Safe PT Design
Safe PT Design
Safe PT Design
SAFE
DESIGN OF SLABS, BEAMS AND FOUNDATIONIS
REINFORCED AND POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE
Post-Tensioned Concrete
Design Manual
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview 1-1
1.2 Post Tensioning Systems in SAFE 1-1
i
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
ii
Contents
iii
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
iv
Contents
v
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
vi
Contents
vii
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
viii
Contents
ix
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
References
x
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview
Part I of this manual describes the methodology and design algorithms per-
formed by SAFE for the analysis and design of post-tensioned structural slabs
and beams. It presents the methods used by SAFE to model tendon objects,
prestress losses, post-tensioning loads, and the automation of tendon layouts.
There are two possible ways to apply prestressing to concrete, namely, post-
tensioning and pre-tensioning. SAFE considers only the post-tensioning of
slabs and beams. The post-tensioning tendons may be bonded or unbonded.
Overview 1-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Tendon
Materials
Tendon
Properties
Draw Tendons
Tendon
Edit Tendons
Objects
Auto Tendon Layout
Forces due to
Tendons
Other
Analysis
loads and options
Serviceability Design
Output
Detailing Output
Specific analysis and design procedures used in SAFE are intended to comply
with the relevant design codes, as presented in Part II of this manual.
Prestressed Concrete - This term refers to concrete that has been pre-
compressed, often before application of other loads, and in this manual refers
to post-tensioning only.
Post-Tensioning Loads - The forces that the tendon exerts on the structure.
This includes both the vertical loads due to tendon profile and end forces due to
anchorage of the tendon. The force due to friction loss is uniformly distributed
along the length of the tendon.
During the analysis phase, SAFE will calculate reactions, member displace-
ments, beam forces, slab forces, and slab stresses for all specified load patterns
and combinations. SAFE then performs a design in accordance with the speci-
fied design code and calculates the required amount of mild steel reinforcement
and carries out the appropriate punching shear checks.
SAFE automates several slab and mat design tasks. Specifically, it integrates
slab design moments across design strips and designs the required reinforce-
ment; it checks slab punching shear around column supports and concentrated
loads; and it designs beam flexural, shear, and torsion reinforcements. The de-
sign procedures are described in the chapter entitled "SAFE Design Features”
in the Key Features and Terminology manual. The actual design algorithms
vary based on the specific design code chosen by the user. Part II of this man-
ual describes the algorithms used for the various codes.
2.1 Overview
Tendons are a special type of object that can be embedded in concrete elements
to represent the effect of post-tensioning. These tendon objects pass through
slab and beam objects, attach to them, and impose loads upon them. The ten-
dons are modeled as independent elements.
Overview 2-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Figure 2-1 Tendon Vertical Profile form, use to define or modify the tendon profile
If a vertical profile is not specified, SAFE will provide a default profile using
the maximum drapes allowed by the clearance conditions specified for the slab
top and bottom. The automated tendon layout capabilities also automate the
tendon profile, as described in Chapter 5.
The load pattern names, jacking locations, and tendon jacking stress are de-
fined in this form. The tendon load (jacking stress) is the total load applied to
one or both ends of the tendon. The actual tendon force will vary along the
length of the tendon as governed by the frictional and other loss parameters.
Tendon Loads 2 - 5
Chapter 3
Computing Prestress Losses
3.1 Overview
The tendon load for a given load case refers to the user-defined jacking force.
The actual load that is applied to slabs and beams will be less than the jacking
force because of prestress losses. The prestress losses are categorized in SAFE
into short-term losses and long-term losses, as follows:
Short-term or Stressing losses - These are losses that occur during and imme-
diately after the post-tensioning operations and are caused by friction between
the tendons and the duct, elastic shortening, and seating of anchors.
Long-term losses - These types of losses happen over time and also may be re-
ferred to as time-dependent losses and include creep, shrinkage, and steel re-
laxation.
Using the Assign menu > Load Data > Tendon Losses command displays the
form shown in Figure 3-1 and allows the prestress losses to be specified using
one of three methods.
Overview 3-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The first two Loss Calculation Methods on the form can be used to specify the
prestress losses as a force percentage or fixed stress value for the Stressing
Losses and Long-Term Losses. The third option allows a more detailed calcu-
lation of the prestress losses based on a number of input values for both Short-
Term and Long-Term Losses. Frictional losses are computed internally and ex-
plicitly by SAFE based on the specified wobble and curvature coefficients. All
other losses are directly input on this form.
Other factors, such as changes in temperature and flexing of the structure under
loading, do not significantly lower the prestress level and are not considered
explicitly.
Understanding the stress distribution along the length of a member with respect
to short-term or long-term effects is important for correctly analyzing the
model and interpreting the results. The prestress losses are evident in terms of
the stress distribution along the length, as shown in Figure 3-2. The actual
3-2 Overview
Chapter 3 - Computing Prestress Losses
variation in stress varies exponentially in accordance with Eqn 3.1 in the fol-
lowing section.
T ENDO N
P P
cgc line
The jacking stress is commonly specified as 0.80fpu, where fpu is the specified
ultimate strength of the strand. Figure 3-2 shows a representation of the tendon
force variation with the tendon jacked from the left end. If the tendon were to
be jacked from the right end, Figure 3-2 would be reversed. If the tendon were
jacked from both ends, the maximum initial prestress force (jacking force)
would exist at each end and would vary to a minimum value midway along the
length of the tendon. The initial prestress forces are reduced to the final
prestress forces in accordance with the long-term losses specified and shown
diagrammatically as the Final Prestress in Figure 3-2.
ficients specified by the user. The frictional loss due to curvature is calculated
in SAFE as:
= sum of the tendon angular change from the tendon jacking end to
a distance x
2
K = wobble friction coefficient (rad/unit length )
The post-tensioning losses due to friction result in a force distribution along the
length of the tendon that is exponentially decreasing from the jacking point.
Sheath supports
Jacking Force, P j
c
Force
dx Tendon
Force
Pj Px
Pa
x
a
c
Anchor Set of Influence
SL a
( j x )dx
(Eqn. 3.2)
Es
The iteration process stops when the calculated seating loss is almost equal to
the anchor set “a”; then the maximum stress is calculated, as follows:
a
(Px Pa )dx
(Eqn. 3.4)
AE s
where Δa is the elongation associated with the assumed anchor set distance “a”;
Px is the tendon force at a distance x from the jacking point; Pa is the force in
the tendon under jacking stress at the assumed anchor set distance “a”; dx is the
length of the elements along the tendon; A is the cross-sectional area of the ten-
don; and Es is the modulus of elasticity of the tendon material.
Several methods can be used to determine the long-term stress losses; however,
SAFE relies on the user-defined values input in the Tendon Losses form shown
in Figure 3-1. Lump sum values input into SAFE should reflect the appropriate
conditions that exist for the structure being modeled. Creep, shrinkage, and
steel relaxation effects are governed by material properties and, in some cases,
other environmental conditions that need to be accounted for when specifying
the long-term loss values. Each stress loss is treated separately and then
summed up, as follows:
TL = CR + SH + RE (Eqn. 3.7)
where TL is the total loss of stress; CR is the stress loss due to creep of the
concrete; SH is the stress loss due to shrinkage of the concrete; and RE is the
stress loss due to relaxation in the tendon steel. The sum of these losses is ap-
plied to the initial (jacking) load of the tendon, as represented in Figure 3-2. All
of the long-term losses are uniformly applied over the length of the tendon.
4.1 Overview
SAFE does not rely on an approximate ‘equivalent loading’ method for calcu-
lating member responses subjected to post-tensioning loads. Instead, SAFE
uses a finite element method that includes the tendon effects as a load. When a
parabolic drape is specified for the tendon, SAFE performs a numerical inte-
gration across the finite element using the actual parabolic shape function that
defines the tendon’s geometry. This approach is considered to be more accu-
rate, especially when deeper members are being considered.
SAFE uses the dead load balancing method as the primary procedure for the
determination of tendon profiles when they are requested to be automated (see
Chapter 5). This chapter also provides information regarding the approach used
to perform a load balanced design.
Overview 4-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The stress diagrams in Figure 4-2 illustrate the dead load balancing concept.
The specified precompression limit stress is applied first, (a). Then the dead
load stresses are computed, (b), followed by iterating the tendon location to
balance the dead load stresses, (c), that finally results in the precompression
state shown in (d).
The final stress distribution is the result of this precompression stress combined
with the stresses resulting from the application of all remaining loads and de-
sign combinations. If the final stress distribution contains tension stresses that
exceed the design allowable limit, SAFE calculates the required amount of
mild steel reinforcement. Chapter 5 details the steps used by SAFE in the
automation of the tendon layout.
Similarly, a free-body diagram of the tendon would show the concentric force
Px and a shear Vx at the cut sections, along with the loading “w.” In the same
Primary Moments 4 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
manner, the force Px taking moments about the CGC line from an eccentricity
e’ or the distance from the tendon’s centroid to the neutral axis of the member
yields:
The right-hand sides of Eqns. 4.1 and 4.2 are identical, therefore the primary
moment can be defined as:
If the center support is eliminated for the two-span beam shown in Figure 4-3,
the application of the post-tensioning would result in a beam upward displace-
ment of . The application of the force necessary to displace the beam by the
amount, , can be represented as, Ri. From Figure 4-3 (d) and (e), the hyper-
static reactions in the amount Ri/2 are produced at each end of the beam and the
hyperstatic moment M is produced over the center support. At any section
along the beam, the hyperstatic reactions induce a hyperstatic moment Mhyp and
a hyperstatic shear Vhyp.
TENDON
P P
cgc line
Px Px
(b) Tendon forces cause the beam to lift off the center support
with a deflection Δ upward
Px Px
Ri
Ri/2 Ri/2
(c) Additional hyperstatic reactions develop at the ends due to application of the force,
Ri, which is needed to prevent the beam from lifting off the support
Ri
Ri/2 Ri/2
(d) Secondary (hyperstatic) reaction Ri in a theoretical,
simply supported beam
C T (Eqn. 4.4)
where C is the total compression force, T is the combined tension force due to
post-tensioning tendons and mild reinforcement, and Z is the lever arm of the
section, as illustrated in Figure 4-5.
Concrete Compression
PL C
Px Z
T
Tendon Force
R
Ri
Thus, the combination of forces stipulated in most design codes for gravity
conditions simply considers the addition of the hyperstatic effect to the combi-
nations used for non-prestressed concrete.
5.1 Overview
In the past, the analysis and design of post-tensioned floor slabs has been diffi-
cult because of the high degree of indeterminacy of the structure, large number
of design requirements, and the need to provide an economical design. Some
analysis programs rely on simplified approximations in the analysis and the de-
sign. SAFE eliminates the need for engineers to oversimplify an analysis model
and provides the tools to automate the tendon layout, profile, and jacking
forces.
This chapter describes the various methods for adding tendons to a SAFE
model and the methodology used to automate the tendon input data. Not all of
the methods used to add tendons to a SAFE model are suited for the automa-
tion as explained herein.
The automation of tendon layout, profiles, and jacking forces serves as a start-
ing point in the analysis and design process. If it is necessary to make further
adjustments to the tendon layout, profiles, or jacking forces, these adjustments
should be made manually. SAFE does not perform any revision to the initial
tendon automations. The parameters related to the tendons can be modified
easily, followed by re-analyzing and re-designing the structure as necessary.
Overview 5-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Template modeling – If a SAFE model is initialized using the File menu >
New Model command and the appropriate initial model is selected along with
toggling the Add P/T option, post-tensioning data can be defined. The Quick
Tendon Layout form shown in Figure 5-1 allows specification of the tendon
layout for the Layer A and B directions, as well as the precompression levels
and self-load balancing ratios. Tendons with the defined layout parameters are
then included in the template model. This can be a quick and easy method to
place a large number of tendons into a SAFE model. The tendon profiles sat-
isfy the specified clearances.
Figure 5-2 shows two of several tendon layout options using banded and uni-
form tendon layout types.
Tendon Draw commands – Using the Draw menu > Draw Tendons com-
mand, any number of points can be input to place tendons into a SAFE model.
Default tendon profile data is provided; however, it is expected that it will be
edited to provide the proper tendon profile and other tendon data as required to
satisfy the design requirements. Multiple tendons with the same layout can be
generated easily using the Edit menu > Replicate command. When this option
is used, SAFE replicates the tendon profile of the source tendon.
Add Tendons in Strips – The Edit menu > Add/Edit Tendons > Add Ten-
dons in Strips command can be used to add tendons to an existing SAFE
model. The tendon layouts, profiles, number of strands, and jacking forces are
all automated when tendons are added in this manner, based on the input in the
Quick Tendon Layout form shown in Figure 5-3. The SAFE model can be fur-
ther modified by adding additional tendons as necessary.
Add Tendons in Beams – The Edit menu > Add/Edit Tendons > Add Ten-
dons in Beams command can be used to add a single tendon to a beam, with a
default profile. The tendon profile, number of strands, and jacking forces
should then be edited as required.
Note: SAFE does not automatically consider the intersections of strips and
beams to be points of supports for the strips. If it is desired to consider a par-
ticular beam as a support point for a strip, then a strip should be defined at the
beam location.
The support locations are used to determine the spans. For each span, the ten-
don profile is automated based on the profile type specified for the tendon (pa-
rabola or reverse parabola). An iterative procedure is then used to determine
the effective jacking force necessary to satisfy the range of dead load to be bal-
anced and the average precompression stress required. The jacking force is ini-
tially calculated to satisfy the minimum required self load balancing ratio and
minimum precompression level for the longest span in the strip. The tendon
profiles in other spans are then adjusted so as not to exceed the maximum dead
load balancing ratios.
Note: If the addition of partial tendons is active, SAFE may add additional ten-
dons in long spans or in exterior spans to satisfy the self load balancing and
precompression constraints.
After the total jacking force and profile have been determined for the equiva-
lent tendon, the actual number and spacing of tendons is determined based on
the following criteria:
For a uniform tendon layout, a similar procedure as outlined above for the
banded tendon layout is used.
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the post-tensioned con-
crete design procedure that is used by SAFE when the user selects the Ameri-
can code ACI 318-08 [ACI 2008]. Various notations used in this chapter are
listed in Table 6-1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the ACI code in
this chapter, a prefix “ACI” followed by the section number is used.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on inch-pound-second units. For simplicity, all equations and descrip-
tions presented in this chapter correspond to inch-pound-second units unless
otherwise noted.
6.1 Notations
The following table identifies the various notations used in this chapter.
Notations 6-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
6-2 Notations
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
Notations 6 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
6-4 Notations
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
For post-tensioned concrete design, the user can specify the prestressing load
(PT) by providing the tendon profile or by using the load balancing options in
the program. The default load combinations for post-tensioning are defined in
the following sections.
1.0D + 1.0PT
(ACI 18.4.2(b))
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0PT
(ACI 18.4.2(b))
1.0D + 0.5L + 1.0PT
The strength design combinations required for shear design of beams and
punching shear require the full PT forces (primary and secondary). Flexural de-
sign requires only the hyperstatic (secondary) forces. The hyperstatic (secon-
dary) forces are automatically determined by SAFE by subtracting out the pri-
mary PT moments when the flexural design is carried out.
*
1.4D + 1.0PT (ACI 9.2.1)
*
1.2D + 1.6L + 1.0PT (ACI 9.2.1)
*
1.2D + 1.6(0.75 PL) + 1.0PT (ACI 9.2.1, 13.7.6.3)
0.9D 1.6W +1.0PT
*
(ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.0L 1.6W + 1.0PT
*
*
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S + 1.0PT (ACI 9.2.1)
*
1.2D + 1.0L + 1.6S + 1.0PT
1.2D + 1.6S 0.8W + 1.0PT
*
(ACI 9.2.1)
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.5S 1.6W + 1.0PT
*
The IBC 2006 basic load combinations (Section 1605.2.1) are the same. These
also are the default design load combinations in SAFE whenever the ACI 318-
08 code is used. The user should use other appropriate load combinations if
roof live load is treated separately, or if other types of loads are present.
SAFE enforces the upper material strength limits for flexure and shear design
of beams and slabs or for torsion design of beams. The input material strengths
are taken as the upper limits if they are defined in the material properties as
being greater than the limits. The user is responsible for ensuring that the mini-
mum strength is satisfied.
limit is the tensile strain in the reinforcement at the balanced strain condition,
which is taken as the yield strain of the reinforcement, (fy/E) (ACI 10.3.3).
Sections are tension-controlled when the tensile strain in the extreme tension
reinforcement is equal to or greater than 0.005, just as the concrete in compres-
sion reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003 (ACI 10.3.4).
Sections with t between the two limits are considered to be in a transition re-
gion between compression-controlled and tension-controlled sections (ACI
10.3.4).
The strain in the reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly pro-
portional to the distance from the neutral axis (ACI 10.2.2).
The maximum usable strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall
be assumed equal to 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3).
The tensile strength of the concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural
calculations (ACI 10.2.5).
The relationship between the concrete compressive stress distribution and the
concrete strain shall be assumed to be rectangular by an equivalent rectangu-
lar concrete stress distribution (ACI 10.2.7).
The distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, c shall be
measured in a direction perpendicular to the neutral axis (ACI 10.2.7.2).
The strains shall vary linearly with depth through the entire load range (ACI
18.3.2.1).
At service loading
At nominal strength
For Class U and Class T flexural members, stresses at service load are deter-
mined using uncracked section properties, while for Class C flexural members,
stresses at service load are calculated based on the cracked section (ACI
18.3.4).
The following table provides a summary of the conditions considered for the
various section classes.
Prestressed
Transition between
Assumed behavior Uncracked Cracked Cracked
uncracked and cracked
Section properties for stress Gross section Gross section Cracked section
No requirement
calculation at service loads 18.3.4 18.3.4 18.3.4
The extreme fiber stress in tension at the ends of simply supported members is
currently NOT checked by SAFE.
For Class C prestressed flexural members, checks at service loads are not re-
quired by the code. However, for Class C prestressed flexural members not
subject to fatigue or to aggressive exposure, the spacing of bonded reinforce-
ment nearest the extreme tension face shall not exceed that given by ACI
10.6.4 (ACI 18.4.4). It is assumed that the user has checked the requirements of
ACI 10.6.4 and ACI 18.4.4.1 to 18.4.4 independently, as these sections are not
checked by the program.
prestressing steel, in terms of the specified minimum tensile stress fpu, and the
minimum yield stress, fy, are summarized as follows:
Beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Effects
resulting from any axial forces and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
6 - 12 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative
factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive beam
moments can be used to calculate bottom reinforcement. In such cases the
beam may be designed as a rectangular or a flanged beam. Negative beam
moments can be used to calculate top reinforcement. In such cases the beam
may be designed as a rectangular or inverted flanged beam.
The design procedure used by SAFE, for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams), is summarized in the subsections that follow. It is assumed
that the design ultimate axial force does not exceed (0.1f cAg) (ACI 10.3.5);
'
hence all beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion
only.
