Transport Phenomena
Transport Phenomena
Transport Phenomena
2. Explain the analogous nature of the different divisions of Transport Phenomena.(NOV 2015)
Ans: All the three transfer operations, Momentum Transport, Energy Transport and Mass Transport
are governed by the rate law similar to the Electrical energy transmission:
The different terms in the above phenomena are as given in the table below
3. How do the viscosities of liquids and low density gases depend on temperature? [Dec 2012]
[Nov 2014]
The viscosity of gases at low density increases with increasing temperature, whereas the viscosity
of a liquid decreases with increasing temperature.
4. Compare Newton’s law of viscosity with fourier law of heat conduction? [Nov 2014]
S.No Types of transfer Heat Momentum
1 Driving Force Temperature difference Velocity difference
2 Flux equation Jh= -K (dT/dx) Jm =-µ(dVx/dy)
3 Phenomenological Thermal coefficient Dynamic Viscosity
coefficient
4 Unit of Flux J/m2 s Kgm/s/m2 s
5 Governing law Fourier law of heat Newton’s law of viscosity
conduction
5. What is a pseudoplastic fluid and What is meant by Thixotrophic fluid? [Dec 2011]
Ans: For the pseudoplastic fluid steady state behavior of fluids can be expressed by a generalized form
yx=-[dv x/dy ] where may be expressed as a function of either [d v x/dy] or yx. The flow regions in which
decreases with increasing rate of shear stress - [d v x / dy ] the behavior is termed pseudoplastic. For
thixotropic fluid the shear stress- Velocity gradient equation for general type of fluid can be written as:
yx = - η (dvx / dy)
If η is constant then the fluid is deemed to be Newtonian Fluid and takes the terminology Viscosity . η
may be expressed as a function of either (dvx / dy) or yx . in regions where η decreases with the rate of
shear (- dvx / dy) the fluid is termed pseudoplastic and where η increases with the increasing rate which
of shear (- dvx / dy) the fluid is termed dilatant. Fluids that show a limited decrease in η with time under
suddenly applied constant stress are called Thixotrophic. And those fluids show an increase in with time
are called Rheopectic.
This shows that there is a linear relationship between shear stress and the velocity gradient
[d v x / dy ] = 0 if | yx | < o
A Substance that follows this above two parameter model is called Bingham Plastic which remains when
the shear stress is of smaller magnitude than the yield stress o but flows some what like a Newtonian
fluid when the shear stress exceeds o .
11. Explain Newton’s law of viscosity. [Nov/Dec 2011][Nov 2013] [May/June 2012]
Ans: The relationship between shear stress and the velocity gradient is given by:
yx = - µ [d v x / dy ].
This shows that there is a linear relationship between shear stress and the velocity gradient. This is called
the Newton’s law of viscosity. The proportionality factor µ is called the viscosity of the fluid and this law
obeying fluids are Newtonian.
If η is constant then the fluid is deemed to be Newtonian Fluid and takes the terminology Viscosity . η
may be expressed as a function of either (dvx / dy) or yx . in regions where η decreases with the rate of
shear (- dvx / dy) the fluid is termed pseudoplastic and where η increases with the increasing rate which of
shear (- dvx / dy) the fluid is termed dilatant. Fluids that show a limited decrease in η with time under
suddenly applied constant stress are called Thixotrophic. And those fluids show an increase in with time
are called Rheopectic.
15. What is substantial time derivative?[Dec 2011] [May 2012] [May 2013][DEC 2015]
Ans: Substantial time derivative can be very well illustrated with an example of a person getting into a
canoe and allows himself to float along the river and observe the fish concentration. Now the velocity of
the observer is the same as the velocity of the river v. When the change of fish concentration with time is
reported, the numbers would depend upon the local stream velocity. This derivative is a special kind of
total time derivative and is called the ‘substantial time derivative’ or sometimes more reasonably called
the ‘derivative following the motion’. It is related to the partial time derivative as follows:
16. Explain Total time derivative. Give example[Dec 2011] [May 2012] [DEC 2015]
Ans. Instead of standing on the bridge and observing the fish concentration if the observer gets into a
speed boat and sped around the river , sometimes upstream and sometimes down stream and sometimes
across the current. Thus if one reports the change of fish concentration with respect to time , the numbers
reported should reflect the motion of the boat. This, called total time derivative is given by:
dc / dt = c /t + (c /x) (dx/dt) + (c /y) (dy/dt)+ (c /z) (dz/dt)
in which dx/dt, dy/dt and dz/dt are the velocity components of the boat.
