing screw. Crestal implant placement the mating surfaces of the dental
coral, used as a bone substitute. See: Cancellous bone graft, as stress response, immune A cap type screw used to seal the The placement of a dental implant screw joint components.
See: Alloplast. Corticocancellous bone graft. response and regulation of platform of an implant during implant with the edge of its
inflammation, carbohydrate osseointegration. platform at the crest of bone. Critical-size(d) defect
Coregistration Cortical bone pin metabolism, protein 1. Subcrestal implant placement: (CSD)
Syn: Registration. Machined from mineralized catabolism, blood electrolyte Cover screw mill The placement of a dental Smallest osseous defect that
cortical allograft, pins levels, and behavior. Instrument or device used implant with the edge of its does not completely heal by
Coronally advanced flap formulated for dental surgical See: Glucocorticoid. to remove excess bone growth platform apical to the crest of spontaneous bone regeneration.
See: Coronally positioned flap procedures provide a natural over a cover screw. bone. Its size varies by anatomic
approach to space maintenance, Corticotomy 2. Supracrestal implant location and species.
Coronally positioned flap especially for sites that have lost A surgical technique in Craterization placement: The placement of a
A flap sutured in a direction coronal facial or buccal cortex. Cortical which only the bony cortex is See: Pericervical saucerization. dental implant with the edge of Cross-arch stabilization
to its original presurgical position. bones pins can be used instead surgically cut. its platform coronal to the crest Syn: Bilateral stabilization.
See: Apically positioned flap. of titanium screws which have to Crest of bone. Resistance against dislodging
be removed. Cortisone A projection. Usually refers to or rotational forces obtained
Correlation coefficient An oral, intramuscular, and the most coronal portion of an Crestal incision by a prosthetic design that
Number between -1 and +1 Cortical perforation intravenous glucocorticoid with edentulous ridge. An incision made at the crest of uses dental implants and/or
which measures the degree to See: Decortication. a short half-life. See: Alveolar crest. the edentulous ridge. natural teeth on opposite sides
which two variables are linearly See: Glucocorticoid. See: Midcrestal incision, of a dental arch and which are
related. -1 indicates perfect Corticocancellous bone Crestal Mucobuccal fold incision, splinted together.
linear negative relationship graft Countersink Pertaining to the crest Paracrestal incision. See: Splinting.
between two variables, +1 Graft consisting of compact and To enlarge with a specific drill or the most coronal portion of
indicates perfect positive linear medullary bone. the coronal part of an osteotomy, the ridge. Crevicular epithelium
relationship and 0 indicates lack to accommodate the neck of a See: Sulcular epithelium.
of any linear relationship. dental implant.

38 Cross-sectional slice Dehiscence 39
D
Cross-sectional slice coronal bone to-implant contact Cumulative success rate Cutting resistance analysis Cytokine Data merge
A thin, reformatted section of to the most coronal aspect of Measure of percentage of (CRA) Any of several regulatory Diagnostic information obtained
computed tomography scan the prosthetic reconstruction implant success over a period of The energy (J/mm3) required for proteins, such as the interleukins from a CT/CBCT scan, combined
data representing the alveolar connected to that implant. time. a current-fed electric motor in and lymphokines, that are with visual surface data from
process perpendicular to a See: Success rate. cutting off a unit volume of bone released by cells of the immune an intra-oral or desktop optical
panoramic curve of the patients
Cryotherapy system and act as intercellular
during implant surgery, used to scanner.
mandible or maxilla as defined Extraorally, the postsurgical Cumulative survival rate assess bone density. or intracellular mediators in
in the axial slice. application of cold dressings to Measure of percentage of the generation of an immune Decortication
See: Axial slice, Panoramic reduce inflammation and pain. implant survival over a period of Cylinder implant response. Intraoperative perforation or
reconstruction, coronal slice Intraorally, the freezing of tissue time. An endosseous, root-form, removal of cortical bone to
with a cold device. See: Survival rate. press-fit dental implant, with induce bleeding and release
Cross-sectional study parallel-sided walls. of bone forming cells from the
A type of study that involves
C-telopeptide cross-linked Curettage (bone) underlying marrow, routinely
the observation of a defined
collagen type 1 See: Bone curettage. used in combination with onlay
population at a single point in Syn: C-terminal telopeptide of Cylinder wrench block grafts or guided bone
time or time interval. type 1 collagen. Custom abutment Device that fits on top of a regeneration procedures.
Fragment of collagen released A custom component created dental implant and is used to
Crown height space (CHS) during bone remodeling and for a patient-specific clinical tighten the implant after its Defect
Distance from the crest of bone, turnover. It is a biochemical application to support a An imperfection,
placement. It can also be used
to the plane of occlusion in marker in a variety of osseous restoration which can be failure, or absence.
to place an implant into its
the posterior region and to the metabolic diseases such as generated by a castable See: Alveolar defect, Ridge defect.
osteotomy.
incisal edge of the same arch in osteoporosis. abutment, 3-D printing, or by
the anterior region, available for CAD/CAM. Cylindrical implant Definitive prosthesis
a prosthesis.
CTx/CTx Test See: CAD/CAM abutment, CAM An endosseous, root-form dental The final prosthetic
Abbr: C-telopeptide test for abutment, Castable abutment. reconstruction.
implant, with parallel-sided non-
Crown-implant ratio type 1 collagen.
threaded walls.
The ratio of the crown height to Certain research supports the Dehiscence
the length of a dental implant use of the CTX test as predictive 1. Incomplete coverage or
embedded in bone. The crown of osteonecrosis of the jaw cleft-like absence of bone at a
height extends from the most bone in patients exposed to localized area around a tooth or
bisphosphonates.

40 Delayed loading Diabetes mellitus (DM) 41
a dental implant, extending for a Dense PTFE (dPTFE) within or on the mandibular De-osseointegration Desktop optical scanner Device orientation
variable distance from the crest. Also known as high-density or maxillary bone to provide The loss of a previously achieved A device which uses advanced The direction in which a
See: Fenestration. PTFE or dPTFE, is manufactured resistance to displacement of a osseointegration of a dental optical imaging technology to distraction device is positioned,
2. Premature opening of a to eliminate expansion of the dental prosthesis. (ISO 1942-5) implant due to peri-implantitis, capture surface information usually relative to the anatomical
primary soft tissue closure. nodes and fibrils, resulting occlusal overload, or other from a dental cast or a dental axis of the bone segments to be
in a micro-porous material
Dentin grinder factors. impression and converts these distracted.
Delayed loading that is impervious to bacteria A medical device with a rotating objects into digital data to be
Refers to the time of applying while still allowing diffusion blade grinds a complete non- Depassivation utilized with CAD CAM or Dexamethasone
occlusal forces to a dental of gases and small molecules. endodontically treated tooth Loss or removal of the surface 3-D printing software A long-acting synthetic
implant after its initial Dense PTFE was designed to removed of all visible tissue oxide layer of a metal. applications. glucocorticoid used as a potent
placement. A prosthesis is withstand exposure in the oral debris into 300 -1200um particles See: Standard Tessellation anti-inflammatory drug. It may
attached or secured after a environment, which represents for the purpose of creating Deproteinized bovine bone Language or Standard be administered intramuscularly,
conventional healing period. an improvement to earlier autogenous demineralized dentin material Triangulation Language (STL), orally, or intravenously.
versions of ePTFE in many matrix (ADDM). The remnants See: Anorganic bovine bone matrix Intraoral scanner, 3-D scanner, See: Glucocorticoid.
Demineralized bone matrix are then placed into a small (ABBM).
applications, especially socket Digital workflow, Digital
(DBM) vial and treated with a specific Diabetes mellitus (DM)
preservation where deliberate impressions
A composite of collagenous membrane exposure offers cleanser for 10 min. The cleanser Depth gauge Syndrome characterized by
and noncollagenous proteins several advantages. is then removed and the particles Graduated instrument with Design (implant) disordered metabolism and
and bone growth factors See: Polytetrafluoroethylene cleansed with saline solution for markings designed to measure The three-dimensional abnormally high blood sugar
remaining after the extraction (PTFE), Expanded 3 min. The saline is absorbed off the vertical extent of an structure of a dental implant resulting from insufficient
of minerals from the bone by a polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). and the material is ready for use osteotomy preparation. or component, with all the levels of the hormone insulin.
chemical process. as an autologous bone graft. elements and characteristics In implant dentistry good
Dental implant See: Autogenous Demineralized Dermal graft that compose it: form, diabetic control is a prerequisite
Demineralized freeze-dried Dentin Matrix (ADDM), Bone Tissue graft from a human to achieving and maintaining
1. A biocompatible device shape, configuration, surface
bone allograft (DFDBA) placed within, or on, the bone scaffold. or animal cadaver, which macrostructure, and micro- osseointegration.
An allograft composed of of the maxilla or mandible, to has undergone a process of irregularities. See: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c
demineralized bone matrix provide support for a prosthetic
Denture de-epithelialization and de- test (HbA1c test).
(DBM), following the reconstruction. A prosthesis for the cellularization leaving an
demineralization of freeze-dried 2. ISO definition: A device replacement of missing teeth immunologically inert avascular
bone allograft (FDBA). designed to be placed surgically and adjacent soft tissues. connective tissue.
See: Fixed prosthesis,
Removable prosthesis.

42 Diagnostic wax-up Distraction 43
Diagnostic wax-up Digital impressions Digital radiography initial chairside scanning to the metal in very thin layers (about Distal extension
Laboratory procedure in which The use of intraoral optical A form of X-ray imaging, where fabrication of a dental prosthesis 200um) according to the build Edentulous space posterior to
teeth are created in wax according scanners to acquire tooth digital X-ray sensors (digital in the dental laboratory. protocol. After each solidified the most distal tooth or implant
to the planned restoration. It may morphology, gingiva image capture device) are See: Intraoral scanner, CAD/CAM, layer, a recoater blade applies abutment.
be used to evaluate the feasibility morphology, and occlusion in used instead of traditional 3-D printing, 3-D scanner, Data new powder evenly distributed
of a proposed plan and to fabricate a digital format for the purpose photographic film. Advantages merge. across the build platform using
a radiographic template, a surgical of aiding in the diagnosis and include time efficiency through a recoater blade until the entire Distal extension prosthesis
guide, or laboratory guides. treatment planning phase, bypassing chemical processing
Diphosphonate buid file (STL File) is complete. A restoration extending
fabricating a dental prosthesis, and the ability to digitally See: Bisphosphonate (BP). The process has high resolution posterior to the most distal
Digital imaging and for orthodontic applications, or transfer and enhance images. and good surface detail. tooth or implant abutment. The
communication in Direct impression See: Additive Manufacturing
to fabricate surgical templates Also, less radiation can be extension can be unilateral or
medicine (DICOM) for dental implants or oral used to produce an image of See: Open-tray impression. (AM), Standard Tessellation bilateral and in the form of an
An standard of conformity surgery procedures. Currently, all similar contrast to conventional Language or Standard artificial tooth or teeth, cantilever
Direction indicator Triangulation Language (STL),
used by the majority of imaging of the various chairside intraoral radiography. on a fixed prosthesis, or a
Device inserted into an Rapid prototyping, 3-D printing
hardware (CT/CBCT) and software digital scanning devices are See: Sensor (Digital X-ray), Sensor removable partial denture.
osteotomy in order to assess
manufacturers for handling, based on optical principles such (CBCT), Intraoral digital X-ray
as blue light-emitting diodes, sensor
its orientation or position Direct sinus graft Distance osteogenesis
storing, printing, and transmitting
relative to adjacent teeth and See: Lateral window technique,
information in medical digital blue laser technology, multiple A gradual process of bone
Digital volume tomography anatomic structures. Also used Sinus graft.
diagnostic imaging. It allows single images that are stitched healing from the edge of an
(DVT) to verify and assist in achieving
three-dimensional imaging data together, and continuous osteotomy toward a dental
parallelism in the preparation of Disc implant
from different manufacturers to acquisition (streaming) of See: Cone-beam computed implant. Initially, bone does not
multiple osteotomies. An endosseous dental implant
be used in third party software for optical images. Optical scanners tomography (CBCT). grow directly onto the implant
visualization, surgical evaluation, depend upon a reflective surface consisting of a plate, neck,
Direct Metal Laser surface.
and creation of CAD/CAM and may require a contrasting Digital workflow and abutment. The implant
Sintering (DMLS) See: Contact osteogenesis.
models and appliances. DICOM medium or powder to acquire The clinical and laboratory steps is inserted laterally into the
to acquire intraoral and/or An Additive Manufacturing edentulous ridge. Distraction
enables the integration of digital the surface representation of the
extraoral patient information in process whereby a 200 Watt
diagnostic imaging modalities tooth morphology. See: Distraction osteogenesis
a digital format for the purpose Ytterbium (Yb) fiber-optic laser
into a picture archiving and See: Intraoral scanner, digital (DO).
of aiding in the diagnosis and moves across a bed of powdered
communication system (PACS). workflow, CAD/CAM
treatment planning phase, from metal melting/welding the
See: PACS

44 Distraction axis Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) 45
Distraction axis 1. Latency period: The period Distraction protocol Disuse atrophy Drilling guide Drill stop
The direction in which the bone from bone division (i.e., surgical The sequence and duration Diminution in dimension and/ A surgical guide used to Device attached to a drill
segment is distracted, during separation of bone into two of treatment events during or density of bone, resulting accurately direct the drilling to control the depth of an
distraction osteogenesis. segments) to the onset of distraction osteogenesis. from inadequate loading by direction and depth during osteotomy.
traction, and represents the time physiologic forces. osteotomy preparation.
Distraction device allowed for callus formation. Distraction rate See: Stereolithographic guide, Drill sleeves
An appliance that allows gradual 2. Distraction period: The time The total amount of distraction Dolder bar Surgical guide, Drill sleeves, Drill Surgical templates which
incremental movement of bone when gradual traction is applied in millimeters performed per Prefabricated U-shaped bar used path. contain metal cylinders used
segments away from each other. to bone segments and new day. to connect teeth, tooth roots, or to help control that correspond
See: Distraction osteogenesis tissue (regenerate tissue) is implant abutments to provide Drill path to the diameter of the drills the
(DO). formed. Distraction regenerate support and retention using The trajectory of the drill during osteotomy for dental implant
3. Consolidation period: See: Regenerate. a sleeve incorporated into the osteotomy preparation for dental placement, or fixation screws to
Distraction osteogenesis Syn: Fixation period. intaglio surface of a removable implant placement. The drill stabilize the surgical template.
(DO) Consolidation and corticalization Distraction rhythm prosthesis. can be controlled in a free-hand See: Guided sleeve, Guided
Syn: Osteodistraction. of the distraction regenerate The number of increments manner, or controlled through cylinder.
The gradual and controlled after traction forces and segment per day into which the rate of Donor site the use of a surgical guide which
distraction of two vascularized movement are discontinued. distraction osteogenesis is Area of the body from which may contain drill sleeves. Dual-energy X-ray
bone segments created by an divided. a graft is harvested. Examples See: Drill sleeves, Surgical guide, absorptiometry (DXA)
osteotomy. Formation of new Distraction parameters include skin, mucosa, connective Surgical template, template- Test measuring bone mineral
soft tissue and bone between Biological and biomechanical Distraction vector tissue, and bone. assisted, diagnostic free-hand, full density (BMD). Two low-dose
vascular bone surfaces created variables that affect the quality The final direction and template guidance x-ray beams with differing energy
by an osteotomy and separated and quantity of bone formed magnitude of traction forces Drill levels
by gradual and controlled during distraction osteogenesis. during distraction osteogenesis. A cutting instrument used to Drilling sequence are aimed at the patients bones.
distraction. It begins with the create holes by rotary motion. The use of drills in a specific By subtracting the soft tissue
development of a reparative
Distraction period Distraction zone order to gradually prepare absorption, the BMD can be
callus. The callus is placed under See: Distraction osteogenesis See: Regenerate. Drill extender and increase the diameter of determined from the absorption
tension by stretching, which (DO). See: Extender. an osteotomy prior to dental of each beam by bone.
generates new bone. Distraction
Distractor implant insertion, usually based
osteogenesis consists of three See: Distraction device. Drill guide on manufacturers sequential
sequential periods: See: Drilling guide. drilling protocol.
See: Sequential drilling.

46 Dual Scan Protocol Endodontic stabilizer 47
E
Dual Scan Protocol Dysesthesia Ear prosthesis Edentulism Electron Beam Melting profile extends to the height of
The process of combining two An abnormal and unpleasant Fixed-removable artificial The condition of missing one or (EBM) contour of the crown, producing
different datasets (1) a scan sensation that is either replacement for all or part of more teeth, partial or complete A type of additive a straight or convex profile in the
of a prosthesis (of the desired spontaneous or evoked. Note: a human ear fabricated with loss of teeth. manufacturing for metal parts. apical third of the axial surface.
restorative result) made of an Dysesthesia includes paresthesia silicone, or other materials. It is often classified as a rapid
acrylic material, with radiopaque but not vice versa. Edentulous Enamel matrix derivative
Can be attached with specially manufacturing method. The
or fiducial markers and; (2) a CT See: Anesthesia, Hyperesthesia, Without teeth. technology manufactures parts
(EMD)
designed dental implants.
/CBCT scan of the patient with Hypoesthesia, Paresthesia. such as crown copings by Sterile protein aggregate from
See: Auricular prosthesis,
the prosthesis in the mouth. Percutaneous implant
Edentulous site melting metal powder layer by enamel matrix, amelogenins,
The two datasets will then See: Edentulous space. layer with an electron beam in a the precursor of enamel of
be accurately superimposed Early crestal bone loss high vacuum. Unlike some metal developing teeth. The proteins
through a software registration Crestal bone loss occurring
Edentulous space sintering techniques, the parts are harvested from around
process to aid in the diagnosis, around a dental implant during Area previously occupied by a are fully dense, void-free, and developing pig embryo teeth,
treatment planning, and surgical the first year after exposure tooth or teeth. extremely strong. with special processing
guide fabrication. to the oral environment, See: Additive Manufacturing procedures.
See: guided surgery, Cone-beam Elastic modulus (AM), Rapid prototyping
and attributed in part to the
See: Modulus of elasticity. Endodontic implant
computed tomography (CBCT), formation of the biologic width.
Fiducial markers, Scanographic Element Syn: Endodontic pin, Endodontic
template, Registration. Early implant failure Electric discharge method Any portion of an implant stabilizer.
Syn: Primary implant failure.
(EDM) prosthesis identified by position A pin placed into a root canal of
Dynamic loading The failure of a dental implant Syn: Spark erosion. or function as transmucosal, a tooth and extending beyond its
Situation where a dental implant due to the failure to establish A precision metal removal retentive, attachment, or dental. apex, into the bone.
is subject to a force which varies osseointegration. process, using a series of
electrical sparks, to erode Emergence profile Endodontic pin
in magnitude and/or direction
(e.g., during occlusal function) Early loading material from a workpiece in a The part of the axial contour See: Endodontic implant.
See: Static loading. Refers to the time of applying liquid medium under carefully of a tooth or prosthetic crown
controlled conditions. Endodontic stabilizer
occlusal forces to a dental that extends from the base of
the sulcus past the free soft See: Endodontic implant.
implant after its initial placement.
A prosthesis is attached to the tissue margin. The emergence
implant(s), earlier than a more
conventional healing period.

48 Endosseous Extender 49
Endosseous Endosteal implant Epithelial implant Esthetic Buccal Flap (EBF) Exclusion criteria Experimental group
See: Intrabony, Intraosseous. See: Endosseous implant. See: Mucosal insert. A flap design that helps The specific characteristics Syn: Test group.
Within the bone. to preserve the soft tissue that prevent a participant from A group of subjects who receive
Endosteum Epithelialization architecture while gaining access entering a clinical trial or study the treatment being studied.
Endosseous distractor Tissue lining the medullary Healing by growth of epithelium to the facial cortical plate of group. See: Control group.
Syn: Intraosseous distractor. cavity of bone. It is composed of over connective tissue. bone when implants placed See: Inclusion criteria.
A distraction device placed into a single layer of osteoprogenitor in an ideal prosthetic position Exposure
the edentulous ridge and/or basal cells and a small amount of Epithelium result in perforations which can Exfoliation 1. Dental implant: The
bone of the maxilla or mandible connective tissue. Tissue lining the intraoral then be corrected with guided The loss of implanted materials dehiscence of soft tissue
used in distraction osteogenesis. mucosal surfaces, extending into bone regeneration (GBR). or devices. exposing the dental implant
Engaging the sulcus and adhering to a See: Guided bone regeneration cover screw, neck, body, or
Endosseous implant Feature of a dental implant dental implant or tooth. (GBR). Expanded threads. Colloquial term for
Syn: Endosteal implant. or prosthetic component that polytetrafluoroethylene stage-two surgery.
A device placed into the alveolar incorporates an anti-rotation Eposteal implant Esthetic zone (ePTFE) 2. Barrier membrane: The
and/or basal bone of the maxilla mechanical design. Device that receives its primary Any dento-alveolar segment A polymer of tetrafluoroethylene, dehiscence of soft tissue
or mandible and used to support bone support by means of visible upon full smile. The heated and then stretched to exposing an occlusive
a prosthesis. Envelope flap resting upon bone. relationship of the three allow fluid passage but not membrane during the healing
Flap that is elevated from a See: Subperiosteal implant. components involved in the cells, used as a nonresorbable period.
horizontal linear incision, smile (i.e., gingiva, lips, teeth) membrane in guided bone
Endosseous ramus frame parallel to the free gingival Erbium-doped yttrium determines whether a particular regeneration (GBR) and guided Extender
implant margin, with no vertical aluminum garnet (Er-YAG smile is considered high or low. tissue regeneration (GTR). It is A surgical component used as
A full-arch, endosseous implant incision. It may be sulcular or laser) used with or without titanium an intermediary piece between
set into both rami and the submarginal. A solid-state laser containing Etching reinforcement to maintain the handpiece or wrench and
symphyseal area of the mandible an Er-YAG crystal which emits a Use of acids or other agents its shape. It is also used as a another component (e.g., drill,
with a horizontal connecting
Epithelial attachment wavelength of 2940 nanometers. (etchants) to increase the nonabsorbable suture material. implant mount) to increase the
bar that sits along the gingival The mechanism of attachment It is mainly used in bone surgery. surface area of a dental implant See: Dense PTFE (dPTFE). effective reach of the latter.
tissues, thus forming a of the junctional epithelium to or other materials.
U-shaped design when viewed a tooth or dental implant, i.e.,
from the occlusal. hemidesmosomes.
See: Ramus implant See: Junctional epithelium.

50 External bevel incision Failing implant 51
F
External bevel incision at the drilling bur during space-filling molecules. Exudate Facebow Facing
Blade-cut, made in an apical- preparation of the osteotomy. Fluids, cells, and cellular A dental instrument that is used Usually a tooth colored material
coronal direction, designed to This method delivers the cooling Extraction socket debris that have escaped such as a porcelain laminate
in the field of prosthodontics
reduce the thickness of gingiva solution at the entrance of the An alveolar space after tooth from blood vessels and are veneer, or resin bonded
/ restorative dentistry. Its
or peri-implant mucosa from the osteotomy. The cooling solution removal. deposited in tissues or on tissue veneer to the visible surface
purpose is to transfer functional
external surface. may be delivered through tubing surfaces, usually as a result of and aesthetic components of a prepared natural tooth or
connected to the handpiece and Extraction socket graft
See: Internal bevel incision. inflammation. from patients mouth to the prosthetic replacement. The
drilling unit, or it may be from a See: Ridge preservation. material may also be pink in
dental articulator. Specifically,
External connection hand-held system. it transfers the relationship color to replace missing gingival
Extraoral (external)
A prosthetic connection interface of maxillary arch and tissue on implant supported
External oblique ridge distraction device
external to the dental implant temporomandibular joint to the restorations.
platform. The external hexagon Bony ridge on the buccal aspect A device that is located outside See: Veneer
casts.
is an example. of the mandibular molars which the oral cavity and used in
See: Articulator
See: Internal connection. serve as a source of autogenous distraction osteogenesis. The Failed implant
bone for intraoral grafting bone segments are usually Facial prosthesis A dental implant that is mobile
External hexagon procedures. attached via percutaneous pins (has not achieved or has lost
Maxillofacial articifial
A hexagonal connection interface connected externally to device osseointegration), or that
External sinus graft replacement for a part of the
of the platform of a dental fixation clamps. is symptomatic in spite of
face missing due to traumatic
implant extending coronally. It See: Lateral window technique, osseointegration.
Extraosseous distractor injury, surgical intervention due
prevents gross rotation of the Sinus graft.
to carcinoma related lesions,
attached component. A distraction device placed Failing implant
Extracellular matrix (ECM) or congenital defects. Facial
outside the edentulous ridge General term for a dental
prosthetics may be stabilized
External irrigation Any material produced by and/or basal bone of the maxilla implant that is progressively
or fixated with the support
Method of irrigation during the cells and excreted into the or mandible, used in distraction losing its supporting bone
of specially designed dental
drilling of osteotomies for the extracellular space within osteogenesis. anchorage. It may exhibit
implants.
placement of dental implants tissues. It takes the form of increased probing depth,
from an external device, whereby both ground substance and purulence, but is still clinically
the cooling solution is directed fibrous elements, proteins stable.
involved in cell adhesion, Sugg: Peri-implantitis.
glycosaminoglycans, and other

52 Failure rate Fixed hybrid prosthesis 53
Failure rate Feldspathic Porcelain matrix derived from autologous Fibrous Finite element analysis Fixation period
The percentage of failures in Highly translucent, esthetic blood which is strong, pliable, and Composed of or containing (FEA) See: Distraction osteogenesis
a study or clinical trial, of a material for restorations can be sutured for use as a stand- fibers. Computer software method (DO).
procedure or device (e.g., dental fabricated with the traditional alone product to improve wound used to study stresses and
implant), according to defined veneering porcelain healing and promote tissue Fibrous connective tissue strains on mechanical parts or Fixation pin
criteria. powder and liquid brush build- regeneration. Composed of parallel bundles components. Virtual prototyping See: Anchor pin, Fixation screw,
up technique. Opaquer can be See: Leukocyte and Platelet Rich of collagen fibers, found in the software, often a component of Stabilization pin
Fatigue added by the laboratory when Fibrin (L-PRF), PRF, Fibronectin dermis, tendons, and ligaments. computer-aided design software
Progressive weakening of a necessary to cover dark stain Also called dense connective programs, which automatically Fixation screw
structure by accumulating cases.
Fibroblast tissue. Screw used for the stabilization
generates the simulated
embrittlement and crack Cell found within connective mechanical loads for FEA. of a block graft or a barrier
formation/propagation. Fenestration tissues responsible for synthesis Fibrous encapsulation membrane. Fixation screw
Buccal or lingual window defect of collagen and ground Layer of fibrous connective First-stage surgery can also be used to stabilize a
Fatigue failure of either denuded bone or soft substance. tissue formed between a dental See: Stage-one surgery. surgical guide.
A structural failure caused by tissue occurring over a tooth implant and surrounding bone. See: Anchor pin, Fixation pin,
multiple loading episodes when root, implant, or alveolar ridge.
Fibronectin Fistula Stabilization pin, Surgical guide.
all loads lie below the structures A lateral window opening to A high-molecular weight Fibrous integration An abnormal passage or
ultimate strength. Typically, such the maxillary sinus for a sinus (~440kDa) glycoprotein of the See: Fibrous encapsulation. communication, usually between Fixation tack
failures occur after multiple augmentation procedure is a extracellular matrix that binds to two internal organs or leading See: Tack.
loading episodes. man-made fenestration. membrane-spanning receptor Fiducial markers from an internal organ to the
See: Dehiscence proteins called integrins. Similar Specialized markers that are surface of the body. Fixed-detachable
Fatigue fracture (failure) to integrins, fibronectin binds supplemented onto the operative 1. Oroantral fistula: An opening Prosthesis fixed to a dental
Structural failure caused by Fibrin Matrix (Fibrin-Rich extracellular matrix components field prior to the imaging scan and between the oral cavity and the implant or implants, only
repetitive stresses, which cause Matrix) such as collagen, fibrin, and are used during surgery as the key maxillary sinus. removable by the dentist.
a slowly propagating crack to Provisional matrix provided by the heparan sulfate proteoglycans reference points for the patients 2. Orofacial fistula: An opening
cross the material. fibrin clot and fibronectin during (e.g. syndecans), helping to registration procedure, or during between the cutaneous surface Fixed hybrid prosthesis
the first phase of wound healing, promote cellular adhesion and/ surgical guide fabrication for of the face and the oral cavity. Non-removable hybrid
helping monocytes, fibroblasts, or migration, and are involved in the transfer of information from 3. Oronasal fistula: An opening prosthesis.
and epidermal cells migrate into aggregation of platelets. software-based planning. between the nasal cavity and the See: Hybrid prosthesis, Fixed-
the healing area. A membrane-like See: Registration oral cavity. removable.