Beam Design 6 - 13
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
0.003 0.85 f c
b
As Cs
d c a 1c
dp
ds
Aps
ps
Tcps
Ts Tcs
s
As
The maximum depth of the compression zone, cmax, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than smin, which
is equal to 0.005 for tension-controlled behavior (ACI 10.3.4):
c max
cmax = d (ACI 10.2.2)
c max s min
where,
6 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
f ' 4000
1 = 0.85 − 0.05 c , 0.65 1 0.85 (ACI 10.2.7.3)
1000
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps, is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress, fps in the post-tensioning steel.
Based on the calculated fps, the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fps
is further updated. After this iteration process has converged, the depth of the
rectangular compression block is determined as follows:
a 1c
a
M n0 Aps f ps d p
2
Beam Design 6 - 15
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of the neutral axis, c.
6 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
M us M u M nbal
M us
A' s , where
f 's 0.85 f 'c d e d '
c d '
f ' s E s c max max fy (ACI 10.2.2, 10.2.3, 10.2.4)
cmax
M us
Ascom
f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if Mu is positive, and vice versa if Mu is negative.
Beam Design 6 - 17
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The maximum depth of the compression zone, cmax, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than smin, which
is equal to 0.005 for tension-controlled behavior (ACI 10.3.4):
c max
cmax = d (ACI 10.2.2)
c max s min
where,
f 'c 4000
1 =0.85 − 0.05 , 0.65 1 0.85 (ACI 10.2.7.3)
1000
6 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
d f s Cs
As Cf
c
dp ds
Cw
Aps
ps
Tw Tf
As s Ts
bw
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress, fps in the post-tensioning steel. Based on the calculated fps,
the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fps is further updated. After this
iteration process has converged, the depth of the rectangular compression block
is determined as follows:
a 1c
a
M n0 Aps f ps d p
2
Beam Design 6 - 19
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
axis c is equal to cmax. The stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps, is then calcu-
lated and the area of required tension reinforcement, As, is determined by im-
posing force equilibrium, i.e., C = T.
If a hf, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previously
defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in that case the width of
the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required if a > amax.
Accom b f h f bw amax h f
T Aps f psbal Asbal f sbal
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of the neutral axis, c.
6 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
M us
A 's , where
f 's 0.85 f 'c d s d '
c d '
f ' s E s c max max fy (ACI 10.2.2, 10.2.3, and 10.2.4)
cmax
Beam Design 6 - 21
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
M us
Ascom
f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if Mu is positive, and vice versa if Mu is negative.
(b) Flexural members with shear and flexural strength at least twice that re-
quired by ACI 9.2.
where, Act is the area of the cross-section between the flexural tension face and
the center of gravity of the gross section.
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension reinforce-
ment and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request as follows:
6 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
these steps.
where,
Vi M cre
Vci 0.6 f ' c bw d p Vd 1.7 f ' c b w d (ACI 11.3.3.1)
M max
Beam Design 6 - 23
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Vcw 3.5 f ' c 0.3 f pc bw d p V p (ACI 11.3.3.2)
I
M cre 6 f ' c f pe f d (ACI 11.3.3.1)
yt
where,
fd = stress due to unfactored dead load, at the extreme fiber of the sec-
tion where tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads, psi
For light-weight concrete, the f 'c term is multiplied by the shear strength
reduction factor
6 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
Vmax Vc 8 f ' c bw d (ACI 11.4.7.9)
Given Vu, Vc, and Vmax, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as follows
where, , the strength reduction factor, is 0.75 (ACI 9.3.2.3).
If Vu 0.5Vc
Av
=0 (ACI 11.4.6.1)
s
If 0.5Vc Vu Vmax
Av Vu Vc
(ACI 11.4.7.1, 11.4.7.2)
s f yt d
For members with an effective prestress force not less than 40 percent of the
tensile strength of the flexural reinforcement, the required shear reinforcement
is computed as follows (ACI 11.5.6.3, 11.5.6.4):
0.75 f 'c 50
max bw , bw
Av fy f y
min
s Aps f pu d
80 f yt d bw
Beam Design 6 - 25
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
If the beam depth h is less than the minimum of 10 in, 2.5hf, and 0.5bw, the
minimum shear reinforcement given by ACI 11.5.6.3 is not enforced (ACI
11.5.6.1(c)).
The maximum of all of the calculated Av /s values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
6 - 26 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
Beam Design 6 - 27
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
where, the section dimensions b, h, and c are shown in Figure 6-3. Similarly,
the special section properties for a flanged beam section are given as:
where the section dimensions bf, bw, h, hf, and c for a flanged beam are shown
in Figure 6-3. Note that the flange width on either side of the beam web is lim-
ited to the smaller of 4hf or (h – hf) (ACI 13.2.4).
Acp2 f pc
Tcr f 'c 1 (ACI 11.6.1(b))
p 4 f 'c
cp
where Acp and pcp are the area and perimeter of the concrete cross-section as de-
scribed in detail in the previous section; fpc is the concrete compressive stress at
the centroid of the section; is the strength reduction factor for torsion, which
is equal to 0.75 by default (ACI 9.3.2.3); and fc is the specified concrete com-
pressive strength.
6 - 28 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
If Tu > Tcr the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, At /s, is calculated as:
At Tu tan
(ACI 11.6.3.6)
s 2 Ao f yt
Tu p h
Al (ACI 11.6.3.7, 11.6.3.6)
2 Ao f y tan
c b 2c c bf
c c
dfs
h
h 2c h h h 2c
c c
b bw 2c
bw
Figure 6-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
At 25
bw (ACI 11.6.5.3)
s f yt
Beam Design 6 - 29
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
5 f c Acp A f yt
Al t ph (ACI 11.6.5.3)
fy s f y
An upper limit of the combination of Vu and Tu that can be carried by the sec-
tion is also checked using the equation:
2 2
Vu Tu p h Vc
2
8 f c (ACI 11.6.3.1)
bw d 1.7 Aoh bw d
When torsional reinforcement is required (Tu > Tcr), the area of transverse
closed stirrups and the area of regular shear stirrups must satisfy the following
limit.
Av A f c 50bw
2 t max 0.75 bw , (ACI 11.6.5.2)
s s f yt f y
If this equation is not satisfied with the originally calculated Av /s and At /s, Av /s
is increased to satisfy this condition. In that case, Av /s does not need to satisfy
the ACI Section 11.5.6.3 independently.
The maximum of all of the calculated Al and At /s values obtained from each
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination.
6 - 30 Beam Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is completed at spe-
cific locations along the length of the strip. Those locations correspond to the
element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side of
those element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:
These three steps are described in the subsection that follow and are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination, is obtained and reported.
Slab Design 6 - 31
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
0.0018 60000
As,min = bh for fy > 60 ksi (ACI 7.12.2.1(c))
fy
6 - 32 Slab Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
Reinforcement is not required in positive moment areas where ft, the extreme
fiber stress in tension in the precompressed tensile zone at service loads (after
all prestress losses occurs) does not exceed 2 f c' (ACI 18.9.3.1).
In positive moment areas where the computed tensile stress in the concrete at
service loads exceeds 2 f c' , the minimum area of bonded reinforcement is
computed as:
Nc
As ,min , where fy 60 ksi (ACI 18.9.3.2)
0.5 f y
where Acf is the larger gross cross-sectional area of the slab-beam strip in the
two orthogonal equivalent frames intersecting a column in a two-way slab
system.
Slab Design 6 - 33
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
d 2
d 2 d 2
d 2
d 2 d 2
1
f (ACI 13.5.3.2)
1 2 3 b1 b2
6 - 34 Slab Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
v = 1 − f (ACI 13.5.3.1)
For flat plates, v is determined from the following equations taken from ACI
421.2R-07 [ACI 2007] Seismic Design of Punching Shear Reinforcement in
Flat Plates.
1
vx 1 (ACI 421.2 C-11)
1 2 3 l y l x
1
vy 1 (ACI 421.2 C-12)
1 2 3 l x l y
1
vy 1 (ACI 421.2 C-14)
1 2 3 l x l y 0.2
where b1 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction of the
span and b2 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction per-
pendicular to the span. The values lx and ly are the projections of the shear-
critical section onto its principal axes, x and y, respectively.
Slab Design 6 - 35
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
vc p
f 'c 0.3 f pc v p (ACI 11.11.2.2)
sd
p min 3.5, 1.5 (ACI 11.11.2.2)
bo
The concrete capacity vc computed from ACI 11.12.2.2 is permitted only when
the following conditions are satisfied:
The column is farther than four times the slab thickness away from any dis-
continuous slab edges.
In thin slabs, the slope of the tendon profile is hard to control and special care
should be exercised in computing vp. In case of uncertainty between the design
and as-built profile, a reduced or zero value for vp should be used.
If the preceding three conditions are not satisfied, the concrete punching shear
stress capacity of a two-way prestressed section is taken as the minimum of the
following three limits:
6 - 36 Slab Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
4
2 f 'c
c
d
c min 2 s f 'c (ACI 11.11.2.1)
bc
4 f '
c
where, c is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum dimensions of the criti-
cal section, b0 is the perimeter of the critical section, and s is a scale factor
based on the location of the critical section (ACI 11.12.2.1).
The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear and Transfer of Unbalanced Moment as described in the ear-
Slab Design 6 - 37
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Given Vu, Vc, and Vmax, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as follows,
where, , the strength reduction factor, is 0.75 (ACI 9.3.2.3).
Av Vu Vc
(ACI 11.4.7.1, 11.4.7.2)
s f ys d
'
Av f
2 c bo for shear studs
s fy
6 - 38 Slab Design
Chapter 6 - Design for ACI 318-08
tances from the sides of the column. Figure 6-5 shows a typical arrangement of
shear reinforcement in the vicinity of a rectangular interior, edge, and corner
column.
The distance between the column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed d/2 (ACI R11.3.3, 11.11.5.2). The spacing between adjacent
shear reinforcement in the first line of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 2d
measured in a direction parallel to the column face (ACI 11.11.3.3).
Figure 6-5 Typical arrangement of shear studs and critical sections outside
shear-reinforced zone
Slab Design 6 - 39
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
When specifying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.35d. The limits
of so and the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are specified as:
g 2d (ACI 11.11.5.3)
The limits of so and the spacing, s, between the links are specified as:
6 - 40 Slab Design
Chapter 7
Design for AS 3600-01
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the post-tensioned con-
crete design procedure that is used by SAFE when the user selects the Austra-
lian code AS 3600-2001 [AS 2001], which also incorporates Amendment Nos.
1 (May 2002), and 2 (October 2004). Various notations used in this chapter are
listed in Table 7-1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the AS code in
this chapter, a prefix “AS” followed by the section number is used.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and de-
scriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
units unless otherwise noted.
7.1 Notations
The following table identifies the various notations used in this chapter.
Notations 7-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
7-2 Notations
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
Notations 7- 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
For post-tensioned concrete design, the user can specify the prestressing load
(PT) by providing the tendon profile or by using the load balancing options in
the program. The default load combinations for post-tensioning are defined in
the following sections.
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT
The ultimate limit state combinations required for shear design of beams and
punching shear require the full PT forces (primary and secondary). Flexural de-
sign requires only the hyperstatic (secondary) forces. The hyperstatic (secon-
dary) forces are determined automatically by SAFE by subtracting out the pri-
mary PT moments when the flexural design is carried out.
*
1.35D + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(a))
*
1.2D + 1.5L + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(b))
*
1.2D + 1.5(0.75PL) + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(b))
*
1.2D + 0.4L + 1.0S + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(g))
0.9D 1.0W +1.0PT
*
(AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(e))
1.2D 1.0W + 1.0PT
*
(AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(d))
1.2D + 0.4L 1.0W + 1.0PT
*
(AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(d))
*
— Replace PT by H for flexural design only
Note that the 0.4 factor on the live load in three of the combinations is not valid
for live load representing storage areas. These are also the default design load
combinations in SAFE whenever the AS 3600-2001 code is used. If roof live
load is treated separately or other types of loads are present, other appropriate
load combinations should be used.
The upper limit of fsy is 500 MPa (AS 6.2.1, Table 6.2.1).
The code allows use of f' c and fsy beyond the given limits, provided special care
is taken regarding the detailing and ductility (AS 6.1.1, 6.2.1, 19.2.1.1).
SAFE enforces the upper material strength limits for flexure and shear design
of beams and slabs or for torsion design of beams. The input material strengths
are taken as the upper limits if they are defined in the material properties as be-
ing greater than the limits. The user is responsible for ensuring that the mini-
mum strength is satisfied.
The value Mud is the reduced ultimate strength of the cross-section in bending
where ku = 0.4 and tensile force has been reduced to balance the reduced com-
pressive forces (AS 8.1.3).
The design stresses in the concrete in compression are taken as 0.85 f c . The
maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed
equal to 0.003 (AS 8.1.2.1 (c), 8.1.2.2).
At service loading
At nominal strength
The extreme fiber stress in tension should not exceed the cracking stress; oth-
erwise the section should be designed as a cracked section.
(a) limiting the calculated maximum flexural tensile stress under short-term
service loads to 0.6 f c' ; or
(i) the increment in steel stress near the tension face to 200 MPa, as the
load increases from its value when the extreme concrete tensile fiber is
at zero stress to the short-term service load value; and
The program checks the stresses in the concrete prestressed flexural members
at service loads and after all prestress losses against the following limit (AS
8.6.2):
Beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Effects
resulting from any axial forces and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative
factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive beam
moments can be used to calculate bottom reinforcement. In such cases the
7 - 10 Beam Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
0.003 0.85 f c
b
As f s Cs
d c a ku d
dp
ds
Ap
ps Tcps
Ts Tcs
As s
The design procedure used by SAFE for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams) is summarized in the following subsections. It is assumed
*
that the design ultimate axial force does not exceed (Ascfsy > 0.15N ) (AS
Beam Design 7- 11
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
10.7.1a); hence all beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and
torsion only.
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, a, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T, and performs an iteration to compute the depth of the neutral
axis, which is based on stress-strain compatibility for bonded tendons. For un-
bonded tendons, the code equations are used to compute the stress, fps in the
post-tensioning steel. After the depth of the neutral axis has been found, the
stress in the post-tensioning reinforcement fpb is computed based on strain com-
patibility.
The following assumptions are used for the stress block used to compute the
flexural bending capacity of rectangular sections (AS 8.1.2.2).
A line parallel to the neutral axis at the strength limit under the loading
concerned, and located at a distance kud from the extreme compression
fiber.
ku = 0.4
7 - 12 Beam Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
If a amax (AS 8.1.3), the moment capacity of the section, provided by post-
tensioning steel only, is computed as:
a
M u0 Ap f p d p
2
0.85f'c - Ap f pbal
Asbal =
f sbal
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
a a
M ubal Ap f pbal d p max Asbal f sbal d s max
2 2
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of neutral axis, c.
Beam Design 7- 13
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
M us M M ubal
7 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
Mus
Asc , where
f 's 0.85 f 'c d d
c d
f s 0.003Es fsy (AS 8.1.2.1, 6.2.2)
c
M us
Ascom
f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive, and vice versa if M is negative.
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, a, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T, and performs an iteration to compute the depth of the neutral
axis, which is based on stress-strain compatibility for bonded tendons. For un-
bonded tendons, the code equations are used to compute the stress, fps in the
post-tensioning steel. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined,
the stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpb is computed based on strain compati-
bility.
Beam Design 7- 15
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
If a amax (AS 8.1.3), the moment capacity of the section, provided by post-
tensioning steel only, is computed as:
a
M u0 Ap f p d p
2
If a Ds, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previ-
ously defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in this case the
width of the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required
when a max k u d where, ku = 0.4.
Accom b f Ds bw amax Ds
7 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of neutral axis, c.
Beam Design 7- 17
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
M us M M ubal
M us
As , where
f s 0.85 f c d d '
c d
f s 0.003Es max fsy (AS 8.1.2.1, 6.2.2)
cmax
7 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
M us
Ascom
f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is As. As is to be placed at the bottom, and As is to
be placed at the top if M is positive and vice versa if M is negative.
The ultimate strength in bending (Muo), at critical sections shall not be less than
M uo min given by:
where
e = the eccentricity of the prestressing force (P), measured from the cen-
troidal axis of the uncracked section
D f cf
2
Ast .min 0.22 bd , where (AS 8.1.4.1)
d fsy
Beam Design 7- 19
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension reinforce-
ment and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request as follows:
Determine the shear force, Vuc, that can be resisted by the concrete.
7 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
13
Ast + Apt f'c
Vuc = β1 β2 β3bv d o Vo + Pv (AS 8.2.7.2(a))
bw d o
where,
do
1 1.11.6 1.1 (AS 8.2.7.1)
1000
β2 = 1, or (AS 8.2.7.1)
N*
= 1 0 for members subject to significant axial tension, or
3.5 A
g
N*
= 1 for members subject to significant axial compression.
14 A
g
β3 = 1
Vo = the shear force that would occur at the section when the bending
moment at that section was equal to the decompression moment
(Mo) given by:
M o = Zσ cp.f
where
b) Web-shear cracking
where
Beam Design 7- 21
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
*
Given V , Vuc, and Vu.max, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as fol-
lows, where, , the strength reduction factor, is 0.6 by default (AS 2.3).
If V * Vuc / 2,
Asv
0 , if D ≤ 750 mm, otherwise Asv.min shall be provided (AS 8.2.5).
s
If Vuc / 2 V * Vu.min ,
Asv
0, if D < bw /2 or 250 mm, whichever is greater (AS 8.2.5(c)(i)),
s
otherwise Asv.min shall be provided.
If Vu.min V * Vu.max ,
Asv
V * Vuc , (AS 8.2.10)
s fsy. f do cot v
7 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
Asv. min b
0.35 w (AS 8.2.8)
s f sy. f
v = the angle between the axis of the concrete compression strut and the lon-
gitudinal axis of the member, which varies linearly from 30 degrees
when V =Vu.min to 45 degrees when V = Vu,max.
* *
If V exceeds its maximum permitted value Vmax, the concrete section size
*
The maximum of all of the calculated Asv /s values obtained from each load
combination is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
Beam Design 7- 23
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Jt = Torsional modulus
At = b 2c h 2c , (AS 8.3.5)
ut = 2 b 2c 2 h 2c , (AS 8.3.6)
2
Jt = 0.4x y (AS 8.3.3)
7 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
where, the section dimensions b, h and, c are as shown in Figure 7-3. Similarly,
the special section properties for a flanged beam section are given as:
At = bw 2c h 2c , (AS 8.3.5)
ut = 2 h 2c 2 bw 2c , (AS 8.3.6)
2
Jt = 0.4x y (AS 8.3.3)
where the section dimensions bw, h, and c for a flanged beam are as shown in
Figure 7-3. The values x and y refer to the smaller and larger dimensions of a
component rectangle, respectively.
c b 22c
c c bef
c c
D
ds
h 2c h hh h 2c
c c
b bw 2c
bbww
Figure 7-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
Beam Design 7- 25
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
T* V*
0.5 (AS 8.3.4(a)(ii))
Tuc Vuc
T* V*
1 and D ≤ max(250mm, b/2) (AS 8.3.4(a)(iii))
Tuc Vuc
* *
If the factored torsion T alone or in combination with V does not satisfy any
of the preceding three conditions, torsion reinforcement is needed. It is as-
sumed that the torsional resistance is provided by closed stirrups and longitudi-
nal bars (AS 8.3).