Broadly speaking, there are two ways to set up a transport problem: the Eulerian approach in which
the coordinates are fixed in the reference frame of the observer; and the Lagrangian approach, in which
the coordinates are fixed in the reference frame of the transported fluid
18. What is meant by slip flow regime and Knudsen flow regime?
Ans: In the derivation of Hagen Poiseuille equation we presume the fluid behaves as a continuum – this
assumption is valid except for very dilute gases or very narrow capillary tubes, in which the molecular
mean free path is comparable to the tube diameter [Slip flow regime] or much greater than the tube
diameter[ Knudsen flow or free molecular flow regime]
21. Write down shell momentum balance equation.[ May 2013][Nov/Dec 2014]
Ans: Shell momentum balance over a small imaginary three dimensional element fixed in the flowing fluid
space is given by:
[rate of momentum in]–[ rate of momentum out]+[sum of the forces acting on the element] = 0 Momentum
may enter or leave by convective as well as molecular transport
( / t) = - (. v) and can also be written in terms of the substantial time derivative as:
In the case of a circular pipe it is given as ‘rh‘ = Cross sectional area of the pipe / Circumference of the pipe i.
e.(*D2/4)/(*D) = D/4; The equivalent diameter is given by De = 4 * (‘rh‘ ) = D (Diameter of the pipe). In the case
of a square duct of side ‘a’ the hydraulic radius ‘rh‘ = a2 / (4*a) = a / 4 and the Equivalent diameter De = a
This famous result is known as Hagen-Poiseuille Law. This is applicable only when the fluid flowing under
Laminar Flow conditions.
.
27. What are the dimensionless numbers that characterize free convection?
Ans: Prandtl number Pr = [Cp µ / k] and
28. Differentiate between natural convection and forced convection. [May / June 2012]
1. The flow patterns are determined primarily by some external 1. The flow patterns are
force determined by the buoyant effect
of the heated fluid
2. First the velocity profiles are determined and then these are 2. The velocity profiles and the
used to find the temperature profiles. temperature profiles are
intimately connected.
3. The Nusselts number is dependant on the Reynolds number 3. The Nusselts number is
and Prandtl number. dependant on the Grashoff
number and Prandtl number.
29. Explain equimolar counter diffusion with an example.
Ans. When two components are diffusing simultaneously one in one direction and the other in the opposite
direction, the diffusion process is called Equimolal diffusion. By equimolar counter diffusion we mean that the
total molar flux with respect to stationary coordinates is zero. For such diffusion in gases the net volumetric and
molar flows are zero. The equation for mass transfer reduces to:
CA / t = DAB 2 CA
Fick's second law predicts how diffusion causes the concentration to change with time. It is a partial differential
equation which in one dimension reads:
where
31. State Fick’s law of diffusion. Or Define Fick’s law of diffusion [May/June 2012]
Ans. The viscosity is defined as the proportionality factor between momentum flux and velocity gradient
(Newton’s law of viscosity), The thermal conductivity k is defined as the proportionality factor between heat flux
and temperature gradient( fourier’s law of heat conduction) Similarly we define mass diffusivity D AB =D BA in a
binary system in an analogous manner:
JA* = - c DAB xA ; This is Fick’s First law of diffusion, written in terms of the molar diffusion flux JA*. This
equation states that species A diffuses (moves relative to the mixture) in the diretion of decreasing mole fraction
of A.
The radial dependence of the sherar stress for the laminar flow of a Newtonian liquid in an annulus is
expressed as follows:
r = λ R is the point at which the velocity is maximum and the shear stress is zero.
k = [Cp + (5/4)(R/M)] µ. This gives a simple method of estimating the Prandtl number Pr = C p µ / k a dimension
less quantity of importance in convective heat transfer..
It is a measure of the extent to which viscous heating is important relative to the heat flow resulting from the
impressed temperature difference (Tb – T0). It is visualized as the ratio of heat production by viscous dissipation
and heat transport by conduction.
41. Write down shell momentum balance equation and shell heat balance equation.
42. State the boundary condition for solid fluid interface, gas liquid interface,liquid liquid
interface.
43. Draw the velocity profile and momentum flux distribution for flow through circular tube.