54 Fixed prosthesis Fusobacterium nucleatum 55
Fixed prosthesis Flap Framework Frenectomy Full-thickness flap controlled by a computer-

A restoration that is not Loosened section of soft tissue Supporting structure of a Surgical incision of a muscle Syn: Mucoperiosteal flap. aided manufacturing (CAM)
removable by the patient. The separated from the surrounding prosthetic reconstruction. attachement, or frenulum, A flap resulting from the software package. The model or
restoration may be partial arch tissues, except at its base, for including its attachment to elevation of the gingival, alveolar part is produced by extruding
(FPD: Fixed partial denture), surgical access. Free soft tissue autograft the underlying bone due to mucosa, and periosteum in smallbeads of thermoplastic
or complete arch (FCD: Fixed See: Apically positioned flap, See: Gingival graft. functional or esthetic needs of one unit, thereby exposing the material to form layers as the
complete denture). Beveled flap, Coronally positioned the patient. The procedure can surface of bone. material hardens immediately
See: Denture, Removable flap, Envelope flap, Full-thickness Free-standing implant be accomplished with a scalpel See: Partial thickness flap. after extrusion from the nozzle.
prosthesis. flap, Gingival flap, Partial A dental implant that is not blade, or laser. See: Additive Manufacturing
thickness flap, Positioned flap. splinted to adjacent teeth or Functional loading (AM), 3-D printing, Rapid
Fixed-removable implants. Friction-fit Obj See: Occlusal loading. prototyping
Prosthesis fixed to an implant or Flapless implant surgery See: Friction-retained, Press-fit.
implants, only removable by the Surgical technique where no Freeze-dried bone allograft Fused Deposition Fusobacterium nucleatum
dentist. soft tissue flaps are raised or (FDBA) Friction-retained Modeling (FDM) Fusobacterium nucleatum is
Sugg: Fixed prosthesis. when a circular piece of tissue is Bone harvested from donor Use of intimate fit of parts for An additive manufacturing an oral bacterium, indigenous
removed to permit placement of cadavers, washed, immersed the retention of an abutment or technology commonly used to the human oral cavity, that
Fixture a dental implant. in ethanol, frozen in nitrogen, a prosthesis (e.g., spark erosion for modeling, prototyping, and plays a role in periodontal
Obj See: Root-form implant. freeze-dried and ground to prosthesis). production applications. FDM and peri-implant disease. This
Flat panel detectors particles ranging in diameter See: Attachment-retained, works on an additiveprinciple organism is a key component
Fixture-level impression A square or rectangular from 250 to 750 microns. Cement-retained, Screw-retained. by laying down material in of periodontal plaque due to
See: Implant-level impression amorphous plate with a It acts primarily through an layers. A plastic filament or its abundance and its ability to
scintillator that replaces film, osteoconductive process. Full arch bridge/prosthesis metal wire is unwound from a coaggregate with other species
Flank angle used in cone-beam computed Restoring the entire arch: coil and supplies material to in the oral cavity
The angle made by the flank tomography. Freeze-drying Patients who are missing, or an extrusion nozzle which can
of a screw thread with a line Syn: Lyophilization. need to remove all teeth in one turn the flow on and off. The
perpendicular to the axis of the Fracture A method of tissue preparation or both jaws, can be restored nozzle is heated to melt the
screw. Failure caused by growth of a in which the specimen is frozen with a fixed full-arch prosthesis material and can be moved in
crack. and then dehydrated at low both horizontal and vertical
temperature in high vacuum. directions by a numerically
controlled mechanism, directly

56 Gap Guide drill 57
G
Gap Gingival flap Gingival sulcus Glycosylated hemoglobin Grafting material Guide
See: Edentulous space. A flap that does not extend The gingival sulcus is an area A1c test (HbA1c test) A substance, natural or See: Radiographic template,
apical to the mucogingival of potential space between Syn: Glycated hemoglobin synthetic, used to enhance Stereolithographic guide, Surgical
Gap distance junction. a tooth and the surrounding A1c test. or repair a tissue defect or guide.
The space between the bony walls gingival tissue and is lined by Lab test which reveals average deficiency.
of an osteotomy or an extraction Gingival graft sulcular epithelium. The depth plasma glucose concentration Guided bone regeneration
socket and a dental implant at Syn: Free soft tissue autograft. of the sulcus is bounded by over a period of three months. Grit blasting (GBR)
stage-one surgery. The dimension Surgical procedure performed to two entities: apically by the Specifically, it measures the Delivery to a dental implant Bone regenerative technique
of the gap and type of implant establish an adequate amount gingival fibers of the connective number of glucose molecules surface of a high velocity stream that uses physical means (e.g.,
surface influence the level of the of keratinized tissue around a tissue attachment and coronally attached to hemoglobin. Results of abrasive particles propelled barrier membranes) to seal off
first bone-to-implant contact. tooth or dental implant, or to by thefree gingival margin. are expressed as a percentage, by compressed air, designed to an anatomic site where bone
increase the quantity of tissue of There is also a gingival sulcus with 4 to 6% considered normal. increase surface area. is to be regenerated. The goal
Gingiva an edentulous ridge. surrounding the implant- is to direct bone formation
Part of the masticatory mucosa, abutment-tooth complex Gold cylinder Growth factor and prevent other tissues
which covers the alveolar process Gingival recession emerging from the bone, See: Prefabricated cylinder. Any highly specific protein that (e.g., connective tissue) from
and surrounds the cervical Syn: Marginal tissue recession. surrounded by soft tissue. stimulates the division and interfering with osteogenesis.
portion of teeth. It consists of an The exposure of the roots of Graft differentiation of a particular
epithelial layer and an underlying the teeth caused by a loss Glucocorticoid Material or tissue used for type of cells. Guided cylinder
connective tissue layer called the of gingival tissue and/or A class of steroid hormones implantation or transplantation. See: Cytokine, Insulin-like growth Syn: Guided sleeve.
lamina propria. retraction / displacement of characterized by an ability to factors (IGF), Platelet-derived
the gingival margin from the bind with the glucocorticoid Graft consolidation (bone) growth factors (PDGF), Platelet- Guide drill
Gingival crevicular fluid crown of the teeth apical to the receptor. Their main The vascularization and rich plasma (PRP), Transforming Round-shaped or pointed drill
(GCF) cementoenamel junction, or the therapeutic use in dentistry is integration at the cellular level growth factor beta (TGF-), used to mark the site of an
An inflammatory exudate that implant-abutment connection. as an anti-inflammatory and of a graft with its recipient site. Vascular endothelial growth factors osteotomy by making an initial
can be collected at the gingival immunosuppressant agent. It involves the formation of a (VEGF). entry into cortical bone.
margin or within the gingival See: Betamethasone, graft-woven bone complex that
crevice. The biochemical analysis Dexamethasone, remodels into lamellar bone and Guidance
of the fluid offers a non invasive Methylprednisolone, Prednisolone, further adapts based on loading. See: Image guidance.
means of assessing the host Prednisone, Triamcinolone.
response in periodontal disease.

58 Guided sleeve Hemorrhage 59
H
Guided sleeve (GTR) Handpiece motion tracker Healing Healing by second Heat necrosis
Syn: Guided cylinder. Dental surgical procedures An array of active emitters Regeneration or repair of injured, (secondary) intention Cell death due to effectively
Round metal cylinder usually that use barrier membranes to or passive reflectors that are lost or surgically treated tissue. Syn: Secondary closure. prolonged exposure of bone to
five millimeters in length and direct the growth of new bone attached to a surgical instrument See: Healing by first (primary) Healing of a wound in which a elevated temperature, such as
available in various diameters, and gingival tissue at sites to enable their localization intention, Healing by second gap is left between its edges. during osteotomy preparation.
which is incorporated into a with insufficient volumes or within the operative field by an (secondary) intention. Union occurs by granulation
surgical or stereolithographic dimensions of bone or gingiva overhead detector. tissue formation from the base Helical cone-beam
guide to precisely position the for proper function, esthetics or Healing abutment and the sides. This requires computed tomography
drill and subsequently the dental prosthetic restoration. Hard tissue graft Syn: Healing collar, Permucosal epithelial migration, collagen See: Cone-beam computed
implant during surgery. See: Bone graft, Bone replacement extension, Second-stage deposition, contraction, and tomography (CBCT).
See: Surgical guid, graft. permucosal abutment, Temporary remodeling during healing.
Stereolithographic guide. healing cuff. Hematoma
Harvest Component, circular in cross- Healing cap A localized mass of extravasated
Guide pin To gather or collect hard or soft section, that connects to a dental See: Hygiene cap. blood, usually clotted, that is
1.Device placed within a dental tissue for grafting purposes. implant and protrudes through the relatively or completely confined
implant osteotomy to assist in soft tissue. It functions in guiding Healing collar within an organ or tissue, a
determining the location and Haversian canal the healing of the mucosal peri- See: Healing abutment. space or a potential space.
angulation of the site relative to Freely anastomosing channels implant tissues and when removed
adjacent teeth, implants or other within cortical (dense) bone provides access to the platform. Healing period Hematopoietic stem cell
landmarks. containing blood and lymph See: Anatomic healing abutment. Syn: Healing phase. The precursor of a mature blood
2. Extended occlusal or vessels, and surrounded by The time allocated for healing cell that is defined by its ability
abutment screws used during concentric bone lamellae. Healing by first (primary) following a surgery, before the to replace the bone marrow
prosthesis fabrication in the intention next procedure is performed at system following its obliteration
laboratory. Haversian system Syn: Primary closure. the same site. (e.g., by gamma-irradiation) and
See: Osteon. Healing of a wound in which can continue to produce mature
Guided tissue regeneration the edges are closely re- Healing phase blood cells.
HbA1c test approximated. Union or See: Healing period.
Abbr: Glycosylated hemoglobin restoration of continuity occurs Hemorrhage
A1c test (HbA1c test). directly with minimal granulation Healing screw Escape of blood from the
tissue and scar formation. See: Cover screw. circulatory system, bleeding

60 Hemostasis Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) 61
which is often excessive and may structure of a tissue (e.g., bone), Host site Howships lacuna HPISE Hydroxylapatite (HA)
be difficult to control. especially by computer-assisted See: Recipient site. Minute depressions in the Abbr: Hydrodynamic See: Hydroxyapatite (HA)/
analysis of images acquired from surface of a bone undergoing Piezoelectric Internal Ca10(PO4)(OH)2.
Hemostasis a microscope. Hounsfield unit (HU) resorption. Sinus Elevation
The arrest of bleeding, either A unit of x-ray attenuation used Hygiene cap
physiologically, surgically, or Hollow basket implant for computed tomography scans Hybrid implant Hydroxyapatite (HA)/ Syn: Comfort cap, Healing cap,
mechanically. A root-form dental implant as a measurement of bone An endosseous, root-form Ca10(PO4)(OH)2 Sealing screw.
with a central internal channel density. The Hounsfield unit is dental implant, with different General term for calcium Component inserted over a
Heterogeneous graft penetrating the implant body a way to characterize radiation surface geometries or textures at prosthetic abutment. Its function
hydroxylapatite. Primary
See: Xenograft. from/at its apical aspect. attenuation in different tissues different levels. inorganic and natural is to prevent debris and calculus
and thus making it easier to component of bone, also used from invading the internal
Heterograft Homograft Hybrid prosthesis
define what a given finding as an alloplast. Hydroxyapatite portion of the abutment between
See: Xenograft. Syn: Homogenous graft, may represent. It measures Syn: High-water prosthesis. prosthetic appointments.
is also used to coat some dental
Homologous graft. radiodensity and is a quantitative A screw-retained, metal-resin, implant surfaces.
Hex A graft taken from one human Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
scale. Each volume pixel or voxel implant-supported, fixed See: Alloplast.
The hexagonal shape of a subject and transplanted into complete denture. The term (HBOT)
is assigned a value on a scale
connection interface, internal another. hybrid implies a combination Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
on which air is -1000, distilled Treatment modality where a
hex, or external hex. See: Allograft. of a metal framework, with a (HEMA)
water at standard pressure and patient is placed in a pressurized
temperature (STP) is defined complete denture (prefabricated Alloplastic material made of chamber (hyperbaric chamber)
Hexed Homologous graft
as 0, and radiopaque structures resin teeth and heat polymerized hydrosoluble monomer, which that allows for the delivery of
A component or a dental See: Homograft. such as compact bone will be in resin). The term highwater can polymerize under various oxygen in high concentrations
implant with a hexagonal
the range of +1000 and greater. refers to the design of this circumstances for therapeutic benefits. It
connection interface. Horizontal mattress suture
Godfrey N. Hounsfield invented prosthesis using long standard at low temperatures. It can is sometimes used prior to
See: Mattress suture. abutments with several
High-water prosthesis the first CT scanner in 1972. be used to prepare various implant therapy for patients
See: Voxel, Computed tomography millimeters of space between the hydrogels to immobilize proteins who underwent radiation
See: Hybrid prosthesis. Host response
(CT) prosthesis and the underlying or cells for grafting purposes. therapy in the head and neck
The local or systemic response
Histomorphometry mucosa of the edentulous ridge. areas, to reduce the risks of
of the host organism to an
osteoradionecrosis.
The quantitative study of the implanted material or device.
microscopic organization and

62 Hyperesthesia Implant anchorage 63
I
Hyperesthesia Ibuprofen See: Navigation surgery, Immediate loading Immediate placement Implant abutment
A dysesthesia consisting of A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Stereolithographic guide, See: Immediate occlusal loading, See: Immediate implant See: Abutment.
increased sensitivity, particularly medication that possesses Registration. Immediate non-occlusal loading. placement.
a painful sensation from analgesic and antipyretic Implant-abutment
a normally painless touch
Image Stitching Immediate non-functional Immediate interface
properties.
stimulus. The process of combining loading provisionalization The surface where the dental
See: Nonsteroidal anti-
multiple photographic images, Obj See: Immediate non-occlusal A clinical protocol for the implant and the prosthetic
inflammatory drug (NSAID).
Hyperplasia or CT/CBCT images with loading. placement of an interim abutment connect.
Excessive enlargement of a Iliac crest overlapping fields of view to prosthesis with or without See: Implant-abutment junction
tissue or structure due to an Superior part of the ilium used produce a segmented panorama Immediate non-occlusal occlusal contact with the (IAJ).
increase in the number of cells. as a source of autogenous bone. or high-resolution image, or a loading opposing dentition, at the same
See: Iliac graft. field of view image A clinical protocol for the clinical visit. Implant-abutment junction
Hypodontia See: Stitching. placement of a dental implant(s) Sugg: Immediate non-occlusal (IAJ)
Congenital absence of a tooth or Iliac graft in a partially edentulous arch, with loading, Immediate occlusal Syn: Microgap (IAJ).
teeth.
Immediate functional
A bone graft harvested from a fixed or removable restoration loading. The external margin where
loading not in occlusal contact with the the coronal aspect of a dental
the crest of the iliac bone. The
Hypoesthesia bone can be removed from the Obj See: Immediate occlusal opposing dentition, at the same Immediate restoration implant and its prosthetic
Syn: Hypesthesia. anterior iliac crest posterior to loading. clinical visit. See: Immediate provisionalization. abutment or restoration connect.
A dysesthesia consisting of the anterosuperior iliac spine See: Nonocclusal loading.
abnormally decreased sensitivity, Immediate implantation Immediate temporization Implant analog
or the posterior ilium. The graft
particularly to touch. See: Immediate implant Immediate occlusal See: Immediate provisionalization. See: Analog/analogue.
may be cancellous, cortical, or
placement. loading
corticocancellous.
A clinical protocol for the Implant Implant anchorage
Image guidance Immediate implant A biocompatible alloplastic Use of a dental implant as
placement and applying force
placement material or device that is support for orthodontic tooth
The use of preoperative imaging on dental implants, with a
with computer-based planning Placement of a dental implant at fixed or removable restoration surgically placed into orofacial movement or arch expansion.
tools for the diagnosis, planning, the time of tooth extraction, into in occlusal contact with the tissues and used for anchorage,
and execution of dental implant the extraction socket. opposing dentition, at the same functional, therapeutic, and/or
placement and prosthetic clinical visit. esthetic purposes.
reconstruction. See: Occlusal loading.

64 Implant apex Implant overdenture 65
Implant apex Implant collar Implant diameter Implant fracture Implant length Implant mount
Portion of a root-form dental The most coronal part of a The longest linear measurement The breakage of a dental implant The measurement in millimeters Device secured to the implant
implant that first engages an dental implant, just apical to in millimeters of the cross into two or more parts. of a two-piece implant in the to facilitate the delivery of a
osteotomy during its insertion. the edge of its platform, which section of a dental implant. corono-apical direction from dental implant to its prepared
It may incorporate self-tapping can be of differing thickness Implant head the edge of the platform to its surgical osteotomy site, and can
characteristics. and having the same surface Implant drill For subperiosteal or blade apex. For a one-piece implant, be used to rotate the implant to
treatment as the remaining Rotary cutting tool used for implants, refers to the segment the measurement in millimeters the pre-determined depth with
portion of the implant or have a creating an osteotomy. of the implant above the neck in the corono-apical direction the appropriate torque driver.
Implant-assisted different surface finish specified and used to connect to the of the surface intended for The implant mount is then
prosthesis by the manufacturer. Some root- Implant exposure prosthetic reconstruction. Also osseointegration. removed from the implant and
Any prosthesis that is completely form implants do not have a 1. A second surgical procedure called abutment. the position confirmed.
or partly supported by an collar. after osseointegration has Implant-level impression
implant or implants. occurred accomplished with Implant insertion The impression of the implant Implant neck
Sugg: Implant-supported Implant component a soft tissue flap elevation or Mechanical act of delivering platform using an implant Syn: Cervix.
prosthesis, Implant-tissue- One of the structural sections tissue punch when adequate a dental implant into an impression coping. 1. Root-form dental implant: The
supported prosthesis. that make up the implant- keratinized tissue is available osteotomy. See: Abutment-level impression, most coronal aspect of a dental
See: Cement-retained, Fixed abutment complex. to access the coronal aspect of Closed-tray impression, Open-tray implant.
the implant to attach a healing Implant installation impression. 2. Subperiosteal or blade
prosthesis, Hybrid prosthesis,
Removable prosthesis, Screw-
Implant-crown ratio abutment, or any variation of See: Implant insertion, Implant implant: The transmucosal
retained. See: Crown-implant ratio. stock or custom transmucosal placement. Implant loading segment connecting the implant
abutments. See: Loading. to the head or abutment.
Implant body Implant dentistry 2. Postoperative sequelae Implant interface
Syn: Implant root, Implant shaft. Syn: Oral implantology, Implant where an implant may not be The area of contact between Implant loss
Portion of a root-form dental therapy. completely covered with soft tissues (e.g., bone, connective See: Failed implant. Implant overdenture
implant available for bone-to- The field of dentistry dealing tissue resulting in a dehiscence. tissue) and the surface of a See: Overdenture (implant).
with the diagnosis, surgical See: Exposure, Stage-two surgery. dental implant. Implant mobility
implant contact.
placement, prosthetic Clinically detectable motion of a
reconstruction, and maintenance Implant failure dental implant.
of dental implants. See: Failed implant. See: Macromotion, Micromotion.

66 Implant periapical lesion Implant type 67
Implant periapical lesion Implant prosthodontics nylon, or teflon-coated instrument Implant splinting Implant success Implant system
Radiolucency localized at the Portion of implant dentistry tips are recommended for See: Splinting. Status of a dental implant based See: System (implant).
apex of a root-form dental dealing with the diagnosis, titanium surfaces. on predetermined success criteria.
implant. It can be asymptomatic presurgical planning, Implant stability See: Implant survival, Success Implant therapy
or symptomatic. The symptoms construction, and placement of
Implant selection Clinical evaluation of the degree rate. See: Implant dentistry.
of the acute form may include fixed or removable prostheses Process of choosing the type of fixation of a dental implant.
a fistula with purulent exudate on any dental implant device. and size of a dental implant, Implant-supported Implant thread
and/or pain on palpation. based on site anatomy, surgical Implant stability quotient prosthesis See: Thread.
Implant rejection approach, and planned (ISQ) A restoration that derives its
Implant placement Failure of a dental implant to prosthetic reconstruction. ISQ is a number (based on entire support from dental Implant-tissue-supported
Surgical steps involved in the acheive osseointegration. a scale from 1 to 100) which implants. This type of restoration prosthesis
drilling of the osteotomy and
Implant shaft measures the lateral stability An overdenture that derives its
may be fixed or removable, partial
delivery of the implant into Implant-retained See: Implant body. of the dental implant and or complete arch. support from a combination
the bone either as a two-stage prosthesis thereby indirectly the degree See: Fixed prosthesis, Overdenture of intraoral tissues and
Implant shape dental implants. This type of
procedure where the implant will Sugg: Implant-supported of osseointegration achieved (implant), Removable prosthesis.
be covered with gingival tissues prosthesis, Implant-tissue- The macroscopic features of a through linear mapping of restoration is always removable
and allowed to integrate, or as supported prosthesis. dental implant such as thread resonance frequency analysis Implant surface and may be either partial or
a one-stage procedure with a See: Cement-retained, Fixed design, if any, implant neck, (RFA). While the actual values See: Surface characteristics complete arch.
transmucosal healing collar, with prosthesis, Hybrid prosthesis, body, and apex design. are expressed in Hertz, the ISQ (implant). See: Fixed prosthesis, Removable
or without a soft tissue flap. Removable prosthesis, Screw- number has been developed prosthesis.
Implant shoulder position
retained. to facilitate communication
Implant prosthesis Obj See: Crestal implant Implant surgery Implant try-in
regarding implant micromobility
Any prosthesis (fixed, removable, Implant root placement, Subcrestal implant See: Trial-fit gauge.
through a more user-friendly Portion of implant dentistry
or maxillofacial) that utilizes Syn: Implant body. placement, Supracrestal implant
scale using implant-specific that concerns itself with the
dental implants in part or whole placement.
SmartPegs. (ISQ x 1,000 = RFA Implant type
placement and exposure of
for retention, support, and Implant scaler in Hz) implant devices. The classification of dental
Implant site implants according to gross
stability. Instrument used for plaque
removal and debridement of the Location in the maxilla or Implant survival body geometry and mode of
peri-implant sulcus. A variety of mandible where the placement placement.
Longevity of a dental implant
nonmetallic, plastic, graphite, of a dental implant is planned.
within the oral cavity.
See: Implant success.

68 Implant uncovering Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) 69
Implant uncovering Inclusion criteria Inferior alveolar canal some or all five cardinal Infracture Initial stability
See: Stage-two surgery, Implant The specific characteristics that all See: Mandibular canal. signs: redness, swelling, pain, a The controlled fracture of: Syn: Primary stability.
exposure. participants must have to enter a rise in temperature, and loss 1. A window prepared in the The degree of tightness of a
clinical trial or study group. Inferior alveolar nerve of function. lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. dental implant immediately
Impression coping See: Exclusion criteria. (IAN) 2. The floor of the maxillary after placement in its prepared
A device that registers the One of the terminal branches of
Informed consent sinus through an osteotomy osteotomy. An implant is
position of a dental implant or Index the mandibular nerve, a division prepared in the ridge using an considered to have initial
Written and oral explanation
dental implant abutment in an Mold used to record the relative of the trigeminal nerve. It enters osteotome. stability if it is clinically immobile
of the diagnosis and planned
impression. It may be retained in position of a dental implant or the mandibular canal branching at time of placement.
surgical / restorative procedures Infraorbital artery
the impression (direct) or may tooth to its surroundings. to the lower teeth, periosteum,
which describe the planned Insertion torque
require a transfer from intraoral See: Buccal index. and gingiva of the mandible. A A continuation of the internal
procedures so that patients
usage to the impression after the branch, the mental nerve, passes maxillary artery, but often arises Syn: Placement torque.
Indirect impression can make an educated decision
attachment of the corresponding through the mental foramen to in conjunction with the posterior The maximum torque recorded
whether to undergo a procedure
analog (indirect). See: Closed-tray impression. supply the skin and mucosa of superior alveolar artery. While at the insertion of a dental
after knowing the risks and
the lower lip and chin. in the infraorbital canal, it gives implant in an osteotomy,
Incision Indirect sinus graft hazards. The clinician must
off anterior superior alveolar expressed in Newton
Sugg: Osteotome technique. Inferior dental foramen tell a patient all of the potential
A cut made in soft tissue. branches which supply maxillary centimeters. It may be used as
benefits, risks, and treatment
See: Crestal incision, External See: Mandibular foramen. anterior teeth. It is one of the an indication of the mechanical
Individual suture alternatives involved in any
bevel incision, Internal bevel three primary arterial suppliers stability of the implant in the
Sugg: Interrupted suture. Inflammation surgical or restorative procedure,
incision, Mucobuccal fold incision, to the maxillary sinus. bone.
or other course of treatment,
Paracrestal incision, Releasing Localized reaction of the See: Posterior lateral nasal artery,
incision, Sulcular incision. Infection body tissues to invasion by
and must obtain the patients
Posterior superior alveolar artery. Insulin-like growth factors
Invasion and multiplication written consent to proceed. The (IGF)
pathogenic micro-organisms,
Incisive foramen of microorganisms in body informed consent document Infrastructure
or to trauma by wounds, burns Peptides that behave similarly
One of several openings of the tissues, which may be clinically should then be part of the
or chemicals, which serves to The implants and/or teeth to insulin and stimulate cell
incisive canals into the incisive inapparent or result in local patient record.
destroy, dilute, or wall off both supporting a prosthetic proliferation.
fossa. cellular injury due to competitive the injurious agent and the reconstruction. See: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP).
metabolism, toxins, intracellular injured tissue. It may be acute or
replication, or antigen-antibody chronic and is characterized by
response.