If T > Tcr, the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, Asw /s, is calcu-
*
lated as:
Asw T * tan t
(AS 8.3.5(b))
s 2 f sy. f At
The value θt is the angle between the axis of the concrete compression strut and
the longitudinal axis of the member, which varies linearly from 30 degrees
when T = Tuc to 45 degrees when T = Tu,max.
* *
The following equation shall also be satisfied for combined shear and torsion
by adding additional shear stirrups.
T* V*
1.0 (AS 8.3.4(b))
Tus Vus
where,
7 - 26 Beam Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
A
Tus f sy. f sw 2 At cot t (AS 8.3.5(b))
s
A
0.5 f sy. f sw ut cot 2 t
Al s (AS 8.3.6(a))
f sy
* *
An upper limit of the combination of V and T that can be carried by the sec-
tion also is checked using the equation:
T* V*
1.0 (AS 8.3.3)
Tu . max Vu . max
where,
* *
For rectangular sections, bw is replaced with b. If the combination of V and T
exceeds this limit, a failure message is declared. In that case, the concrete sec-
tion should be increased in size.
*
When torsional reinforcement is required (T > Tcr), the area of transverse
closed stirrups and the area of regular shear stirrups satisfy the following limit.
Asv A 0.35b
2 sw (AS 8.3.7, 8.2.8)
s s f sy. f
If this equation is not satisfied with the originally calculated Asv/s and Asw/s,
Asv/s is increased to satisfy this condition. In that case, Asv/s does not need to
satisfy AS Section 8.2.8 independently.
The maximum of all of the calculated Al and Asv/s values obtained from each
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination.
Beam Design 7- 27
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is carried out at spe-
cific locations along the length of the strip. These locations correspond to the
element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side of
these element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:
These three steps are described in the subsections that follow and are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
7 - 28 Slab Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination, is obtained and reported.
(a) limiting the calculated maximum flexural tensile stress under short-term
service loads to 0.5 f c' ; or
Slab Design 7- 29
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
(i) the increment in steel stress near the tension face to 150 MPa, as the
load increases from its value when the extreme concrete tensile fiber is
at zero stress to the short-term service load value; and
The program checks the stresses in the concrete prestressed flexural members
at service loads and after all prestress losses have occurred against the follow-
ing limit (AS 9.4.2):
7 - 30 Slab Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
d 2
d 2 d 2
d 2
d 2 d 2
Vuo ud om 0.5 f c 0.3 cp 0.2 f cud om (AS 9.2.3(b))
Slab Design 7- 31
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
2
0.17 1 f c
fcv min h (AS 9.2.3(a))
0.34 f c
where, h is the ratio of the longest to the minimum dimensions of the criti-
cal section.
(ii) The ultimate shear strength of a slab where M v* is not zero and no shear
reinforcement is provided, Vu , is given as (AS 9.2.4(a)):
The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear and Transfer of Unbalanced Moment as described in the ear-
lier sections remain unchanged. The design of punching shear reinforcement is
carried out as described in the subsections that follow.
7 - 32 Slab Design
Chapter 7 - Design for AS 3600-01
Where Vu is computed from AS 9.2.3 or 9.2.4.Given V*, Vu, and Vu,max, the re-
quired shear reinforcement is calculated as follows, where, , is the strength
reduction factor.
Asv
V * Vu , (AS 8.2.10)
s f sy dom
1
Vs f 'c ud om (NZS 12.7.4.3)
16
If V > Vmax, a failure condition is declared.
*
(NZS 12.7.3.4)
The distance between the column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed d/2. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement in the
first line (perimeter) of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 2d measured in a
direction parallel to the column face (NZS 12.7.4.4).
Slab Design 7- 33
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
When specifying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.5d. The spacing
between adjacent shear studs, g, at the first peripheral line of studs shall not ex-
ceed 2d and in the case of studs in a radial pattern, the angle between adjacent
stud rails shall not exceed 60 degrees. The limits of so and the spacing, s, be-
tween the peripheral lines are specified as:
7 - 34 Slab Design
Chapter 8
Design for BS 8110-97
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the post-tensioned con-
crete design procedure that is used by SAFE when British code BS 8110-97
[BSI 1997] is selected. For light-weight concrete and torsion, reference is made
to BS 8110-2:1985 [BSI 1985]. Various notations used in this chapter are listed
in Table 8-1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the BS code in this
chapter, a prefix “BS” followed by the section number is used.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and de-
scriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
units unless otherwise noted.
8.1 Notations
The following table identifies the various notations used in this chapter.
Notations 8-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
8-2 Notations
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
Notations 8 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
For post-tensioned concrete design, the user can specify the prestressing load
(PT) by providing the tendon profile or by using the load balancing options in
the program. The default load combinations for post-tensioning are defined in
the following sections.
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT
The strength design combinations required for shear design of beams and
punching shear require the full PT forces (primary and secondary). Flexural de-
sign only requires the hyperstatic (secondary) forces. The hyperstatic (secon-
dary) forces are automatically determined by SAFE by subtracting out the pri-
mary PT moments when the flexural design is carried out.
*
1.4D + 1.0PT (BS 2.4.3)
*
1.4D + 1.6L + 1.0PT (BS 2.4.3)
*
1.4D + 1.6(0.75PL) + 1.0PT (BS 2.4.3)
1.0D 1.4W +1.0PT
*
*
1.4D + 1.6L + 1.6S + 1.0PT
1.2D + 1.2S 1.2W + 1.0PT
* (BS 2.4.3)
1.2D + 1.2L + 1.2S 1.2W + 1.0PT
*
*
— Replace PT with H for flexural design only
Hot rolled mild reinforcement - 250 MPa (BS 3.1.7.4, Table 3.1)
SAFE also checks the tensile strength in the prestressing steel (BS 4.7.1). The
permissible tensile stresses in all types of prestressing steel, in terms of the
specified minimum tensile strength fpu, are summarized as follows:
In any circumstances, the initial prestressing forces shall not exceed 0.75 fpu.
These factors are already incorporated in the design equations and tables in the
code. Note that for reinforcement, the default factor of 1.15 is for Grade 500
reinforcement. If other grades are used, this value should be overwritten as nec-
essary. Changes to the partial safety factors are carried through the design
equations where necessary, typically affecting the material strength portions of
the equations.
The design stresses in the concrete in compression are taken as 0.45 fcu. The
maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed
equal to 0.0035 (BS 4.3.7.1(b)).
The serviceability limit state of prestressed members uses the following as-
sumptions given in BS 4.3.4.1.
Plane sections remain plane, i.e., strain varies linearly with depth through the
entire load range (BS 4.3.4.1(a)).
Elastic behavior exists by limiting the concrete stresses to the values given in
BS 4.3.4.2, 4.3.4.3, and 4.3.5 (BS 4.3.4.1(b)).
posed loads on the strain and force in the tendons may be ignored (BS
4.3.4.1(c)).
At service loading
At nominal strength
Class 3: Flexural tensile stresses but surface width of cracks are as follows:
The extreme fiber stress in tension for Class 3 should not exceed the appropri-
ate value for a Class 2 member; otherwise the section should be designed as a
cracked section.
Beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Effects
resulting from any axial forces and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
8 - 10 Beam Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative
factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive beam
moments can be used to calculate bottom reinforcement. In such cases the
beam may be designed as a rectangular or a flanged beam. Negative beam
moments can be used to calculate top reinforcement. In such cases the beam
may be designed as a rectangular or inverted flanged beam.
Beam Design 8 - 11
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The design procedure used by SAFE, for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams), is summarized in the subsections that follow. It is assumed
that the design ultimate axial force does not exceed 0.1 fcu Ag (BS 3.4.4.1);
hence all beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion
only.
0.0035 0.67 f cu m
b
As f s Cs
d x a 0.9 x
ds dp
Aps
ps Tcps
Ts Tcs
As s
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, x, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T, and performs an iteration to compute the depth of the neutral
axis, which is based on stress-strain compatibility. After the depth of the neu-
tral axis has been found, the stress in the post-tensioning reinforcement fpb is
computed based on strain compatibility.
8 - 12 Beam Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
The ductility of a section is controlled by limiting the x/d ratio (BS 3.4.4.4):
The lever arm of the section must not be greater than 0.95 times the effective
depth (BS 3.4.4.1).
M u0 Aps f pb d p 0.45 x (BS 4.3.7.3)
0.67 f cu
C amax b
m
0.67 f cu
amax b Aps f pbbal
m
Asbal
f sbal
Beam Design 8 - 13
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of neutral axis, x.
8 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
M us M M ubal
Mus
A' s , where (BS 3.4.4.4)
0.67 fcu
f 's
c
d d'
amax - d'
f s = Esc 0.87fy
amax
M us
Ascom
0.87 f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive, and vice versa if M is negative.
Beam Design 8 - 15
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, x, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T, and performs an iteration to compute the depth of neutral
axis, which is based on stress-strain compatibility for bonded tendons. For un-
bonded tendons, the code equations are used to compute the stress, fps in the
post-tensioning steel. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined,
the stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpb is computed based on strain compati-
bility.
The ductility of a section is controlled by limiting the x/d ratio (BS 3.4.4.4):
The lever arm of the section must not be greater than 0.95 times its effective
depth (BS 3.4.4.1):
M u0 Aps f pb d p 0.45 x
If a amax (BS 3.4.4.4), a failure condition is declared.
8 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
If a hf, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previously
defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in this case the width of
the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required when x/d >
0.5.
0.67 f cu
C amax Accom
c
Accom b f h f bw amax h f
bal
T Aps f pb Asbal f sbal
0.67 f cu
amax Accom Aps f pbbal
m
Asbal
f sbal
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of neutral axis, x.
Beam Design 8 - 17
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
d f s Cs
As Cf
x
d
Cw
Aps
ps
Tw Tf
As s Ts
bw
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
8 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
M us M M ubal
Mus
A' s , where (BS 3.4.4.4)
0.67 fcu
f 's
c
d d'
a - d'
f s = Esc max 0.87fy.
amax
M us
Ascom
0.87 f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom, and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive and vice versa if M is negative.
Beam Design 8 - 19
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Minimum percentage
Definition of fy = 250 fy = 460
Section Situation percentage MPa MPa
As
Rectangular 100 0.24 0.13
bh
bw A
< 0.4 100 s 0.32 0.18
T- or L-Beam with bf bw h
web in tension bw As
0.4 100 0.24 0.13
bf bw h
T-Beam with web in As
100 0.48 0.26
compression bw h
L-Beam with web in As
100 0.36 0.20
compression bw h
8 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
Definition of Minimum
Section Situation percentage percentage
A
Rectangular 100 s 0.20
bh
As
Web in tension 100 0.40
bf hf
T or L-Beam
As
Web in compression 100 0.20
bw h
Determine the shear stress, vc, that can be resisted by the concrete.
V
v (BS 3.4.5.2)
bw d
Beam Design 8 - 21
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
where,
Vco = 0.67bv h f t
2
+ 0.8 f cp ft , (BS 4.3.8.4)
where,
8 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
f pe V
Vcr 1 0.55 vc bv d M o , and (BS 4.3.8.5)
f pu M
If v vc + 0.4,
Asv 0.4 bw
= (BS 4.3.8.7)
sv 0.87 f yv
Asv v vc bv
= (BS 4.3.8.7)
sv 0.87 f yv
The maximum of all of the calculated Asv /sv values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
Beam Design 8 - 23
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The torsional shear stress, vt, for a rectangular section is computed as:
2T
vt (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.4.1)
2
h
min hmax hmin / 3
8 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
3
hmin hmax
Tseg T (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.4.2)
h 3
h
min max
If the computed torsional shear stress, vt, exceeds the following limit for sec-
tions with the larger center-to-center dimension of the closed link less than 550
mm, a failure condition is generated if the torsional shear stress does not sat-
isfy:
y1
vt min(0.8 fcu ,5N/mm 2 ) (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.5)
550
vt ,min min 0.067 fcu ,0.4N/mm 2 (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.6)
vt ,min min 0.067 fcu ,0.4N/mm 2 0.8 (BS 8110-2:85 5.5)
Beam Design 8 - 25
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
c b 2c c bf
c c
ds
h 2c h h h 2c
c c
b bw 2c
bw
Figure 8-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
If vt > vt,min, the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, Asv,t /sv, is calcu-
lated as:
Asv ,t T
0.8 x1 y1 0.87 f yv
(BS 8110-2:85 2.4.7)
sv
Asv ,t f yv x1 y1
Al (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.7)
sv f y
8 - 26 Beam Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
An upper limit of the combination of v and vt that can be carried by the sec-
tion also is checked using the equation:
v vt min 0.8 fcu , 5N/mm 2 (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.5)
If the combination of shear stress, v and torsional shear stress, vt exceeds this
limit, a failure message is declared. In that case, the concrete section should be
increased in size.
The maximum of all of the calculated Al and Asv,t /sv values obtained from each
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination.
Slab Design 8 - 27
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is carried out at spe-
cific locations along the length of the strip. Those locations correspond to the
element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side of
those element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:
These three steps are described in the subsections that follow and are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination, is obtained and reported.
8 - 28 Slab Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
using its tributary bending moment. The reinforcement obtained for each of the
tributary widths is summed to obtain the total reinforcement for the full width
of the design strip at the considered design section. This method is used when
drop panels are included. Where openings occur, the slab width is adjusted ac-
cordingly.
There are no minimum requirements for span zone. However, additional un-
tensioned reinforcement shall be designed to accommodate the full tension
force generated by assumed flexural tensile stresses in the concrete for the fol-
lowing situations (Concrete Society, Technical Report 43):
all locations in one-way spanning floors where transfer tensile stress exceeds
0.36 f ci
span zones in flat slabs using unbonded tendons where the tensile stress
exceeds 0.15 f cu .
Ft
As =
5/8 f y
where
Slab Design 8 - 29
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
fct (h x )b
Ft
2
where,
8 - 30 Slab Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
1.5d
1.5d 1.5d
1.5d
1.5d 1.5d
Vco 0.67bv h f t
2
0.8 fcp ft , (BS 4.3.8.4)
where,
Slab Design 8 - 31
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
f pe V
Vcr 1 0.55 vc bv d M o , and (BS 4.3.8.5)
f pu M
Veff
v= , where (BS 3.7.7.3)
ud
My M
Veff = V f + 1.5 + 1.5 x , (BS 3.7.6.2, 3.7.6.3)
V x V y
x and y are the length of the side of the critical section parallel to the
axis of bending
Mx and My are the design moments transmitted from the slab to the col-
umn at the connection
8 - 32 Slab Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
The ratio of the maximum shear stress and the concrete punching shear stress
capacity is reported as the punching shear capacity ratio by SAFE.
The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear as described in the earlier sections remains unchanged. The
design of punching shear reinforcement is carried out as described in the sub-
sections that follow.
If v 1.6vc
Slab Design 8 - 33
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Av v vc ud 0.4ud
= , (BS 3.7.7.5)
s 0.87 f yv 0.87 f yv
Av 5 0.7v vc ud 0.4ud
= , (BS 3.7.7.5)
s 0.87 f yv 0.87 f yv
If v exceeds the maximum permitted value of vmax, the concrete section should
be increased in size.
8 - 34 Slab Design
Chapter 8 - Design for BS 8110-97
The distance between column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed d/2. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement in the
first line of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 1.5d measured in a direction
parallel to the column face (BS 11.12.3.3).
When specifying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.5d. The spacing
between adjacent shear studs, g, at the first peripheral line of studs shall not
exceed 1.5d. The limit of so and the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are
specified as:
so 0.5d (BS 3.7.7.6)
s 0.75d (BS 3.7.7.6)
g 1.5d (BS 3.7.7.6)
Slab Design 8 - 35
Chapter 9
Design for CSA A23.3-04
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the post-tensioned con-
crete design procedure that is used by SAFE when the user selects the Cana-
dian code CSA A23.3-04 [CSA 2004]. Various notations used in this chapter
are listed in Table 9-1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the CSA
code in this chapter, a prefix “CSA” followed by the section number is used.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and
descriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
units unless otherwise noted.
9.1 Notations
The following table identifies the various notations used in this chapter.
Notations 9-1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
b Width of member, mm
ds Thickness of slab, mm
9-2 Notations
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
Notations 9 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
c Strain in concrete
reversible, the load combinations in the following sections may need to be con-
sidered (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1).
For post-tensioned concrete design, the user also can specify the prestressing
load (PT) by providing the tendon profile or by using the load balancing
options in the program. The default load combinations for post-tensioning are
defined in the following sections.
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 0.5L + 1.0PT
The strength design combinations required for shear design of beams and
punching shear require the full PT forces (primary and secondary). Flexural de-
sign requires only the hyperstatic (secondary) forces. The hyperstatic (secon-
dary) forces are determined automatically by SAFE by subtracting the primary
PT moments when the flexural design is carried out.
*
1.4D + 1.0PT (CSA 8.3.2,Table C.1, Case 1)
*
1.25D + 1.5L + 1.0PT
1.25D + 1.5L + 1.0PT 0.4W
*
*
1.25D + 1.5L + 1.0PT + 0.5S (CSA 8.3.2,Table C.1, Case 2)
*
0.9D + 1.5L + 1.0PT
0.9D + 1.5L + 1.0PT 0.4W
*
*
0.9D + 1.5L + 1.0PT + 0.5S
*
1.25D + 1.5(0.75 PL) + 1.0PT (CSA 13.8.4.3)
*
1.25D + 1.5S + 1.0PT
*
1.25D + 1.5S + 1.0PT + 0.5L
1.25D + 1.5S + 1.0PT 0.4W
*
*
(CSA 8.3.2,Table C.1, Case 3)
0.9D + 1.5S + 1.0PT
*
0.9D + 1.5S + 1.0PT + 0.5L
0.9D + 1.5S + 1.0PT 0.4W
*
*
— Replace PT by H for flexural design only
These are also the default design combinations in SAFE whenever the CSA
A23.3-04 code is used. The user should use other appropriate load combina-
tions if roof live load is treated separately, or if other types of loads are present.
SAFE enforces the upper material strength limits for flexure and shear design
of beams and slabs or for torsion design of beams. The input material strengths
are taken as the upper limits if they are defined in the material properties as
being greater than the limits. The user is responsible for ensuring that the mini-
mum strength is satisfied.