70 Interalveolar septum Intraosseous Anastomosis (of the Lateral wall of the Maxillary Sinus) 71
Interalveolar septum Interimplant distance or periimplant mucosa from its is delivered through an exit at Intrabony Intramembranous
Part of the alveolar process that The horizontal distance between internal surface (i.e., sulcular side). the working end. This method See: Endosseous. ossification
separates individual alveoli. the platforms of two adjacent See: External bevel incision. delivers the cooling solution Bone formation in which
See: Interradicular septum. dental implants. inside the osteotomy. Intramucosal insert connective tissue serving as a
Internal connection See: Mucosal insert. membrane becomes a template
Interdental papilla Interimplant papilla A prosthetic connection interface Internal sinus graft
for bone deposition without
Portion of the free gingiva The soft tissue occupying the internal to a dental implant See: Osteotome technique, Intraoral digital X-ray any intermediate formation of
occupying the interproximal interproximal space confined by platform. Examples include Sinus graft. sensor cartilage.
space confined by adjacent teeth adjacent implant-supported fixed internal hexagon, conical, and See: Sensor (Digital X-ray)
in contact. partial dentures in contact. Morse taper. Internally threaded Intraosseous
See: Papilla. See: Papilla. See: External connection. Having a thread pattern within Intraoral distraction Syn: Endosseous.
the body of a dental implant. A distraction procedure in which Within the bone.
Internal hexagon the distraction device is located
A hexagonal connection Interpositional graft Intraosseous vessels
Interim abutment Interlock completely within the oral cavity.
interface of the platform of Placement of graft material Vessels embedded in the bone,
See: Temporary abutment. An intracoronal attachment
used to segment a prosthetic
an implant within its coronal within a 3, 4, or 5-walled bone Intraoral (internal) especially in the lateral wall of
Interim prosthesis/ reconstructions.
aspect providing abutment-to- compartment. Examples include distraction device the maxillary sinus
restoration implant anti-rotation necessary the sinus graft, socket graft, and A device that is located
Intermaxillary relationship for prosthetic stability, and ridge expansion. inside the oral cavity, used in Intraosseous Anastomosis
Syn: Provisional prosthesis/
restoration See: maxillomandibular also to aid in the delivery and distraction osteogenesis. The (of the Lateral wall of the
rotation of the implant within Interradicular septum Maxillary Sinus)
A fixed or removable prosthesis, relationship. device can be attached to the
the osteotomy site. Part of the alveolar process that bone (bone-borne), to the teeth
designed to restore and enhance Syn: endosseous anastomosis.
Internal bevel incision separates individual roots of the (tooth-borne), or simultaneously
esthetics, stabilization, and/ or The lateral wall of the maxilla
Internal irrigation same tooth. to the teeth and bone (hybrid).
function for a limited period of Syn: Inverse bevel incision, and the sinus membrane
Method of irrigation during See: Interalveolar septum.
time. It is used as a diagnostic Inverted bevel incision, Reverse are supplied by the branches
tool to mimic the planned bevel incision. the drilling of osteotomies for Intraoral scanner or the Posterior Superior
the placement of root-form Interrupted suture
definitive prosthesis. It may be Blade-cut, made in a coronal See: 3-D scanner, Parallel confocal Alveolar Artery (PSAA) and the
dental implants, whereby the Suture made from a single tissue imaging technology, Confocal
tissue-born, tooth-supported, to apical direction, designed to Infraorbital Artery (IOA) which
cooling solution passes inside penetration of the flap(s). microscopy, Digital impressions
implant-supported, or any reduce the thickness of gingiva anastomose with each other on
the shaft of the drilling bur and See: Continuous suture.
combination thereof. the lateral wall of the Maxillary

72 Intraosseous distractor Lapping tool 73
J K L
Sinus. The anastomosis Irrigation Isotropic surface Jig Kaplan-Meier analysis Labial plate
can be intraosseous or 1. Technique of using a solution, Surface textures that are See: Orientation jig, Verification A statistical method used to See: Buccal plate.
extraosseous(vestibular). usually physiologic saline, to randomly distributed so the jig. estimate a population (e.g.,
Intraosseous anastomosis is cool the surgical bur and flush surface is identical in all dental implants) survival curve Laboratory analog
most commonly found in the away the surgical debris. directions. Joint-separating force from a sample. Survival over See: Analog/analogue.
first molar region with a distance 2. Act of flushing an area with a See: Anisotropic surface. Force attempting to disengage time can be estimated, even
of 15-19mm from the alveolar solution. parts joined by a screw. when patients drop out or are Laboratory screw
ridge. While existing in 100% See: External irrigation, Internal studied for different lengths of Threaded component matching
of maxillas, it is only detectable irrigation. Jumping distance time. the abutment screw, used by
in approximately 50% of cases See: Gap distance. the laboratory technician in the
using CBCT. Ischemia Keratinized gingival fabrication of the prosthetic
Deficiency of blood in an area Junctional epithelium Part of the oral mucosa covering reconstruction. Its use avoids
Intraosseous distractor due to a functional constriction The epithelium adhering to the the gingiva and hard palate. It the damage to the prosthetic
See: Endosseous distractor. or actual obstruction of a blood surface of a dental implant or extends from the free gingival screw which is reserved for
vessel(s). tooth surface at the base of the margin to the mucogingival the intraoral fixation of the
In vitro
sulcus. It constitutes the coronal junction. It consists of the free prosthesis.
Outside the living organism or Isogeneic graft part of the biologic width. It is gingiva and the attached gingiva. See: Prosthetic screw, Try-in screw.
natural system. Usually refers to See: Isograft. formed by single or multiple
artificial experimental systems layers of nonkeratinizing cells. Knife-edge ridge Lamellar bone
such as cultures or cell-free Isograft The junctional epithelial cells Term used to describe a sharp or See: Bone.
extracts. Syn: Isogeneic graft, Isologous have a basal membrane and narrow morphology of a residual
graft, Syngeneic graft. hemidesmosomal attachments ridge in the mandible or maxilla Lapping tool
In vivo A tissue graft transplanted to the implant or tooth surface. usually a result of progressive Laboratory instrument used with
Within the living organism or from one genetically identical See: Epithelial attachment. a handpiece on the apical end
resorption.
natural system. individual to another, as in of an abutment to remove the
monozygotic twins. uneven surface produced during
the casting process.
Isologous graft
See: Isograft.

74 Laser Lithium Disilicate 75
Laser Late implant failure Layered manufacturing Levofloxacin Lingual artery Lining mucosa
Acronym: Light amplification by Syn: Secondary implant failure. See: Solid freeform fabrication Fluoroquinolone antibiotic with Branch of the carotid artery, See: Alveolar mucosa, Oral
stimulated emission of radiation. The failure of a dental implant (SFF). a broad spectrum of action, with a distribution to the mucosa.
An optical device that after osseointegration has been which may be used orally or undersurface of the tongue,
transforms light of various set established. This type of failure Leukocyte and Platelet parenterally. It is used in implant terminating as the deep Lip-Lift
of frequencies into radiation may be due to or accompanied Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) dentistry for severe infections, artery of the tongue, and with Placing a radiolucent object
energy (a beam) as a result of by peri-implantitis or overload. A second generation autologous especially in the maxillary sinus. subdivisions to the suprahyoid like a cotton roll under the lip
controlled stimulated emission. See: Early implant failure. chairside preparation (platelet and dorsal lingual branches and during a CBCT scan to aid in
Certain properties are common concentrate) derived from whole Life table analysis the sublingual artery. diagnosing the thickness of
such as monochromacy, Latency period venous blood through a specific Statistical method to describe the facial or buccal cortical plate,
coherence, and collimation. See: Distraction osteogenesis process of gradient density survival (e.g., dental implants) Lingual nerve soft tissue coverage, or post
(DO). centrifugation that limits the in a sample. The distribution Branch of the mandibular graft procedures, while defining
Laser etching degree of blood manipulation, of survival times is divided into division of the trigeminal nerve. the vestibule.
Application of a laser beam to Lateral antrostomy and does not require a platelet intervals. For each interval, one It lies inferior to the lateral
selectively ablate a material from See: Lateral window technique, activator. It produces dense can compute the number and pterygoid and medial and Lip Line
a surface (e.g., dental implant). Sinus graft. fibrin matrix that incorporate proportion of cases that entered anterior to the inferior alveolar Defined as an imaginary line
leukocytes, platelets and high the respective interval alive, nerve. It supplies sensory following the lower border of the
Laser phototherapy (LPT) Lateral window technique concentrations of growth the number and proportion of innervations to the mucous upper lip when stretched due to
The clinical use of nonionizing Syn: External sinus graft. factors. When compressed, the cases that failed in the respective membrane of the anterior two smiling.
laser sources for non-surgical The creation of access to the resulting fibrin matrix is strong, interval (i.e., number of cases that thirds of the tongue and the Classified as High, Medium, and
applications. maxillary sinus through its pliable, and can be sutured for died), and the number of cases gingiva on the lingual side of the Low, the position of the lip is a
lateral wall. The access is used use as a stand-alone product that were lost to follow-up or mandibular teeth. reference to plan for esthetics
Laser welding to elevate the Schneiderian to improve wound healing and censored in the respective interval. and function during restorative
Technique of joining pieces membrane for the placement of promote tissue regeneration. Lingual plate treatment.
of metal (e.g., a bar) through a graft material in the inferior The resulting matrix can also Lingual Bony wall at the lingual aspect of
the use of a laser beam. The part of the sinus space. be incorporated into particulate Relating to, near, or on the an alveolus consisting of alveolar Lithium Disilicate
beam provides a concentrated See: Fenestration bone graft materials to improve side toward the tongue. Often bone proper, cortical bone, Glass ceramic substructure
heat source, allowing for high handling characteristics of the used to designate part of a with or without intervening with approximately 70% lithium
strength, narrow, and deep welds. particulate material. tooth surface or position of an cancellous bone. disilicate crystals. The surface
anatomical region. may be veneered with traditional

76 Load Mandibular foramen 77
M
feldspathic porcelains to provide Longitudinal study but thought to be mediated Machined implant surface Magnetic attachment Mandibular block graft
a more esthetic appearance. Can A study in which observations by a photochemical reaction Syn: Turned surface. Non-mechanical retentive See: Mandibular ramus graft,
be fabricated with a lost-wax on subjects are made at two or that alters cell membrane A dental implant surface that element mainly used for Mandibular symphysis graft
process of pressing and also more points in time. permeability, leading to results from the milling process retention of overdentures, or
supplied in CAD/CAM blocks. increased mRNA synthesis and of a metallic rod. The scratches for maxillofacial prosthetics Mandibular canal
Lost-wax casting technique cell proliferation. of the tooling on the implant dependent on the attraction Syn: Inferior alveolar canal.
Load The process of investing a wax properties of rare-earth alloys. The canal within the mandible
Low power laser therapy form a machined pattern of lines
Any external mechanical force or plastic pattern in a refractory that houses the inferior alveolar
and grooves.
applied to a prosthesis, dental mold which is placed into an See: Low level laser therapy
See: Surface characteristics Maintenance nerve and vessels. Its posterior
implant, abutment, tooth, oven at high heat to melt the (LLLT). Procedures performed at opening is the mandibular
(implant), Textured surface.
skeletal organ, or tissue. pattern. The resulting void is selected time intervals to foramen. Its anterior opening is
then filled with molten metal,
Lyophilization Macrointerlock assist in the maintenance of the mental foramen.
Loading resulting in a casting. See: Freeze-drying. the prosthetic reconstruction,
Fixation by mechanical
Application of a force directly or interlocking between bone periodontal and peri-implant Mandibular flexure
indirectly onto a dental implant, Low energy laser therapy and dental implant macro- tissue health. The medial deformation in the
tooth, or prosthesis. Obj See: Low level laser therapy irregularities such as threads, body of the mandible due to
(LLLT). holes, pores, grooves, etc., Major (thread) diameter the contraction of the pterygoid
Long buccal nerve which have dimensions in the The largest diameter of a screw muscles during opening and
Branch of the mandibular Low intensity level laser range of 50 microns or greater. thread. It corresponds to protrusion.
division of the trigeminal nerve. therapy the diameter by which the
It passes anteriorly between the See: Low level laser therapy Macromotion screw is designated. Mandibular foramen
heads of the lateral pterygoid (LLLT). Excessive movement of a See: Minor (thread) diameter. The opening into the mandibular
muscle and descends inferiorly dental implant during its initial canal on the medial surface
to the anterior border of the Low level laser therapy phase that may prevent bone of the ramus of the mandible
masseter muscle. It supplies (LLLT) healing sequence leading to Malpositioned implant giving passage to the inferior
the skin over the buccinator Syn: Low intensity level laser osseointegration and result in A dental implant placed in a alveolar nerve, artery, and vein.
muscle as well as the mucous therapy, Low power laser therapy. fibrous tissue encapsulation. position creating restorative,
membrane lining its inner Type of laser treatment aimed biomechanical, and/or esthetic
portion and the buccal gingiva of at stimulating cell function. challenges for an optimal
the mandibular molars. Its effects are not due to heat, restorative result.

78 Mandibular movement Maxillary pseudocyst 79
Mandibular movement Mandibular staple implant Marginal peri-implant area Mastication Mattress suture Maxillary artery
Muscle and ligament activated Syn: Transmandibular implant. The mucosal peri-implant The process by which food is Suture made by a double A branch of the external carotid
border and/or intraborder Form of transosseous dental tissues and crestal bone. crushed and ground by teeth. penetration of the flap(s), not artery that arises behind
movements of the lower jaw. implant whereby a plate is fixed It is the first step of digestion, crossing over the incision line. the neck of the mandible. It
The types of movements are, at the inferior border of the Marking bur and it increases the surface area It is aimed at holding together passes forward between the
rotational, horizontal axis, mandible. Retentive pins are Rotary cutting tool used to of foods to allow more efficient the deeper tissues in order to mandibular ramus and the
frontal axis, sagittal axis, and placed partially into the inferior score the bone at the site of an break down by enzymes. During reduce the tension of a flap sphenomandibular ligament,
translational. border with two continuous osteotomy. the mastication or chewing upon approximation. It may be towards the pterygopalatine
screws going transcortically and process, the food is positioned done in a horizontal or vertical fossa. It supplies the deep
Mandibular overdenture penetrating into the mouth in Master cast by the cheek and tongue direction. structures of the face, and may
See: Overdenture (implant). the canine areas and used as The definitive stone or epoxy between the teeth for grinding. be divided into mandibular,
abutments. cast used by the dental Maxilla pterygoid, and pterygopalatine
Mandibular ramus laboratory technician for the Masticatory mucosa Two paired bones forming the portions.
A quadrilateral process fabrication of a prosthesis, or Keratinized and attached oral upper jaw and palate of the See: Intraosseous Anastomosis (of
projecting upward and backward Mandibular symphysis by the clinician with an in-house mucosa of the gingiva and hard mouth. The two halves are fused the Lateral wall of the Maxillary
from the posterior part of the The line of fusion of the milling device. palate. at the intermaxillary suture to Sinus).
body of the mandible, and lateral halves of the body of See: Oral mucosa. form the upper jaw, containing
ending on the other end at the Master impression the frontal, palatine, alveolar, Maxillary overdenture
the mandible, which splits
temporomandibular joint in a inferiorly to form the mental Using standard materials for a Matrix and nasal processes. See: Overdenture (implant).
saddle-like indentation (sigmoid protuberance. It may serve as a physical intra-oral impression 1. An intricate network of
notch) between the coronoid source for bone grafting. to receive a negative likeness natural or synthetic fibers that Maxillary antroplasty Maxillary pseudocyst
and condylar processes. It for the fabrication of a cast aids in the reinforcement and See: Sinus graft. A nonsecreting cyst within the
may serve as a source for bone Mandibular symphysis to fabricate a prosthetic development of tissues by maxillary sinus that is usually
grafting. graft restoration. Can also be achieved supplying a scaffold on which Maxillary antrum present on the sinus floor and is
See: Chin graft. with an intra-oral scanner cells may grow, migrate, and See: Maxillary sinus. caused by accumulation of fluid
Mandibular ramus graft creating a virtual cast. proliferate. between the sinus membrane
See: Ramus graft. Mandibular torus 2. The female part of an and the sinus floor. It is not a
See: Torus. attachment. true cyst because it lacks an
See: Attachment, Patrix. epithelial lining.
See: Maxillary retention cyst.

80 Maxillary retention cyst Medical-grade calcium sulfate (MGCS) 81
Maxillary retention cyst Maxillary sinus recesses and depressions in the Maxillary sinus Maxillary sinusitis Mean (arithmetic)
A secretion cyst, not usually seen Syn: Antrum of Highmore, premolar and molar regions. pneumatization See: Sinusitis (maxillary). Measure of central tendency that
radiographically, that is caused Maxillary antrum. Each sinus usually has a volume See: Sinus pneumatization is calculated by adding all the
by blockage of the seromucinous Air cavity in the body of the of about 15 milliliters. (maxillary). Maxillary torus individual values in the group
gland duct. As secretions collect, maxilla that is lined by the See: Alveolar recess, Maxillary See: Torus. and dividing by the number of
they expand the duct, producing Schneiderian membrane sinus septum. Maxillary sinus septum values in the group.
a cyst that is encompassed consisting of a pseudostratified Syn: Underwood cleft or septum. Maxillary tuberosity
by respiratory or cuboidal ciliated columnar epithelium.
Maxillary sinus aplasia Anatomic spine-like bony The most distal aspect of the Mechanical failure
epithelium. It may be located on It normally lies superior to the Developmental pathology structure or web formation maxillary ridge, bilaterally. It Fracture or deformation
the sinus floor, near the ostium, roots of the maxillary premolars characterized by the failure of present in some maxillary may be used as a source of of an implant, an abutment,
or within antral polyps. It may and molars and generally the maxillary sinus to develop. It sinuses. It may divide the autogenous bone or serve for or a restorative component
be caused by sinus infections, extends anteroposteriorly from is diagnosed radiologically by an inferior portion of the sinus into support of a prosthesis. or material.
allergies, or odontogenic the canine or premolar region to opaque maxillary antrum. It may sections or loculi.
infections. the molar or tuberosity region. be misdiagnosed as a sinusitis See: Alveolar recess. Maxillectomy Median
See: Maxillary pseudocyst. Anatomically, it is a pyramidal or a neoplasm. Complete surgical removal of the Measure of central tendency.
cavity, with thin bony walls Maxillary sinus hypoplasia maxilla. It is the middle score in a
Maxillary rhino-sinusitis Maxillary sinus (MSH) distribution or set of ranked
corresponding to the orbital,
A bacterial infection within the
augmentation Developmental pathology Maxillofacial prosthesis scores. When the number of
alveolar (floor), facial, and infra-
maxillary sinus with radiographic temporal aspects of See: Sinus graft. characterized by the Restoration replacing oral, values in the sample is even,
signs of an air-fluid level at its the maxilla. Its apex extends into underdevelopment of the stomatognathic, or the median is computed
Maxillary sinus floor craniofacial structures with a as the average of the
acute stage. Symptoms include the zygomatic process. Its base maxillary sinus. It is diagnosed
purulent nasal discharge, nasal is medial, forming the lateral Syn: Antral floor. radiologically by a centripetal fixed or removable prosthesis. two middle values.
congestion, and facial pain. As wall of the Inferior wall of the maxillary opacification of the maxillary Support and retention can
condition progresses from acute nasal cavity. It communicates sinus, in relation with the antrum. It may be congenital be provided by natural teeth, Medical-grade calcium
to chronic, anaerobic bacteria with the nasal cavity through an maxillary roots of the molars or a direct result from trauma, surrounding tissues, and/or sulfate (MGCS)
become the predominant opening in the middle meatus and premolars, or the infection, surgical intervention, endosseous implants. Bioengineered form of calcium
pathogens. It is considered called the ostium. The floor is edentulous ridge. or irradiation of the maxilla sulfate, a bone substitute
chronic if it does not resolve formed by the maxillary alveolar during the development of the used for intraoral grafting
Maxillary sinus floor procedures. The shape and size
in six weeks and/ or becomes process and partly by the maxillary bone.
elevation
recurrent. hard palate. The floor exhibits
See: Sinus graft.

82 Medullary Mobility (implant) 83
of the hemihydrate crystals are Mental nerve (usually drawn from the Metronidazole the implant moves (measured for the support and/or retention
modified to ensure a controlled Terminal branch of the inferior published literature) and An antibiotic (C6H9N3O3) in micrometers) when subjected of a provisional or definitive
and slower resorption profile. alveolar nerve, arising in the synthesizing summaries used in the treatment of to a lateral load (measured prosthesis.
See: Calcium sulfate (CaSO4). mandibular canal and passing and conclusions that may be infections caused by susceptible in Newtons). Excessive See: Transitional implant.
through the mental foramen used to evaluate therapeutic organisms, particularly micromotion may interfere with
Medullary providing sensation to the chin effectiveness, and plan new anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. the process of osseointegration
Pertaining to the bone marrow. and lower lip. studies. of dental implants. Miniscrew
Microgap (IAJ) Small titanium threaded implant
Medullary bone Mesenchymal stem cell Metal encapsulator See: Implant-abutment junction
Midcrestal incision
used for temporary orthodontic
See: Bone. (MSC) See: Metal housing. (IAJ). An incision made in the middle anchorage via mechanical
Mesenchymal stem cells, or of the crest of an edentulous
Megapascal (MPa) Metal housing monocortical bone retention.
MSCs, are multipotent stromal Microinterlock ridge. See: Orthodontic implant,
A unit of pressure or stress Syn: Metal encapsulator. Fixation by mechanical See: Crestal incision, Mucobuccal
cells that can differentiate into Temporary anchorage device
equal to one million pascals. It is Part of an attachment interlocking of bone to micro- fold incision, Paracrestal incision.
a variety of cell types, including: (TAD).
equivalent to 145 psi(lb/ in2) or mechanism incorporated in irregularities at textured dental
osteoblasts (bonecells),
9.87 kg/cm2. a removable prosthesis. The implant surfaces, including
Middle superior alveolar Minor (thread) diameter
chondrocytes (cartilage cells),
myocytes (muscle cells) and interchangeable retentive those created by grit-blasting, nerve
Membrane The smallest diameter of a screw
adipocytes (fat cells). component is inserted in the coating, ion bombardment, Branch of the infraorbital nerve thread.
See: Barrier membrane, metal housing and replaced which have dimensions in the arising at the infraorbital groove. See: Major (thread) diameter.
Schneiderian membrane. Mesostructure when necessary. range of less than ten microns. It runs downwards and forward
The part a reconstruction, that in the lateral wall of the sinus to Misfit
Membrane exposure Metal tap Micromotion supply the maxillary premolars.
couples the dental implant The imprecise or mismatching
See: Exposure. See: Tap. Micromotion of dental implants
complex (infrastructure) to the of two mating parts or
superstructure. has been defined as minimal Mid-palatal implant
Mental foramen Methylprednisolone components.
displacement of an implant body See: Palatal implant.
The anterior opening of the Meta-analysis An intramuscular, intravenous, Mobility (implant)
relative to the surrounding tissue
mandibular canal on the lateral
A quantitative method of and oral glucocorticoid with an which cannot be recognized with
Mini-implant
See: Implant mobility.
aspect of the body of the intermediate half-life. A narrow diameter root-form
combining the results of the naked eye. It is the distance
mandible in the region of the first See: Glucocorticoid. dental implant which may be in
independent studies meeting
premolar, giving passage to the one-piece or two-piece. It is used
specified protocol criteria
mental neurovascular bundle.

84 Mode Mucositis 85
Mode Monolithic zirconia (MZ) for that movement, therefore Mucocele (oral) of gingiva. Performed to fastened to the tissue surface
Score or value that occurs most Single crowns, bridges, and affecting the clarity and accuracy A swelling of connective tissue correct or eliminate anatomic, of a removable denture that
frequently in a distribution. full-arch bridges are CAD CAM of the image. consisting of a collection of developmental, or traumatic fits within a prepared gingival
milled from a solid blocks of See: Artifact, Scatter fluid called mucin. This occurs deformities of the gingiva and receptor site. The use of multiple
Modeling (bone) zirconia., which results in high because of a ruptured salivary alveolar mucosa. mucosal inserts enhances a
Independent sites of formation strength restorations reducing
Motion-sensing device gland duct usually caused by See: Periodontal plastic surgery dentures retention and stability.
and resorption that result in the chipping and breakage.
(implant) local trauma (damage), in the
change of the shape or size of See: Zirconium (Zr), Tool evaluating the relative case of mucus extravasation
Mucoperiosteal flap Mucosal peri-implant
bone. It occurs during growth, zirconium oxide. mobility of a dental implant in phenomenon, and an obstructed See: Full-thickness flap. tissues
and during healing. relation to its surrounding bone. or ruptured salivary duct (parotid The soft tissues (epithelium and
Morse taper connection Mucoperiosteum connective tissues) surrounding
duct) in the case of a mucus
Modulus of elasticity An internal connection interface
Motion tracking Layer of periosteum, connective the exposed portion of a dental
retention cyst. Although the
Syn: Elastic modulus. consisting of a converging Tracing the spatial position of term cyst is often used to refer tissue and epithelium that implant.
Ratio of stress over strain, when circular surface, which forms a moving objects relative to a to these lesions, mucoceles are covers bone of the maxilla and
the deformation is elastic. It is a mechanical reference coordinate system. mandible. Mucous retention cyst
not strictly speaking true cysts
measure of stiffness or flexibility locking friction-fit. Also known See: Handpiece motion tracker, because there is no epithelial A cyst caused by an obstruction
of a material. A stiff material Patient motion tracker. Mucosa of a duct, usually belonging to
as a cold weld. lining. It would be more accurate
has a high modulus of elasticity The epithelial lining of body the parotid gland or a minor
to classify mucoceles as polyps
and a flexible material has a low Motion artifact Mount cavities opening to the outside, salivary gland
(i.e. a lump).
modulus of elasticity. Also called The acquisition time of state-of- See: Implant mount. consisting of a mucous
Youngs modulus. the-art CBCT provides sufficient Mucogingival junction membrane. Mucosal-supported
Mucobuccal fold incision See: Oral mucosa. surgical guide / template
time for a human head to Demarcation between the
Moment perform some minor movement, Syn: Vestibular incision. masticatory mucosa and the See: Surgical guide, Surgical
The magnitude of force An incision made in the Mucosal implant template.
i.e. the action of swallowing. alveolar mucosa.
applied to a rotational system If an object moves during the mucobuccal fold. See: Mucosal insert.
at a distance from the axis of scanning process,the computer See: Crestal incision, Midcrestal Mucogingival surgery Mucositis
incision. Mucosal insert Inflammation of the mucosa.
rotation. reconstruction does not account Periodontal surgical procedure
Syn: Button implant, Epithelial See: Peri-implant mucositis.
to correct defects in morphology,
implant, Intramucosal insert,
position, and/or amount
Mucosal implant.
Mushroom-shaped device

86 Multi axis machines Neurotmesis 87
N
Multi axis machines restorations of partially Narrow Ridge Implant Navigation surgery Nd:YAG laser placement of longer implants
The most advanced CNC edentulous and edentulous (NRI) Syn: Computer-aided navigation, Abbr: Neodymium-doped yttrium in a mandible with extensive
milling-machines can add two arches, available in straight and Implant guided surgery, aluminum garnet laser. resorption of the posterior ridge.
Plate form, 2nd stage implant for
or more axes in addition to angulated options with a range of Navigation, Surgical navigation. A solid-state laser containing
narrow ridge cases. Nerve transpositioning
the three normal axes (XYZ). collar heights to match the vertical A distinct surgical modality a Nd:YAG crystal which
Horizontal milling machines thickness of the soft tissue. Nasopalatine nerve in which the intraoperative emits at a wavelength of 1064 See: Nerve repositioning.
also have a C or Q axis, allowing See: Abutment, Angulated A branch from the localization of the surgical nanometers. It is mainly used in
abutment. Neurapraxia
the horizontally mounted work pterygopalatine ganglion instrument is fed back visually soft tissue surgery.
piece to be rotated, essentially onscreen in reference to the Mild nerve injury caused by
that passes through the
allowing asymmetric and
Mylohyoid ridge preoperative diagnostic imaging Necrosis compression or retraction. There
sphenopalatine foramen, across
eccentric turning. The fifth axis (B Horizontal bony extension of the patient by employing Death of cells and tissues is no violation of the nerve trunk
the roof of the nasal cavity to
axis) controls the tilt of the tool on the lingual aspect of the patient registration algorithms due to loss of blood supply, and no axonal degeneration.
the nasal septum, and obliquely
itself. When all of these axes are mandibular premolars and and motion tracking technology. bacterial toxins, or physical and Spontaneous recovery of the
downward to and through the
used in conjunction with each molars that is an attachment In implant dentistry, the implant chemical agents. motor and/or sensory functions
incisive canal. It innervates the
other, extremely complicated for the mylohyoid muscle which drilling and placement are most often occurs within one
anterior part of the hard palate
geometries, such as CAD CAM forms the floor of the mouth.
and the mucosa of the nasal guided by imaging displaying Neoplasm to four weeks from the time of
abutments or monolithic full arch real-time reconstruction of the Abnormal tissue mass that when injury.
septum.
zirconia restoration can be milled intraoperative localization of malignant could metastasize
Neurotmesis
with these machines. Natural tooth intrusion the dental drill relative to the locally or systemically.
Nerve injury involving a
See: CAD/CAM, CNC milling Apical movement of a tooth pre-acquired CT imaging of
(CNC). produced by an external force or the anatomic structures. The Nerve lateralization complete severance of the nerve
Syn: Nerve repositioning. trunk, leading to Wallerian
trauma. Phenomenon reported dental drill is piloted according
Multicenter study degeneration. Sensory and/or
in the dental literature when to a preplanned drilling-path or
A clinical trial conducted splinting natural teeth to a implant position by means of Nerve repositioning motor functions are impaired.
according to a single protocol, Syn: Nerve lateralization, Nerve The potential for recovery is
dental implant with a fixed onscreen direction indicators.
but at more than one research transpositioning. remote. In implant dentistry, this
prosthesis. See: Registration
center, and therefore, carried-out Surgical procedure whereby the may be caused by an incision of
by a group of investigators. Navigation course of the inferior alveolar the nerve or any of the factors
nerve is redirected to allow the leading to axonotmesis.
See: Navigation surgery.
Multi-unit abutment
Designed for screw-retained

88 Newton (N) One-piece implant 89
O
Newton (N) Nonangulated abutment Nonocclusal loading Nonsubmerged implant Oblique slice Occlusal table
Unit of force. It is equal to the Syn: Nonangled abutment, The restoration is not in occlusal One-stage implant placement See: Cross-sectional slice. Collective surface anatomy of
amount of force required to Straight abutment. contact with the opposing procedure incorporating a the posterior teeth inclusive
give a mass of one kilogram an Abutment with a body parallel dentition in maximal intercuspal transmucosal component to Occlusal adjustment of molar and premolar cusps,
acceleration of one meter per to the long axis of the dental position or in excursions. However, assist soft tissue healing, and Modification of the biting inclined planes, marginal ridges,
second squared. implant. the cheeks, tongue, lips, and food, obviate the need for a second surfaces of a tooth, or teeth to grooves, and fossae.
may touch the restoration. surgical procedure. improve function or morphology.
Newton centimeters Nonaxial loading One-part implant
(Ncm) Refers to forces applied to a Nonresorbable Nonsubmergible implant Occlusal guard A dental implant in which the
Unit of rotational torque. dental implant off its long-axis. Materials that do not See: One-stage implant. Removable appliance designed endosseous and transmucosal
degrade in vivo. to minimize the damaging portions consist of one unit
Nightguard Nonengaging See: Nonabsorbable. Nonthreaded implant effects of bruxism and other which presents a surface without
See: Occlusal guard. Feature of a dental implant or A dental implant without deleterious occlusal habits a joint (microgap) to the tissues.
prosthetic component that does Nonresorbable membrane external threads on its body and to dental implants, natural
Nominal implant length/ not incorporate an anti-rotation A material that does not neck. dentition, and prosthetic One-piece abutment
diameter mechanical design. breakdown in the oral reconstructions. An abutment that connects into
The length or diameter of a cavity such as expanded Nonworking side a dental implant without the use
dental implant as written on the Nonfunctional loading polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTF), Segment of the dental arch that Occlusal loading of an additional retaining screw.
manufacturers label. See: Nonocclusal loading. therefore requiring a second is opposite the side where teeth The restoration is in occlusal The abutment can be retained
See: Actual implant length/ procedure to remove it from he sit. occlude during mandibular contact with the opposing by cement, friction, or screw
diameter. Nonhexed movement. dentition in maximal intercuspal threads.
A component or a dental Nonsteroidal anti- position and/or excursions.
Nonabsorbable implant without a hexagonal inflammatory drug One-piece implant
The property exhibited by connection interface. (NSAID) Occlusal overload A dental implant in which the
non-autogenous substances Class of medication with See: Overload (occlusal). endosseous and abutment
that demonstrate no in vivo Nonlamellar bone analgesic (nonopioid), portions consist of one unit.
degradation over time. See: Bone. antipyretic, and antiinflammatory Occlusive membrane
See: Nonresorbable. effects. Its mechanism of action See: Barrier membrane.
involves the inhibition of the
Nonangled abutment synthesis of prostaglandins from
See: Nonangulated abutment. arachidonic acid.