SAFE also checks the following tensile strength limits in prestressing steel
(CSA 18.4). The permissible tensile stresses in all types of prestressing steel, in
terms of the specified minimum tensile strength fpu, are summarized as follows:
0.80 fpu
0.70 fpu
stress-relieved wire and strands, and plain bars fpy = 0.85 fpu
The preceding values for c, s, and p are the default values. These values can
be modified in the design preferences. For structural concrete manufactured in
prequalified manufacturing plants, c can be taken as 0.7 (CSA 8.4.2, 16.1.3).
The strain in the reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly pro-
portional to the distance from the neutral axis, except for unbonded tendons
(CSA 10.1.2).
The maximum usable strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall
be assumed equal to 0.0035 (CSA 10.1.3).
The balanced strain condition shall exist at a cross-section when tension rein-
forcement reaches its yield strain just as the concrete in compression reaches
its maximum strain of 0.0035 (CSA 10.1.4).
The relationship between the concrete compressive stress distribution and the
concrete strain shall be assumed to be rectangular by an equivalent rectangu-
lar concrete stress distribution (CSA 10.1.7).
The concrete stress of cc f c' shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an
equivalent-compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section and a
straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a distance a 1c from the
fiber of maximum compressive strain (CSA 10.1.7(a)).
The distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, c, shall be
measured in a direction perpendicular to the neutral axis (CSA 10.1.7.(b)).
At service loading
At nominal strength
0.60 f ci'
0.25 f ci'
0.5 f ci'
The extreme fiber stress in tension at the ends of simply supported members is
currently NOT checked by SAFE.
0.60 f c'
0.5 f c'
0.25 f c'
0.45 f c'
Beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Effects
resulting from any axial forces and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
Beam Design 9 - 11
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
factoring the corresponding moments for different load cases, with the corre-
sponding load factors.
The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative
factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive beam
moments can be used to calculate bottom reinforcement. In such cases the
beam may be designed as a rectangular or flanged beam. Negative beam mo-
ments can be used to calculate top reinforcement. In such cases the beam may
be designed as a rectangular or inverted flanged beam.
The design procedure used by SAFE, for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams) is summarized in the subsections that follow. It is assumed
that the design ultimate axial force in a beam is negligible; hence all the beams
are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only.
9 - 12 Beam Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
0.0035 1 f cc
b
As Cs
a 1c
d c
dp
ds
Ap
p
Tc
s Ts
As
(I) BEAM (II) STRAIN (II) STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
εcu
cmax = E p d p (CSA 18.6.1)
εcu + ε p
where,
The ductility of a section is ensured by limiting the c/d ratio and strength
reduction factor . The minimum ductility required by the CSA code is limited
as c/dp 0.5 (CSA 18.6.2).
Beam Design 9 - 13
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpr is computed based on strain compatibility.
On the basis of the calculated fpr, the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated,
and fpr is further updated. After this iteration process has converged, the depth
of the rectangular compression block is determined as follows:
a 1c
a
M r0 Aps f pr d p
2
C 1 fc'c amax b
9 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of the neutral axis, c.
When Mr0 M f Mrbal , SAFE determines the required area of tension rein-
forcement, As, iteratively to satisfy the design moment Mf and reports the
required area of tension reinforcement. Since Mf is bounded by Mr0 at the
lower end and Mrbal at the upper end, and Mr0 is associated with As 0
and Mrbal is associated with As Asbal , the required area will be within the
range of 0 to As .
Beam Design 9 - 15
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Mrs M f Mrbal
Mrs
As , where
s f s c1 f c ds d
c - d'
f s = 0.0035Es fy (CSA 10.1.2, 10.1.3)
c
M rs
Ascom
f y d d ' s
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if Mf is positive, and vice versa if Mf is negative.
9 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
d f s Cs
As Ct
c
dp
ds
Cw
Ap
p
Tw Tf
As s Ts
bw
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
εcu
cmax = E p d p (CSA 18.6.1)
εcu + ε p
where,
Beam Design 9 - 17
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The ductility of a section is ensured by limiting the c/d ratio and strength re-
duction factor . The minimum ductility required by the CSA code is limited to
c/dp 0.5 (CSA 18.6.2).
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpr is computed based on strain compatibility.
Based on the calculated fpr, the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fpr
is further updated. After this iteration process has converged, the depth of the
rectangular compression block is determined as follows:
a 1c
a
Mr0 Aps f pr d p
2
9 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
If a hs, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previously
defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in this case the width of
the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required when a > amax.
Accom b f ds bw amax ds
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcing steel, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of neutral axis, c.
Beam Design 9 - 19
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
9 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
Mrs M f Mrbal
Mrs
As , where
s f s c1 f c ds d '
c d'
f s = 0.0035Es fy. (CSA 10.1.2, 10.1.3)
c
M rs
Ascom
f y d d ' s
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if Mf is positive, and vice versa if Mf is negative.
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension reinforce-
ment and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request as follows:
Beam Design 9 - 21
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
ticular beam, for a particular load combination at a particular station due to the
beam major shear, the following steps are involved:
Determine the factored forces acting on the section, Mf and vf. Note that Mf is
needed for the calculation of vc.
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
these steps.
Vc c f c bw dv (CSA 11.3.4)
where,
is the strength reduction factor to account for low density concrete (CSA
2.2). For normal density concrete, its value is 1 (CSA 8.6.5), which is
taken by the program as the default value. For concrete using lower den-
sity aggregate, the user can change the value of in the material prop-
erty data. The recommended value for is as follows (CSA 8.6.5).
9 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
is the factor for accounting for the shear resistance of cracked concrete
(CSA 2.2). Its value is normally between 0.1 and 0.4. It is determined
according to CSA 11.3.6 and described further in the following sections.
bw is the effective web width. For rectangular beams, it is the width of the
beam. For flanged beams, it is the width of the web of the beam.
If the overall beam depth, h, is less than 250 mm or if the beam depth of a
flanged beam below the slab is not greater than one-half of the width of the
web or 350 mm, is taken as 0.21 (CSA 11.3.6.2).
When the specified yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing fy does not
exceed 400 MPa, and the specified concrete strength f c does not exceed 60
MPa, β is determined in accordance with the simplified method, as follows
(CSA 11.6.3.3):
Beam Design 9 - 23
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
For maximum size of coarse aggregate not less than 20 mm, is taken as:
230
(CSA 11.3.6.3 b)
1000 dv
For a maximum size of coarse aggregate less than 20 mm, is taken as:
230
(CSA 11.3.6.3 c)
1000 sze
35
where, Sze Sz 0.85Sz (CSA 11.3.6.3.c)
15 ag
In the preceding expression, the crack spacing parameter, sze, shall be taken as
the minimum of dv and the maximum distance between layers of distributed
longitudinal reinforcement. However, sze is conservatively taken as equal to dv.
0.18, if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided,
230
, if no transverse reinforcement is provided, and ag 20mm,
1000 dv
230
, if no transverse reinforcement is provided, and ag 20mm.
1000 Sze
9 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
0.40 1300
(CSA 11.3.6.4)
1 1500 x 1000 S ze
In the preceding expression, the equivalent crack spacing parameter, sze is taken
equal to 300 mm if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided (CSA
11.3.6.4). Otherwise it is determined as stated in the simplified method.
M f d v V f 0.5 N f
x (CSA 11.3.6.4)
2E s As
Beam Design 9 - 25
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
M f d v V f 0.5 N f
x (CSA 11.3.6.4(c))
2E s As Ec Act
If the axial tension is large enough to induce tensile stress in the section, the
value of x is doubled (CSA 11.3.6.4(e)).
For sections closer than dv from the face of the support, x is calculated based
on Mf and Vf of a section at a distance dv from the face of the support (CSA
11.3.6.4(d)). This condition currently is not checked by SAFE.
In both the simplified and general methods, the shear strength of the section
due to concrete, vc , depends on whether the minimum transverse reinforcement
is provided. To check this condition, the program performs the design in two
passes. In the first pass, it is assumes that no transverse shear reinforcement is
needed. When the program determines that shear reinforcement is needed, the
program performs the second pass assuming that at least minimum shear rein-
forcement is provided.
Given Vf, Vc, and Vr,max, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as fol-
lows:
9 - 26 Beam Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
If V f Vc
Av
0 (CSA 11.3.5.1)
s
If Vc V f Vr ,max
Av V f Vc tan
(CSA 11.3.3, 11.3.5.1)
s s f yt d v
(a) in regions of flexural members where the factored shear force V f ex-
ceeds Vc
Av f
0.06 c bw (CSA 11.2.8.2)
s fy
In the preceding equations, the term is used where is the angle of inclina-
tion of the diagonal compressive stresses with respect to the longitudinal axis
of the member. The value is normally between 22 and 44 degrees. It is de-
termined according to CSA 11.3.6.
Similar to the factor, which was described previously, the value of is pref-
erably taken as the special value (CSA 11.3.6.2) or it is determined using the
Beam Design 9 - 27
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
simplified method (CSA 11.3.6.3), whenever applicable. The program uses the
general method when conditions for the simplified method are not satisfied
(CSA 11.3.6.4).
If the overall beam depth, h, is less than 250 mm or if the depth of the
flanged beam below the slab is not greater than one-half of the width of the
web or 350 mm, is taken as 42 degrees (CSA 11.3.6.2).
If the specified yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing fy does not ex-
ceed 400 MPa, or the specified concrete strength f'c does not exceed 60 MPa,
is taken to be 35 degree (CSA 11.3.6.3).
If the axial force is tensile, the specified yield strength of the longitudinal re-
inforcing fy > 400 MPa, and the specified concrete strength f' c > 60 MPa, is
determined using the general method as follows (CSA 11.3.6.4),
where x is the longitudinal strain at the mid-depth of the cross-section for the
factored load. The calculation procedure has been described in preceding sec-
tions.
The maximum of all of the calculated Av s values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
The beam shear reinforcement requirements reported by the program are based
purely on shear strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup requirements to
satisfy spacing and volumetric requirements must be investigated independ-
ently of the program by the user.
9 - 28 Beam Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
Beam Design 9 - 29
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Ac = bh (CSA 11.2.9.1)
pc = 2b + 2h (CSA 11.2.9.1)
where, the section dimensions b, h, and c are shown in Figure 9-3. Similarly,
the special section properties for a flanged beam section are given as follows:
where the section dimensions bf, bw, h, hf, and c for a flanged beam are shown
in Figure 9-3. Note that the flange width on either side of the beam web is lim-
ited to the smaller of 6hs or 1/12 the span length (CSA 10.3.4).
9 - 30 Beam Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
c b 22c
c c bef
c c
hdss
h 2c h hh h 2c
c c
b bw 2c
bbww
Figure 9-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
Ac2
0.38c f 'c
Tcr pc (CSA 11.2.9.1)
4
where Acp and pc are the area and perimeter of the concrete cross-section as
described in the previous section; is a factor to account for low-density con-
crete; c is the strength reduction factor for concrete, which is equal to 0.65;
and f' c is the specified concrete compressive strength.
Beam Design 9 - 31
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
assumed that the torsional resistance is provided by closed stirrups and longi-
tudinal bars (CSA 11.3).
If Tf > Tcr, the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, At /s, is calculated
as:
At T f tan
(CSA 11.3.10.3)
s s 2 Ao f yt
2
Mf 0.45 phT f
0.5 N f V f 0.5Vs
2
cot
dv 2 Ao
Al
s f y
2
Mf 0.9 phT f
Vf 2
0.5 N f
dv 2 Ao
x (CSA 11.3.10.5)
2 Es As
An upper limit of the combination of Vu and Tu that can be carried by the sec-
tion also is checked using the equation:
2 2
Vf T f ph
2
0.25c f 'c (CSA 11.3.10.4(b))
bw d v 1.7 Aoh
9 - 32 Beam Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
When torsional reinforcement is required (Tf > Tcr), the area of transverse
closed stirrups and the area of regular shear stirrups must satisfy the following
limit.
Av A b
2 t 0.06 f 'c w (CSA 11.2.8.2)
s s f yt
If this equation is not satisfied with the originally calculated Av /s and At /s, Av /s
is increased to satisfy this condition.
The maximum of all of the calculated Al and At /s values obtained from each
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination.
Slab Design 9 - 33
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is carried out at spe-
cific locations along the length of the strip. These locations correspond to the
element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side of
those element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:
These two steps are described in the subsections that follow and are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination numbers, is obtained and reported.
9 - 34 Slab Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
Slab Design 9 - 35
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
d 2
d 2 d 2
d 2
d 2 d 2
9 - 36 Slab Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
1
f = , and (CSA 13.10.2)
1 2 3 b1 b2
1
v = 1− , (CSA 13.3.5.3)
1 2 3 b1 b2
where b1 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction of the
span and b2 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction
perpendicular to the span.
2
c 1 0.19 f c
c
d
vc min c 0.19 s f c (CSA 13.3.4.1)
b0
c 0.38 f c
where, c is the ratio of the minimum to the maximum dimensions of the criti-
cal section, b0 is the perimeter of the critical section, and s is a scale factor
based on the location of the critical section.
The value of f 'c is limited to 8 MPa for the calculation of the concrete shear
capacity (CSA 13.3.4.2)
If the effective depth, d, exceeds 300 mm, the value of vc is reduced by a factor
equal to 1300/(1000 + d) (CSA 13.3.4.3).
Slab Design 9 - 37
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear and Transfer of Unbalanced Moment as described in the ear-
lier sections remain unchanged. The design of punching shear reinforcement is
carried out as follows.
9 - 38 Slab Design
Chapter 9 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
Given vf, vc, and vf,,max, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as follows,
where, s, is the strength reduction factor.
If vf > vr,max,
Av v f vc
b (CSA 13.3.8.5, 13.3.9.4)
s s f yv o
Figure 9-5 Typical arrangement of shear studs and critical sections outside
shear-reinforced zone
Slab Design 9 - 39
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The distance between the column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed 0.4d. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement in the
first line of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 2d measured in a direction
parallel to the column face.
When specifying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.4d. The limits of
the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are specified as:
9 - 40 Slab Design
Chapter 10
Design for Eurocode 2-2004
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the post-tensioned con-
crete design procedure that is used by SAFE when the user selects the Euro-
pean code Eurocode 2-2004 [EN 1992-1-1:2004]. For the load combinations
reference also is made to Eurocode 0 [EN 1990], which is identified with the
prefix “EC0.” Various notations used in this chapter are listed in Table 10-1.
For referencing to the pertinent sections of the EC code in this chapter, a prefix
“EC2” followed by the section number is used. It also should be noted that this
section describes the implementation of the CEN Default version of Eurocode
2-2004, without a country specific National Annex. Where Nationally Deter-
mined Parameters [NDPs] are to be considered, this is highlighted in the re-
spective section by the notation [NDP].
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and
descriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
units unless otherwise noted.
Notations 10 - 1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
10.1 Notations
The following table identifies the various notations used in this chapter.
Asw /sv Area of shear reinforcement per unit length of the member,
2
mm
10 - 2 Notations
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
hf Flange thickness, mm
Notations 10 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Redistribution factor
c Concrete strain
10 - 4 Notations
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
j 1
G, j Gk , j P P Q ,1Qk ,1 Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
i 1
(EC0 Eqn. 6.10)
j 1
G, j Gk , j P P Q ,1 0,1Qk ,1 Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
i 1
(EC0 Eqn. 6.10a)
j 1
j G, j Gk , j P P Q ,1Qk ,1 Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
i 1
(EC0 Eqn. 6.10b)
G
j 1
k, j P AEd 2,i Qk ,i
i 1
(EC0 Eqn. 6.12b)
For this code, if a structure is subjected to dead (D), live (L), pattern live (PL),
snow (S), wind (W), and earthquake (E) loads, and considering that wind and
earthquake forces are reversible, the load combinations in the following sec-
tions may need to be considered (Eurocode 0-2002, Eqation 6.10 or the less fa-
vorable of Equations 6.10a and 6.10b).
For post-tensioned concrete design, the user can specify the prestressing load
(PT) by providing the tendon profile or by using load balancing options in the
program. The default load combinations for post-tensioning are defined in the
following sections.
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT
The combinations required for shear design of beams and punching shear re-
quire the full PT forces (primary and secondary). Flexural design requires only
the hyperstatic (secondary) forces. The hyperstatic (secondary) forces are
determined automatically by SAFE by subtracting out the primary PT moments
when the flexural design is carried out.
Gj,sup D + 1.0PT
*
(EC0 Eqn. 6.10)
D 1.0E + 1.0PT
*
*
— Replace PT with H for flexural design only
If the load combinations are specified to be generated from the max of EC0
Equations. 6.10a and 6.10b, the following load combinations from both equa-
tions are considered in the program.
Gj,sup D + 1.0PT
*
(EC0 Eqn. 6.10a)
Gj,sup D + 1.0PT (EC0 Eqn. 6.10b)
*
D 1.0E + 1.0PT
*
*
— Replace PT with H for flexural design only
For both sets of load combinations, the variable values for the CEN Default
version of the load combinations are defined in the list that follows [NDP].
0,i = 0.7 (live load, assumed not to be storage) (EC0 Table A1.1)
These are also the default design load combinations in SAFE whenever the
Eurocode 2-2004 code is used. If roof live load is treated separately or other
types of loads are present, other appropriate load combinations should be used.
Grades C28/C35 and C32/C40 are the minimum recommended for post-
tensioning and pre-tensioning respectively. In both cases, the concrete strength
at transfer should not be less than 25 MPa.
The program also checks the following tensile strength in prestressing steel
(EC2 5.10.2.1). The maximum stresses applied to the tendon, p,max, in all types
of prestressing steel, in terms of the specified minimum tensile strength fpk, are
summarized as follows:
The recommended value for k1 and k2 are 0.8 and 0.9 where, f is defined
p 0.1k
The value αcc is the coefficient that accounts for long-term effects on the com-
pressive strength; αcc is taken as 1.0 by default and can be overwritten by the
user (EC2 3.1.6(1)).
The values of partial safety factors, s and c, for the materials and the design
strengths of concrete and reinforcement used in the program are listed in the
following table (EC2 2.4.2.4 (1), Table 2.1N):
accidental and earthquake situations, the recommended values are less than the
tabulated value. The user should consider those cases separately.
These factors are already incorporated into the design equations and tables in
the code. The user is allowed to overwrite these values; however, caution is
advised.
The strain distribution in the concrete in compression is derived from the as-
sumption that plane sections remain plane.
The design stresses in the concrete in compression are taken as fcd. Maxi-
mum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed equal
to εcu3.
Plane sections remain plane, i.e., strain varies linearly with depth through the
entire load range.
Elastic behavior exists by limiting the concrete stresses to the values given in
EC2 7.2(3).
At service loading
At nominal strength
Unless reinforcing steel has been added, the stress limits will normally be
"without bonded reinforcement" values, as any bonded tendons normally will
be at the compression face at transfer.
fctm 2.12ln 1 fcm / 10 for fck > C50/C60 (EC2 Table 3.1)
Extreme fiber stresses in tension should not exceed fctm; otherwise, the section
should be designed as a cracked section (EC2 7.1).