90 One-screw test Osseous graft 91
One-screw test The implant is designed with a Open-tray impression The digital STL file can then be Orientation jig Orthopantograph
A test used to check the fit of transmucosal coronal portion. Syn: Direct impression. merged with a CT / CBCT to A laboratory fabricated device, See: Panoramic radiograph.
a multiple unit screw-retained Usually the transmucosal Impression technique that aid in the diagnosis, treatment used to maintain the correct
restoration. One screw is portion and the implant are one uses an impression coping planning, and surgical guide positional relationship of a Osse(o)
placed in the terminal dental piece with no microgap. with retentive features around fabrication when required. component when transferring it Syn: Osteo.
implant abutment. Evaluation which a rigid elastic impression See: Dual Scan Protocol, from the cast to the mouth. Pertaining to bone or containing
is made on the opposite side. material is injected. To remove Standard Tessellation Language or a bony element.
If the framework rises or has One-stage surgery the impression, the impression Standard Triangulation Language O-ring
a ledge, detected clinically A surgical protocol consisting coping is first unthreaded (STL), Intraoral scanner, Digital Doughnut-shaped, resilient Osseointegration
or radiologically, the fit is of placing an endosseous root- through an opening on the impressions. overdenture attachment that The direct contact between
considered inaccurate. form dental implant in bone and occlusal surface of the tray. possesses the ability to bend living bone and a functionally
leaving it in contact with the oral Oral implantology with resistance and return to its loaded dental implant surface
One-stage grafting environment during the healing Opioid See: Implant dentistry. approximate original shape. It without interposed soft tissue
procedures process, thus eliminating a Morphine-like centrally attaches to a post with a groove at the light microscope level.
second surgical procedure. acting analgesic, the primary
Oral mucosa or undercut area. The clinical manifestation of
Simultaneous implant
placement where primary medication used to treat Epithelial lining of the oral cavity See: Ball attachment. osseointegration is absence of
stability is achieved, followed Onlay graft moderate to severe pain. continuous with the skin of the mobility.
immediately by grafting Augmentation by placing lips and mucosa of the soft
procedures to fill the remaining autogenous bone and/or a bone Optical surface scan palate and pharynx. The oral Oro-antral fistula Osseous
defect and/or support the soft replacement graft on or over An optical surface scan is mucosa consists of: Bony.
A communication between the
tissue. bone to increase height and/or obtained by scanning a stone 1. Masticatory mucosa: Mucosa
maxillary sinus and the oral cavity
width of the ridge. model, or impression with a of the gingiva and hard palate. Osseous coagulum
with an epithelialized tract.
One-stage implant 3D scanner or by scanning the 2. Specialized mucosa: Mucosa Mixture of small autogenous
Syn: Nonsubmergible implant, Open-ended wrench occlusal surface of the teeth with of the dorsum of the tongue. Orthodontic implant bone particles and blood
Single-stage implant. Instrument used to apply a a 3D intraoral camera, creating 3. Lining mucosa: Syn: Alveolar Any implant used during collected during surgery.
An endosseous dental implant torque during removal of an a digital file to be utilized with mucosa. The remaining mucosa orthodontic treatment as
designed to be placed following implant mount. computer software for CAD of the oral cavity. Osseous graft
anchorage for orthodontic tooth
a one-stage surgery protocol. CAM applications in dentistry. movement. See: Bone graft.
See: Temporary anchorage device
(TAD).

92 Osseous integration Osteonectin 93
Osseous integration Osteocalcin slender cytoplasmic processes Osteoid Osteolysis Osteonecrosis

See: Osseointegration. A bone-specific protein that is that make contact with 1. Resembling bone. Bone resorption and dissolution, Syn: Bone necrosis.
produced by the osteoblast and processes of other osteocytes 2. The non-mineralized bone involving the loss or removal of The death or necrosis of bone
Ossification may play a role in osteoclast and osteoblasts. matrix laid down by osteoblasts. calcium, as part of an ongoing due to the obstruction of its
1. The formation of bone or of a recruitment. It is a marker It is later calcified, with the disease process. blood supply.
bony substance. for bone remodeling or
Osteodistraction inclusion of osteoblasts as See: Bisphosphonate-related
2. The conversion of fibrous mineralization. See: Distraction osteogenesis osteocytes within lacunae, in Osteomyelitis osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ),
tissue or of cartilage into bone (DO). bone. Inflammation of bone caused Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ).
or a bony substance. Osteoclast by infection. It may remain
See: Intramembranous Large multinucleated cell, arising
Osteogenesis Osteoinduction localized or spread through Osteonecrosis of the jaw
ossification. from mononuclear precursors The formation and development The induction of bone bone to involve marrow, (ONJ)
of hematopoietic lineage, that of bone. formation. New bone formation cortex, cancellous tissue, and Exposed bone in the mandible,
Osteal functions in the resorption of occurs from osteoprogenitor periosteum. maxilla or both that persists for
Bony, osseous.
Osteogenetic
osseous tissue. cells derived from primitive at least 8 weeks, in the absence
1. Forming bone. mesenchymal cells under the Osteon of previous radiation and of
Ostectomy Osteoconduction 2. Concerned in bone formation. influence of one or more agents The basic unit of structure of metastases in the jaws.
Excision of bone. Bone growth by apposition from that emanate from bone matrix, compact bone, comprising See: Bisphosphonate-related
See: Osteoplasty.
Osteogenic
the surrounding bone. Process or select bone allografts, or a Haversian canal and its osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ),
by which a material provides Syn: Osteogenous. concentrically arranged lamellae,
genetically engineered materials. Osteonecrosis.
Osteoblast scaffolding along which bone Promoting the development and
See: Bone morphogenetic protein of which there may be 4 to 20,
A fully differentiated cell that growth can occur. formation of bone, exclusively each 3 to 7 microns thick, in a Osteonectin
(BMP), Osteoconduction.
functions in the formation See: Osteoinduction. resulting from the action of single (Haversian) system. Such A phosphoprotein, found in
of bone tissue. Osteoblasts osteoblasts. Osteointegration units are mainly directed in the bone and blood platelets, which
synthesize the collagen and Osteocyte See: Osseointegration. long axis of the bone. binds both collagen and calcium
glycoproteins that form the
Osteogenous
An osteoblast that has become and serves as a regulator of
bone matrix, and also produce embedded within bone matrix, See: Osteogenic. Osteology mineralization.
inorganic salts. With growth, occupying a flat oval cavity (bone The scientific study of bones.
they develop into osteocytes. lacuna). Cells found in bone
lacunae send, through canaliculi,

94 Osteopenia Pamidronate 95
P
Osteopenia is made by dual-energy x-ray Osteotome lift Overdenture (implant) Oxygen therapy PACS
Reduced bone mass due to a absorptiometry (DXA) which See: Osteotome technique. Removable partial or complete See: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Abbr: Picture archiving and
decrease in the rate of osteoid measures bone mineral density denture, which may be (HBOT). communication system.
synthesis to a level insufficient at multiple skeletal sites. Osteotome technique implant-supported, or implant- A medical imaging technology
to compensate for normal bone 1. Syn: Internal sinus graft. tissuesupported. The prosthesis which provides economical
lysis. It is considered a serious
Osteoprogenitor cell A sinus grafting technique is retained by attachments. storage of, and convenient
risk factor for the development An undifferentiated cell whereby the maxillary sinus access to, images from multiple
of osteoporosis. that possesses the ability to floor is carefully infractured and Overload (occlusal) modalities.
transform into an osteoblast. the Schneiderian membrane is Situation in which the
Osteoplasty elevated through an osteotomy masticatory forces applied Palatal graft
A surgical procedure to
Osteopromotion prepared and extended in the to a dental implant exceeds See: free gingival graft.
modify bone anatomy by Use of physical means (e.g., ridge with an osteotome. the capacity of the bone-
selective removal. barrier membrane) to seal off 2. The surgical expansion of implant interface, implant, or Palatal implant
See: Ostectomy. an anatomical site in order to an osteotomy laterally with or componentry to withstand it. Dental implant placed in the
promote bone formation and without grafting. mid-sagittal area of the maxillary
Osteopontin prevent soft tissue invasion, See: Ridge expansion. Oxidized surface treatment hard palate for use as anchorage
An acidic calcium-binding notably connective tissue, Modification of the surface in orthodontic treatment.
phosphoprotein with a high that could interfere with Osteotomy properties of titanium dental See: Orthodontic implant,
affinity for hydroxyapatite, osteogenesis. A site prepared in bone for the implants by alteration of the Temporary anchorage device (TAD).
involved in bone min- placement of a dental implant or titanium oxide layer thickness.
eralization.
Osteoradionecrosis graft. Any surgical procedure in Palatal vault
Bone necrosis caused by which bone is transected or cut. Oxycodone Superior surface of the hard
Osteoporosis excessive exposure to radiation. See: Pilot osteotomy. Semisynthetic opioid palate.
Disease of bone metabolism analgesic, recommended for
characterized by a decreased
Osteotome Ostium (maxillary sinus) moderate to severe pain. It may Pamidronate
bone mass and increased An instrument, circular in An opening which connects the be used as a single agent or Intravenous nitrogen-containing
microarchitectural deterioration, cross-section, used to expand maxillary sinus to the middle combined with products bisphosphonate used for the
leading to a greater susceptibility a dental implant osteotomy meatus of the nasal cavity such as acetaminophen, aspirin, treatment of osteoporosis,
to bone fracture. Diagnosis apically and/or laterally, with or or ibuprofen. Pagets disease, and certain
without grafting. cancers affecting bone (e.g.,

96 Panoramic radiograph Pedicle graft 97
multiple myeloma). Its Papilla preservation Paracrestal incision Parallel-sided implant Partially edentulous Patient motion tracker
mechanism of action involves Surgical and prosthetic A crestal incision made away Syn: Parallel-walled implant, State where one or more teeth An array of active emitters or
the inhibition of osteoclast measures taken to maintain from the middle of the crest Straight implant. are missing, but not all. passive reflectors that
migration and maturation. and/or reduce trauma to the of an edentulous ridge, either An endosseous, root-form See: Edentulous. are attached to a patient
interproximal tissue. buccally or lingually. dental implant, with the body to enable their localization
Panoramic radiograph See: Crestal incision, Midcrestal of the implant having the Partial thickness flap within the operative field by an
A single radiographic view of Papilla-preservation flap incision, Mucobuccal fold incision. same diameter at the coronal Syn: Split-thickness flap. overhead detector.
the maxilla and mandible See: Papilla-sparing incision. and apical ends. The coronal A flap resulting from the elevation
extending from the left to the Parallel confocal imaging diameter does not necessarily of epithelium and some connective Patient-specific abutment
right glenoid fossae. Papilla reformation technology match that of the platform, tissue but not the periosteum, See: Custom abutment.
The spontaneous reformation Confocal is a principle by which which may be of a larger which is left on the bone.
Panoramic reconstitution of the interproximal papilla Patrix
light is filtered by passing it diameter.
See: Panoramic reconstruction. following the establishment through a small pinhole. Only Particulate graft The male part of an attachment.
of a contact point and the light re- Parallel-walled implant Variable pore and particle sized See: Attachment, Matrix.
Panoramic reconstruction the management of the autograft, allograft, alloplast, or
flected from the object at the See: Parallel-sided implant.
A thin, reformatted section of interproximal prosthetic papillary proper focal distance will pass xenograft, all having different Pedicle graft
computed tomography scan space. Also, the re-establishment Paresthesia resorption/substitution rates. Full or partial thickness flap
through the pinhole. Therefore,
data parallel to and following the of the lost interproximal papilla Spontaneous or evoked reflected from an area with a
only those rays that are in
curvature of the alveolar process by surgical means. focus will return through the abnormal sensations that Passivation base attached to the donor site
as seen in the axial view. are not painful but may be A process by which metals and in which the free margin is
filtering device. Certain intra-
See: Axial slice, Cross-sectional slice. Papilla regeneration oral scanners expand upon unpleasant, such as tingling, and alloys are made more moved. It may be laterally
See: Papilla reformation. this concept by simultaneously burning, prickling, or numbness. resistant to corrosion through or coronally positioned or
Papilla treatment to produce a thin rotated to cover an adjacent
projecting 100,000 beams of It is usually caused by nerve
Soft tissue occupying the Papilla-sparing incision parallel red light rays with each injury and is sometimes a and stable oxide layer on the surgical site or enhance the soft
interproximal space confined by Para-sulcular incision consequence of surgical external surfaces. tissue contours.
individual scan.
adjacent crowns in contact. design excluding the papilla in procedures. See: Full-thickness flap, Partial
See: Intraoral scanner, Confocal
See: Interdental papilla, flap elevation. microscopy. Passive fit thickness flap.
Interimplant papilla. Partial anodontia Adaptation of a prosthetic
Parallel(ing) pin Obj See: Partially edentulous. reconstruction that does not
See: Direction indicator. induce strain between two or
more supporting elements.

98 Penicillin Periodontal plastic surgery 99
Penicillin Percentage bone-to- Periabutment Peri-implantitis millimeters). The clinical crowns by far the most common ones
Any of a large group of natural implant contact Around the abutment. Term for inflammatory reactions of teeth are usually short and are plaque-induced inflammatory
or semisynthetic antibacterial The linear surface of a dental in the hard and soft tissues, square, and roots are wide and conditions, such as gingivitis
antibiotics derived directly or implant in direct contact with the Pericervical saucerization with loss of supporting bone, short. and periodontitis.Periodontal
indirectly from strains of fungi bone, expressed as percentage Syn: Craterization. surrounding a dental implant 2. Thin scalloped gingival disease ranges from the mildest
of the genus Penicillium and of the total implant surface. Pathologic crestal bone exposed to the oral environment. (periodontal) biotype: the buccal stage, known as gingivitis,
other soil-inhabiting fungi See: Bone-to-implant contact loss due to peri-implantitis. marginal gingival is delicate and to severe stage, known, as
grown on special culture media. (BIC). Radiographically, the bone loss Peri-implant mucositis may often be located apical of periodontitis.
They exert a bactericidal as is cup-shaped or saucer-like Reversible inflammatory the cemento-enamel junction
well as bacteriostatic effect Percutaneous implant around the coronal aspect of the reactions in the soft tissues (receded), the papillae are high Periodontal ligament (PDL)
on susceptible bacteria by Used for the treatment of dental implant. surrounding a dental implant and slender, the buccal bone A group of specialized
interfering with the final maxillofacial defects with See: Peri-implantitis. exposed to the oral environment, wall is often thin and the vertical connective tissue fibers that
stages of the synthesis of implants placed extraorally with no bone loss. distance between the interdental essentially attach a tooth,
peptidoglycans, a substance within the bone and through Peri-implant bone crest and the buccal bone and root cementum to the
in the bacterial cell wall. They the skin to support maxillofacial Around the implant. Peri-implant soft tissue is long (> four millimeters). surrounding alveolar bone
can be classified according prosthesis. See: Mucosal peri-implant tissues. The clinical crowns of teeth are providing absorption, mobility
to their differing antibacterial Peri-implant crevicular usually long and tapered, and and force distribution during
spectrum: penicillin G and Perforation epithelium Periodontal biotype roots are narrow and long. mastication.
congeners (penicillin C), anti- Cortical: A hole created in Nonkeratinized epithelium lining Expression relating the morphology
the cortical bone by a drill or the mucosal crevice. of the periodontium to tooth form. Periodontal disease Periodontal membrane
staphylococcal penicillins
(methicillin, dicloxacillin), implant. Two categories exist. Periodontal diseases describe See: Periodontal ligament (PDL).
extended spectrum penicillins See: Decortication. Peri-implant disease 1. Thick flat gingival pathologic processes that
Collective term for inflammatory (periodontal) biotype: the can affect one or more of the Periodontal plastic surgery
(ampicillin and amoxicillin), and Schneiderian membrane: Tearing
or creation of an opening in reactions in the soft and/or buccal marginal gingival is periodontal tissues/ structures Procedures that correct
extended spectrum penicillins
the maxillary sinus membrane hard tissues surrounding dental comparatively thick, the papillae (e.g. alveolar bone, periodontal or eliminate anatomic,
with beta-lactamase inhibitors
during sinus graft surgery, implants. are usually short, the bone of the ligament, cementum and developmental, or traumatic
(amoxicillin and clavulanate,
following tooth extraction, or See: Peri-implantitis, Peri-implant buccal cortical wall is thick, and gingiva). While there are many deformities of the gingiva or
ampicillin and sulbactam).
during the preparation of an mucositis. the vertical distance between the different periodontal diseases alveolar mucosa.
See: Amoxicillin, Clavulanic acid.
osteotomy for dental implant interdental bone crest and the that can affect the tooth- See: Mucogingival surgery.
placement. buccal bone is short (about two supporting tissues/structures,

100 Periodontal probe Platelet-rich gel 101
Periodontal probe Periotome Piezoelectric bone surgery Pilot osteotomy Plasma Rich in Grown Platelet-derived growth
A manual instrument which is Instrument used to sever the Surgical technique using an The initial penetration in the Factors (PRGF) factors (PDGF)
calibrated in millimeters used periodontal ligament fibers prior ultrasonic device operating at bone by several millimeters A second generation autologous Growth factors released by
to measure the gingival sulcus to tooth extraction. a modulated frequency that is with a drill in the sequence of chairside preparation derived platelets that initiate connective
or pocket depths around a tooth designed to cut or grind bone preparing an osteotomy for from whole venous blood tissue healing including bone
or an implant during routine Permucosal but not damage the adjacent dental implant placement. through a specific process of regeneration and repair. They
periodontal or peri-implant Through the mucosa. soft tissues. gradient density centrifugation. also increase mitogenesis,
clinical examination. Pinhole Surgical Technique After careful pipetting and angiogenesis, and macrophage
Permucosal extension Pilot drill The Chao Pinhole Surgical activation with calcium chloride, activation.
Periosteal See: Healing abutment. The initial drill used to enlarge Technique is a minimally the protocol yields a fibrin
Pertaining to the periosteum. the coronal aspect of a dental invasive way to repair gum membrane of elastic consistency Platelet gel
Permucosal seal implant osteotomy, thereby shrinkage through a pinhole containing platelets and high A concentrate of platelets
Periosteal release Junctional epithelium that directing the path of the in the gingiva using special concentrations of growth factors, derived from a patients blood
Act of severing periosteal fibers separates the connective tissues subsequent drill. instrumentation that does not yet free from inflammatory and mixed with calcium and
to enhance the mobility of a flap. from the outside environment require cutting, stitches, or leukocytes. The membranes can thrombin to form a gel which
around a dental implant. Pilot guide second surgical site. be used as a standalone product may be used during surgery.
Periosteal suture See: Junctional epithelium. A surgical template which to improve wound healing and
Suturing technique involving may have an embedded metal Placement torque promote tissue regeneration. Platelet-poor plasma (PPP)
the immobilization of a partial Pick-up impression cylinder to help position the See: Insertion torque. Refers to a lesser concentration
thickness flap, a soft tissue To insure accuracy of fit and initial drill to start the osteotomy Plasma spray of active platelets that remain
graft, or a membrane by utilizing the master cast, the prosthetic process, thereby directing the Plaque A surface treatment involving from the separation process in
the subjacent and/or adjacent framework which is seated onto path for subsequent drills. A biofilm or mass of bacteria high temperature deposition of which the formation of platelet-
periosteum. the implants or abutments is See: Pilot drill, template-assisted, that adheres to surfaces within metal or ceramic powders that rich plasma is derived.
impressed, and then becomes Surgical guide. the mouth. are totally or partially melted and
Periosteum embedded into the impression. then rapidly resolidified, forming Platelet-rich gel
The layer of fibrous connective The same process can occur to a dense or porous coating. See: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP).
tissue and osteoblasts, which fabricate a master cast when the
covers all bone surfaces except framework has been sectioned Plaster of Paris
at the articular surfaces. and soldered. See: Calcium sulfate (CaSO4).
See: solder index, Master cast.

102 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) Posterior superior alveolar nerve 103
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) Platform edge Pneumatization Polylactic acid (PLA) Porous Posterior superior alveolar
A second generation autologous The junction line between the Physiologic process that occurs A polymer of lactic acid used to Characterized by the presence of artery
chairside preparation derived body of a dental implant and in all paranasal sinuses during fabricate absorbable sutures or pores or voids within a structure Branch of the internal maxillary
from whole venous blood its platform. The localization the growth period, causing them membranes. (e.g., grafting material, dental artery, at the pterygopalatine fossa.
through a specific process of of the edge of the platform in to increase in volume. implant surface). This branch descends on the
gradient density centrifugation. relationship to the bone crest See: Sinus pneumatization Polymethylmethacrylate maxillary tuberosity and gives off
After careful pipetting and determines a crestal, subcrestal, (maxillary). (PMMA) Porous surface numerous subdivisions that enter
activation with calcium chloride, or supracrestal positioning Synthetic polymer of methyl See: Plasma spray, Sintered the alveolar process to supply
the protocol yields a fibrin of the implant. The edge of Polished surface methacrylate, used as bone (porous) surface. the maxillary sinus membrane
membrane of elastic consistency the platform and the implant A machined surface that is made cement with an in situ and posterior teeth. It is one of
containing platelets and high abutment junction may or may smoother. polymerization. Positioned flap the three primary arterial suppliers
concentrations of growth not coincide. A flap that is moved apically, to the maxillary sinus.
factors, (PDGF, TGF-1, TGF-2, See: Implant-abutment junction Polishing cap Polytetrafluoroethylene coronally, or laterally to a new See: Infraorbital artery, Posterior
IGF, VEGF, FGF-1, and fibrin (IAJ), Platform switching. Component connected to the (PTFE) position. lateral nasal artery.
when added to a graft mixture), apical part of an abutment to A synthetic polymer that is non-
yet free from inflammatory Platform shifting protect the base and allow the resorbable, biologically inert Posterior lateral nasal Posterior superior alveolar
leukocytes. The membranes See: Platform switching. laboratory technician to polish and chemically non-reactive, artery nerve
can be used as a stand-alone the prosthesis and abutment and therefore an ideal material Branch of the sphenopalatine Branch of the maxillary
product to improve wound Platform swapping without over-reducing the base for many medical device artery which is located close to, nerve which arises within the
healing and promote tissue See: Platform switching. diameter or rounding the edges. applications. In has been used or within the lateral wall of the pterygopalatine fossa, courses
regeneration. for guided tissue regeneration nasal cavity (medial wall of the downward and forward, passing
Platform switching Polyglactin (GTR) as a barrier membrane. maxillary sinus). Its subdivisions through the pterygomaxillary
Platform Syn: Abutment swapping. A type of multifilament braided See: Expanded supply the medial and posterior fissure, and enters the posterior
Refers to the coronal aspect The use of an abutment with a material made of purified lactides polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), walls of the maxillary sinus. It is aspect of the maxilla. It innervates
of a dental implant to which diameter narrower than that of and glycolides used to fabricate Dense PTFE (dPTFE). one of the three primary arterial the maxillary sinus, the molars,
abutments, components, and the dental implant platform. This absorbable sutures or membranes. suppliers to the maxillary sinus. the buccal gingiva and the
prosthesis may be connected. switching moves the implant- Porcelain-fused-metal See: Infraorbital artery, Posterior adjoining portion of the cheek.
See: Platform edge. abutment junction away from Polyglycolic acid (PGA) restoration superior alveolar artery. See: Anterior superior alveolar
the edge of the platform. A polymer of glycolic acid used See: ceramometal restoration. nerve.
to fabricate absorbable sutures
or membranes.

104 Postoperative maxillary sinus cyst Profilomete 105
Postoperative maxillary Prefabricated abutment mating counterpart and holds Preprosthetic surgery Primary bone Probing depth
sinus cyst A machine-manufactured them together by producing Procedures that are performed See: Bone. The distance from the free
See: Secondary maxillary abutment. a clamping force between the to enhance prosthetic outcomes mucosal or gingival margin to
mucocele. See: Abutment, Stock abutment, screw head and its seat. which may include; alveoloplasty, Primary closure the base of the peri-implant or
Angulated abutment. tooth extractions, maxillary See: Healing by first (primary) periodontal sulcus as measured
Pre-angled abutment Premachined margin tuberosity reduction, removal of intention. by a periodontal probe.
See: Angulated abutment. Prefabricated cylinder An CAD CAM manufactured or exostosis or excessive undercuts,
A prefabricated component custom fabricated abutment mylohyoid ridge reduction, bone Primary implant failure Processing analog
Prednisolone made of a noble alloy, which with a specific shape at the reduction to gain width for implant See: Early implant failure. Syn: Processing jig.
An intramuscular and connects to a dental implant or margin to allow for desired surgery, bone grafting, etc. A duplicate of either the male
intravenous glucocorticoid with abutment. A compatible alloy emergence profile and fit of the Primary maxillary or female part of an attachment
an intermediate half-life. is cast to it to form a custom restoration. Preprosthetic mucocele that is incorporated into a
See: Glucocorticoid. abutment for a cement-retained See: Abutment, Prepable vestibuloplasty Maxillary sinus lesion caused by working model.
or screw-retained prosthesis. abutment, Zirconia abutment, See: Vestibuloplasty. blockage of the ostium which
Prednisone Prefabricated abutment, Stock results in herniation through the Profiler (bone)
An oral glucocorticoid that is Preliminary cast abutment. Press-fit sinus walls. Bur that removes bone around
the dehydrogenated analog of An initial, pre-operative State of retention of a dental See: Secondary maxillary the platform of a root-form
cortisol. It is used as an anti- impression of the of the pre-
Prepable abutment implant at the time of its insertion mucocele. dental implant to allow the
inflammatory drug, with an existing condition of the teeth An abutment that can be that results from the slight connection of components
intermediate half-life. and associated structures used prepared and modified from its compression of the oseotomy Primary stability to the implant. Different
See: Glucocorticoid. for study and diagnosis, custom original manufactured design. walls by the implant body. See: Initial stability. profiler diameters are used
tray fabrication, or diagnostic to accommodate a desired
Preemptive analgesia wax-up.
Preprosthetic Pressure necrosis Primary union component diameter.
The use of analgesic Performed or occurring before Cell death due to insufficient See: Healing by first (primary)
medications before the onset of Preload insertion of a prosthesis. local blood supply from intention. Profilometer
noxious stimuli. Energy transferred to a screw pressure. In implant dentistry, Device for tracing and recording
when a torque is applied during it refers to the loss of bone that Primitive bone at high magnification the
tightening. This stretching occurs following the application See: Bone. roughness of a surface.
keeps the screw threads of excessive pressure by the
tightly secured to the screws insertion of a dental implant.

106 Progenitor cell Radiopaque 107
Q R
Progenitor cell body itself. In the oral cavity Prosthetic space follows an intrasinusal trajectory Quality of Life Radiographic guide
An undifferentiated cell these stimuli are detected by See: Crown height space (CHS). in a dorsal and mesio-cranial The standard of health, comfort, Obj See: Radiographic template.
that possesses the ability to mechanoreceptors within the direction, perforating the and happiness experienced by an
transform into one or more periodontal ligament (PDL) Prosthetic table posterior sinusal wall and the individual or group. Radiographic marker
types of cells. that provide highly sensitive See: Platform. pterygoid plates. A radiopaque structure of
neural feedback. Quality of Life Index known dimension or a material
Progressive loading See: Periodontal ligament (PDL). Protocol Pullout force
The Physical Quality of Life Index incorporated in, or applied to, a
Refers to the gradual increase A detailed plan describing the Force needed to displace an (PQLI) is an attempt to measure radiographic template
in the application of load on a
Prospective study proposed execution of an activity implant along its long axis and the quality of life or well-being to yield positional or
prosthesis, and thus to a dental A study planned to observe such as surgical protocol, opposite from its direction of of a country. The value is the dimensional information.
implant. events that have not yet prosthetic protocol, and research placement. average of three statistics: basic
occurred. protocol. literacy rate, infant mortality, Radiographic template
Progressive maxillary See: Retrospective study. Pulsed mode
and life expectancy at age one, A guide derived from a diagnostic
sinus hypoplasia Provisional abutment Type of operation in which the
all equally weighted on a 0 to wax-up and worn during the
An uncommon clinical
Prosthesis See: Temporary abutment. laser emits radiation energy in
100 scale, as used in the dental radiographic exposure to relate the
entity that represents a Syn: Restoration. the form of pulses. tooth position to the anatomical
literature.
persistant decrease in sinus An artificial replacement of a Provisional implant structures. It serves to assist in
missing part of the body. See: Transitional implant. Punch technique
volume resulting from the diagnosis and planning phase
centripetal retraction of the See: Tissue punch technique.
Prosthetic platform for dental implants.
maxillary sinus walls. Provisional prosthesis/
See: Platform. restoration P-value Radionecrosis
Prophylaxis See: Interim prosthesis/restoration. Probability that a test statistic
Prosthetic retaining screw Osteonecrosis induced by
The use of measures to prevent will assume a value as extreme
radiation usually due to
the onset of disease. See: Prosthetic screw. Pterygoid implant as or more extreme than that
radiotherapy to treat
See: Antibiotic prophylaxis. A root-form dental implant that seen under the assumption that
Prosthetic screw a malignancy of the head and
has its origin in the region of the the null hypothesis is true.
neck region.
Proprioception. A threaded fastener used to former second maxillary molar
The perception of movement connect a prosthesis to a dental and its end point encroaches Radiopaque
and spatial orientation arising implant, an abutment, or a in the scaphoid fossa of the A material that is opaque to
from stimuli within the mesostructure. sphenoid bone. The implant X-rays or similar radiation.

108 Radiopaque marker Registration 109
Radiopaque marker Random assignment Rapid manufacturing Reattachment Record Regenerate maturation
See: Radiographic marker. Syn: Randomization. See: Solid freeform fabrication The act or process of reattaching Information or data recorded in The completion of
Procedure by which each subject (SFF), Stereolithography, Three- something, or something that any medium (eg, handwriting, mineralization and remodeling
Ramus frame implant has an equal probability of dimensional printing. has been reattached. The repair print, photographs, video, or of the regenerate tissue.
Full arch mandibular implant being assigned to each different of epithelial and connective any electronic form). It provides
with a tripodal design that treatment condition in a study. Rapid prototyping tissue to root surfaces and bone evidence of what was planned, Regeneration
consists of a horizontal The automatic construction such as after traumatic injury. the treatment provided, and Reproduction or reconstitution
supragingival connecting bar Random controlled trial of physical objects using solid Should not be confused with results. Part of the patient chart. of a lost or injured part to its
with endosseous units placed A prospective study of the freeform fabrication. It takes new attachment. original state.
into the rami and another effects of a particular procedure virtual designs from computer- Record base See: Repair.
vertical portion into the or material, in which subjects aided design (CAD) or animated Reamer Occluding surfaces fabricated
symphyseal area. are randomly assigned to either modeling software, transforms Tool designed to finish the on interim or final denture Regional acceleratory
of two groups: test or control. them into thin, virtual, mating surface of a metal bases for the purpose of making phenomenon (RAP)
Ramus graft The test group receives the horizontal cross-sections and cylinder/coping, specifically the maxillomandibular relation A local response to a stimulus
An autogenous bone graft procedure or material, while then creates each cross-section screw seat interface. records and arranging teeth. in which tissues form two to
harvested from the lateral aspect the control group receives a in physical space, one after the ten times more rapidly than the
of the ascending ramus of the standard procedure, or material, next until the model is finished. Recipient site Re-entry normal regeneration process.
mandible. The graft is mostly a different test procedure or a (e.g., three-dimensional printing, Syn: Host site. The surgical reopening of a site The duration and intensity of
cortical bone. placebo. stereolithography). Site which received a soft or to improve or observe results RAP are directly proportional to
See: Stereolithography, Three- hard tissue graft. from an initial procedure. the kind and amount of stimulus
Ramus implant Randomization dimensional printing, Solid See: Stage-two surgery. and the site where it was
Type of blade implant placed See: Random assignment. freeform fabrication (SFF). Recombinant human bone produced.
into the anterior border of the morphogenetic protein Regenerate
ramus of the mandible. Range Ratchet (rhBMP) Syn: Distraction zone. Registration
Statistical measure of A wrench used with threaded Osteoinductive protein The tissue that forms between Syn: Coregistration.
Ramus (mandibular) dispersion. The highest and implants to facilitate final produced by recombinant gradually separated bone The process of transforming
See: Mandibular ramus. lowest values in a distribution. implant seating. DNA technology. segments in distraction different sets of data into one
osteogenesis. coordinate system., such as
Reactive bone for dental implant planning.
See: Bone. Data may be photographs, data

110 Rejection Retromolar implant 111
from different imaging devices, Remount index Repair Resonance frequency Resorbable membrane Retaining screw
optically scanned data converted A record base that allows the Healing of a wound by tissue analysis (RFA) A barrier placed within a surgical A threaded fastener that secures
to STL files. Generally it involves maxillary and mandibular casts that does not fully restore the Technique for clinical site to facilitate healing, which a prosthetic reconstruction to an
matching features in a set of to be mounted on an articulator architecture or function of the measurement of implant degrades by enzymatic activity abutment or a mesostructure.
images using a direct alignment for assessment and adjustment. part that was lost. stability/mobility. A or by hydrolyses in a variable See: Abutment screw.
method. A preliminary procedure See: Regeneration. measurement is registered from amount of time depending upon
in the digital workflow for dental Remount record a transducer attached to the the material composition of the Rethreading
implant planning or navigation See: Remount index. Replica abutment or implant. The device membrane. Repair of the damaged internal
surgery in which the patient data See: Analog/analogue. records the resonance frequency threads of a root-form dental
is synchronized against the pre- Removable prosthesis arising from the implant-bone Resorption implant using a tap instrument.
acquired imaging scan by the A restoration that is removable Residual ridge interface (change in amplitude The loss of substance or bone by
use of fiducial markers. by the patient. The restoration Portion of the alveolar ridge that over induced frequency band). physiologic or pathologic means. Retrievability
may be partial arch (RPD: remains after the alveoli have See: Bone resorption. Refers to the capability
Rejection Removable partial denture), or disappeared from the alveolar Resorbable of removing a prosthesis
Immune response of a host complete arch (RCD: Removable process, following extraction of The ability of an autogenous Restoration undamaged.
organism to a transplanted complete denture). teeth. graft to dissolve physiologically. See: Prosthesis.
organ, biological tissue, or See: Denture, Fixed prosthesis. See: Bioabsorbable. Retrograde peri-implantitis
medical device. Residual ridge resorption Restorative dentistry See: Implant periapical lesion.
Removal torque value See: Ridge atrophy. Resorbable blast media The study, diagnosis and
Releasing incision (RTV) (RBM) integrated management of Retromolar implant
See: Periosteal release, Vertical Syn: Reverse torque value. Resin Surface treatment resulting from diseases of the teeth and their Endosseous dental implant
incision. Measure of the rotational force A class of thermoplastic resins blasting the surface of a dental supporting structures and the placed in the mandibular
needed to rupture the bone- produced by polymerization implant with a biocompatible rehabilitation of the dentition retromolar area for the purpose
Remodeling (bone) implant interface of a root-form of acrylic or methacrylic acid to functional and aesthetic of protraction or retraction of the
material such as tricalcium
The turnover of bone in small implant. or their derivatives; used in phosphate. requirements of the individual. dentition.
packets by BMUs (basic the fabrication of medical See: Orthodontic implant,
multicellular unit of bone and dental prostheses and Restorative platform Temporary anchorage device
remodeling). appliances. Resin is also used in See: Platform. (TAD).
the process of 3-D printing and
stereolithography.

112 Retrospective study Rough surface 113
Retrospective study Ridge atrophy diagnostic cast. The shape of the Ridge sounding of adverse events occurring as Root submergence
A study designed to observe Decrease in volume of a ridge residual ridge is reproduced by Syn: Bone sounding, Sounding. a result of exposure to specified Root retention in which the
events that have already due to resorption of bone. trimming back the stone of the Penetration of anesthetized soft health hazards or absence of tooth structure is reduced below
occurred. cast to the corresponding depth tissue in order to determine the beneficial influences. the level of the alveolar crest and
See: Prospective study. Ridge augmentation of soft tissue. topography of the underlying the soft tissue is allowed to heal
Increasing the dimension of an See: Ridge sounding. bone.
Risk factor over it. This technique is used to
Reverse torque test (RTT) existing alveolar ridge. See: Ridge mapping. An environmental, behavioral, minimize residual alveolar ridge
Test used to assess the extent
Ridge preservation or biological condition that, if resorption.
of osseointegration, specifically Ridge defect Syn: Extraction socket graft, Ridge splitting present directly increases the See: Root submersion.
the shear strength at the bone- A deficiency in the contour Socket graft, Socket preservation. See: Ridge expansion. probability of a disease or an
implant interface, by applying of an edentulous ridge. The The immediate placement adverse event occurring, thereby Root submersion
a rotational force in a direction deficiency can be in the vertical of a grafting material, or any Rigid fixation affecting the outcome of a See: Root submergence.
opposite to that used to place (apicocoronal) and/or horizontal other procedure (e.g., GBR), Clinical term that implies treatment modality.
the implant. (buccolingual, mesiodistal) performed on an extraction absence of observed mobility. Rotational freedom
direction. socket following tooth extraction. Risk indicator The amount that an abutment
Reverse torque value The concept underlying this Risedronate A probable risk factor that can rotate when connected to an
See: Removal torque value (RTV). Ridge expansion treatment modality is the Oral nitrogen-containing has not been confirmed by implant.
Surgical widening of a conservation of the bone and bisphosphonate used for the longitudinal studies.
Revolutions per minute residual ridge in the lateral soft tissues contour by avoiding prevention and treatment of Rotational misfit
(Rpm) direction (buccolingually) with bone resorption with a resultant osteoporosis and treatment of
Root-form implant The movement between implant
Unit of rotational speed at which osteotomes and/or chisels, to ridge defect. Pagets disease. Its mechanism An endosseous dental implant and abutments, which can be
a bur or drill turns. accommodate the insertion of of action involves the inhibition circular in cross section. It may correlated to the dimension of
a dental implant, and/or bone Ridge resorption of osteoclast formation and be cylindrical, tapered, threaded, the gap present between the
Ridge graft. Refers to the loss of bone in an activity. perforated, solid, or hollow in abutment and implants anti-
The remainder of the alveolar edentulous area. design. rotational feature.
process after teeth extraction. Ridge mapping See: Residual ridge. Risk assessment See: Rotational freedom.
See: Alveolar process, Residual Penetration of anesthetized soft The process by which qualitative
ridge. tissue with a graduated probe or quantitative assessments are Rough surface
or caliper at several sites and made regarding the likelihood See: Textured surface.
transposing the information to a

114 Round bur Screw joint 115
S
Round bur Sandblasting Sausage Technique Scanning abutment Scan body Schneiderian membrane
Circular bur used to mark a Grit blasting of an implant A surgical procedure use A device that engages a dental See: Scanning abutment, Intraoral Syn: Sinus membrane (maxillary).
site for an osteotomy or to surface using sand. in horizontal guided bone implant which has known scanner, Desktop optical scanner, Layer of pseudostratified ciliated
decorticate bone. It may also be See: Blasted implant surface. regeneration utilizing a material and geometry matching Standard Tessellation Language or columnar epithelium cells lining
used in the outline of a lateral resorbable native collagen the specific platform interface Standard Triangulation Language the maxillary sinus.
window access for the purpose Sandblasted, large grit, membrane to completely which must be completely (STL). See: Perforation.
of sinus grafting. acid-etched implant immobilize a particulate bone seated onto the implant to
surface (SLA) graft and thus protect the allow for an intraoral scan to Scanographic template Screw
R value A surface treatment that augmentation site for the initial record its position along with A radiographic template A threaded fastener used to
A two-dimensional roughness improves surface roughness weeks of maturation. the surrounding anatomical utilized during CT/CBCT -scan adjoin two mating parts.
parameter calculated from to enhance osseointegration See: Particulate graft, Membrane. structures creating a digital acquisition with or without See: Abutment screw, Prosthetic
the experimental profiles after through greater bone implant impression. The resulting digital fiducial markers. screw, Retaining screw.
filtering. Ra: The arithmetic contact (BIC) as well as Scaffold STL file can be used for CAD See: Radiographic template.
average of the absolute value an increased rate at which A three-dimensional CAM design and fabrication of Screw fracture
of all points of the profile, also osseointegration occurs. biocompatible construct (may restorative components such Scar The breakage of a prosthetic
called central line average be seeded with cells) that serves as custom abutments, titanium Fibrous tissue replacing normal screw.
height. Rt: The maximum peak- Sandwich Technique as a framework on which tissue bars, or monolithic zirconia tissues after healing.
to-valley height of the entire A method of augmentation of can grow. It may or may not be full-arch milled restorations. Screw implant
measurement trace. deficient alveolar ridges based biodegradable. Scanning abutments can also Scatter Threaded root-form dental
upon the positive properties of be used by the dental laboratory Scatter is an opaque streaking type implant, which can be parallel-
different materials positioned in Scaler when positioned onto implant artifact seen in CT/CBCT images sided or tapered.
layers to enhance the outcomes See: Implant scaler. analogs in a working cast, that are caused by photons that See: Root-form implant, Threaded
of bone grafting. and placed within a desktop are diffracted from their original implant.
Scalloped implant optical scanner to digitize the path after interaction with dense
Saucerization A root-form dental implant information creating an STL file intraoral objects such as metal Screw joint
See: Pericervical saucerization. with the level of the implant- for use in the CAD CAM process. fillings or crown restoration which The junction of two parts
abutment junction more coronal See: Scan body, Intraoral scanner, can interfere with the diagnostic held together by a screw (e.g.,
interproximally than facially or Desktop optical scanner, Standard process as it can mask underlying implant-abutment screw joint).
lingually. Tessellation Language or Standard anatomic structures.
Triangulation Language (STL). See: Artifact

116 Screw loosening Sequestration 117
Screw loosening Sealing screw Secondary stability Selective Laser Sintering Sensor (Digital X-ray) Septum
A prosthetic complication See: Hygiene cap. The fixation of a dental implant (SLS) Instead of X-ray film, digital A partition of hard or soft tissue,
whereby a screw loses its to the bone over time and after An additive manufacturing radiography uses a digital image separating two cavities or
preload causing the loosening of Seating surface osseointegration has occurred. technique that uses a high power capture device or sensor. This chambers in the body.
a restoration or abutment. Obj See: Platform. See: Initial stability, Implant laser (for example, a carbon dioxide gives advantages of immediate See: Interalveolar septum,
stability quotient (ISQ). laser) to fuse small particles of image preview and availability; Interradicular septum, Maxillary
Screw preload Secondary closure plastic, metal (direct metal laser elimination of costly film sinus septum.
Clamping or stretching See: Healing by second Secondary union sintering DMLS), ceramic, or processing steps; a wider dynamic
force that occurs across the (secondary) intention. See: Healing by second glass powders into a mass that has range, which makes it more Sequential drilling
interface of implant components (secondary) intention. a desired 3-dimensional shape. forgiving for over and under- The use of drills in a specific
being attached together via Secondary implant failure See: Additive Manufacturing exposure; as well as the ability to order to gradually prepare
screw tightening. See: Late implant failure. Second-stage permucosal (AM), Direct Metal Laser apply special image processing and increase the diameter of
abutment Sintering (DMLS), Solid freeform techniques that enhance overall an osteotomy prior to dental
Screw-retained Secondary maxillary See: Healing abutment. fabrication (SFF) display quality of the image with implant insertion, usually based
The use of a screw for retention mucocele computer software. on manufacturers drilling
of an abutment or a prosthesis. Syn: Postoperative maxillary sinus Second-stage surgery Self-tapping See: Digital radiography. protocol.
See: Cement-retained. cyst. See: Stage-two surgery. Feature in the design of the
Maxillary sinus lesion caused apical aspect of a threaded Scintillators Sequestration
Screw tap by previous trauma or surgery Segmentation dental implant or fixation screw Used in CBCT scanners to Necrotic bone that becomes
See: Tap. which divides the sinus into The process of partitioning an that enables it to create its own convert x-rays into visible light, separated from surrounding
two compartments. The cyst CT/CBCT image into different thread path in the bone. or with solid-state sensors, such healthy bone. It is a complication
Screw tightening is derived from the antral parts. In medical imaging, these as a CMOS device, which detect (sequela) of osteomyelitis,
Act of turning a threaded epithelium and mucosal segments often correspond Sensor (CBCT) the scintillators emission. and bisphosphonate-induced
component into an access hole remnants that were previously to different tissue classes or The sensors used in CBCT See: CMOS device. osteonecrosis of the jaw.
until resistance is encountered. entrapped within the surgical objects based on density values machines are amorphous silicon See: Osteomyelitis,
site. or degrees of radiopacity within (-Si) flat panels, CMOS flat Sensory mapping Bisphosphonate-induced
Screw-type implant See: Primary maxillary mucocele. a scan., ie separating teeth and panels or image intensifiers The process of evaluation and osteonecrosis of the jaw (BIONJ)
See: Threaded implant. roots from surrounding bone. coupled to a CCD. delineation of a cutaneous,
See: CMOS device, CCD, mucous, or gingival area
image intensifiers. presumably affected by an
altered sensation or dysesthesia.

118 Set Screw Sinusitis (maxillary) 119
Set Screw Short implant chemical attack and insensitive Simultaneous placement are affected by the size of the Sinus elevation
A prosthetic or retention fastener Implants with normal diameters to temperature changes and are The insertion of a root-form spherical particles used See: Sinus graft.
of a smaller dimension that is but decreased length. Usually used to make rubber, plastics, dental implant in conjunction and the temperature and
used to connect a superstructure used in multiples to support polishes, lubricants, and in some with another surgical procedure pressure conditions of the Sinus elevator
to a mesostructure primarily in mandibular overdentures. dental impression materials. performed at the same site (e.g., sintering chamber. Spoon-like dull-shaped
a lingual or palatal placement. grafting). instrument used to elevate the
Usually processed in the Silent sinus syndrome Simulation Sintering Schneiderian membrane.
laboratory the components can be (SSS) Simulation is the imitation of Single-stage implant Heating a powder below the
pre-fabricated with an internally Rare clinical entity characterized the operation of a real-world See: One-stage implant. melting point of any component Sinus graft
threaded bore and screw system. by unilateral enophtalmos process or system over time. such as to permit agglomeration Syn: Maxillary antroplasty,
See: Prosthetic screw, Prosthetic and hypoglobus secondary to The act of simulating requires Single-tooth implant and welding of particles by Sinus augmentation, Sinus
retaining screw. thinning and inward bowing that a physical or virtual model A replacement of one diffusion alone, with or without elevation, Sinus lift, Subantral
of the maxillary sinus roof be developed; this model natural tooth root and clinical applied pressure. Recent augmentation.
Sharpeys fibers in the absence of signs or represents the key characteristics crown with a stand alone developments in CAD CAM Augmentation of the antral
A matrix of connective tissue symptoms of intrinsic sinonasal or behaviors/functions of the dental implant. dentistry use special partially floor with autogenous bone
consisting of bundles of strong inflammatory disease. The selected physical or abstract sintered ceramic (zirconia), glass- and/or bone substitutes to
collagenous fibers connecting obstruction of the ostium of the system or process. As in the Sintered bonded ceramic (Vitablock) accommodate dental implant
periosteum to bone. They are ostiomeatal complex results in simulated placement of dental Treated by sintering. or glass-ceramic (ips e.max insertion.
part of the outer fibrous layer hypoventilation of the maxillary implants using interactive See: Sintering. lithium disilicate) formed into
of periosteum, entering into sinus. treatment planning software; machinable blocks, which are Sinusitis (maxillary)
the outer circumferential and practicing and planning prior to Sintered (porous) surface fired again after milling. Inflammation of the sinus. Signs
interstitial lamellae of bone tissue. Silicone treating actual patients. A dental implant surface See: CAD/CAM, Zirconia, ips include sensitivity of teeth to
A class of synthetic materials See: Virtual tooth/teeth, Virtual produced when spherical e.max, Lithium Disilicate. percussion, fever and facial
Shear stress that are polymers with a Surgical Planning, Rapid powders of metallic or ceramic swelling. Symptoms include
Stress caused by a load (two chemical structure based on prototyping. materials become a coherent Sinus nasal congestion, postnasal
forces applied toward one another chains of alternate surface layer with the metallic Air space within bone. discharge, facial pain/ headache,
but not in the same straight line) silicon and oxygen atoms, with core of an implant body. Porous rhinorrhea, halitosis, popping of
that tends to slide one portion of surfaces are characterized by Sinus augmentation ears, and muffled hearing.
organic groups attached to the
object over another. silicon atoms. Such compounds pore size, pore shape, pore See: Sinus graft.
See: Stress. are typically resistant to volume, and pore depth, which

120 Sinus lift Splinting 121
Sinus lift Sinusitis Smile line Soft tissue cast derived from the planning can SonicWeld Rx
See: Sinus graft. See: Maxillary rhino-sinusitis. An imaginary line that follows A cast with the implant be used in navigation surgery or Takes advantage of the unique
the contour of the upper lip laboratory analog platform the generation of a surgical or thermoplastic properties
Sinus lining Site development (implant) during the act of smiling. In an surrounded by an elastic mucosa stereolithographic guide. of resorbable polymer with
See: Schneiderian membrane, Process by which the quantity ideal smile line, the edges of the simulating material. See: Stereolithographic guide, cutting edge ultrasonic
Sinus membrane (maxillary). and quality of soft and/or hard upper teeth should be parallel to See: Abutment-level impression, Surgical guide. technology. Lateral/vertical bone
tissues are augmented at a your lower lip when smiling. Fixture-level impression, Implant- augmentation.
Sinus membrane site prior to dental implant See: Lip Line. level impression.
Solid freeform fabrication
(maxillary) placement. (SFF) Sounding
See: Schneiderian membrane. Socket Soft-tissue defect Syn: Additive fabrication, Layered See: Ridge sounding, Bone
Site preservation See: Alveolus, Extraction socket. A limitation in the natural manufacturing. sounding.
Sinus perforation See: Ridge preservation. appearance of the soft tissue due A collection of techniques
See: Perforation. Socket graft to inadequate volume as a result for manufacturing solid objects Spark erosion
Sleeper implant See: Ridge preservation. of trauma, infection, scarring, or by the sequential delivery of See: Electric discharge method
Sinus pneumatization A nonpathologic endosseous insufficient underlying bony. energy and/or material to (EDM).
(maxillary) dental implant excluded from Socket preservation specified points in space to
Maxillary sinus enlargement. the prosthetic reconstruction. See: Ridge preservation. Soft tissue graft produce that solid. Specialized mucosa
With aging, and especially after See: Acellular dermal allograft, See: Rapid prototyping, See: Oral mucosa.
loss of maxillary teeth and SmartPeg Socket shield technique Connective tissue graft, Stereolithography, Three-
reduction of masticatory forces A soft aluminum metal A piece of root remaining Subepithelial connective tissue dimensional printing. Spiral cone-beam
acting on the maxilla, the sinus manufacturer-specific peg which vestibularly between the implant graft (SCTG). computed tomography
walls get gradually thinner as a threads into/onto the dental and the buccal bone plate to Solid screw See: Cone-beam computed
result of the increase in size of implant to allow conduction of preserve hard and soft tissue. Software-based planning A root-form threaded dental tomography (CBCT).
the maxillary sinus. resonance frequency (RFA) to The use of preoperative implant of a circular cross section
See: Pneumatization. determine lateral stability using computed tomography or cone- without any vents or holes Splinting
an ISQ probe attached to an Soft tissue augmentation beam computed tomography penetrating the implant body. Joining of two or more teeth or
Sinus septum Osstell instrument. Grafting procedure accomplished imaging with computer software implants into a rigid or nonrigid
See: Septum. See: Implant stability quotient using a variety of different for the diagnosis and planning unit by means of fixed or
(ISQ), Osstell, Resonance methods for the purpose of of dental implant placement removable restorations or devices.
frequency analysis (RFA). increasing soft tissue volume. and restoration. Information See: Cross-arch stabilization.