Although cracking is permitted for Exposure Classes X0, XC1, XC2, XC3, and
XC4, it may be assumed that the design hypothetical tensile stresses exist at the
limiting crack widths given in Eurocode 2, Table 7.1N. Limits to the design
hypothetical tensile stresses under Frequent Load combinations are given in the
following table (TR43, Second Edition):
Beam Design 10 - 13
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Effects
resulting from any axial forces and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam section is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum
negative factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive
beam moments can be used to calculate bottom reinforcement. In such cases
the beam may be designed as a rectangular or a flanged beam. Negative beam
moments can be used to calculate top reinforcement. In such cases the beam
may be designed as a rectangular or inverted flanged beam.
10 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
when the applied design moment exceeds the maximum moment capacity of a
singly reinforced section. The user has the option of avoiding the compression
reinforcement by increasing the effective depth, the width, or the strength of
the concrete.
The design procedure is based on the simplified rectangular stress block shown
in Figure 10-1 (EC2 3.1.7(3)).
cu 3 f cd
b
As f s Cs
a x
d x
dp
ds h
Ap
p Tcps
Ts Tcs
As s
STRAIN STRESS
BEAM
DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
SECTION
The area of the stress block and the depth of the center of the compressive
force from the most compressed fiber are taken as:
Fc = fcd a b
a=x
where x is the depth of the neutral axis; the factor defines the effective height
of the compression zone; and the factor defines the effective strength, as fol-
lows:
Beam Design 10 - 15
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
fck 50
0.8 for 50 fck 90 MPa (EC2 3.1.7(3))
400
f CK 50
1.0 for 50 f ck 90 MPa (EC2 3.1.7(3))
200
Furthermore, it is assumed that moment redistribution in the beam does not ex-
ceed the code specified limiting value. The code also places a limitation on the
neutral axis depth, to safeguard against non-ductile failures (EC2 5.5(4)).
When the applied moment exceeds the limiting moment capacity as a singly re-
inforced beam, the area of compression reinforcement is calculated on the
assumption that the neutral axis depth remains at the maximum permitted
value.
The design procedure used by SAFE, for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams), is summarized in the subsections that follow.
The maximum depth of the compression zone, xmax, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than smin:
cu3
cmax = dp
cu 3 s min
where,
cu3 = 0.0035
10 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
where,
fck 50
0.8 if fck 50 MPa (EC2 3.1.7)
400
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpk is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress, fps in the post-tensioning steel.
Based on the calculated fpk, the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fpk
is further updated. After this iteration process has converged, the depth of the
rectangular compression block is determined as follows:
a x
a
0
M ED f pk Ap d p
2
If M M ED
0
, SAFE calculates the moment capacity and the As required at the
balanced condition. The balanced condition is taken as the marginal tension-
controlled case. In that case, it is assumed that the depth of the neutral axis x
is equal to xmax. The stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpk, is then calculated
based on strain compatibility and the area of required tension reinforcement,
As, is determined by imposing force equilibrium, i.e., C = T.
C fcd amax b
Beam Design 10 - 17
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
a a
bal
M ED Ap f pkbal d p max Asbal fsbal ds max
2 2
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of the neutral axis, x.
0
When M ED M M ED
bal
, SAFE determines the required area of tension rein-
forcement, As, iteratively to satisfy the design moment M and reports this
0
required area of tension reinforcement. Since M is bound by M ED at the
bal 0
lower end and M ED at the upper end, and M ED is associated with As 0 and
bal
M ED is associated with As Asbal , the required area will fall within the range
bal
of 0 to As .
10 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
M ED,s
As = , where
0.87f s - ηfcd d - d'
a d'
f s = εcu3Es max 0.87fy.
amax
M ED , s
Ascom
0.87 f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive, and vice versa if M is negative.
Beam Design 10 - 19
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
cu 3 f cd f cd
bf hf
d f s Cs Cf
As a x
x
dp
ds
Cw
Aps
ps
Tw Tf
s Ts
bw
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
The maximum depth of the compression zone, xmax, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than smin:
cu3
cmax = dp
cu3 s min
where,
cu3 = 0.0035
10 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
Therefore, the program limit for the depth of the neutral axis is x xmax for ten-
sion-controlled sections.
where,
0.8 if fck 50 MPa (EC2 3.1.7)
fck 50
0.8 if f ck > 50 MPa (EC2 3.1.7)
400
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpk, is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress, fps, in the post-tensioning steel. Based on the calculated fpk,
the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fpk is further updated. After this
iteration process has converged, the depth of the rectangular compression block
is determined as follows:
a x
If a amax (EC2 3.1.7(3)), the moment capacity of the section, provided by
post-tensioning steel only, is computed as:
a
0
M ED f pk Ap d p
2
If M M ED
0
, SAFE calculates the moment capacity and the As required at the
balanced condition. The balanced condition is taken as the marginal tension-
controlled case. In that case it is assumed that the depth of the neutral axis x
is equal to xmax. The stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpk, is then calculated
based on strain compatibility, and the area of required tension reinforcement,
As, is determined by imposing force equilibrium, i.e., C = T.
Beam Design 10 - 21
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
If a hf, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previously
defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in this case, the width of
the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required when a > amax.
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
a a
bal
M ED Ap f pkbal d p max Asbal fsbal ds max
2 2
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcing steel, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of the neutral axis, x.
10 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
0
When M ED M M ED
bal
, SAFE determines the required area of tension rein-
forcement, As, iteratively to satisfy the design moment M and reports the
0
required area of tension reinforcement. Since M is bounded by M ED at the
bal
lower end and M ED 0
at the upper end, and M ED is associated with As 0 and
bal
M ED is associated with As Asbal , the required area will be within the range of
0 to As .
When M M ED
bal
, compression reinforcement is required (EC2 5.5 (4)). In
that case SAFE assumes that the depth of the neutral axis, x, is equal to xmax .
The values of fpk and fs reach their respective balanced condition values, f pkbal
and fsbal . Then the area of compression reinforcement, As , is determined as
follows:
Beam Design 10 - 23
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive, and vice versa if M is negative.
fctm
As ,min 0.26 bd 0.0013bd (EC2 9.2.1.1)
f yk
where fctm is the mean value of axial tensile strength of the concrete and is com-
puted as:
2 3
f ctm 0.30 f ck for fck ≤ 50 MPa (EC2 3.12, Table 3.1)
fctm 2.12ln 1 fcm 10 for fck > 50 MPa (EC2 3.12, Table 3.1)
10 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
Determine the shear force, VRd,c, that can be resisted by the concrete
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
these steps.
200
k 1 2.0 with d in mm (EC2 6.2.2(1))
d
Beam Design 10 - 25
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The value of CRd,c, vmin, and k1 for use in a country may be found in its National
Annex. The program default values for CRd,c [NDP], vmin [NDP], and k1 [NDP] are
given as follows (EC2 6.2.2(1)):
CRd,c = 0.18γc,
3/2 1/2
vmin = 0.035 k fck
k1 = 0.15.
If light-weight concrete:
CRd,c= 0.18γc (EC2 11.6.1(1))
3/2 1/2
vmin = 0.03 k fck (EC2 11.6.1(1))
The beam sections are assumed to be prismatic. The effect of any variation of
width in the beam section on the concrete shear capacity is neglected.
10 - 26 Beam Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
In designing the shear reinforcement for a particular beam, for a particular load
combination, the following steps of the standard method are involved (EC2
6.2).
Obtain the design value of the applied shear force V from the SAFE analysis
results (EC2 6.2.3(3)).
cw bw z 1 fcd
VRd ,max , where (EC2 6.2.3(3))
cot tan
The strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear, v1 [NDP] is de-
fined as:
f ck
1 0.61 (EC2 6.2.2(6))
250
Given VEd, VRdc, VRd,max, the required shear reinforcement in area/unit length is
calculated as follows:
If VEd VRdc,
Asw Asw,min
=
sv s
Asw VEd A
sw,min (EC2 6.2.3(3))
s zf ywd cot s
Beam Design 10 - 27
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The maximum of all the calculated Asw sv values, obtained from each load com-
bination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated load
combination number.
10 - 28 Beam Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
In calculating the section properties involving reinforcement, such as Ak, and uk,
it is assumed that the distance between the centerline of the outermost closed
stirrup and the outermost concrete surface is 50 mm. This is equivalent to 38-
mm clear cover and a 12-mm stirrup. For torsion design of flanged beam sec-
tions, it is assumed that placing torsion reinforcement in the flange area is inef-
ficient. With this assumption, the flange is ignored for torsion reinforcement
calculation. However, the flange is considered during calculation of torsion
section properties. With this assumption, the special properties for a rectangu-
lar beam section are given as:
A = bh (EC2 6.3.2(1))
Beam Design 10 - 29
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
u = 2b + 2h (EC2 6.3.2(1))
where, the section dimensions b, h, and c are shown in Figure 10-3. Similarly,
the special section properties for a flanged beam section are given as:
where the section dimensions bf, bw, h, hf, and c for a flanged beam are shown
in Figure 10-3.
c b 22c
c c bef
c c
hdfs
h 2c h hh h 2c
c c
b bw 2c
bbww
Figure 10-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
10 - 30 Beam Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
TEd V
Ed 1.0 (EC2 6.3.2(5))
TRd ,c VRd ,c
where VRd,c is as defined in the previous section and TRd,c is the torsional crack-
ing moment, calculated as:
where tef, and fctd, the design tensile strength, are defined as:
If torsion reinforcement in the form of closed stirrups is required, the shear due
to this torsion, Vt, is first calculated, followed by the required stirrup area, as:
At Vt
(EC2 6.2.3(3))
s zf ywd cot
Beam Design 10 - 31
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Tcon
Vt h tef T Ed
2 Ak
(EC2 6.3.2(1))
V
Tcon 1 Ed TRd ,c (EC2 6.3.2(5))
V
Rd ,c
TEd u
Asl cot k (EC2 6.3.2(3))
2 Ak f yd
where is the angle of the compression struts, as previously defined for beam
shear. In the preceding expressions, is taken as 45 degrees. The code allows
any value between 21.8 and 45 degrees (EC2 6.2.3(2)), while the program
assumes the conservative value of 45 degrees.
TEd VEd
1.0 (EC2 6.3.2(4))
TRd ,max VRd ,max
If this equation is not satisfied, a failure condition is declared. In that case, the
concrete section should be increased in size.
The maximum of all of the calculated Asl and At s values obtained from each
load combination is reported, along with the controlling combination.
10 - 32 Beam Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is carried out at
specific locations along the length of the strip. These locations correspond to
the element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side
of those element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:
These two steps are described in the subsection that follows and are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination numbers, is obtained and reported.
Slab Design 10 - 33
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
f ctm
As ,min 0.26 bd (EC2 9.2.1.1(1))
f yk
where fctm is the mean value of axial tensile strength of the concrete and is com-
puted as:
2 3
f ctm 0.30 f ck for fck ≤ 50 MPa (EC2 Table 3.1)
fctm 2.12ln 1 fcm 10 for fck > 50 MPa (EC2 Table 3.1)
10 - 34 Slab Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
2d
2d 2d
2d 2d 2d
Slab Design 10 - 35
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
200
k 1 2.0 with d in mm (EC2 6.4.4(1))
d
where 1x and 1y are the reinforcement ratios in the x and y directions respec-
tively, conservatively taken as zeros, and
where σcx and σcy are the normal concrete stresses in the critical section in the x
and y directions respectively, conservatively taken as zeros.
VEd M Ed ,2u1 M u
vEd 1 k k Ed ,3 1 , where (EC2 6.4.4(2))
ud VEdW1,2 VEdW1,3
10 - 36 Slab Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
k is the function of the aspect ratio of the loaded area in Table 6.1 of EN
1992-1-1
MEd is the design moment transmitted from the slab to the column at the
connection along bending axis 2 and 3
The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear as described in the earlier section remain unchanged. The de-
sign of punching shear reinforcement is as described in the following subsec-
tions.
cw v1 fcd
VRd,max = b z where (EC2 6.2.3(3))
cot tan w
Slab Design 10 - 37
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
f
v1 = 0.6 1 ck
250
Given Ed, vRd,c and vRd,max, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as fol-
lows (EC2 6.4.5):
Aw =
vEd 0.75vRd ,c u
sr (EC2 6.4.5)
1.5 f ywd
If Ed exceeds the maximum permitted value of vRD,max, the concrete section
should be increased in size.
The distance between the column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed 2d. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement in the
first line of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 2d measured in a direction
parallel to the column face (EC2 6.4.5(4)).
10 - 38 Slab Design
Chapter 10 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
When specifying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.3d. The spacing
between adjacent shear studs, g, at the first peripheral line of studs shall not ex-
ceed 1.5d and should not exceed 2d at additional perimeters. The limits of so
and the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are specified as:
Slab Design 10 - 39
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
c 2.4.2.4(1) 1.5
s 2.4.2.4(1) 1.15
0 5.2(5) 0.005
k1 5.5(4) 0.44
k3 5.5(4) 0.54
lim 5.8.3.1(1) 20 A B C / n
k1 6.2.2(1) 0.15
6.2.3(2) 45 degrees
f
1 6.2.3(3) 0.6 1 ck
250
f ctm
Beam As,min 9.2.1.1(1) 0.26 bt d 0.0013bt d
f yk
k1 11.6.1(1) 0.15
c 2.4.2.4(1) 1.45
s 2.4.2.4(1) 1.20
Ac f cd
lim 5.8.3.1(1) 20
N Ed
k2 5.5(4) 1.10
k1 5.5(4) 0.4
k3 5.5(4) 0.54
3/2 1/2
vlim 5.8.3.1(1) 0.30k flck
k1 5.5(4) 0.4
k3 5.5(4) 0.4
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the post-tensioned con-
crete design procedure that is used by SAFE when the user selects the Hong
Kong limit state code CP-04 [CP 04], which also incorporates Amendment 1
published in June 2007. Various notations used in this chapter are listed in
Table 11-1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the Hong Kong CP
code in this chapter, a prefix “CP” followed by the section number is used.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and
descriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
units unless otherwise noted.
11.1 Notations
The following table identifies the various notations used in this chapter.
Notations 11 - 1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
11 - 2 Notations
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
Notations 11 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
For post-tensioned concrete design, the user can specify the prestressing load
(PT) by providing the tendon profile or by using the load balancing options in
the program. The default load combinations for post-tensioning are defined in
the following sections.
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT
The combinations required for shear design of beams and punching shear
require the full PT forces (primary and secondary). Flexural design requires
only the hyperstatic (secondary) forces. The hyperstatic (secondary) forces are
determined automatically by SAFE by subtracting the primary PT moments
when the flexural design is completed.
*
1.4D + 1.0PT
*
1.4D + 1.6L + 1.0PT
*
1.4D + 1.6(0.75PL) + 1.0PT
1.0D 1.4W +1.0PT
*
*
— Replace PT with H for flexural design only
Hot rolled mild reinforcement - 250 MPa (CP 3.2.3, Table 3.3)
SAFE also checks the tensile strength in the prestressing steel (CP 12.7.1). The
permissible tensile stresses in all types of prestressing steel, in terms of the
specified minimum tensile strength fpu, are summarized as follows:
In any circumstances, the initial prestressing forces shall not exceed 0.75 fpu.
These factors are already incorporated in the design equations and tables in the
code. Note that for reinforcement, the default factor of 1.15 is for Grade 460
reinforcement. If other grades are used, this value should be overwritten as
necessary. Changes to the partial safety factors are carried through the design
equations where necessary, typically affecting the material strength portions of
the equations.
The design stresses in the concrete in compression are taken as 0.45 fcu. The
maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed
equal to 0.0035 (CP 12.3.7.1).
The serviceability limit state of prestressed members uses the following as-
sumptions given in CP 12.3.4.1.
Plane sections remain plane, i.e., strain varies linearly with depth through the
entire load range (CP 12.3.4.1).
Elastic behavior exists by limiting the concrete stresses to the values given in
CP 12.3.4.2, 12.3.4.3 and 12.3.5 (CP 12.3.4.1).
At service loading
At nominal strength
The extreme fiber stress in tension for Group c should not exceed the appropri-
ate value for a Group b member; otherwise the section should be designed as a
cracked section.
Beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Effects
resulting from any axial forces and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative
factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive beam
moments can be used to calculate bottom reinforcement. In such cases the
11 - 10 Beam Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
The design procedure is based on the simplified rectangular stress block shown
in Figure 12-1 (CP 6.1.2.4(a)), where c,max is defined as:
The design procedure used by SAFE, for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams), is summarized in the subsections that follow. It is assumed
that the design ultimate axial force does not exceed 0.1 fcu Ag (CP 6.1.2.4(a));
hence all beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion
only.
Beam Design 11 - 11
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
0.67 f cu m
b
As f s Cs
a
d x
ds dp
Aps
ps Tcps
Ts Tcs
As s
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, x, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T, and performs an iteration to compute the depth of the neutral
axis, which is based on stress-strain compatibility. After the depth of the neu-
tral axis has been found, the stress in the post-tensioning reinforcement fpb is
computed based on strain compatibility.
The ductility of a section is controlled by limiting the x/d ratio (CP 6.1.2.4(b)):
0.5, for f cu 45 N mm 2
x
0.4, for 45 f cu 70 N mm 2 (CP 6.1.2.4(b))
d 2
0.33, for 70 f cu 100 N mm
11 - 12 Beam Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
The lever arm of the section must not be greater than 0.95 times the effective
depth (CP 6.1.2.4(c)).
K
z = d 0.5 0.25 0.95d, (CP 6.1.2.4(c))
0.9
a
M u0 Aps f pb d p
2
0.67 f cu
C amax b
m
0.67 f cu
amax b Aps f pbbal
m
Asbal
f sbal
Beam Design 11 - 13
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of neutral axis, x.
11 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
M us M M ubal
Mus
A' s , where (CP 6.1.2.4(c))
0.67 fcu
f 's d d'
c
d
f s Es c 1 0.87 f y , (CP 6.1.2.4(c), 3.2.6, Fig. 3.9)
x
M us
Ascom
0.87 f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive, and vice versa if M is negative.
Beam Design 11 - 15
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, x, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T, and performs an iteration to compute the depth of neutral
axis, which is based on stress-strain compatibility for bonded tendons. For un-
bonded tendons, the code equations are used to compute the stress, fps in the
post-tensioning steel. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined,
the stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpb is computed based on strain compati-
bility.
The ductility of a section is controlled by limiting the x/d ratio (CP 6.1.2.4(b)):
0.5, for f cu 45 N mm 2
x
0.4, for 45 f cu 70 N mm 2 (CP 6.1.2.4(b))
d 2
0.33, for 70 f cu 100 N mm
The lever arm of the section must not be greater than 0.95 times the effective
depth (CP 6.1.2.4(c)).
K
z = d 0.5 0.25 0.95d, (CP 6.1.2.4(c))
0.9
a
M u0 Aps f pb d p
2
11 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
If a hf, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previ-
ously defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in this case the
width of the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required
when K > K'.
0.67 f cu
C amax Accom
c
Accom b f h f bw amax h f
bal
T Aps f pb Asbal f sbal
0.67 f cu
amax Accom Aps f pbbal
m
Asbal
f sbal
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of neutral axis, c.
Beam Design 11 - 17
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
0.67 f cu m 0.67 f cu m
bf hf
d f s Cs
As Cf
x
d
Cw
Aps
ps
Tw Tf
As s Ts
bw
(I) BEAM (II) STRAIN (II) STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
11 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
M us M M ubal
Mus
A 's , where (CP 6.1.2.4(c))
0.67 fcu
f 's
c
d d '
d'
f s Es c 1 0.87 f y (CP 6.1.2.4(c))
x
Mus
Ascom
0.87 f y ds d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom, and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive and vice versa if M is negative.
Beam Design 11 - 19
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Minimum percentage
Definition of fy = 250 fy = 460
Section Situation percentage MPa MPa
As
Rectangular 100 0.24 0.13
bh
bw A
< 0.4 100 s 0.32 0.18
T- or L-Beam with bf bw h
web in tension bw As
0.4 100 0.24 0.13
bf bw h
T-Beam with web in As
100 0.48 0.26
compression bw h
L-Beam with web in As
100 0.36 0.20
compression bw h
11 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
Definition of Minimum
Section Situation percentage percentage
A
Rectangular 100 s 0.20
bh
As
Web in tension 100 0.40
bf hf
T- or L-Beam
As
Web in compression 100 0.20
bw h
Determine the shear stress, vc, that can be resisted by the concrete.
V
v (CP 6.1.2.5(a))
bw d
Beam Design 11 - 21
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
where,
Vco = 0.67bv h f t
2
+ 0.8 f cp f t , (CP 12.3.8.4)
where,
11 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
f pe V
Vcr 1 0.55 vc bv d M o , and (CP 12.3.8.5)
f pu M
Calculate the design average shear stress that can be carried by minimum
shear reinforcement, vr, as:
0.4 fcu if fcu 40 N mm2
2
fcu 3
vr 0.4 if 40 fcu 80 N mm2
40
(CP 12.3.8.7)
2
3
As vr b
, (CP 12.3.8.7)
sv 0.87 f yv
If v vc vr ,
Beam Design 11 - 23
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Asv v vc b
(CP 12.3.8.8)
sv 0.87 f yv
The maximum of all of the calculated Asv /sv values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
11 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
The torsional shear stress, vt, for a rectangular section is computed as:
2T
vt (CP 6.3.3(a))
h2
min hmax hmin / 3
For flanged sections, the section is considered as a series of rectangular
segments and the torsional shear stress is computed for each rectangular com-
ponent using the preceding equation, but considering a torsional moment
attributed to that segment, calculated as:
hmin
3
hmax
Tseg T
h3 h
min max
(CP 6.3.3(b))
If the computed torsional shear stress, vt, exceeds the following limit for sec-
tions with the larger center-to-center dimension of the closed link less than 550
mm, a failure condition is generated if the torsional shear stress does not sat-
isfy:
y1
vt min(0.8 f cu , 7N/mm 2 ) (CP 6.3.4, Table 17)
550
vt ,min min 0.067 fcu ,0.6 N/mm 2 (CP 6.3.4, Table 17)
Beam Design 11 - 25
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
vt ,min min 0.067 fcu ,0.4N/mm 2 0.8 (BS 8110-2:85 5.5)
If vt > vt,min, the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, Asv,t /sv, is calcu-
lated as:
Asv ,t T
0.8 x1 y1 0.87 f yv
(CP 6.3.6)
sv
Asv ,t f yv x1 y1
Al (CP 6.3.6)
sv f y
An upper limit of the combination of v and vt that can be carried by the sec-
tion is also checked using the equation:
vmax min 0.8 fcu , 7 N/mm 2 (CP 6.3.4)
11 - 26 Beam Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
If the combination of shear stress, v, and torsional shear stress, vt, exceeds this
limit, a failure message is declared. In that case, the concrete section should be
increased in size.
The maximum of all of the calculated Al and Asv,t sv values obtained from each
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination.
c b 2c c bf
c c
ds
h 2c h h h 2c
c c
b bw 2c
bw
Figure 11-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
Slab Design 11 - 27
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is carried out at
specific locations along the length of the strip. Those locations correspond to
the element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side
of those element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:
These three steps are described in the subsections that follow and are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination, is obtained and reported.
11 - 28 Slab Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
There are no minimum requirements for span zone. However, additional un-
tensioned reinforcement shall be designed for the full tension force generated
by assumed flexural tensile stresses in the concrete for the following situations
(Concrete Society, Technical Report 43):
all locations in one-way spanning floors where transfer tensile stress exceeds
0.36 f ci
span zones in flat slabs using unbonded tendons where the tensile stress
exceeds 0.15 f cu .
Slab Design 11 - 29
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Ft
As =
5/8 f y
where
fct (h x )b
Ft =
2
11 - 30 Slab Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
1.5d
1.5d 1.5d
1.5d
1.5d 1.5d
where,
Slab Design 11 - 31
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Vco = 0.67bv h f t
2
+ 0.8 f cp f t , (CP 12.3.8.4)
where,
f pe V
Vcr 1 0.55 vc bv d M o , and (CP 12.3.8.5)
f pu M
1.5 M
x
V V f (CP 6.1.5.6(b), 6.1.5.6(c))
eff , x Vy
1.5 M
y
V V f (CP 6.1.5.6(b), 6.1.5.6(c))
eff , y Vx
11 - 32 Slab Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
Veff , x
ud
vmax max (CP 6.1.5.7)
Veff , y
u d
where,
x and y are the lengths of the sides of the critical section parallel to the
axis of bending,
Mx and My are the design moments transmitted from the slab to the col-
umn at the connection,
Slab Design 11 - 33
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear as described in the earlier sections remains unchanged. The
design of punching shear reinforcement is carried out as described in the sub-
sections that follow.
0.4 fcu if fcu 40 N mm2
2
fcu 3
vr 0.4 if 40 fcu 80 N mm2
40
(CP 12.3.8.7)
2
fcu 80 N mm2
3
0.4 80 if
40
As vr b
, (CP 12.3.8.7)
sv 0.87 f yv
If v vc vr ,
Asv v vc b
(CP 12.3.8.8)
sv 0.87 f yv
11 - 34 Slab Design
Chapter 11 - Design for Hong Kong CP 04
If v exceeds the maximum permitted value of vmax, the concrete section should
be increased in size.
The distance between column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed d/2. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement in the
first line of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 0.75d measured in a direction
parallel to the column face (CP12.3.8.10). When V > 1.8Vc, the maximum
spacing is reduced to 0.5 d.
Slab Design 11 - 35
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The following information is taken from the BS 8110-1997 code. When speci-
fying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the first pe-
ripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.5d. The spacing be-
tween adjacent shear studs, g, at the first peripheral line of studs shall not
exceed 1.5d. The limit of so and the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are
specified as:
so 0.5d (CP 6.1.5.7(f))
s 0.75d (CP 6.1.5.7(f))
g 1.5d (CP 6.1.5.7(f))
Stirrups are permitted only when slab thickness is greater than 200 mm (CP
6.1.5.7(e)).
11 - 36 Slab Design
Chapter 12
Design for IS 1343-1980
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the post-tensioned con-
crete design procedure that is used by SAFE when the user selects the Indian
code IS:1343-1980 [IS:1980]. Various notations used in this chapter are listed
in Table 12-1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the IS:1343 Code of
Practice for Prestressed Concrete in this chapter, a prefix “IS” followed by the
section number is used. Additionally, the latter portion of the chapter refer-
ences Indian Code IS:456-2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Prac-
tice. For referencing the pertinent sections of that code, a prefix “IS:456 ” fol-
lowed by the section number is used to distinguish it from IS:1343.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and
descriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
units unless otherwise noted.
12.1 Notations
The following table identifies the various notations used in this chapter.
Notations 12 - 1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
12 - 2 Notations
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
Df Flange thickness, mm
T Tension force, N
Notations 12 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
z Lever arm, mm
For post-tensioned concrete design, the user can specify prestressing load (PT)
by providing the tendon profile or by using the load balancing options in the
program. The default load combinations for post-tensioning are defined in the
following subsections.
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT
The strength design combinations required for shear design of beams and
punching shear require the full PT forces (primary and secondary). Flexural de-
sign requires only the hyperstatic (secondary) forces. The hyperstatic (secon-
dary) forces are determined automatically by SAFE by subtracting out the pri-
mary PT moments when the flexural design is carried out.
*
1.5D + 1.0PT
*
1.5D + 1.5L + 1.0PT
*
1.5D + 1.5(0.75 PL) + 1.0PT
SAFE also checks the following tensile strength in prestressing steel (IS
18.5.1). The permissible tensile stresses in all types of prestressing steel, in
terms of the specified minimum tensile strength fpu, are summarized as follows:
a. Initial prestress behind anchorages at transfer: Not more than 0.80 fpu
These factors are already incorporated in the design equations and tables in the
code. The user is allowed to overwrite these values. However, caution is
advised.
Class 2: Flexural tensile stresses are allowed, but no visible cracking (IS
19.3.2 (b))
Class 3: Flexural tensile stresses are allowed, but the surface width of cracks
should be limited to 0.1 mm for members in aggressive environments and 0.2
mm for other members
12.6.2.1 Case I
When compressive stress is not likely to increase during service, maximum
compressive stress shall not be more than 0.41fck for concrete grade M30 and
0.35fck for concrete grade M60, where fck is the cube strength of the concrete at
28 days. For all other grades of concrete, the limiting stress can be linearly in-
terpolated between these values.
12.6.2.2 Case II
When compressive stress is likely to increase during service, maximum com-
pressive stress shall not be more than 0.34fck for concrete grade M30 and 0.27fck
for concrete grade M60, where fck is the cube strength of the concrete at 28
days. For all other grades of concrete, the limiting stress can be linearly inter-
polated between these values.
Beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only. Effects of
minor direction bending that may exist in the beams must be investigated inde-
pendently by the user.
IS 1343 uses a simplified approach based on skew bending theory, for design
of post-tensioned concrete members subjected to bending moment, shear, and
12 - 10 Beam Design
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
The beam section is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum
negative factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive
beam moments produce bottom steel. In such cases, the beam may be designed
as a rectangular or a flanged beam. Negative beam moments produce top steel.
In such cases, the beam may be designed as a rectangular or an inverted
flanged beam.
Beam Design 12 - 11
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
2D
M t Tu 1
b
and D and b are the overall depth and width of the beam, respectively.
2b
2 1
x1
D
M e3 M t 1
2e 1 2 D
(IS 22.5.3.3)
b
where x1 is the smaller dimension of the closed hoop used as a torsional shear
reinforcement and e = T V.
After the design moments have been worked out, the design proceeds with
equivalent moments for their respective axes of application, as previously out-
lined.
The design procedure is based on the parabolic stress block, as shown in Figure
12-1. (IS 22.1.1(c))
12 - 12 Beam Design
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
s Cs 0.42 xu
As d xu
C
de
dp
sp Tps Tcps
Ts Tcs
As Aps s
The design procedure used by SAFE for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams) is summarized in the subsections that follow. All beams are
designed for major direction flexure and shear only.
The maximum depth of the compression zone, xu,max, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than smin.
c max
xu ,max d
c max s min
where,
cmax = 0.0035
Beam Design 12 - 13
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Therefore, the limit xu xu ,max is set for tension-controlled sections. The duc-
tility of a section is controlled by limiting the xu/d ratio (IS 21.1.1(d)):
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, xu, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpb is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress, fps in the post-tensioning steel. Based on the calculated fpb,
the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fpb is further updated. After this
iteration process has converged, the depth of compression block, xu is deter-
mined:
Mu0 Aps f pb d p 0.42 xu
If xu xu,max (IS 21.1.1(d)), a failure condition is declared.
C 0.36 fck xu b
T Aps f pb
bal
Asbal fsbal
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
12 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
Mubal Aps f pb
bal
d p 0.42 xu Asbal fsbal ds 0.42 xu
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. This case does not involve any iteration in determining the depth
of neutral axis, xu .
When Mu0 M Mubal , SAFE determines the required area of tension rein-
forcement, As, iteratively to satisfy the design moment M and reports this re-
quired area of tension reinforcement. Since M is bounded by Mu0 at the lower
end and Mubal at the upper end and Mu0 is associated with As 0 and Mubal is
associated with As Asbal , the required area will be within the range of 0 to As .
bal
Beam Design 12 - 15
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Mus M Mubal
Mus
A 's , where
0.87 f 's f 'c ds d '
x d'
f 's Es c max u,max 0.87 f y
xu,max
Mus
Ascom
0.87 f y ds d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive, and vice versa if M is negative.
12 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
0.42 xu
d s Cs
As xu Cf
dp
de Cw
Aps ps Tps
As Ts Tw Tf
s
bw
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
The maximum depth of the compression zone, xu,max, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than smin.
εcmax
xu,max = dp
εcmax + εsmin
where,
cmax = 0.0035
Therefore, the limit xu xu,max is set for tension-controlled sections. The ductil-
ity of a section is controlled by limiting the xu / d ratio (IS 21.1.1(d)):
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, xu, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpb, is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress, fps, in the post-tensioning steel. Based on the calculated fpb,
the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fpb is further updated. After the
Beam Design 12 - 17
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
iteration process has converged, the depth of the compression block, xu, is de-
termined as follows:
Mu0 Aps f pb d p 0.42 xu
If xu xu,max (IS 21.1.1(d)), a failure condition is declared.
If M Mu0 , SAFE calculates the moment capacity and the As required at the
balanced condition. The balanced condition is taken as the marginal tension-
controlled case. In that case, it is assumed that the depth of neutral axis xu is
equal to xu,max . The stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpb, is then calculated
based on strain compatibility and the area of required tension reinforcement,
As, is determined by imposing force equilibrium, i.e., C = T.
If xu Df, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previ-
ously defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in this case, the
width of the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required
when xu xu,max .
Accom b f D f bw xu,max D f
T Aps f pb
bal
Asbal fsbal
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
12 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
Mubal Aps f pb
bal
d p 0.42 xu Asbal fsbal ds 0.42 xu
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcing steel, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. This case does not involve any iteration in determining the depth
of the neutral axis, xu .
When Mu0 M Mubal , SAFE determines the required area of tension rein-
forcement, As, iteratively to satisfy the design moment M and reports this re-
quired area of tension reinforcement. Since M is bounded by Mu0 at the lower
end and Mubal at the upper end and Mu0 is associated with As 0 and Mubal is as-
sociated with As Asbal , the required area will fall within the range of 0 to As .
Beam Design 12 - 19
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive, and vice versa if M is negative.
12 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
ticular beam, for a particular load combination, at a particular station due to the
beam major shear, the following steps are involved (IS 22.4):
Determine the shear force, vc, that can be resisted by the concrete.
where,
M is the design bending moment at the section due to the load combination,
Vco 0.67bw D f t
2
0.8 fcp ft (IS 22.4.1)
Beam Design 12 - 21
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
where,
f pe V
Vcr 1 0.55 vc bv d Mo (IS 22.4.2)
f pu M
In the preceding, the shear stress capacity of the concrete, νc is taken from IS
Table 6 for a provided percentage of post-tensioning steel in the section.
V
v= , Acv =bwd, where
Acv
12 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
Asv 0.4 bw
= (IS 22.4.3.1)
sv 0.87 f yv
If vc < v vmax,
Asv
=
v vc bv (IS 22.4.3.2)
sv 0.87 f yv
The maximum of all of the calculated Asv / sv values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
Determine the shear force, Vc1, that can be resisted by the concrete.
Determine the shear reinforcement required to carry the balance shear and
torsion.
Beam Design 12 - 23
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
these steps.
e
Tc1 Tc
e ec , where (IS 22.5.4.1)
b
Tc 1.5b 2 D1 p f ck
30
e = T V
ec= Tc Vc
12 f
p 1 cp
f ck
Vc = min (Vco,Vcr)
Please refer to the previous section for the relevant equations for Vco and Vcr.
e
Vc1 Vc , where (IS 22.5.4.2)
e ec
12 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
Vc = min (Vco,Vcr)
e = T V
ec= Tc Vc
Asv Mt
2 (IS22.5.4.3)
sv 1.5b1d1 f yv
Asv V Vc T Tc1
2 (IS22.5.4.3)
sv 0.87 f yv d1 0.87b1d1 f yv
The maximum of all of the calculated Asv /sv values obtained from each load
combination is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
Slab Design 12 - 25
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
sections. To learn more about the design strips, refer to the section entitled
"SAFE Design Techniques" in the Key Features and Terminology manual.
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is carried out at spe-
cific locations along the length of the strip. Those locations correspond to the
element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side of
the element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load com-
bination involves the following:
These two steps are described in the text that follows and are repeated for every
load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top and bot-
tom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding control-
ling load combination, is obtained and reported.
12 - 26 Slab Design
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
tributary widths is summed to obtain the total reinforcement for the full width
of the design strip at the considered design section. This method is used when
drop panels are included. Where openings occur, the slab width is adjusted ac-
cordingly.
There are no minimum requirements for span zones. However, additional un-
tensioned reinforcement shall be designed for the full tension force generated
by assumed flexural tensile stresses in the concrete for the following situations
(Concrete Society, Technical report 43):
all locations in one-way spanning floors where transfer tensile stress exceeds
0.36 f ci
span zones in flat slabs using unbonded tendons where the tensile stress
exceeds 0.15 f cu .
Slab Design 12 - 27
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
d 2
d 2 d 2
d 2
d 2 d 2
1
= (IS:456 30.3.3)
1 2 3 a1 a2
a1 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction of the span
12 - 28 Slab Design
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear and Transfer of Unbalanced Moment as described in the ear-
lier sections remain unchanged. The design of punching shear reinforcement is
carried out as described in the subsections that follow.
Slab Design 12 - 29
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Given Vu, Vc, and Vmax, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as follows
(IS:456 31.6.3.2).
Av
Vu 0.5Vc (IS 31.6.3.2, 40.4)
0.87 f y
12 - 30 Slab Design
Chapter 12 - Design for IS 1343-1980
The distance between the column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed d / 2. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement in the
first line (perimeter) of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 2d measured in a
direction parallel to the column face.
When specifying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.5d. The spacing
between adjacent shear studs, g, at the first peripheral line of studs shall not
exceed 2d. The limits of so and the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are
specified as:
so 0. 5d
s 0.5d
g 2d
Slab Design 12 - 31
Chapter 13
Design for NZS 3101:06
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the concrete design pro-
cedure that is used by SAFE when the New Zealand code NZS 3101:06 [NZS
06] is selected. Various notations used in this chapter are listed in Table 13-1.
For referencing to the pertinent sections of the New Zealand code in this chap-
ter, a prefix “NZS” followed by the section number is used.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and de-
scriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
units unless otherwise noted.
13.1 Notations
The following table identifies the various notations used in this chapter.