122 Split-crest technique Sterile technique 123
Split-crest technique Stage-one surgery Standard deviation (SD) only the surface geometry of a Stent Stereolithographic model
See: Ridge expansion. Syn: First-stage surgery. A measure of the variability, or three dimensional object without 1. Device used in conjunction A three-dimensional
A surgical procedure that dispersion of a distribution of any representation of color, with a surgical procedure to reconstruction of the maxilla
Split-ridge technique consists of placing an scores. The more scores cluster texture or other common CAD keep a graft in place or protect or mandible generated from a
See: Ridge expansion. endosseous dental implant around the mean, the smaller model attributes. a surgical site during initial computer-aided manufacturing
in bone and suturing the soft the standard deviation. healing. (CAM) according to information
Split-thickness flap Staple implant
tissues over the implant, thereby See: Standard error (SE). 2. Incorrect term for guide, derived from software-based
See: Partial thickness flap. The mandibular staple is an
submerging the implant for splint, or template. planning.
Spongy bone healing. Standard error (SE) endosseous implant that will Sugg: Radiographic template,
The standard deviation of the permit the attachment of a lower Stereolithographic guide, Surgical Stereolithography
See: Bone.
Stage-two surgery values of a given function of the deture in cases of severe alveolar guide, Surgical template. Syn: Three-dimensional modeling.
Stability Syn: Second-stage surgery. data, over all possible samples bone atrophy. It is placed A rapid manufacturing and
Absence of clinically detectable Surgical procedure consisting of the same size. It is calculated through a submental incision Stepped implant rapid prototyping technology
of the exposure of a submerged by dividing the standard and inserted into seven parallel An endosseous, root-form dental for creating a three-dimensional
movement of a graft, membrane,
dental implant platform to deviation of the sample by the holes drilled into the mandible. implant, with parallel-sided walls model by using lasers driven by
or a dental implant.
the oral environment by the square root of the number of See: Mandibular staple implant. of different diameter joined CAD software from information
See: Implant stability, Initial
stability, Secondary stability. connection of an abutment subjects in the sample. together thus forming a series derived from a computed
which extrudes through the soft See: Standard deviation (SD). of steps of decreasing diameter tomography (CT) scan. It is
Stabilization tissue. Static loading corono-apically. used for surgical planning
See: Bicortical stabilization, Cross- Standard Tessellation Situation where a dental implant and the generation of a
arch stabilization, Stability. Staggered implant Language or Standard is subject to a force which is Stereolithographic guide stereolithographic guide.
placement Triangulation Language constant in magnitude and A drilling guide generated from See: Rapid prototyping, Solid
Stabilization pin See: Tripodization. (STL) direction (e.g., during its use for a computer-aided manufacturing freeform fabrication (SFF), Three-
See: Anchor pin, Fixation pin, Abbr: Standard Tessellation orthodontic anchorage). (CAM), according to information dimensional printing.
Fixation screw. Standard abutment Language or Standard See: Dynamic loading. derived from a software-based
Machined titanium, or zirconia Triangulation Language planning, used for dental Sterile technique
Staged protocol Stem cell
component used to support A file format native to rapid implant placement in vivo. Surgical procedure performed
A treatment sequence where one a cement-retained or screw- Undifferentiated cell of See: Drilling guide, Software-based under sterile conditions. It takes
prototyping, stereolithography,
procedure is performed, followed retained prosthesis. embryogenic or adult origin that planning, Surgical guide. place under hospital operating
and CAD software. This file
by another at a later time. See: Stock abutment. can undergo unlimited division room conditions and follows
format is supported by many
software packages; used for rapid and give rise to one or several
prototyping and computer-aided different cell types.
manufacturing. STL files describe
124 Stippling Subperiosteal implant 125
operating room protocol for See: Abutment, Angulated Stress shielding Stripping sublingual gland, and the mucosa, similar to a sinus
setup, instrument transfer abutment, Prefabricated 1. The reduction in bone The damage (i.e., distortion mucosa of the region, and elevation procedure where the
and handling, and personnel abutment. density (osteopenia) as a result or obliteration) of the internal with anastomoses to the artery sinus membrane is elevated.
movement. Surgical scrubs, of removal of typical stress threads of a dental implant, of the opposite side and the
head covers, shoe covers, and Straight abutment from the bone by an implant screw, or abutment. submental artery. Subperiosteal implant
sterile gowns are worn. See: Nonangulated abutment. (for instance, the femoral Implant designed to rest on
See: Clean technique. component of a hip prosthesis). Stud-type attachment Submerged healing the surface of bone, under the
Straight implant See: Ball attachment. Implant placement within the periosteum. It consists of a
2. The design of the implant-
Stippling See: Parallel-sided implant. abutment interface which bone complete soft tissue customized casting, made of
The presence of a minutely reduces the stress on the Subantral augmentation coverage requiring a second a surgical grade metal or alloy.
lobulated surface on the Strain See: Sinus graft. surgery to expose the implant for Permucosal abutments, posts
internal fixation screw by shifting
attached gingiva, like that of Change in dimension of an prosthetic restoration. and intraoral bars are designed
stress to the implant body. 3.
an orange peel; it is a normal object when subjected to an
Stress shielding or concentration Subcrestal implant See: Two-stage surgery. for prosthetic retention. Three
adaptive process, varying external force (stress). placement types may be distinguished:
can be easily induced on the
from one person to another. See: Crestal implant placement. Submerged implant 1. Complete subperiosteal
Stress interface and results in a
Its absence or reduction can potential risk to the long-term A dental implant covered by soft implant: Implant used in a
indicate gingival disease. Force or load applied to an Subepithelial connective tissue, and isolated from the completely edentulous arch.
stability of the implant. The
object. tissue graft (SCTG) oral cavity. 2. Unilateral subperiosteal
success or failure of an implant
Stitching See: Bending stress, Compressive Surgical transplantation See: Submerged healing. implant: Implant located on
is determined by the manner
See: Image Stitching. stress, Shear stress, Tensile stress, of harvested autogenous one side of the posterior
how the stresses at the bone-
Torsion stress. connective tissue to a recipient
Submerged root mandible or maxilla.
implant interface are transferred
Stock abutment area for the purpose of epithelial See: Root submergence. 3. Circumferential subperiosteal
Stress concentration to the surrounding bones.
A machine-manufactured keratinization, to gain root implant: Implant that bypasses
abutment as part of the implant The point at which the stress Stripped threads Submergible implant remaining teeth or implants.
coverage, to improve esthetics,
manufacturers catalog of is substantially higher than and/or correct ridge deficiencies. See: Two-stage implant. 4. Tripodial subperiosteal
Broken or distorted threads of a
prosthetic components. Can elsewhere due to the geometry implant: Implant that uses the
screw or the internal threads of a Subnasal elevation
be straight (non-angulated), of the stressed object or the Sublingual artery bilateral ramus and anterior
root-form dental implant.
or angulated, or refer to any point of application of the force. A branch of the lingual artery, Surgical technique to augment symphysis for support
abutment that is pre-fabricated as with distribution to the extrinsic the bone height in the anterior
part of the manufacturers catalog. muscles of the tongue, the maxilla by uplifting the nasal

126 Subtractive Manufacturing (SM) Survival rate 127
Subtractive Manufacturing Subtractive surface Sulcular incision Suppuration Surface roughness from a diagnostic wax-up to
(SM) treatment Syn: Intracrevicular incision, The formation of pus. Qualitative and quantitative help define drilling position,
Conventional machining Syn: Subtracted surface. Intrasulcular incision. features of a dental implant trajectory, angulation, and depth
is a form of subtractive Alteration of a dental implant Cut made directly into the Supracrestal implant surface determined two- control. There are three basic
manufacturing, in which a surface by removal of material. gingival or peri-implant sulcus, placement dimensionally by contact stylus types of surgical guides derived
collection of material- See: Additive surface treatment, reaching the alveolar bone crest See: Crestal implant placement. profilometry (See: R value) from CT/CBCT scans: (1) bone-
working processes utilizing Textured surface. and following the contours of or three-dimensionally by a supported (bone-borne), (2)
power-driven machine tools, the teeth or dental implants. Surface alteration confocal laser scanner (See: S soft-tissue / mucosal-supported
such as saws, lathes, milling Success criteria Modification of an implant value). (mucosal-borne), and (3) tooth-
machines, and drill presses, are Conditions established by a Summers Technique surface by additive or subtractive See: Surface characteristics supported (tooth-borne)
used with a sharp cutting tool study protocol for the evaluation See: Maxillary sinus floor surface treatment. (implant). See: Surgical template,
to physically remove material to of a procedure as a success. elevation, Osteotome technique See: Additive surface treatment, Stereolithographic guide.
achieve a desired geometry. Subtractive surface treatment. Surface treatment
See: CAD/CAM, CNC milling Superimposition Modification to the implant
(CNC). Success rate Superimposition is the Surface characteristics surface surface either structural Surgical indexing
The percentage of successes of a placement of an image or video (implant) or chemical to alter its Record used to register the
Subtracted surface procedure or device (e.g., dental on top of an already-existing The topography of a surface properties, usually to enhance position of an implant at stage-
See: Subtractive surface implant) in a study or clinical image or video, usually to is defined in terms of form, the process of osseointegration. one or stage-two surgery.
treatment. trial according to success criteria ascertain changes over time waviness and roughness. See: Textured surface.
defined by the study protocol. i.e. comparing before and after Roughness describes the smallest Surgical navigation
Subtraction radiography See: Survival rate. results Can be useful in digital irregularities in the surface, Surgical bed See: Navigation surgery.
A technique used to detect radiography, CT, and CBCT while form relates to the largest Site surgically prepared to
radiographic density change Sulcular epithelium imaging modalities structure or profile. Waviness and receive a graft. Surgical template
at two points in time to detect Syn: Crevicular epithelium. roughness are often presented Obj See: Surgical guide.
bone formation or loss. The nonkeratinized epithelium of Superstructure together under the term texture. Surgical guide
the mucosal sulcus surrounding The prosthesis that is Two types of dental implant A guide, used to assist in the
dental implants and teeth. supported by dental implants surfaces are usually distinguished: preparation for and placement Survival rate
with or without an intervening machined and textured. of dental implants which can be The percentage of survivals in a
mesostructure. See: Machined implant surface, derived from CT/CBCT imaging study or clinical trial according
Textured surface. data, or laboratory fabricated to predetermined criteria.
See: Kaplan-Meier analysis,
Success rate.

128 Suture Temporary anchorage device (TAD) 129
T
Suture Syngeneic graft Systematic review Tack Tapping Template
1. Material used in closing a See: Isograft. Process of systematically Syn: Fixation tack. The process of creating a Guide.
surgical or traumatic wound locating, critically appraising, Metal or bioabsorbable pin with threaded channel in bone with See: Radiographic template,
(e.g., silk, catgut, polyglycolic Synthetic bone and synthesizing evidence a flat head used to secure the a bone tap, for the placement of Stereolithographic guide, Surgical
acid). See: Alloplast, Bone substitute. from scientific studies, position of a barrier membrane a fixation screw or prior to the guide.
2. Act of uniting a wound using appropriate statistical in guided bone regeneration. insertion of a dental implant in
through suturing. Synthetic graft techniques, to draw conclusions an osteotomy. Also known as Temporary abutment
3. The fixed and fibrous union of See: Alloplast, Bone substitute. based on data summaries and Tap pretapping. Syn: Temporary cylinder.
two bones. report what is known and not Syn: Threader, Threadformer. Abutment used for the
System (implant) known. 1. Bone tap: Device used to Teflon scaler fabrication of an interim
S value 1. A product line of implants create a threaded channel in See: Implant scaler. restoration. The interim
A three-dimensional roughness with specific design, surgical bone for a fixation screw or restoration may be cemented
parameter calculated from protocol, instrumentation, prior to the insertion of a dental Teflon Tape Technique on the temporary abutment; or
topographical images. Sa: and matching prosthetic implant into an osteotomy. Used to obturate implant screw- the temporary abutment may
The arithmetic average of the components. An implant 2. Metal tap: An instrument access holes for screw-retained be incorporated in the interim
absolute value of all points system may represent a specific made out of a hard metal, used prostheses, or to act as a spacer restoration enabling it to be
of the profile. It is a height concept, inventor, or patent. for rethreading damaged internal when trying to prevent excess screw-retained.
descriptive parameter; Scx: A See: Configuration. threads of a dental implant. cement around cement-retained
space descriptive parameter; Sdr: 2. ISO definition: Dental restorations. Temporary anchorage
The developed surface area ratio. implant components that are Tapered implant device (TAD)
designed to mate together. It An endosseous, root-form dental Telescopic coping A temporary implant used
Symphysis consists of the necessary parts implant, with a wider diameter A thin cast cover fabricated for as an aid for orthodontic
Fibrocartillagenous fusion and instruments to complete the coronally than apically. The sides a prepared tooth or implant tooth movement. Miniscrew,
between two bones. implant body placement of the implant converge apically. abutment, which acts as an osseointegrated palatal or
See: Mandibular symphysis. and abutment components. It may be threaded, under substructure for a retromolar dental implant,
(ISO 10451) or nonthreaded. prosthesis. placed to control tooth
movement during
orthodontic treatment.

130 Temporary cylinder Three-dimensional volume rendering 131
Temporary cylinder titanium reinforcement assist in Texturing Thread depth Thread path Three-dimensional
See: Temporary abutment. the creation of that space. Process of increasing the surface The distance between the major The conduit in the internal modeling
See: Tenting screw, Tack. area. and minor diameter of the aspect of a screw access hole See: Stereolithography,
Temporary healing cuff See: Textured surface. thread. which guides the threads of a volumetric reconstruction.
See: Healing abutment.
Tenting screw component. Also, the pathway
A metal screw used in guided Thick flat periodontium Threaded implant created by a bone tap in an Three-dimensional printing
Temporary prosthesis/ bone regeneration to support See: Periodontal biotype. An endosseous, root-form dental osteotomy, which directs a A category of rapid prototyping
restoration a barrier membrane, thus implant, with threads similar dental implant during insertion. technology. A three-dimensional
See: Interim prosthesis/restoration. maintaining a space under Thin scalloped to a screw. It is also known as a object is created by layering
the membrane for bone periodontium screw shaped implant. It may be Thread pitch and connecting successive
Tensile stress regeneration. See: Periodontal biotype. parallel-sided or tapered. The distance from a point on the cross sections of material from
Stress caused by a load (two forces screw thread to a corresponding information derived from a
applied away from one another in Tent pole Thread Threader point on the next thread computed tomography scan. It
the same straight line) that tends A mechanical device fixated to An extruding feature of the body See: Tap. measured parallel to the axis. is used for surgical planning and
to stretch or elongate an object. the surface of the bone used to of threaded dental implants. the generation of a
See: Stress. elevate a barrier membrane. Thread depth, thickness, pitch, Thread flank Thread root surgical guide.
See: Tenting. face angle, and helix angle are An angled side of the body of a The bottom of the groove See: Stereolithography,
Tension-free flap closure varying geometric parameters. thread that connects the root to between the two flanking 3-D printing
The capacity of a surgical flap Test group Basic thread geometries include: the crest. surfaces of the thread whether
to be passively repositioned See: Experimental group. V-thread, reverse buttress thread, internal or external. Three-dimensional volume
into its original position, and to and power (square) thread. Threadformer rendering
maintain that position without
Textured surface See: Tap. Three-dimensional Volume rendering has existed
the intervention of operator or A surface that has been altered Thread angle imaging since the mid-1980s but
the placement of sutures. or modified from its original The angle between the flanks, Thread lead See: Computed tomography (CT), is now widely available on
machined state. A dental measured in an axial plane The distance a screw thread 3-D Imaging. CBCT imaging devices. All 3D
Tenting implant surface can be altered by section. advances axially in one turn. rendering techniques represent
The adjustment of a barrier addition or by reduction. Three-dimensional implant a 3D volume of data in one or
membrane to create a space See: Additive surface treatment, Thread crest An endosseous dental implant that more two-dimensional (2D)
between the membrane and the Machined implant surface, The prominent part of a thread, is inserted laterally, from the facial planes, conveying the spatial
bone. Tenting screws, poles, or Subtractive surface treatment, whether internal or external. aspect of an edentulous ridge. relationships inherent in the
Surface characteristics (implant).

132 Three-dimensional volumetric reconstruction Titanium mesh 133
data with use of visual depth Tibia Tissue Conditioner Tissue engineering See: Stage-two surgery. Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V)
cues. Three-dimensional volume The inner and larger bone of the Non-surgical methods of The application of the principles Also, the excision of a circular A biocompatible medical alloy
rendering generates clinically leg below the knee. It articulates improving the patients denture of life sciences and engineering piece of soft tissue to access used for the fabrication of dental
accurate and immediately superiorly with the femur and foundation tissues, including to develop biological substitutes the underlying bone surface for implants and their components.
available images from the full head of the fibula and inferiorly the use of tissue rest, occlusal for the restoration or implant placement. Its physical properties are
CT or CBCT data set without with the talus. It may serve as a correction, temporary soft liners replacement of tissues. See: Flapless implant surgery, superior to most commercially
extensive editing, allowing source for bone grafting. and/or improvement of hygiene. Tissue punch. pure titaniums. The most
the radiologist and clinician Tissue conditioning is usually Tissue-integrated common titanium alloy used
to address specific questions Tibial bone graft considered prior to performing a prosthesis Tissue recession for the fabrication of dental
concerning patient care by A bone graft harvested from permanent reline and or making Term originally proposed by P.I. See: Gingival recession. implants is Ti-6Al-4V, which
interactively exploring different the proximal tibia. The graft is final impressions for complete Branemark and colleagues to contains approximately 90%
aspects of the data set. In mostly cancellous.
Tissue-supported
or partial dentures, or after a describe a full-arch prosthesis titanium, 6% aluminum, and 4%
addition, with specific software, surgical procedure to protect the fabricated for an edentulous Syn: Tissue-borne. vanadium.
the 3D volume rendering can be Tibial bone harvest underlying tissue. arch. Supported by the soft tissue of See: Commercially pure titanium
exported as an STL file for rapid See: Tibial bone graft. the edentulous alveolar ridge. (CP-Ti), Titanium (Ti).
prototyping, and 3D printing of Tissue conditioning Tissue punch
biomedical models. Tissue bank Titanium (Ti) Titanium mesh
Process of restoring health A sharp circular instrument of
See: Standard Tessellation Laboratory specialized in the to oral stress-bearing soft different diameters used to create Titanium is a chemical element, A flexible titanium grid used in
Language or Standard harvesting, processing, and tissues following surgical or an incision in the soft tissue. Symbol Ti, and anatomic bone augmentation procedures
Triangulation Language (STL), sterilization of tissues from mechanical trauma using the See: Tissue punch technique. number of 22, atomic weight of to assist in maintaining a
Rapid prototyping, 3-D printing, humans or animals into graft occluding prostheses to transmit of 47.90, and specific gravity of predetermined volume for bone
Surgical guide materials. continuous stress of force and Tissue punch technique 4.5. The metal has two useful regeneration during healing.
motion to the basal-seat tissues. Circular incision made in the properties including corrosion The mesh is usually fixated to
Three-dimensional Tissue-borne A tissue conditioner is often soft tissue over a submerged resistance and the highest the bone with tacking or fixation
volumetric reconstruction See: Tissue-supported. used. dental implant, manually or strength-to-density ratio of any screws.
See: Three-dimensional volume See: Tissue Conditioner. mechanically, of a diameter metallic element. Commercially See: Tack, Fixation screw.
rendering similar to the implant platform. pure titanium (grade 4 Ti) is
This results in the exposure of 99% pure Ti.
the implant by the removal of a See: Commercially pure titanium
circular piece of soft tissue. (CP-Ti), Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V).

134 Titanium oxide Transmucosal loading 135
Titanium oxide increase stiffness and assist in Tooth-supported surgical Torque gauge Transfer coping Transitional prosthesis/
1. Surface layer of varying maintaining a predetermined guide See: Torque indicator. See: Impression coping. restoration
surface composition (e.g., TiO2, shape during healing. A surgical template used in A temporary prosthesis to
TiO4) immediately formed See: Expanded partially edentulous cases to Torque indicator Transfer (implant) replace a missing tooth or teeth
upon exposure of pure metallic polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). help guide the trajectory and See: Torque driver. impression during the course of treatment.
titanium and titanium alloy to depth of the drilling sequence See: Closed-tray impression.
air. This corrosion-resistant
Tomograph Torque wrench Transmandibular implant
supported by adjacent teeth.
layer protects the dental implant The radiographic equipment See: tooth-borne surgical guide, See: Torque driver. Transforming growth See: Mandibular staple implant.
against chemical attack in used in tomography. mucosal-borne surgical guide, factor beta (TGF-)
biological fluids. bone-borne surgical guide. Torsion stress Growth factor produced by Transmucosal
Tomography Stress caused by a load that A component or structure
2. Metal oxide blasted on platelets and bone cells that
implant surfaces to increase the A technique for displaying a Torque tends to twist an object. increases the chemotaxis and extending from internal anatomy
surface area. representation of a cross section 1. A force that produces or tends See: Stress, Torque. mitogenesis of osteoblast and passing through or across
through a human body such to produce rotation or torsion. precursors and also stimulates the oral mucosa to the external
Titanium plasma sprayed as the mandible or maxilla, or 2. A measurement of an Torus osteoblast deposition of the environment.
(TPS) other solid object using X-rays or instrument capacity to do An exophytic bony prominence collagen matrix for wound
A process involving high ultrasound. work or to continue to rotate or exostosis mainly occurring at healing and bone regeneration. Transmucosal abutment
temperature deposition of See: Computed tomography (CT), under resistance to rotation. the midline of the hard palate Any prosthetic component that
titanium powders that are totally Cone-beam computed tomography It is expressed in Newton (palatal), or on the lingual aspect Transitional implant connects an implant to the oral
or partially melted and then (CBCT), Tomogram. centimeters (Ncm). of the mandible in the canine- Syn: Provisional implant. cavity through the soft tissue.
rapidly resolidified, forming a premolar area (mandibular). Dental implant used during
Tomogram Torque controller It may be used as a source of Transmucosal loading
dense or porous coating. implant therapy to support a
A type of x-ray revealing a See: Torque driver. autogenous bone. transitional fixed or removable The pressure exerted through
See: Plasma spray.
particular layer or slice of denture. It is usually an the soft tissue on a submerged
Titanium reinforced the mouth while blurring out Torque driver Trabecular bone immediately loaded narrow dental implant, usually by a
A feature in a nonabsorbable other layers. This x-ray examines Syn: Torque controller, Torque See: Bone. diameter implant, which may removable denture.
membrane consisting of structures that are difficult to indicator, Torque wrench. be removed at a later stage of
thin titanium ribbons, which clearly see because other nearby An instrument, manual or Transepithelial treatment.
structures are superimposed, electronic, used to apply a torque. Going through or across the
blocking the view. epithelium.

136 Transosseous implant Two-stage surgery 137
Transosseous implant Treatment plan Triangle of Bone Try-in screw either autologous subepithelial
Syn: Transosteal implant. The course of therapy designed A zone of available bone as Threaded component matching connective tissue graft (CTG), or Two-piece implant
1. A dental implant that for a patient. visualized within a triangle the abutment screw, used by the acellular dermal matrix (ADM) A dental implant in which the
completely penetrates shape superimposed upon a restorative dentist in the clinical from a tissue bank. endosseous and abutment
through the edentulous ridge Trephine cross-sectional slice of a CT procedures. Its use avoids See: Acellular dermal matrix graft portions consist of two units.
buccolingually. Surgical act of creating a circular (Computed Tomography) or damaging the prosthetic screw (ADM), VISTA.
2. A dental implant that opening. CBCT (Cone Beam CT) image, which is reserved for the clinical Two-stage implant
completely penetrates through also described as a three- insertion of the prosthesis.
Turned surface Syn: Submergible implant.
the parasymphyseal region of Trephine drill dimensional pyramid of bone. See: Laboratory screw, Prosthetic See: Machined implant surface. An endosseous dental implant
the mandible, from the inferior Hollow drill used to remove a screw. designed to be placed according
disc or cylinder of bone or other Tricalcium phosphate Turnover (bone) to a two-stage surgery protocol.
border through the alveolar
crest. tissue. (TCP) T-test The process of older bone being It undergoes osseointegration
See: Mandibular staple implant. An inorganic, particulate or solid Commonly used statistical replaced by new bone, often while covered with soft tissue.
Trial-fit gauge form of biodegradable ceramic, method to evaluate the expressed as percent per year.
Transosteal implant Syn: Implant try-in. which can be used as a bone differences in means between Two-stage surgery
Replica or near replica of the
Twist drill A surgical protocol consisting
See: Transosseous implant. substitute. two groups.
body of a specific dental implant A rotary cutting instrument with of placing an endosseous root-
See: Biphasic calcium phosphate
Transport segment configuration used for testing Tuberosity several grooves in its body used form dental implant in the bone
(BCP), Calcium phosphate.
In distraction osteogenesis, the size of the osteotomy. A protuberance or elevation of to create or widen an osteotomy. and leaving it covered with a
the sectioned and moving Tripodial Subperiosteal bone. flap. A second surgery is needed
Triamcinolone Implant Two-part implant to expose the implant in order to
segment of bone. See: Maxillary tuberosity.
An intra-articular, topical, and A dental implant in which the create the prosthesis.
See: Subperiosteal implant.
Trauma reconstruction inhaled glucocorticoid with a Tunnel Technique endosseous and transmucosal
Surgical and/or prosthetic long half-life. Tripodization Periodontal surgery which portions combine to present a
reconstruction of the See: Glucocorticoid. The placement of three or more increases the zone of keratinized joint surface to the tissues (i.e.,
maxillofacial complex, alveolar dental implants with a non-linear tissue in cases where recession implant-abutment junction).
ridge, and/or teeth by means alignment of their platforms. has occurred, or tissue bulking
Two-piece abutment
of bone grafting, implant is needed using special
placement, an soft tissue instruments to lift and separate An abutment that connects to a
reconstruction. the gingiva to allow insertion of dental implant with the use of an
abutment screw.

138 University of California at Los Angeles abutment (UCLA abutment) Vertical mattress suture 139
U V
University of California Vascularization Verification cast Vertical dimension
at Los Angeles abutment Uninterrupted suture Valsalva maneuver The process of infiltration by A cast made from a verification Available distance between
(UCLA abutment) See: Continuous suture. Act performed by attempting to blood vessels; regarded as a jig. the incisal and/or occlusal
A plastic castable pattern that forcibly exhale while keeping the critical support for the health See: Verification jig. surfaces of the teeth or trial wax
Unit load mouth and nose closed. It is an and maintenance of living tissue occlusion rims during phonetics
by adding wax or resin can be
customized to the desired shape The part of the total load on a assessment tool, used during or the healing of a graft. Verification index and speech.
and emergence profile for a bone, carried by a square unit of a surgery, to evaluate the loss See: Angiogenesis. See: Verification jig. See: Vertical dimension of
screw-retained restoration, direct its cross section or surface, that of integrity of the Schneiderian occlusion (VDO)
causes a corresponding strain membrane. Vascular supply Verification jig
to the implant.
See: Castable abutment. and stress. It is arithmetically The source of blood to a tissue Syn: Confirmation jig. Vertical dimension of
equal to the total load divided Variance or organ. An index of multiple implants occlusion (VDO)
Ultrasonic bone surgery by the cross section area of the Measure of statistical dispersion fabricated on the master cast Also known as occlusal vertical
See: Piezoelectric bone surgery. bone carrying it. about the mean. The larger the Veneer and tried in the mouth to check dimension (OVD) is a term
variance, the further individual A coating usually of resin or the accuracy of the master cast. used in dentistry to indicate the
Uncovery values of the random variable ceramic material attached to If the jig does not fit in the superior-inferior relationship of
Popular term for the act of (observations) tend to be from the facial or buccal surface mouth, it is cut and reconnected. the maxilla and the mandible
surgically exposing a submerged the mean, on average. of a natural tooth, crown, or A new cast or an alteration of when the teeth or wax rims
dental implant, following healing See: Standard deviation (SD), pontic restoration by bonding, the master cast is then made are situated in maximum
from stage-one surgery. Standard error (SE). cementation, or mechanical from the reconnected jig, which intercuspation or contact.
Sugg/See: Stage-two surgery, retention. is called a verification cast.
Implant uncovering.
Vascular endothelial Also, a verification jig can be Vertical incision
growth factors (VEGF) Vent fabricated directly in the mouth, A cut made in the soft tissue in
Underwood cleft or Factors with potent angiogenic, 1. An opening in the implant and a verification or master cast the apicocoronal direction to
septum mitogenic, and vascular body that allows for tissue poured from that. allow elevation and mobilization
See: Maxillary sinus septum. permeability, which enhance ingrowth for increased retention, See: verification cast of a flap.
activities specific for endothelial stability, and antirotation.
Unilateral subperiosteal cells. 2. An opening in a surgical guide Vertical mattress suture
implant to allow for external irrigation, or See: Mattress suture.
See: Subperiosteal implant. to visualize proper fit in a tooth-
borne template.

140 Vestibular Wound 141
W
Vestibular Virtual articulator Virtual Surgical Planning Vital bone content Voxel Waxing sleeve
The mouth, consists of two A computer software simulation Pre-surgical manipulation of The percentage of newly formed Volumetric pixel or Volumetric A premade castable plastic
regions, the vestibule and the based on the input of real 3D models of the surgical site bone in a histological section Picture Element is a volume pattern used to fabricate
oral cavity proper. The vestibule patient data, allowing analyses to predict outcomes, design obtained from a healed bone element, representing a value a custom abutment or the
is the area between the lateral with regard to static and surgical guides, simulate the grafted site. on a regular grid in three framework of a restoration.
or buccal surfaces of the teeth, dynamic occlusion as well as to actual surgery, or to develop dimensional space as a unit See: Castable abutment.
residual ridges, lips and cheeks; jaw relation, useful in prosthetic, options. Generally limited to Vitreous carbon of measure in Computed
may also refer to the space restorative, and implant movement of bone, specifically Biomaterial with a glassy Tomography and CBCT. Isotropic Wax-up
between the lingual surfaces of dentistry. in craniofacial and orthopedic amorphous structure once used being cube shaped (CBCT) and Wax and/or resin pattern
the teeth or residual ridges and See: Articulator surgery, but techniques are for the fabrication of endosseous Orthotropic being rectangular contoured to the desired form for
the tongue. available for orthognathic and implants or as an implant (CT). a trial denture, cast coping, metal
Virtual reality (VR) maxillofacial surgery. coating. framework, or for diagnostic
Vestibular incision A term that applies to computer- purposes. Process of placing
See: Mucobuccal fold incision. simulated environments Virtual tooth/teeth Volkmanns canal denture teeth on a wax-rim.
that can simulate physical Computer simulation of single Passages containing arteries. See: Diagnostic wax-up, Lost-wax
Vestibule presence in places in the real or multiple teeth via software as They run within the osteons casting technique.
See: Vestibular. world, as well as in imaginary and aid to planing implant(s). perpendicular to the Haversian
worlds. Most current virtual Software applications capable of canals, interconnecting the Wicking (effect)
Vestibuloplasty reality environments are designing prosthetic restorations latter with each other and the Bacterial colonization of a suture
Surgical procedure that primarily visual experiences, virtually by means of CAD CAM periosteum. thread.
increases vestibular depth, to displayed either on a computer fabrication for natural teeth or See: Haversian canal.
restore alveolar ridge height by screen or through special for dental implants Wolffs Law
lowering muscles attaching to stereoscopic displays, but some A principle stating that bone, either
the buccal, labial, and lingual simulations include additional VISTA normal or abnormal, will develop
aspects of the jaws. sensory information, such Abbr: vestibular incision the structure most suited to resist
See: Preprosthetic surgery, as sound through speakers subperiosteal tunnel access those forces acting on it.
Vestibuloplasty. or headphones, and tactile
information. Wound
Any break in the continuity of a
tissue.

142 Wound closure Zygomatic guide 143
X Y Z
Wound closure Xenograft Youngs modulus Zirconia the mineral baddeleyite. It is an molar. Its end point engages the
Flap approximation with sutures. Syn: Heterogeneous graft, See: Modulus of elasticity. See: Zirconium (Zr), Zirconium amorphous, odorless, tasteless zygomatic bone. The implant is
See: Healing by first (primary) Heterograft. dioxide (ZrO2). powder or crystalline solid, used directed in a lateral and upward
intention, Healing by second Grafting material harvested as an opaquing agent for dental direction with an angulation of
(secondary) intention, Tension-free from different species from that Zirconia abutment porcelain, and other ceramic approximately 45 degrees from
flap closure. of the recipient. An esthetic alternative to metal processes. In implant dentistry, a vertical axis, following an
implant abutments due to the it is used for the fabrication intrasinusal trajectory.
Wound dehiscence X-ray (Dental) white color of zirconia. Zirconia of all-ceramic abutments,
See: Dehiscence. substructures of fixed partial Zygomatic guide
There are two main types of abutments can be custom
dental X-rays: intraoral (meaning milled, or stock abutments from dentures, crown copings, and A surgical template to aid
Wound healing the X-ray film is inside the a specific manufacturer, available dental implants. in the surgical positioning
The process by which skin mouth) such as a periapical in a variety of configurations of a zygomatic implant,
or other body tissue repairs Zoledronate usually CT/CBCT derived
radiograph, and extraoral with or without pre-machined
itself after trauma. Healing (meaning the X-ray film is margins. A very potent intravenous via stereolithography or 3-D
occurs over time in three outside the mouth) such as a See: Abutment, Stock abutment, nitrogen-containing printing.
separate phases: inflammatory, panoramic radiograph, or CBCT. Angulated abutment. bisphosphonate used to See: Surgical guide.
proliferative, and maturation. See: Panoramic radiograph, Cone- prevent skeletal fractures in
beam computed tomography Zirconium (Zr) patients with cancers such as
Woven bone (CBCT), Tomograph. A steel-gray hard ductile metallic multiple myeloma and prostate
See: Bone. element with a high melting cancer. It is also used to treat
point that occurs widely in hypercalcemia caused by cancer.
Wrench combined forms. It is highly
Device or tool used to apply Zygomatic implant
resistant to corrosion, and is
torsional force to an object as in used especially in alloys and in A root-form dental implant
tightening or loosening a screw, refractories and ceramics. that has its origin in the region
or delivering by rotational force of the former first maxillary
an implant to a receptor site. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)
See: Cylinder wrench, Open-ended Syn: Zirconia.
wrench, Torque driver. White crystalline oxide of
zirconium occurring in nature as

144 145
Illustrations &
Diagrams

146 147
Table of Contents
Implant Types.................................................. 148 Generic External Hexagon Implant ................ 169
Cantilever Distal Extension............................. 150 Generic one-Piece Implant ..............................170
Types of Guided Surgery Templates ............... 152 Generic Two-Piece Implant .............................. 171
Classification of Sagittal Root Position............ 154 Papilla ..............................................................172
Prolongation in guided surgery....................... 156 CAD CAM.........................................................174
Socket Shield Technique.................................. 158 Bone Grafting Sources .....................................176
Subperiosteal Implant..................................... 160 Implant Types...................................................178
Transosseous or Staple Implant ..................... 162 Implant Surfaces............................................. 180
"All-on-Four" Implant Reconstruction ............ 164 Biologic Width................................................. 182
Disc Implant.................................................... 168 Comparison of Tooth and

Implant Support Structures............................. 184

148 149
Implant Types
The Blade Implant
See: Blade implant.
A B
This narrow implant is placed Blade loaded after the
within a channel into the bone. healing period.

150 151
Cantilever
Distal Extension
See: Cantilever, Distal extension.
A
If the cantilever is too long, it
could lead to screw loosening or
framework fracture.

152 153
Types of Guided
Surgery Templates
See: Surgical guide.
Guide Guide
Cylinder Cylinder
A B C
Bone Borne Template Tooth Borne Template Mucosal-Borne Template
1. Guide Cylinder 1. Surgical Template 1. Guide Cylinder
2. Guide Anchor Pin (Fixation Pin/Screw) 2. Soft Tissue 2. Guide Anchor Pin (Fixation Pin/Screw)
3. Surgical Template Seated on Bone 3. Teeth 3. Surgical Template
4. Bone 4. Bone
5. Soft Tissue 5. Soft Tissue
6. Guide Cylinder

154 155
Prolongation
in guided surgery
See: Surgical guide.
Guide
Cylinder Height of Guide Cylinder
Distance from the bottom of cylinder to top

of the implant = Prolongation
A B
Template with Fixation Soft Tissue Supported Template
1. Guide Cylinder 1. Guide Cylinder
2. Guide Anchor Pin (Fixation Pin/Screw) 2. Surgical Template
3. Surgical Template 3. Bone
4. Bone 4. Soft Tissue
5. Soft Tissue

156 157
Classification of
Sagittal Root Position
Classification of Sagittal Root Position in Relation t o the Anterior Maxillary Osseous Housing
See: Surgical template.
A B C D
Class I Sagittal Root Position Class II Sagittal Root Position Class Ill Sagittal Root Position Class IV Sagittal Root Position

158 159
Socket Shield Technique

See: Socket shield technique.
A B C
Tooth to be Extracted Sectioning Root Implant and Root
1. Tooth Root 1. Tooth Root 1. Root Remnant (Shield)
2. Alveolar Bone 2. Alveolar Bone 2. Implant
3. Periodontal Ligament 3. Periodontal Ligament
4. Clinical Crown

160 161
Subperiosteal Implant
Custom-fabricated implant, designed to rest on the surface of the bone, consisting
of permucosal abutments, posts, and intra-oral bars to retain the prosthesis.
See: Subperiosteal implant, Complete subperiosteal implant.
Frame resting
on the bone
Avoiding the nerve

162 163
Transosseous or
Staple Implant
See: Staple implant, Mandibular staple implant.

164 165
"All-on-Four"
Implant Reconstruction
The fixed-detachable restoration is fabricated and attached to the four implants with four
retaining screws, only removable by the dentist.
See: All-On-4. Retaining Screws
Avoiding the nerve Fixed-Detachable

Implant Bridge

166 167
Unilateral Unilateral
Not Finally
Finally Seated
Seated Implant. Implant with teeth.
See: Unilateral subperiosteal implant.
The teeth are attached to the The teeth are attached to the
posts which emerge through posts which emerge through
the gum tissue. the gum tissue.

168 169
Disc Implant Generic External

See: Disc implant.
Hexagon Implant
See: Cylindrical implant, Endosseous implant.
Screw Access
Hole
Platform
External Hex
Connection
Implant Collar
Threads
Threads

170 171
Generic one-Piece Implant Generic Two-Piece Implant

See: Implant type. See: Implant apex, Implant neck, Major (thread)
diameter, Implant type, One-stage implant.
Screw Access
Hole
Internal Hex Platform
Connection
Abutment
Implant Neck
(Transmucosal)
Transmucosal
Element
Implant Body
Threads
Threads
Implant Body
Threads
w
Vent

172 173
Papilla
See: Papilla, Interdental papilla, Interimplant papilla.
Legend References
1. The vertical distance from the crest of bone to the contact point 1. Tarnow DP, Magner AW, Fletcher P. The effect
of the distance from the contact point to the
between two teeth. crest of bone on the presence or absence of
When this distance was 5 mm or less, the papilla completely filled the the interproximal dental papilla. J Periodontol
interdental space almost 100% of the time. When the distance was 6 1992;63:995-996.
mm, the interdental space was filled about 55% of the time; and at 7 2. Grunder U. Stability of the mucosa;
Illustration to be mm, the interdental space was completely filled about 25% of the time.1 topography around single-tooth implants and
adjacent teeth: 1-year results. Int J Perio Rest
Dent 2000;20:11-17.
completed
2. The vertical distance on the tooth side from the crest of bone to 3. Choquet V, Hermans M, Adriaenssens P,
the height of the papilla between a tooth and an implant. Daelemans P, Tarnow D, Malevez C. Clinical
When the papilla completely filled the interproximal space, this distance and radiographic evaluation of the papilla level
was on average 4.5 mm (range: 3.0 to 5.0 mm).2 adjacent to single-tooth dental implants. A
retrospective study in the maxillary anterior
The interdental papilla was present (at least half the papilla present) region. J Periodontol 2001;72:1364-1371.
when this distance was 4 mm or less).3 4. Esposito M. Ekestubbe A. Grondahl K.
Radiological evaluation of marginal bone loss at
3. The horizontal distance from the implant to the adjacent tooth. tooth surfaces facing single Branemark implants.
A strong correlation was found between bone loss at adjacent teeth and Clin Oral Implants Res 1993;4:151-157.
the horizontal distance implant to tooth. Bone loss at tooth surface was 5. Tarnow DP, Cho SC, Wallace SS. The effect of
inter-implant distance on the height of the
most severe for a horizontal distance of less than 2 mm.4 inter-implant bone crest. J Periodontol
2000;71:546-549.
4. The horizontal distance between two adjacent implants. 6. Elian N, Jalbout Z, Cho S-C, Froum S, Tarnow
This distance should be more than 3 mm in order to minimize the DR Realities and limitations in the management
vertical loss of the interimplant bone crest. The lateral distance D from of the interdental papilla between implants.
Three case reports. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent
the implant to the crest of the ridge was 1.34 mm (SD = 0.36 mm) and 2003:15:737-744.
1.40 mm (SD = 0.60).5 7. Tarnow D, Elian N, Fletcher P, Froum S, Magne
A, Cho SC, Salama M, Salama H,
5. The vertical distance from the crest of bone to the height of the Garber DA. Vertical distance from the crest of
bone to the height of the interproximal papilla
interproximal papilla between adjacent implants.
between adjacent implants J Periodontol
Only 2, 3, or 4 mm of soft tissue height (average 3.4 mm) can be 2003;74:1785-1788.
expected to form over the interimplant crest of bone.6,7

174 175
CAD CAM
See: CAD/CAM, 3-D printing.
CAD CAM
Rapid Prototype subtractive manufacturing
Additive Layer Manufacturing CNC Milling

Dental CAD CAM
wax Acrylic Metal

SLS SLM
Binder Jetting
Polyjet
3DP
SLA FFF FDM

176 177
Bone Grafting Sources

See: Bone grafting.
Bone grafting sources

Genetically
Same Species Same Subject Synthetic Different Species
Identical
Allograft Isograft Alloplast Xenograft
DFDBA FDBA Frozen
Calicium Carbonate Calicium Synthetic Particulate HA
Bioactive Glasses Calicium Sulfate TCP 1. absorbable ceramic
(coralline) Phosphate Polymers 2. absorbable non ceramic
Autogenous
Extra oral Intra oral

Calvarium Fibula Hip Rib Tibia Chin Exostosis Ramus Torus Tuberosity

178 179
Implant Types
See: Implant type.
Implant Types
Subperiosteal Ramus Frame Endosseous Mucosal Insert Transosseous
complete unilateral circumferential Blade Endodontic Root-Form Disc Three Dimensional Mandibular Staple
threaded screw-
Subperiosteal Hollow Basket
shaped
transitional parallel-sided stepped tapered Parallel Sided Cylinder Stepped Tapered Truncated Cone

180 181
Implant Surfaces
See: Implant surface, Blasted implant surface.
Implant Surfaces
Machined Textured
subtracted (uncoated) Added (coated) Oxidized
Etched Blasted
Hydroxypatite Titanium Plasma Sprayed
Sintered
(HA) (TPS)
Acid Laser Absorbable Ceramic Titanium Oxide Aluminum oxide

182 183
Biologic Width
See: Biologic width.
Teeth Implant
Submerged Protocol Nonsubmerged Protocol
Gargiulo et Berglundh et Berglundh et

Abrahmsson et al. 1997 Hermann et al.2000 cocharn et al.1997
al.1960 al.1991 al.1991
No abutment disconnection
Abutment disconnection reconnection N/A
reconnection
Supracrestal Supracrestal
placement iaj 1 placement iaj 1 Loaded 12
Crestal placement iaj at the bone crest Unloaded Loaded 2 months
mm above the mm above the months
bone crest bone crest
0.41-1.09
SD Average 0.69
0.49 0.32 0.50 0.30 0.16 0.14
0.44-1.56
JE Average 0.97
2.05 0.06* 2.14 0.47** 2.04 0.22*** 1.65 0.24*** 1.16 0.47 1.44 0.41 1.88 0.81
0.69-1.49
CT Average 1.07
1.12 0.03 1.66 0.23 1.28 0.11 0.85 0.26 1.36 0.64 1.01 0.32 1.05 0.38
IAJ-B N/A N/A 0.78 0.17 1.49 0.19 1.57 0.22 2.64 0.24 1.25 0.40 2.90 0.52 2.91 0.49 2.95 0.68

184 185
Comparison of Tooth and

Implant Support Structures
Misch CE. Contemporary Implant Dentistry. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2008.
Structure Tooth Implant
Connection Cementum, bone, periodontium Osseointegration
Junctional epithelium Hemideosmosomes and basal lamina Hemideosmosomes and basal lamina
Only two groups: parallel and circular fibers

Thirteen groups: perpendicular to tooth surfaces
Connective tissue No attachement to implant surface and bone
Collagen Fibroblasts
Collagen Fibroblasts
Biological width 2.04 to 2.91mm 3.08mm
Vascularity Greater, supraperiosteal and periodontal ligament Less, periosteal
Probing depth 3mm in health 2,5 to 5.0mm (depending on soft tissue depth)
Bleeding on probing More reliable Less reliable

Index by Alphabet
188 189
3-D printing 6 Acellular dermal allograft 8 Alveolar distraction Anodization 12 Articulator 14 Azithromycin 16
3-D rendering 6 Acellular dermal matrix graft osteogenesis 10 Anodized surface 12 Artifact 14
3-D scanner 6 (ADM) 8 Alveolar mucosa 10 Anodontia 12 Artificial gingival 15
3-D volume
3-D volumetric reconstruction
6
6
Acetaminophen 8
Acid-etched surface 8
Alveolar nerve
Alveolar preservation
10
10
Anorganic bone matrix (ABM) 13
Anorganic bovine
Asepsis 15
Asleep 15 B
Activating tool 8 Alveolar process 10 bone matrix (ABBM) 13 Aspergillus 15
Bacterial leakage 17
Actual implant Alveolar recess 11 Anterior loop 13 Atraumatic extraction 15
Ball abutment 17
A
length/diameter 8
Added surface 8
Alveolar ridge 11
Alveolar ridge augmentation 11
Anterior nasal spine
Anterior superior
13 Atrophic 15
Atrophy 15
Ball attachment 17
Bar 17
Additive fabrication 8 Alveolar ridge defect 11 alveolar nerve 13 Attached gingiva 15
Absorbable 6 Barium sulfate (BaSO4) 17
Additive Manufacturing (AM) 8 Alveolar ridge resorption 11 Anteroposterior spread Attachment 15
Abutment 6 Bar overdenture (implant) 17
Additive Manufacturing File Alveolar septum 11 (AP spread) 13 Attachment activating tool 15
Abutment analog 6 Barrier membrane 17
(AMF) 9 Alveolectomy 11 Antibiotic 13 Attachment-retained 15
Abutment clamp 7 Barrier membrane exposure 17
Additive surface treatment 9 Alveoloplasty 11 Antibiotic prophylaxis 13 Attachment selection 15
Abutment connection 7 Basal bone 18
Aesthetic Buccal Flap (ABF) 9 Alveolus 11 Anti-inflammatory 14 Augmentation 15
Abutment driver 7 Basic multicellular unit (BMU) 18
Ailing implant 9 Amoxicillin 11 Antirotation 14 Auricular prosthesis 15
Abutment holder 7 Basic structural unit (BSU) 18
Alendronate sodium 9 Analgesia 11 Antral floor 14 Autogenous bone graft 15
Abutment impression coping 7 Beam hardening 18
Allogenic graft 9 Analgesic 11 Antral mucosa 14 Autogenous Demineralized
Abutment-implant interface 7 Bending stress 18
Allograft 9 Analog/analogue 11 Antral polyp 14 Dentin Matrix (ADDM) 16
Abutment-level impression 7 Benign paroxysmal
All-On-4 9 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 11 Antral septum 14 Autogenous graft 16
Abutment mount 7 positional vertigo (BPPV) 18
Alloplast 9 Anatomic healing abutment 11 Antrolith 14 Autograft 16
Abutment Rotation 7 Betamethasone 18
Alloplastic graft 10 Anchor pin 12 Antroscope 14 Autologous graft 16
Abutment screw 7 Beveled flap 18
Aluminum oxide 10 Anesthesia 12 Antroscopy 14 Available bone 16
Abutment selection 7 Beveled incision 18
Alveolar 10 Angiogenesis 12 Antrostomy 14 Avascular 16
Abutment swapping 7 Bicortical stabilization 18
Alveolar augmentation 10 Angiogenic 12 Antrum 14 Avascular necrosis 16
Abutment transfer device 7 Bilateral stabilization 18
Alveolar bone 10 Angled abutment 12 Antrum of Highmore 14 Axial loading 16
Access hole 8 Bioabsorbable 18
Alveolar bone proper 10 Angulated abutment 12 Apical (retrograde) Axial slice 16
Accessory ostium 8 Bioactive 19
Alveolar crest 10 Anisotropic surface 12 peri-implantitis 14 Axonotmesis 16
Acellular 8 Bioactive fixation 19
Alveolar defect 10 Ankylosis 12 Apically positioned flap 14 Azalide 16

190 191
Bioactive glass 19 Block graft 21 Bone milling 23 Button implant 25 Cervix 27 Commercially pure
Bioceramics 19 Bone 21 Bone mineral density (BMD) 23 Chin graft 27 titanium (CP-Ti) 30
Biocompatible 19 Bone-anchored Bone modeling 23 Chisel 28 Compact bone 30
Biodegradable 19
Bioinert 19
hearing aid (BAHA)
Bone atrophy
21
22
Bone morphogenetic
protein (BMP) 23 C
Chi-square test
Chlorhexidine gluconate
28
28
Compatible 30
Complete subperiosteal
Biointegration 19 Bone augmentation 22 Bone necrosis 24 Cicatrix 28 implant 30
CAD/CAM 25
Biologic width 19 Bone biopsy 22 Bone quality 24 Circumferential Complication 30
CAD/CAM dentistry 25
Biomaterial 19 Bone collector 22 Bone reduction guide subperiosteal implant 28 Composites (Dental) 30
CAD/CAM abutment 25
Biomechanical test 19 Bone condenser 22 (bone reduction template) 24 Clamping force 28 Composite bone 31
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) 25
Biomechanics 19 Bone conduction 22 Bone remodeling 24 Clarithromycin 28 Composite graft 31
Calcium phosphate 26
Biomimetic 20 Bone core 22 Bone remodeling rate (BRR) 24 Clavulanic acid 28 Compressive stress 31
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) 26
Bioresorbable 20 Bone curettage 22 Bone remodeling unit (BRU) 24 Clean technique 28 Computed axial
Caldwell-Luc 26
Biphasic calcium Bone defect 22 Bone replacement graft 24 Clindamycin 28 tomography (CAT) 31
Callus 26
phosphate (BCP) 20 Bone density 22 Bone resorption 24 Clip 28 Computed tomography (CT) 31
Calvaria 26
Bisphosphonate (BP) 20 Bone derivative 22 Bone scaffold 24 Clipping Function 29 Computer-aided design/
Calvarial graft 26
Bisphosphonate-associated Bone expander 22 Bone scraper 24 Closed-tray impression 29 Computer-aided
Calvarium 26
osteonecrosis (BON) 20 Bone expansion 22 Bone sounding 24 Closure screw 29 manufacturing (CAD/CAM) 32
CAM abutment 26
Bisphosphonate-induced Bone fill 22 Bone spreader 24 Cluster (implant) failure 29 Computer-aided navigation 32
Cancellous bone 26
osteonecrosis of the jaw Bone fusing 22 Bone substitute 24 CMOS device 29 Computer-assisted surgical
Cancellous bone graft 27
(BIONJ) 20 Bone graft 22 Bone tap 24 CNC milling (CNC) 29 guide 32
Cantilever 27
Bisphosphonate-related Bone grafting 23 Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) 24 Coagulum 29 Computer-based planning 32
Cap attachment 27
osteonecrosis of the jaw Bone-implant interface 23 Bone trap 25 Coaptation 29 Computer-generated
Case-control study 27
(BRONJ) 20 Bone induction 23 Bone trephine 25 Coating 29 surgical guide 32
Case report 27
Bite splint 20 Bone loss (implant) 23 Bone turnover 25 Cohort study 29 Computer Numeric
Case sequencing 27
Black space 20 Bone marrow 23 Bruxism 25 Collaborative accountability 30 Controlled Machining 32
Case series 27
Black triangle 20 Bone mass 23 Buccal index 25 Collagen 30 Confocal microscopy 32
Castable abutment 27
Blade implant 21 Bone mass measurement 23 Buccal mucosal incision 25 Collagen membrane 30 Cone-beam computed
Cement-retained 27
Blanching 21 Bone matrix 23 Buccal plate 25 Collar 30 tomography (CBCT) 32
Ceramic 27
Blasted implant surface 21 Bone mill 23 Bundle bone 25 Comfort cap 30 Configuration 32

192 193
Confirmation jig 32 Corticosteroid 34 Cutting resistance Depth gauge 39 Distraction osteogenesis (DO)
Conical abutment 32 Corticotomy 34 analysis (CRA) 37 Dermal graft 39 42 E
Connecting bar 32 Cortisone 34 Cylinder implant 37 Desktop optical scanner 39 Distraction parameters 42
Connective tissue (CT) 32 Countersink 34 Cylinder wrench 37 Design (implant) 39 Distraction period 42 Ear prosthesis 44
Connective tissue attachment 33 Countersink drill 35 Cylindrical implant 37 Device orientation 39 Distraction protocol 42 Early crestal bone loss 44
Connective tissue graft 33 Cover screw 35 Cytokine 37 Dexamethasone 39 Distraction rate 42 Early implant failure 44
Consolidation period 33 Cover screw mill 35 Diabetes mellitus (DM) 39 Distraction regenerate 42 Early loading 44
Contact osteogenesis 33 Craterization 35 Diagnostic wax-up 40 Distraction rhythm 42 Edentulism 45
Contact Scanner
Continuous suture
33
33
Crest 35
Crestal 35 D
Digital imaging and
communication in medicine
Distraction vector
Distraction zone
42
42
Edentulous 45
Edentulous site 45
Continuous wave Crestal bone loss 35 (DICOM) 40 Distractor 42 Edentulous space 45
Data merge 37 Elastic modulus 45
mode (Cw-mode) 33 Crestal implant placement 35 Digital impressions 40 Disuse atrophy 43
Decortication 37 Electric discharge
Control group 33 Crestal incision 35 Digital radiography 40 Dolder bar 43
Defect 37 method (EDM) 45
Conversion prosthesis 33 Crevicular epithelium 35 Digital volume tomography Donor site 43
Definitive prosthesis 37 Electron Beam
Coolant 33 Critical bending moment 35 (DVT) 40 Drill 43
Dehiscence 37 Melting (EBM) 45
Coping 33 Critical-size(d) defect (CSD) 35 Digital workflow 40 Drill extender 43
Delayed loading 38 Element 45
Coping design 33 Cross-arch stabilization 35 Diphosphonate 41 Drill guide 43
Demineralized bone matrix Emergence profile 45
Coping screw 33 Cross-sectional slice 36 Direct impression 41 Drilling guide 43
(DBM) 38 Enamel matrix
Coping, Telescopic 34 Cross-sectional study 36 Direction indicator 41 Drill path 43
Demineralized freeze-dried derivative (EMD) 45
Coralline 34 Crown height space (CHS) 36 Direct Metal Laser Sintering Drilling sequence 43
bone allograft (DFDBA) 38 Endodontic implant 45
Coregistration 34 Crown-implant ratio 36 (DMLS) 41 Drill stop 43
Dense PTFE (dPTFE) 38 Endodontic pin 45
Coronally advanced flap 34 Cryotherapy 36 Direct sinus graft 41 Drill sleeves 43
Dental implant 38 Endodontic stabilizer 45
Coronally positioned flap 34 C-telopeptide cross-linked Disc implant 41 Dual-energy X-ray
Dentin grinder 38 Endosseous 46
Correlation coefficient 34 collagen type 1 36 Distal extension 41 absorptiometry (DXA) 43
Denture 38 Endosseous distractor 46
Cortical bone 34 CTx/CTx Test 36 Distal extension prosthesis 41 Dual Scan Protocol 44
De-osseointegration 39 Endosseous implant 46
Cortical bone graft 34 Cumulative success rate 36 Distance osteogenesis 41 Dynamic loading 44
Depassivation 39 Endosseous ramus
Cortical bone pin 34 Cumulative survival rate 36 Distraction 41 Dysesthesia 44
Deproteinized bovine frame implant 46
Cortical perforation 34 Curettage (bone) 36 Distraction axis 42
bone material 39 Endosteal implant 46
Corticocancellous bone graft 34 Custom abutment 36 Distraction device 42