Notations 13 - 1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
13 - 2 Notations
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
Notations 13 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
13 - 4 Notations
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 0.5L + 1.0 PT
The design combinations required for shear design of beams and punching
shear require the full PT forces (primary and secondary). Flexural design re-
quires only the hyperstatic (secondary) forces. The hyperstatic (secondary)
forces are determined automatically by SAFE by subtracting out the primary
PT moments when the flexural design is carried out.
*
1.35D + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(a))
*
1.2D + 1.5L + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(b))
*
1.2D + 1.5(0.75 PL) + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(b))
*
1.2D + 0.4L + 1.0S + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(g))
*
— Replace PT by H for flexural design only
Note that the 0.4 factor on the live load in three of the combinations is not valid
for live load representing storage areas. These also are the default design load
combinations in SAFE whenever the NZS 3101 code is used. If roof live load
is treated separately or if other types of loads are present, other appropriate
load combinations should be used.
The code allows use of f' c and fy beyond the given limits, provided special
study is conducted (NZS 5.2.1).
SAFE enforces the upper material strength limits for flexure and shear design
of beams and slabs or for torsion design of beams. The input material strengths
are taken as the upper limits if they are defined in the material properties as
being greater than the limits. The user is responsible for ensuring that the mini-
mum strength is satisfied.
SAFE also checks the tensile strength in the prestressing steel (NZS 19.3.3.6).
The permissible tensile stresses in all types of prestressing steel, in terms of the
specified minimum tensile strength fpy, are summarized as follows:
a. Due to tendon jacking force: 0.94 fpy
b. Immediately after prestress transfer: 0.82 fpy
In any circumstances, the initial prestressing forces shall not exceed 0.8 fpu.
The design stress in the concrete in compression is taken as 0.45 fcu. The
maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed
equal to 0.003 (N ZS 7.4.2.3).
The serviceability limit state of prestressed members uses the following as-
sumptions given in NZS 19.3.3.
Plane sections remain plane, i.e., strain varies linearly with depth through the
entire load range (NZS 19.3.3.2).
Elastic behavior exists by limiting the concrete stresses to the values given in
NZS 19.3.3.5.1.
At service loading
At nominal strength
For Class U and Class T flexural members, stresses at service load are deter-
mined using uncracked section properties, while for Class C flexural members,
stresses at service load are calculated based on the cracked section (NZS
19.3.3).
The following table provides a summary of the conditions considered for the
various section classes.
Prestressed
Transition between
Assumed Behavior Uncracked Cracked Cracked
uncracked and cracked
Section properties for stress Gross section Gross section Cracked section
No requirement
calculation at service loads 19.3.3.3 19.3.3.3 19.3.3.3
The extreme fiber stress in tension at the ends of simply supported members is
currently NOT checked by SAFE.
Class T beams:
Class C beams:
For Class C prestressed flexural members, checks at service loads are not
required by the code. However, for Class C prestressed flexural members not
subject to fatigue or to aggressive exposure, the spacing of bonded reinforce-
ment nearest the extreme tension face shall not exceed that given by NZS
19.3.3.5.3. It is assumed that the user has checked the requirements of NZS
19.3.3.5.3 independently, as these sections are not checked by the program.
Beam Design 13 - 11
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Effects
resulting from any axial forces and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative
factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive beam
moments can be used to calculate bottom reinforcement. In such cases, the
beam may be designed as a rectangular or a flanged beam. Negative beam
moments can be used to calculate top reinforcement. In such cases, the beam
may be designed as a rectangular or inverted flanged beam.
13 - 12 Beam Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
The design procedure used by SAFE for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams) is summarized in the subsections that follow. The beams are
designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only.
0.003 1 f c
b
As f s Cs
d c a 1c
ds dp
Ap
p Tcps
Ts Tcs
As s
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
Beam Design 13 - 13
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The maximum depth of the compression zone, cmax, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than smin, which
is equal to 0.0044 for tension-controlled behavior (NZS 7.4.2.8, 19.3.6.6.2):
c
cb d (NZS 7.4.2.8, 19.3.6.6.2)
c s,min
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps, is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress, fps in the post-tensioning steel. Based on the calculated fps,
the depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fps is further updated. After this
iteration process has converged, the depth of the rectangular compression block
is determined as follows:
a 1c
a
M n0 b Aps f ps d p
2
13 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
C 1 f c amax b
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. This case does not involve any iteration in determining the depth
of the neutral axis, c.
Beam Design 13 - 15
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
M us M * M ubal
Mus
As , where
f s 1 f c ds d' b
c d'
f s c,max Es fy (NZS 7.4.2.2, 7.4.2.4)
c
13 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
M us
Ascom
b f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom, and A's is to
* *
be placed at the top if M is positive, and vice versa if M is negative.
The maximum depth of the compression zone, cmax, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than smin, which
is equal to 0.0044 for tension-controlled behavior (NZS 7.4.2.8, 19.3.6.6.2):
c
cb d (NZS 7.4.2.8, 19.3.6.6.2)
c s,min
Beam Design 13 - 17
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
0.003 1 f c
bf hf
d f s Cs
As
c
d
Ap
ps
Tw
As s Ts
bw
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, c, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined, the
stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps, is computed based on strain compatibility
for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code equations are used to
compute the stress in the post-tensioning steel. Based on the calculated fps, the
depth of the neutral axis is recalculated, and fps is further updated. After this it-
eration process has converged, the depth of the rectangular compression block
is determined as follows:
a 1c
a
M n0 b Aps f ps d p
2
13 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
equal to cmax. The stress in the post-tensioning steel, fps is then calculated based
on strain compatibility for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code
equations are used to compute the stress, fps in the post-tensioning steel, and the
area of required tension reinforcement, As, is determined by imposing force
equilibrium, i.e., C = T.
If a hf, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previously
defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in that case the width of
the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required if a > amax.
C 1 f 'c Accomp
Accom b f h f bw amax h f
T Aps f psbal Asbal f sbal
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. This case does not involve any iteration in determining the depth
of neutral axis, c.
Beam Design 13 - 19
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
lower end and M ubal at the upper end, and M u0 is associated with As 0 and
M ubal is associated with As Asbal , the required area will be within the range of
0 to As .
*
The tension reinforcement is to be placed at the bottom if M is positive, or at
*
the top if M is negative.
c d '
f ' s Es c max max fy
cmax
13 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom, and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive and vice versa if M is negative.
(b) Flexural members with shear and flexural strength at least twice that re-
quired by AS/NZS 1170 and NZS 1170.5.
where A is the area of the cross-section between the flexural tension face and
the center of gravity of the gross section.
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension reinforce-
ment and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request as follows:
Beam Design 13 - 21
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Determine the shear force, Vc, that can be resisted by the concrete.
13 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
f c 5V * d
Vc c
bw d (NZS 19.3.11.2.1)
20 M *
V * dc
1.0 (NZS 19.3.11.2.1)
M*
where V * and M * are the design moment and shear force acting simultane-
ously at the section considered, and dc is the distance from extreme compres-
sion fiber to centroid of the prestressed reinforcement.
If s v c 2
*
Av
=0 (NZS 9.3.9.4.13)
s
If s v c 2 < sc,
*
Av Av ,min
= (NZS 9.3.9.4.15, 19.3.11.3.4(b))
s s
Beam Design 13 - 23
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
1 bw
16 fc f
Av ,min yt
= min (NZS 9.3.9.4.15, 19.3.11.3.4(b))
s Aps f pu d
80 f d d
y w
Av
v * s vc (NZS 9.3.9.4.2)
s s f yt d
Av Av ,min
(NZS 9.3.9.4.15, 19.3.11.3.4(b))
s s
If > max,
*
If the beam depth h is less than the maximum of 300 mm and 0.5bw, no shear
reinforcement is required (AS 9.3.9.4.13).
The maximum of all of the calculated Av /s values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
13 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
po = Perimeter of area Ao
Beam Design 13 - 25
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
pc = 2b + 2h (NZS 7.1)
Similarly, the special section properties for a flanged beam section are given
as:
where the section dimensions bf, bw, h, hf, and c for a flanged beam are shown
in Figure 13-3. Note that the flange width on either side of the beam web is
limited to the smaller of 3hf (NZS 7.6.1.7).
13 - 26 Beam Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
c b 22c
c c bf
c hdfs c
h 2c h hh h 2c
c c
b bw 2c
bbww
Figure 13-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
where Aco and tc are as described in the previous section, and f'c is the specified
concrete compressive strength. The stress due to torsion also should be limited
in order to ignore torsion, defined as:
T*
0.08 f 'c (NZS 7.6.1.3)
2 Ao t o
Beam Design 13 - 27
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
ceeds the threshold limit, it is assumed that the torsional resistance is provided
by closed stirrups and longitudinal bars (NZS 7.6.4.1).
If T > Tcr or the torsion stress limit is not met, the required closed stirrup area
*
At vtn t o
(NZS 7.6.4.2)
s f yt
vtn t o po
Al (NZS 7.6.4.3)
fy
T*
vtn (NZS 7.6.1.6, 7.6.1.5)
2 Ao t o
The minimum closed stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement shall be such that
the following is satisfied, where At / s can be from any closed stirrups for shear
and Al can include flexure reinforcement, provided it is fully developed.
At Al 1.5 Ao t c
(NZS 7.6.2)
spo f y Ao
The maximum of all of the calculated Al and At / s values obtained from each
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination.
13 - 28 Beam Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is carried out at
specific locations along the length of the strip. Those locations correspond to
the element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side
of the element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:
These three steps are described in the subsections that follow and are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
Slab Design 13 - 29
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination, is obtained and reported.
13 - 30 Slab Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
There are no minimum requirements for the span zone. However, additional
untensioned reinforcement shall be designed for the full tension force gener-
ated by assumed flexural tensile stresses in the concrete for the following situa-
tions:
all locations in one-way spanning floors where transfer tensile stress exceeds
0.36 f ci
span zones in flat slabs using unbonded tendons where the tensile stress
exceeds 0.17 f c'
Slab Design 13 - 31
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
d 2
d 2 d 2
d 2
d 2 d 2
1
f = (NZS 12.7.7.2 )
1 2 3 b1 b2
1
v = 1 − (NZS 12.7.7.1)
1 2 3 b1 b2
where b1 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction of the
span, and b2 is the width of the critical section measured in the direction per-
pendicular to the span.
13 - 32 Slab Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
sd
p min 0.29, 1.5 12
(NZS 19.3.11.2.4)
bo
vp 0
where, p is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum dimension of the critical
section (NZS 12.1, 12.7.3.2(a)), b0 is the perimeter of the critical section, and
s is a scale factor based on the location of the critical section.
The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Slab Design 13 - 33
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
*
Given v , vc, and vmax, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as follows,
where, , is the strength reduction factor.
Av vn vc
(NZS 12.7.4.2(a))
s f yv d
1
Vs f 'c bo d (NZS 12.7.4.3)
16
If vn > vmax, a failure condition is declared. (NZS 12.7.3.4)
13 - 34 Slab Design
Chapter 13 - Design for NZS 3101:06
The distance between the column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed d / 2. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement in the
first line (perimeter) of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 2d measured in a
direction parallel to the column face (NZS 12.7.4.4).
When specifying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.5d. The spacing
between adjacent shear studs, g, at the first peripheral line of studs shall not ex-
Slab Design 13 - 35
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
ceed 2d and in the case of studs in a radial pattern, the angle between adjacent
stud rails shall not exceed 60 degrees. The limits of so and the spacing, s, be-
tween the peripheral lines are specified as:
g 2d (NZS 12.7.4.4)
13 - 36 Slab Design
Chapter 14
Design for Singapore CP 65:99
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the post-tensioned con-
crete design procedure that is used by SAFE when the user selects the Singa-
pore Standard CP 65 : 99 [CP 1999], which also incorporates Erratum Nos. 1
and BC 2:2008 Design Guide of High Strength Concrete to Singapore Standard
CP 65 [BC 2008]. Various notations used in this chapter are listed in Table 14-
1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the CP code in this chapter, a pre-
fix “CP” followed by the section number is used.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and de-
scriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
units unless otherwise noted.
14.1 Notations
The following table identifies the various notations used in this chapter.
Notations 14 - 1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
14 - 2 Notations
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
Notations 14 - 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
For post-tensioned concrete design, the user can specify the prestressing load
(PT) by providing the tendon profile or by using the load balancing options in
the program. The default load combinations for post-tensioning are defined in
the following sections.
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT
The design combinations required for shear design of beams and punching
shear require the full PT forces (primary and secondary). Flexural design
requires only the hyperstatic (secondary) forces. The hyperstatic (secondary)
forces are determined automatically by SAFE by subtracting the primary PT
moments when the flexural design is performed.
*
1.4D + 1.0PT
*
1.4D + 1.6L + 1.0PT
*
1.4D + 1.6(0.75PL) + 1.0PT
1.0D 1.4W +1.0PT
*
*
— Replace PT by H for flexural design only
Hot rolled mild reinforcement - 250 MPa (CP 3.1.7.4, Table 3.1)
High yield reinforcement - 460 MPa (CP 3.1.7.4, Table 3.1)
SAFE also checks the tensile strength in the prestressing steel (CP 4.7.1). The
permissible tensile stresses in all types of prestressing steel, in terms of the
specified minimum tensile strength fpu, are summarized as follows:
In any circumstances, the initial prestressing forces shall not exceed 0.75 fpu.
These factors are already incorporated in the design equations and tables in the
code. Note that for reinforcement, the default factor of 1.15 is for Grade 460
reinforcement. If other grades are used, this value should be overwritten as
necessary. Changes to the partial safety factors are carried through the design
equations where necessary, typically affecting the material strength portions of
the equations.
The design stresses in the concrete in compression are taken as 0.45 fcu. The
maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed
equal to 0.0035 (CP 4.3.7.1(b)).
The serviceability limit state of prestressed members uses the following as-
sumptions given in CP 4.3.4.1.
Plane sections remain plane, i.e., strain varies linearly with depth through the
entire load range (CP 4.3.4.1(a)).
Elastic behavior exists by limiting the concrete stresses to the values given in
CP 4.3.4.2, 4.3.4.3, and 4.3.5 (CP 4.3.4.1(b)).
At service loading
At nominal strength
The extreme fiber stress in tension for Class 3 should not exceed the appropri-
ate value for a Class 2 member; otherwise the section should be designed as a
cracked section.
Beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Effects
resulting from any axial forces and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
14 - 10 Beam Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative
factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive beam
moments can be used to calculate bottom reinforcement. In such cases the
beam may be designed as a rectangular or a flanged beam. Negative beam
moments can be used to calculate top reinforcement. In such cases, the beam
may be designed as a rectangular or inverted flanged beam.
The design procedure is based on the simplified rectangular stress block shown
in Figure 14-1 (CP 3.4.4.4), where c,max is defined as:
Beam Design 14 - 11
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
0.67 f cu m
b
As f s Cs
a
d x
ds dp
Aps
ps Tcps
Ts Tcs
As s
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
The design procedure used by SAFE, for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams), is summarized in the subsections that follow. It is assumed
that the design ultimate axial force does not exceed 0.1 fcu Ag (CP 3.4.4.1);
hence all beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion
only.
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, x, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T, and performs an iteration to compute the depth of the neutral
axis, which is based on stress-strain compatibility. After the depth of the neu-
14 - 12 Beam Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
tral axis has been found, the stress in the post-tensioning reinforcement, fpb, is
computed based on strain compatibility.
d z
0.45 , for fcu 60 N mm 2
d z
x , for 60 fcu 75 N mm 2 (CP 3.4.4.4)
0.40
d z
0.36 , for 75 fcu 105N mm 2
The lever arm of the section must not be greater than 0.95 times the effective
depth (CP 3.4.4.1).
a
M u0 Aps f pb d p (CP 4.3.7.3)
2
Beam Design 14 - 13
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
0.67 f cu
C amax b
m
0.67 f cu
amax b Aps f pbbal
m
Asbal
f sbal
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. This case does not involve any iteration in determining the depth
of neutral axis, x.
14 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
M us M M ubal
Mus
As , where (CP 3.4.4.4)
0.67 fcu
f s
c
d d
a d
f s = cEs max 0.87fy
amax
M us
Ascom
0.87 f y d s d
Beam Design 14 - 15
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive, and vice versa if M is negative.
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, x, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T, and performs an iteration to compute the depth of the neutral
axis, which is based on stress-strain compatibility for bonded tendons. For un-
bonded tendons, the code equations are used to compute the stress, fps, in the
post-tensioning steel. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined,
the stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpb, is computed based on strain compati-
bility.
d z
0.45 , for fcu 60 N mm 2
d z
x , for 60 fcu 75 N mm 2 (CP 3.4.4.4)
0.40
d z
0.36 , for 75 fcu 105N mm 2
14 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
0.67 f cu m 0.67 f cu m
bf hf
d f s Cs Cf
As
x
ds
Cw
Aps
ps
Tw Tf
s Ts
bw
BEAM STRAIN STRESS
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
The lever arm of the section must not be greater than 0.95 times its effective
depth (CP 3.4.4.1):
a
M u0 Aps f pb d p (CP 4.3.7.3)
2
Beam Design 14 - 17
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
equal to cmax. The stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpb, is then calculated based
on strain compatibility for bonded tendons. For unbonded tendons, the code
equations are used to compute the stress, fps, in the post-tensioning steel, and
the area of required tension reinforcement, As, is determined by imposing force
equilibrium, i.e., C = T.
If a hf, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previously
defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in this case the width of
the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required when x / d ex-
ceed the limits.
0.67 f cu
C amax Accom
c
Accom b f h f bw amax h f
bal
T Aps f pb Asbal f sbal
0.67 f cu
amax Accom Aps f pbbal
m
Asbal
f sbal
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. This case does not involve any iteration in determining the depth
of neutral axis, x.
14 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
M us M M ubal
M us
A' s , where (CP 3.4.4.4)
0.67 f cu
f ' s d d '
c
Beam Design 14 - 19
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
a d'
f s = cEs max 0.87fy.
amax
M us
Ascom
0.87 f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom, and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive and vice versa if M is negative.
Minimum percentage
Definition of fy = 250 fy = 460
Section Situation percentage MPa MPa
As
Rectangular 100 0.24 0.13
bh
bw A
< 0.4 100 s 0.32 0.18
T- or L-Beam with bf bw h
web in tension bw As
0.4 100 0.24 0.13
bf bw h
14 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
Minimum percentage
Definition of fy = 250 fy = 460
Section Situation percentage MPa MPa
T-Beam with web in As
100 0.48 0.26
compression bw h
L-Beam with web in As
100 0.36 0.20
compression bw h
Definition of Minimum
Section Situation percentage percentage
A
Rectangular 100 s 0.20
bh
As
Web in tension 100 0.40
bf hf
T- or L-Beam
As
Web in compression 100 0.20
bw h
For fcu > 40 MPa, the minimum percentage shown in CP Table 3.27 shall be
2/3
f
multiplied by a factor of cu
.