194 195
Endosteum 46 Extraction socket 48 Fibrous integration 51 Full arch bridge/prosthesis 53 Guide 55 Healing phase 57
Engaging 46 Extraction socket graft 48 Fiducial markers 51 Full-thickness flap 53 Guided bone Healing screw 57
Envelope flap 46 Extraoral (external) Finite element analysis (FEA) 51 Functional loading 53 regeneration (GBR) 55 Heat necrosis 57
Epithelial attachment 46 distraction device 48 First-stage surgery 51 Fused Deposition Guided cylinder 55 Helical cone-beam
Epithelial implant 46 Extraosseous distractor 48 Fistula 51 Modeling (FDM) 53 Guide drill 55 computed tomography 57
Epithelialization 46 Exudate 49 Fixation period 51 Fusobacterium nucleatum 53 Guided sleeve 56 Hematoma 57
Epithelium 46 Fixation pin 51 Guide pin 56 Hematopoietic stem cell 57
Eposteal implant 46 Fixation screw 51 Guided tissue regeneration 56 Hemorrhage 57
Erbium-doped yttrium
aluminum garnet F
Fixation tack
Fixed-detachable 51
51
G
(GTR) 56 Hemostasis 58
Heterogeneous graft 58
(Er-YAG laser) 46 Fixed hybrid prosthesis 51 Heterograft 58
Facebow 49 Gap 54
Esthetic Buccal Flap (EBF) 47
Esthetic zone 47
Facial prosthesis 49
Fixed prosthesis
Fixed-removable 52
52
Gap distance 54 H Hex 58
Hexed 58
Facing 49 Gingiva 54
Etching 47 Fixture 52 High-water prosthesis 58
Failed implant 49 Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) 54 Handpiece motion tracker 56
Exclusion criteria 47 Fixture-level impression 52 Histomorphometry 58
Failing implant 49 Gingival flap 54 Hard tissue graft 56
Exfoliation 47 Flank angle 52 Hollow basket implant 58
Failure rate 50 Gingival graft 54 Harvest 56
Expanded Flap 52 Homograft 58
Fatigue 50 Gingival recession 54 Haversian canal 56
polytetrafluoroethylene Flapless implant surgery 52 Homologous graft 58
Fatigue failure 50 Gingival sulcus 54 Haversian system 56
(ePTFE) 47 Flat panel detectors 52 Horizontal mattress suture 58
Fatigue fracture (failure) 50 Glucocorticoid 54 HbA1c test 56
Experimental group 47 Fracture 52 Host response 58
Feldspathic Porcelain 50 Glycosylated hemoglobin Healing 57
Exposure 47 Framework 52 Host site 58
Fenestration 50 A1c test (HbA1c test) 55 Healing abutment 57
Extender 47 Free soft tissue autograft 52 Hounsfield unit (HU) 58
Fibrin Matrix Gold cylinder 55 Healing by first
External bevel incision 48 Free-standing implant 52 Howships lacuna 59
(Fibrin-Rich Matrix) 50 Graft 55 (primary) intention 57
External connection 48 Freeze-dried bone Hybrid implant 59
Fibroblast 50 Graft consolidation (bone) 55 Healing by second
External hexagon 48 allograft (FDBA) 52 Hybrid prosthesis 59
Fibronectin 50 Grafting material 55 (secondary) intention 57
External irrigation 48 Freeze-drying 52 HPISE 59
Fibrous 51 Grit blasting 55 Healing cap 57
External oblique ridge 48 Frenectomy 53 Hydroxyapatite (HA)/
Fibrous connective tissue 51 Growth factor 55 Healing collar 57
External sinus graft 48 Friction-fit 53 Ca10(PO4)(OH)2 59
Fibrous encapsulation 51 Guidance 55 Healing period 57
Extracellular matrix (ECM) 48 Friction-retained 53

196 197
Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Immediate placement 61 Implant loading 63 Implant therapy 65 Interdental papilla 68 Intraosseous distractor 70
(HEMA) 59 Immediate provisionalization 61 Implant loss 63 Implant thread 65 Interim abutment 68 In vitro 70
Hydroxylapatite (HA) 59 Immediate restoration 61 Implant mobility 63 Implant-tissue-supported Interim prosthesis/restoration 68 In vivo 70
Hygiene cap 59 Immediate temporization 61 Implant mount 63 prosthesis 65 Interimplant distance 68 Irrigation 70
Hyperbaric oxygen Implant 61 Implant neck 63 Implant try-in 65 Interimplant papilla 68 Ischemia 70
therapy (HBOT) 59 Implant abutment 61 Implant overdenture 63 Implant type 65 Interlock 68 Isogeneic graft 70
Hyperesthesia 60 Implant-abutment interface 61 Implant periapical lesion 64 Implant uncovering 66 Intermaxillary relationship 68 Isograft 70
Hyperplasia 60 Implant-abutment Implant placement 64 Impression coping 66 Internal bevel incision 68 Isologous graft 70
Hypodontia 60 junction (IAJ) 61 Implant prosthesis 64 Incision 66 Internal connection 68 Isotropic surface 70
Hypoesthesia 60 Implant analog 61 Implant prosthodontics 64 Incisive foramen 66 Internal hexagon 68
Implant anchorage 61 Implant rejection 64 Inclusion criteria 66 Internal irrigation 68
Implant apex 62 Implant-retained prosthesis 64 Index 66 Internal sinus graft 69
J
I
Implant-assisted prosthesis 62
Implant body 62
Implant root
Implant scaler
64
64
Indirect impression
Indirect sinus graft
66
66
Internally threaded
Interpositional graft
69
69

Jig 71
Implant collar 62 Implant selection 64 Individual suture 66 Interradicular septum 69
Ibuprofen 60 Joint-separating force 71
Implant component 62 Implant shaft 64 Infection 66 Interrupted suture 69
Iliac crest 60 Jumping distance 71
Implant-crown ratio 62 Implant shape 64 Inferior alveolar canal 66 Intrabony 69
Iliac graft 60 Junctional epithelium 71
Implant dentistry 62 Implant shoulder position 64 Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) 66 Intramucosal insert 69
Image guidance 60
Implant diameter 62 Implant site 64 Inferior dental foramen 66 Intraoral digital X-ray sensor 69
Image Stitching 60
Implant drill 62 Implant splinting 65 Inflammation 66 Intraoral distraction 69
Immediate functional loading 60
Immediate implantation 60
Implant exposure
Implant failure
62
62
Implant stability
Implant stability
65 Informed consent
Infracture 67
67 Intraoral (internal)
distraction device 69
K
Immediate implant placement 60
Implant fracture 63 quotient (ISQ) 65 Infraorbital artery 67 Intraoral scanner 69 Kaplan-Meier analysis 71
Immediate loading 61
Implant head 63 Implant success 65 Infrastructure 67 Intramembranous ossification 69 Keratinized gingival 71
Immediate non-functional
Implant insertion 63 Implant-supported prosthesis 65 Initial stability 67 Intraosseous 69 Knife-edge ridge 71
loading 61
Implant installation 63 Implant surface 65 Insertion torque 67 Intraosseous vessels 69
Immediate non-occlusal
Implant interface 63 Implant surgery 65 Insulin-like growth Intraosseous Anastomosis
loading 61
Implant length 63 Implant survival 65 factors (IGF) 67 (of the Lateral wall of the
Immediate occlusal loading 61
Implant-level impression 63 Implant system 65 Interalveolar septum 68 Maxillary Sinus) 69

198 199
Load 74 Mandibular ramus 76 Maxillary sinus septum 79 Microgap (IAJ) 81 Mucosal implant 83
L
Loading 74 Mandibular ramus graft 76 Maxillary sinus hypoplasia Microinterlock 81 Mucosal insert 83
Long buccal nerve 74 Mandibular staple implant 76 (MSH) 79 Micromotion 81 Mucosal peri-implant tissues 83
Labial plate 71 Longitudinal study 74 Mandibular symphysis 76 Maxillary sinusitis 79 Midcrestal incision 81 Mucous retention cyst 83
Laboratory analog 71 Lost-wax casting technique 74 Mandibular symphysis graft 76 Maxillary torus 79 Middle superior alveolar nerve 81 Mucosal-supported surgical
Laboratory screw 71 Low energy laser therapy 74 Mandibular torus 76 Maxillary tuberosity 79 Mid-palatal implant 81 guide / template 83
Lamellar bone 71 Low intensity level Marginal peri-implant area 76 Maxillectomy 79 Mini-implant 81 Mucositis 83
Lapping tool 71 laser therapy 74 Marking bur 76 Maxillofacial prosthesis 79 Miniscrew 81 Multi axis machines 84
Laser 72 Low level laser therapy (LLLT) 74 Master cast 76 Mean (arithmetic) 79 Minor (thread) diameter 81 Multicenter study 84
Laser etching 72 Low power laser therapy 74 Master impression 76 Mechanical failure 79 Misfit 81 Multi-unit abutment 84
Laser phototherapy (LPT) 72 Lyophilization 74 Mastication 77 Median 79 Mobility (implant) 81 Mylohyoid ridge 84
Laser welding 72 Masticatory mucosa 77 Medical-grade calcium Mode 82
Late implant failure 72 Matrix 77 sulfate (MGCS) 79 Modeling (bone) 82
Latency period
Lateral antrostomy
72
72 M Mattress suture
Maxilla 77
77 Medullary 80
Medullary bone 80
Modulus of elasticity
Moment 82
82
N
Lateral window technique 72 Maxillary antroplasty 77 Megapascal (MPa) 80 Monolithic zirconia (MZ) 82
Layered manufacturing 72 Machined implant surface 75 Narrow Ridge Implant (NRI) 84
Maxillary antrum 77 Membrane 80 Morse taper connection 82
Leukocyte and Platelet Macrointerlock 75 Nasopalatine nerve 84
Maxillary artery 77 Membrane exposure 80 Motion artifact 82
Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) 72 Macromotion 75 Natural tooth intrusion 84
Maxillary overdenture 77 Mental foramen 80 Motion-sensing
Levofloxacin 73 Magnetic attachment 75 Navigation 84
Maxillary pseudocyst 77 Mental nerve 80 device (implant) 82
Life table analysis 73 Maintenance 75 Navigation surgery 85
Maxillary retention cyst 78 Mesenchymal stem Motion tracking 82
Lingual 73 Major (thread) diameter 75 Nd:YAG laser 85
Maxillary rhino-sinusitis 78 cell (MSC) 80 Mount 82
Lingual artery 73 Malpositioned implant 75 Necrosis 85
Maxillary sinus 78 Mesostructure 80 Mucobuccal fold incision 82
Lingual nerve 73 Mandibular block graft 75 Neoplasm 85
Maxillary sinus aplasia 78 Meta-analysis 80 Mucocele (oral) 83
Lingual plate 73 Mandibular canal 75 Nerve lateralization 85
Maxillary sinus augmentation 78 Metal encapsulator 80 Mucogingival junction 83
Lining mucosa 73 Mandibular flexure 75 Nerve repositioning 85
Maxillary sinus floor 78 Metal housing 80 Mucogingival surgery 83
Lip-Lift 73 Mandibular foramen 75 Nerve transpositioning 85
Maxillary sinus floor elevation 78 Metal tap 80 Mucoperiosteal flap 83
Lip Line 73 Mandibular movement 76 Neurapraxia 85
Maxillary sinus Methylprednisolone 80 Mucoperiosteum 83
Lithium Disilicate 73 Mandibular overdenture 76 Neurotmesis 85
pneumatization 79 Metronidazole 81 Mucosa 83

200 201
Newton (N) 86 Occlusal adjustment 87 Osseous graft 89 Osteoporosis 92 Papilla-preservation flap 94 Peri-implant
Newton centimeters (Ncm) 86 Occlusal guard 87 Osseous integration 90 Osteoprogenitor cell 92 Papilla reformation 94 crevicular epithelium 96
Nightguard 86 Occlusal loading 87 Ossification 90 Osteopromotion 92 Papilla regeneration 94 Peri-implant disease 96
Nominal implant Occlusal overload 87 Osteal 90 Osteoradionecrosis 92 Papilla-sparing incision 94 Peri-implantitis 97
length/diameter 86 Occlusive membrane 87 Ostectomy 90 Osteotome 92 Paracrestal incision 94 Peri-implant mucositis 97
Nonabsorbable 86 Occlusal table 87 Osteoblast 90 Osteotome lift 92 Parallel confocal Peri-implant soft tissue 97
Nonangled abutment 86 One-part implant 87 Osteocalcin 90 Osteotome technique 92 imaging technology 94 Periodontal biotype 97
Nonangulated abutment 86 One-piece abutment 87 Osteoclast 90 Osteotomy 92 Parallel(ing) pin 94 Periodontal disease 97
Nonaxial loading 86 One-piece implant 87 Osteoconduction 90 Ostium (maxillary sinus) 92 Parallel-sided implant 95 Periodontal ligament (PDL) 97
Nonengaging 86 One-screw test 88 Osteocyte 90 Overdenture (implant) 93 Parallel-walled implant 95 Periodontal membrane 97
Nonfunctional loading 86 One-stage grafting procedures 88 Osteodistraction 90 Overload (occlusal) 93 Paresthesia 95 Periodontal plastic surgery 97
Nonhexed 86 One-stage implant 88 Osteogenesis 90 Oxidized surface treatment 93 Partial anodontia 95 Periodontal probe 98
Nonlamellar bone 86 One-stage surgery 88 Osteogenetic 90 Oxycodone 93 Partially edentulous 95 Periosteal 98
Nonocclusal loading 86 Onlay graft 88 Osteogenic 90 Oxygen therapy 93 Partial thickness flap 95 Periosteal release 98
Nonresorbable 86 Open-ended wrench 88 Osteogenous 90 Particulate graft 95 Periosteal suture 98
Nonresorbable membrane 86 Open-tray impression 88 Osteoid 91 Passivation 95 Periosteum 98
Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory
Opioid 88
Optical surface scan 88
Osteoinduction 91
Osteointegration 91 P
Passive fit
Patient motion tracker
95
95
Periotome 98
Permucosal 98
drug (NSAID) 86 Oral implantology 89 Osteology 91 Patient-specific abutment 95 Permucosal extension 98
PACS 93
Nonsubmerged implant 87 Oral mucosa 89 Osteolysis 91 Patrix 95 Permucosal seal 98
Palatal graft 93
Nonsubmergible implant 87 Orientation jig 89 Osteomyelitis 91 Pedicle graft 95 Pick-up impression 98
Palatal implant 93
Nonthreaded implant 87 O-ring 89 Osteon 91 Penicillin 96 Piezoelectric bone surgery 98
Palatal vault 93
Nonworking side 87 Oro-antral fistula 89 Osteonecrosis 91 Percentage Pilot drill 98
Pamidronate 93
Orthodontic implant 89 Osteonecrosis of bone-to-implant contact 96 Pilot guide 98
Panoramic radiograph 94
Orthopantograph 89 the jaw (ONJ) 91 Percutaneous implant 96 Pilot osteotomy 99
Panoramic reconstitution 94
O Osse(o) 89
Osseointegration 89
Osteonectin 91
Osteopenia 92
Panoramic reconstruction 94
Perforation 96
Periabutment 96
Pinhole Surgical Technique 99
Placement torque 99
Papilla 94
Osseous 89 Osteoplasty 92 Pericervical saucerization 96 Plaque 99
Oblique slice 87 Papilla preservation 94
Osseous coagulum 89 Osteopontin 92 Peri-implant 96

202 203
Plasma Rich in Grown Positioned flap 101 Primitive bone 103 Recipient site 107 Resorbable blast
Factors (PRGF) 99 Posterior lateral nasal artery 101 Probing depth 103 Q Recombinant human media (RBM) 109
Plasma spray 99 Posterior superior Processing analog 103 bone morphogenetic Resorbable membrane 109
Plaster of Paris 99 alveolar artery 101 Profiler (bone) 103 Quality of Life 105 protein (rhBMP) 107 Resorption 109
Platelet-derived growth Posterior superior Profilometer 103 Quality of Life Index 105 Record 107 Restoration 109
factors (PDGF) 99 alveolar nerve 101 Progenitor cell 104 Record base 107 Restorative dentistry 109
Platelet gel 99 Postoperative maxillary Progressive loading 104 Re-entry 107 Restorative platform 109
Platelet-poor plasma (PPP) 99
Platelet-rich gel 99
sinus cyst
Pre-angled abutment
102
102
Progressive maxillary
sinus hypoplasia 104 R
Regenerate 107
Regenerate maturation 107
Retaining screw
Rethreading 109
109
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) 100 Prednisolone 102 Prophylaxis 104 Regeneration 107 Retrievability 109
Radiographic guide 105
Platform 100 Prednisone 102 Proprioception. 104 Regional acceleratory Retrograde peri-implantitis 109
Radiographic marker 105
Platform edge 100 Preemptive analgesia 102 Prospective study 104 phenomenon (RAP) 107 Retromolar implant 109
Radiographic template 105
Platform shifting 100 Prefabricated abutment 102 Prosthesis 104 Registration 107 Retrospective study 110
Radionecrosis 105
Platform swapping 100 Prefabricated cylinder 102 Prosthetic platform 104 Rejection 108 Reverse torque test (RTT) 110
Radiopaque 105
Platform switching 100 Preliminary cast 102 Prosthetic retaining screw 104 Releasing incision 108 Reverse torque value 110
Radiopaque marker 106
Pneumatization 100 Preload 102 Prosthetic screw 104 Remodeling (bone) 108 Revolutions per
Ramus frame implant 106
Polished surface 100 Premachined margin 102 Prosthetic space 104 Remount index 108 minute (Rpm) 110
Ramus graft 106
Polishing cap 100 Prepable abutment 102 Prosthetic table 104 Remount record 108 Ridge 110
Ramus implant 106
Polyglactin 100 Preprosthetic 102 Protocol 104 Removable prosthesis 108 Ridge atrophy 110
Ramus (mandibular) 106
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) 100 Preprosthetic surgery 103 Provisional abutment 104 Removal torque value (RTV) 108 Ridge augmentation 110
Random assignment 106
Polylactic acid (PLA) 101 Preprosthetic vestibuloplasty 103 Provisional implant 104 Repair 108 Ridge defect 110
Random controlled trial 106
Polymethylmethacrylate Press-fit 103 Provisional Replica 108 Ridge expansion 110
Randomization 106
(PMMA) 101 Pressure necrosis 103 prosthesis/restoration 104 Residual ridge 108 Ridge mapping 110
Range 106
Polytetrafluoroethylene Primary bone 103 Pterygoid implant 104 Residual ridge resorption 108 Ridge preservation 110
Rapid manufacturing 106
(PTFE) 101 Primary closure 103 Pullout force 105 Resin 108 Ridge resorption 110
Rapid prototyping 106
Porcelain-fused-metal Primary implant failure 103 Pulsed mode 105 Resonance frequency Ridge sounding 111
Ratchet 106
restoration 101 Primary maxillary mucocele 103 Punch technique 105 analysis (RFA) 109 Ridge splitting 111
Reactive bone 106
Porous 101 Primary stability 103 P-value 105 Resorbable 109 Rigid fixation 111
Reattachment 107
Porous surface 101 Primary union 103 Risedronate 111
Reamer 107

204 205
Risk assessment 111 Scar 113 Sensor (Digital X-ray) 115 Sinus pneumatization Split-ridge technique 120 Straight implant 122
Risk factor 111 Scatter 113 Scintillators 115 (maxillary) 118 Split-thickness flap 120 Strain 122
Risk indicator 111 Schneiderian membrane 113 Sensory mapping 115 Sinus septum 118 Spongy bone 120 Stress 122
Root-form implant 111 Screw 113 Septum 115 Sinusitis 118 Stability 120 Stress concentration 122
Root submergence 111 Screw fracture 113 Sequential drilling 115 Site development (implant) 118 Stabilization 120 Stress shielding 122
Root submersion 111 Screw implant 113 Sequestration 115 Site preservation 118 Stabilization pin 120 Stripped threads 122
Rotational freedom 111 Screw joint 113 Set Screw 116 Sleeper implant 118 Staged protocol 120 Stripping 123
Rotational misfit 111 Screw loosening 114 Sharpeys fibers 116 SmartPeg 118 Stage-one surgery 120 Stud-type attachment 123
Rough surface 111 Screw preload 114 Shear stress 116 Smile line 118 Stage-two surgery 120 Subantral augmentation 123
Round bur 112 Screw-retained 114 Short implant 116 Socket 118 Staggered implant placement 120 Subcrestal implant
R value 112 Screw tap 114 Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) 116 Socket graft 118 Standard abutment 120 placement 123
Screw tightening 114 Silicone 116 Socket preservation 118 Standard deviation (SD) 120 Subepithelial connective
Screw-type implant 114 Simulation 116 Socket shield technique 118 Standard error (SE) 120 tissue graft (SCTG) 123
S
Sealing screw
Seating surface
114
114
Simultaneous placement 117
Single-stage implant 117
Soft tissue augmentation 118
Soft tissue cast 119
Standard Tessellation Language
or Standard Triangulation
Sublingual artery
Submerged healing
123
123
Secondary closure 114 Single-tooth implant 117 Soft-tissue defect 119 Language (STL) 120 Submerged implant 123
Sandblasting 112
Secondary implant failure 114 Sintered 117 Soft tissue graft 119 Staple implant 121 Submerged root 123
Sandblasted, large grit,
Secondary maxillary Sintered (porous) surface 117 Software-based planning 119 Static loading 121 Submergible implant 123
acid-etched implant
mucocele 114 Sintering 117 Solid freeform Stem cell 121 Subnasal elevation 123
surface (SLA) 112
Secondary stability 114 Sinus 117 fabrication (SFF) 119 Stent 121 Subperiosteal implant 123
Sandwich Technique 112
Secondary union 114 Sinus augmentation 117 Solid screw 119 Stepped implant 121 Subtractive
Saucerization 112
Second-stage Sinus elevation 117 SonicWeld Rx 119 Stereolithographic guide 121 Manufacturing (SM) 124
Sausage Technique 112
permucosal abutment 114 Sinus elevator 117 Sounding 119 Stereolithographic model 121 Subtracted surface 124
Scaffold 112
Second-stage surgery 114 Sinus graft 117 Spark erosion 119 Stereolithography 121 Subtraction radiography 124
Scaler 112
Segmentation 114 Sinusitis (maxillary) 117 Specialized mucosa 119 Sterile technique 121 Subtractive
Scalloped implant 112
Selective Laser Sinus lift 118 Spiral cone-beam Stippling 122 surface treatment 124
Scanning abutment 113
Sintering (SLS) 115 Sinus lining 118 computed tomography 119 Stitching 122 Success criteria 124
Scan body 113
Self-tapping 115 Sinus membrane (maxillary) 118 Splinting 119 Stock abutment 122 Success rate 124
Scanographic template 113
Sensor (CBCT) 115 Sinus perforation 118 Split-crest technique 120 Straight abutment 122 Sulcular epithelium 124

206 207
Sulcular incision 124 Thread angle 128 Tissue punch technique 131 Transforming growth Twist drill 135
Summers Technique 124 T
Thread crest 128 Tissue recession 131 factor beta (TGF-) 133 Two-part implant 135
Superimposition 124 Thread depth 129 Tissue-supported 131 Transitional implant 133 Two-piece abutment 135
Superstructure 124 Tack 127 Threaded implant 129 Titanium (Ti) 131 Transitional Two-piece implant 135
Suppuration 125 Tap 127 Threader 129 Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) 131 prosthesis/restoration 133 Two-stage implant 135
Supracrestal Tapered implant 127 Thread flank 129 Titanium mesh 131 Transmandibular implant 133 Two-stage surgery 135
implant placement 125 Tapping 127 Threadformer 129 Titanium oxide 132 Transmucosal 133
Surface alteration 125 Teflon scaler 127 Thread lead 129 Titanium plasma Transmucosal abutment 133
Surface
characteristics (implant) 125
Teflon Tape Technique
Telescopic coping
127
127
Thread path
Thread pitch
129
129
sprayed (TPS)
Titanium reinforced
132
132
Transmucosal loading
Transosseous implant
133
134 U
Surface roughness 125 Template 127 Thread root 129 Tomograph 132 Transosteal implant 134
Temporary abutment 127 University of California at Los
Surface treatment 125 Three-dimensional imaging 129 Tomography 132 Transport segment 134
Temporary anchorage Angeles abutment
Surgical bed 125 Three-dimensional implant 129 Tomogram 132 Trauma reconstruction 134
device (TAD) 127 (UCLA abutment) 136
Surgical guide 125 Three-dimensional modeling 129 Tooth-supported Treatment plan 134
Temporary cylinder 128 Ultrasonic bone surgery 136
Surgical indexing 125 Three-dimensional printing 129 surgical guide 132 Trephine 134
Temporary healing cuff 128 Uncovery 136
Surgical navigation 125 Three-dimensional Torque 132 Trephine drill 134
Temporary Underwood cleft or septum 136
Surgical template 125 volume rendering 129 Torque controller 132 Trial-fit gauge 134
prosthesis/restoration 128 Unilateral
Survival rate 125 Three-dimensional Torque driver 132 Triamcinolone 134
Tensile stress 128 subperiosteal implant 136
Suture 126 volumetric reconstruction 130 Torque gauge 133 Triangle of Bone 134
Tension-free flap closure 128 Uninterrupted suture 136
S value 126 Tibia 130 Torque indicator 133 Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) 134
Tenting 128 Unit load 136
Symphysis 126 Tibial bone graft 130 Torque wrench 133 Tripodial Subperiosteal
Syngeneic graft 126 Tenting screw 128 Tibial bone harvest 130 Torsion stress 133 Implant 134
Synthetic bone 126 Tent pole 128 Tissue bank 130 Torus 133 Tripodization 134
Synthetic graft
System (implant)
126
126
Test group
Textured surface
128
128
Tissue-borne 130
Tissue Conditioner 130
Trabecular bone
Transepithelial 133
133 Try-in screw
T-test 135
135 V
Systematic review 126 Texturing 128 Tissue conditioning 130 Transfer coping 133 Tuberosity 135 Valsalva maneuver 136
Thick flat periodontium 128 Tissue engineering 131 Transfer Tunnel Technique 135 Variance 136
Thin scalloped periodontium 128 Tissue-integrated prosthesis 131 (implant) impression 133 Turned surface 135 Vascular endothelial
Thread 128 Tissue punch 131 Turnover (bone) 135 growth factors (VEGF) 136

208
Vascularization 137
Vascular supply 137 W Z
Veneer 137
Vent 137 Waxing sleeve 139 Zirconia 141
Verification cast 137 Wax-up 139 Zirconia abutment 141
Verification index 137 Wicking (effect) 139 Zirconium (Zr) 141
Verification jig 137 Wolffs Law 139 Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) 141
Vertical dimension 137 Wound 139 Zoledronate 141
Vertical dimension Wound closure 140 Zygomatic implant 141
of occlusion (VDO) 137 Wound dehiscence 140 Zygomatic guide 141
Vertical incision 137 Wound healing 140
Vertical mattress suture 137 Woven bone 140
Vestibular 138 Wrench 140
Vestibular incision 138
Vestibule 138
Vestibuloplasty 138
Virtual articulator 138 X
Virtual reality (VR) 138
Xenograft 140
Virtual Surgical Planning 138
X-ray (Dental) 140
Virtual tooth/teeth 138
VISTA 138
Vital bone content 139
Vitreous carbon
Volkmanns canal
139
139
Y
Voxel 139 Youngs modulus 140

210

Glossary of Implant Dentistry 3 ICOI

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Glossary of Implant Dentistry 3 ICOI

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Glossary of Implant Dentistry 3 ICOI

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Glossary

Alphabetic Listing of Terms..............................................................................................7

Illustrations & Diagrams.............................................................................................. 145

Index by Alphabet......................................................................................................... 187

Pisa Consensus.............................................................................................Click to View

Tomography Consensus................................................................................Click to View

55 Lane Rd. #305

Introduction Explanatory Notes

Sugg Suggested; When a term raised considerable objections among reviewers,

Symbol Introduces the expansion of the chemical symbol.

Syn Synonym; Synonyms are listed under the preferred term.

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Fixed prosthesis Flap Framework Frenectomy Full-thickness flap controlled by a computer-

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Osseous integration Osteocalcin slender cytoplasmic processes Osteoid Osteolysis Osteonecrosis

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III

Glossary of Implant Dentistry III