40
Beam Design 14 - 21
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Determine the shear stress, vc, that can be resisted by the concrete.
V
v (CP 3.4.5.2)
bw d
where,
14 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
Vco 0.67bv h f t
2
0.8 fcp ft , (CP 4.3.8.4)
where,
f pe V
Vcr 1 0.55 vc bv d M o , and (CP 4.3.8.5)
f pu M
Beam Design 14 - 23
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Calculate the design average shear stress that can be carried by minimum
shear reinforcement, vr, as:
0.4 if f cu 40 N mm2
vr f 3
2
(CP 3.4.5.3, Table 3.8)
0.4
if 40 f cu 80 N mm2
40
cu
If v vc vr ,
As vr b
, (CP 3.4.5.3, Table 3.8)
sv 0.87 f yv
If v vc vr ,
Asv v vc b
(CP 3.4.5.3, Table 3.8)
sv 0.87 f yv
The maximum of all of the calculated Asv / sv values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
14 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
designing the longitudinal and shear reinforcement for a particular station due
to the beam torsion:
The torsional shear stress, vt, for a rectangular section is computed as:
2T
vt (CP 65-2 2.4.4.1)
2
h
min hmax hmin / 3
For flanged sections, the section is considered as a series of rectangular
segments and the torsional shear stress is computed for each rectangular com-
ponent using the preceding equation, but considering a torsional moment
attributed to that segment, calculated as:
hmin
3
hmax
Tseg T
h3 h
min max
(CP 65-2 2.4.4.2)
Beam Design 14 - 25
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
If the computed torsional shear stress, vt, exceeds the following limit for sec-
tions with the larger center-to-center dimension of the closed link less than 550
mm, a failure condition is generated if the torsional shear stress does not sat-
isfy:
y1
vt min(0.8 fcu , 7N/mm 2 ) (CP 65-2 2.4.5)
550
vt ,min min 0.067 fcu ,0.6N/mm 2 (CP 65-2 2.4.6)
vt ,min min 0.067 fcu ,0.4N/mm 2 x 0.8 (CP 65-2 5.5)
If vt > vt,min, the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, Asv,t / sv, is calcu-
lated as:
Asv,t T
(CP 65-2 2.4.7)
sv 0.8 x1 y1 0.87 f yv
14 - 26 Beam Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
c b 2c c bf
c c
ds
h 2c h h h 2c
c c
b bw 2c
bw
Figure 14-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
Asv ,t f yv x1 y1
Al (CP 65-2 2.4.7)
sv f y
An upper limit of the combination of v and vt that can be carried by the sec-
tion also is checked using the equation:
v vt min 0.8 fcu , 7N/mm 2 (CP 65-2 2.4.5)
If the combination of shear stress, v, and torsional shear stress, vt, exceeds this
limit, a failure message is declared. In that case, the concrete section should be
increased in size.
Beam Design 14 - 27
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The maximum of all of the calculated Al and Asv,t / sv values obtained from each
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination.
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is carried out at spe-
cific locations along the length of the strip. These locations correspond to the
element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side of
these element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:
14 - 28 Slab Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
These three steps are described in the subsections that follow and are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination, is obtained and reported.
Slab Design 14 - 29
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
There are no minimum requirements for the span zone. However, additional
untensioned reinforcement shall be designed for the full tension force gener-
ated by assumed flexural tensile stresses in the concrete for the following situa-
tions (Concrete Society, Technical Report 43):
14 - 30 Slab Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
1.5d
1.5d 1.5d
1.5d
1.5d 1.5d
where,
Slab Design 14 - 31
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
Vco = 0.67bv h f t
2
+ 0.8 f cp ft , (CP 4.3.8.4)
where,
f pe V
Vcr 1 0.55 vc bv d M o , and (CP 4.3.8.5)
f pu M
14 - 32 Slab Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
1.5 M
x
V V f (CP 3.7.6.2, 3.7.6.3)
eff , x Vy
1.5 M
y
V V f (CP 3.7.6.2, 3.7.6.3)
eff , y Vx
Veff , x
ud
vmax max (CP 3.7.7.3)
Veff , y
u d
where,
x and y are the length of the side of the critical section parallel to the
axis of bending
Mx and My are the design moments transmitted from the slab to the col-
umn at the connection
Slab Design 14 - 33
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear as described in the earlier sections remains unchanged. The
design of punching shear reinforcement is carried out as described in the sub-
sections that follow.
If v 1.6vc ,
Av v vc ud 0.4ud
= , (CP 3.7.7.5)
s 0.87 f yv 0.87 f yv
Av 5 0.7v vc ud 0.4ud
= , (CP 3.7.7.5)
s 0.87 f yv 0.87 f yv
14 - 34 Slab Design
Chapter 14 - Design for Singapore CP 65:99
If v exceeds the maximum permitted value of vmax, the concrete section should
be increased in size.
The distance between the column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed d / 2. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement in the
first line of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 1.5d measured in a direction
parallel to the column face (CP 11.12.3.3).
Figure 14-5 Typical arrangement of shear studs and critical sections outside
shear-reinforced zone
Slab Design 14 - 35
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
When specifying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.5d. The spacing
between adjacent shear studs, g, at the first peripheral line of studs shall not
exceed 1.5d. The limit of so and the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are
specified as:
so 0.5d (CP 3.7.7.6)
s 0.75d (CP 3.7.7.6)
g 1.5d (CP 3.7.7.6)
14 - 36 Slab Design
Chapter 15
Design for AS 3600-09
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the post-tensioned con-
crete design procedure that is used by SAFE when the user selects the Austra-
lian code AS 3600-2009 [AS 2009]. Various notations used in this chapter are
listed in Table 15-1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the AS code in
this chapter, a prefix “AS” followed by the section number is used.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and de-
scriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
units unless otherwise noted.
15.1 Notations
The following table identifies the various notations used in this chapter.
Notations 15 - 1
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
15 - 2 Notations
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
Notations 15- 3
Post-Tensioned Concrete Design
For post-tensioned concrete design, the user can specify the prestressing load
(PT) by providing the tendon profile or by using the load balancing options in
the program. The default load combinations for post-tensioning are defined in
the following sections.
1.0D + 1.0PT
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0PT
The ultimate limit state combinations required for shear design of beams and
punching shear require the full PT forces (primary and secondary). Flexural de-
sign requires only the hyperstatic (secondary) forces. The hyperstatic (secon-
dary) forces are determined automatically by SAFE by subtracting out the pri-
mary PT moments when the flexural design is carried out.
*
1.35D + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(a))
*
1.2D + 1.5L + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(b))
*
1.2D + 1.5(0.75PL) + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(b))
*
1.2D + 0.4L + 1.0S + 1.0PT (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(g))
0.9D 1.0W +1.0PT
*
(AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(e))
1.2D 1.0W + 1.0PT
*
(AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(d))
1.2D + 0.4L 1.0W + 1.0PT
*
(AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(d))
*
— Replace PT with H for flexural design only
Note that the 0.4 factor on the live load in three of the combinations is not valid
for live load representing storage areas. These are also the default design load
combinations in SAFE whenever the AS 3600-2009 code is used. If roof live
load is treated separately or other types of loads are present, other appropriate
load combinations should be used.
The upper limit of fsy is 500 MPa for all frames (AS 3.2.1, Table 3.2.1).
The code allows use of f' c and fsy beyond the given limits, provided special care
is taken regarding the detailing and ductility (AS 3.1.1, 3.2.1, 17.2.1.1).
SAFE enforces the upper material strength limits for flexure and shear design
of beams and slabs or for torsion design of beams. The input material strengths
are taken as the upper limits if they are defined in the material properties as be-
ing greater than the limits. The user is responsible for ensuring that the mini-
mum strength is satisfied.
The value Mud is the reduced ultimate strength of the cross-section in bending
where ku = 0.36 and tensile force has been reduced to balance the reduced
compressive forces (AS 8.1.5).
At service loading
At nominal strength
The extreme fiber stress in tension should not exceed the cracking stress; oth-
erwise the section should be designed as a cracked section.
(a) limiting the calculated maximum flexural tensile stress under short-term
service loads to 0.6 f c' ; or
(i) the increment in steel stress near the tension face to 200 MPa, as the
load increases from its value when the extreme concrete tensile fiber is
at zero stress to the short-term service load value; and
The program checks the stresses in the concrete prestressed flexural members
at service loads and after all prestress losses against the following limit (AS
8.6.2):
Beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Effects
resulting from any axial forces and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative
factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive beam
moments can be used to calculate bottom reinforcement. In such cases the
15 - 10 Beam Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
The design procedure used by SAFE for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams) is summarized in the following subsections. It is assumed
*
that the design ultimate axial force does not exceed (Ascfsy > 0.15N ) (AS
10.7.1a); hence all beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and
torsion only.
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, a, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T, and performs an iteration to compute the depth of the neutral
axis, which is based on stress-strain compatibility for bonded tendons. For un-
bonded tendons, the code equations are used to compute the stress, fps in the
post-tensioning steel. After the depth of the neutral axis has been found, the
stress in the post-tensioning reinforcement fpb is computed based on strain com-
patibility.
The following assumptions are applied for the stress block used to compute the
flexural bending capacity of rectangular sections (AS 8.1.2).
A line parallel to the neutral axis at the strength limit under the loading
concerned, and located at a distance kud from the extreme compression
fiber.
If a amax (AS 8.1.5), the moment capacity of the section, provided by post-
tensioning steel only, is computed as:
15 - 12 Beam Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
a
M u0 Ap f p d p
2
2 f'c - Ap f pbal
Asbal =
f sbal
After the area of tension reinforcement has been determined, the capacity of the
section with post-tensioning steel and tension reinforcement is computed as:
a a
M ubal Ap f pbal d p max Asbal f sbal d s max
2 2
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of neutral axis, c.
M us M M ubal
M us
Asc , where
s 2 'c d d
f ' f
c d
f s 0.003Es fsy (AS 8.1.2.1, 3.2.2)
c
15 - 14 Beam Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
M us
Ascom
f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is A's. As is to be placed at the bottom and A's is to
be placed at the top if M is positive, and vice versa if M is negative.
SAFE determines the depth of the neutral axis, a, by imposing force equilib-
rium, i.e., C = T, and performs an iteration to compute the depth of the neutral
axis, which is based on stress-strain compatibility for bonded tendons. For un-
bonded tendons, the code equations are used to compute the stress, fps, in the
post-tensioning steel. After the depth of the neutral axis has been determined,
the stress in the post-tensioning steel, fpb, is computed based on strain compati-
bility.
If a amax (AS 8.1.5), the moment capacity of the section, provided by post-
tensioning steel only, is computed as:
a
M u0 Ap f p d p
2
If a Ds, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previ-
ously defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in this case the
width of the beam is taken as bf. Compression reinforcement is required
when a max k u d where, ku = 0.36.
C 2 f camax Accom
Accom b f Ds bw amax Ds
In that case, it is assumed that the bonded tension reinforcement will yield,
which is true for most cases. In the case that it does not yield, the stress in the
reinforcement, fs, is determined from the elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain
relationship. The fy value of the reinforcement is then replaced with fs in the
preceding four equations. This case does not involve any iteration in determin-
ing the depth of neutral axis, c.
15 - 16 Beam Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
M us M M ubal
M us
As , where
f s 2 f c d d '
c d
f s 0.003Es max fsy (AS 8.1.2.1, 3.2.2)
cmax
M us
Ascom
f y d s d '
Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, As = Asbal + Ascom , and the total
compression reinforcement is As. As is to be placed at the bottom, and As is to
be placed at the top if M is positive and vice versa if M is negative.
15 - 18 Beam Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
beams or to comply with the shear link requirements. The minimum flexural
tension reinforcement required for a beam section to comply with the cracking
requirements needs to be separately investigated by the user.
The ultimate strength in bending (Muo) at critical sections shall not be less than
M uo min given by:
where
e = the eccentricity of the prestressing force (P), measured from the cen-
troidal axis of the uncracked section
D f ct , f
2
Ast .min b bd , where (AS 8.1.6.1(2))
d f sy
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension reinforce-
ment and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request as follows:
Determine the shear force, Vuc, that can be resisted by the concrete
15 - 20 Beam Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
13
Ast + Apt
Vuc = β1 β2 β3 bv d o f'cv Vo + Pv (AS 8.2.7.2(a))
bw d o
where,
f 'cv f 'c
1/3
4 MPa (AS 8.2.7.1)
do
1 1.11.6 1.1 (AS 8.2.7.1)
1000
β2 = 1, or (AS 8.2.7.1)
N*
= 1 0 for members subject to significant axial tension, or
3.5 A
g
N*
= 1 for members subject to significant axial compression.
14 A
g
β3 = 1
Mo
Vo = = the shear force that would occur at the section when
M / V*
*
M o = Zσ cp.f
where
b) Web-shear cracking
where
*
Given V , Vuc, and Vu.max, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as fol-
lows, where, , the strength reduction factor, is 0.75 by default (AS 2.2.2).
If V * Vuc / 2,
Asv
0 , if D ≤ 750 mm, otherwise Asv.min shall be provided. (AS 8.2.5).
s
If Vuc / 2 V * Vu.min ,
Asv
0, if D < bw 2 or 250 mm, whichever is greater (AS 8.2.5(c)(i)),
s
otherwise Asv.min shall be provided.
If Vu.min V * Vu.max ,
15 - 22 Beam Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
Asv
V * Vuc , (AS 8.2.10)
s fsy. f do cot v
Asv. min b
0.35 w (AS 8.2.8)
s f sy. f
v = the angle between the axis of the concrete compression strut and the lon-
gitudinal axis of the member, which varies linearly from 30 degrees
when V =Vu.min to 45 degrees when V = Vu,max.
* *
If V exceeds its maximum permitted value Vmax, the concrete section size
*
The maximum of all of the calculated Asv s values obtained from each load
combination is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
Jt = Torsional modulus
15 - 24 Beam Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
At = b 2c h 2c , (AS 8.3.5)
ut = 2 b 2c 2 h 2c , (AS 8.3.6)
2
Jt = 0.33x y (AS 8.3.3)
where, the section dimensions b, h and, c are shown in Figure 15-3. Similarly,
the special section properties for a flanged beam section are given as:
At = bw 2c h 2c , (AS 8.3.5)
ut = 2 h 2c 2 bw 2c , (AS 8.3.6)
2
Jt = 0.33x y (AS 8.3.3)
where the section dimensions bw, h, and c for a flanged beam are shown in Fig-
ure 15-3. The values x and y refer to the smaller and larger dimensions of a
component rectangle, respectively.
c b 22c
c c bef
c c
D
ds
h 2c h hh h 2c
c c
b bw 2c
bbww
Figure 15-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
Torsion reinforcement also can be ignored if any one of the following is satis-
fied:
T* V*
0.5 (AS 8.3.4(a)(ii))
Tuc Vuc
T* V*
1 and D ≤ max(250mm, b/2) (AS 8.3.4(a)(iii))
Tuc Vuc
* *
If the factored torsion T alone or in combination with V does not satisfy any
of the preceding three conditions, torsion reinforcement is needed. It is as-
sumed that the torsional resistance is provided by closed stirrups and longitudi-
nal bars (AS 8.3).
If T > Tcr, the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, Asw s, is calcu-
*
lated as:
Asw T * tan t
(AS 8.3.5(b))
s 2 f sy. f At
15 - 26 Beam Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
The value θt is the angle between the axis of the concrete compression strut and
the longitudinal axis of the member, which varies linearly from 30 degrees
when T = Tuc to 45 degrees when T = Tu,max.
* *
The following equation shall also be satisfied for combined shear and torsion
by adding additional shear stirrups.
T* V*
1.0 (AS 8.3.4(b))
Tus Vus
where,
A
Tus f sy. f sw 2 At cot t (AS 8.3.5(b))
s
A
0.5 f sy. f sw ut cot 2 t
Al s (AS 8.3.6(a))
f sy
* *
An upper limit of the combination of V and T that can be carried by the sec-
tion also is checked using the equation:
T* V*
1.0 (AS 8.3.3)
Tu . max Vu . max
where,
* *
For rectangular sections, bw is replaced with b. If the combination of V and T
exceeds this limit, a failure message is declared. In that case, the concrete sec-
tion should be increased in size.
*
When torsional reinforcement is required (T > Tcr), the area of transverse
closed stirrups and the area of regular shear stirrups satisfy the following limit.
Asv A 0.35b
2 sw (AS 8.3.7, 8.2.8)
s s f sy. f
If this equation is not satisfied with the originally calculated Asvs and Asws,
Asvs is increased to satisfy this condition. In that case, Asvs does not need to
satisfy AS Section 8.2.8 independently.
The maximum of all of the calculated Al and Asvs values obtained from each
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination.
15 - 28 Slab Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is carried out at spe-
cific locations along the length of the strip. These locations correspond to the
element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side of
these element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:
These three steps are described in the subsections that follow and are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination, is obtained and reported.
(a) limiting the calculated maximum flexural tensile stress under short-term
service loads to 0.6 f c' ; or
(i) the increment in steel stress near the tension face to 200 MPa, as the
load increases from its value when the extreme concrete tensile fiber is
at zero stress to the short-term service load value; and
The program checks the stresses in the concrete prestressed flexural members
at service loads and after all prestress losses have occurred against the follow-
ing limit (AS 9.4.2):
15 - 30 Slab Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
d 2
d 2 d 2
d 2
d 2 d 2
Vuo udom fcv 0.3 cp (AS 9.2.3(a))
Vuo udom 0.5 fc 0.3 cp 0.2 fcudom (AS 9.2.3(b))
2
0.17 1 f c
fcv min h (AS 9.2.3(a))
0.34 f c
where, h is the ratio of the longest to the minimum dimensions of the criti-
cal section.
(ii) The ultimate shear strength of a slab where M v* is not zero and no shear re-
inforcement is provided, Vu , is given as (AS 9.2.4(a)):
15 - 32 Slab Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear and Transfer of Unbalanced Moment as described in the ear-
lier sections remain unchanged. The design of punching shear reinforcement is
carried out as described in the subsections that follow.
Where Vu is computed from AS 9.2.3 or 9.2.4. Given V*, Vu, and Vu,max, the re-
quired shear reinforcement is calculated as follows, where, , is the strength
reduction factor.
Asv
V * Vu
,
(AS 8.2.10)
s f sy dom
1
Vs f 'c udom (NZS 12.7.4.3)
16
The distance between the column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed d2. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement in the
first line (perimeter) of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 2d measured in a
direction parallel to the column face (NZS 12.7.4.4).
15 - 34 Slab Design
Chapter 15 - Design for AS 3600-09
lines of shear reinforcement is 4, 6, and 8, for corner, edge, and interior col-
umns respectively.
When specifying shear studs, the distance, so, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.5d. The spacing
between adjacent shear studs, g, at the first peripheral line of studs shall not ex-
ceed 2d and in the case of studs in a radial pattern, the angle between adjacent
stud rails shall not exceed 60 degrees. The limits of so and the spacing, s, be-
tween the peripheral lines are specified as: