The Critical Decade: Queensland Climate Impacts and Opportunities
The Critical Decade: Queensland Climate Impacts and Opportunities
The Critical Decade: Queensland Climate Impacts and Opportunities
Summary
Queensland’s climate is already changing and is likely Queensland’s tourism industry is at risk from
to change further in the future, posing significant risks climate change.
for the state. The next chapter of the climate story is
– Tourism is a key industry for Queensland, employing
about how Queenslanders, and Australians, can find
120,000 people and attracting tourists from around
solutions that minimise the risks of climate change
the world. Queensland’s tourism industry relies on
while providing extra benefits for our health, community,
its unique local attractions including sandy beaches,
economy and environment.
the Great Barrier Reef, and World Heritage rainforests.
Queensland’s agricultural industries are at risk – In the last three months of 2011, visitors to tropical
from climate change. North Queensland spent $735 million. Higher
temperatures and changing rainfall will place the
– Agricultural productivity is affected by climate change
rainforests in a highly stressed situation towards
through: higher temperatures; changes in the amount,
the end of the century.
intensity, seasonality and variability of rainfall; and
changes in the frequency and/or intensity of extreme – The Great Barrier Reef is threatened by higher sea
events such as droughts, bushfires and floods. surface temperatures and more acidic oceans.
– As a result of climate change, beef, sugar and cereal – Queensland’s natural environment supports 70% of
production in Queensland is expected to decline. Australia’s native birds, 85% of its mammals and more
than 50% of the nation’s reptiles and native frogs.
– Queensland farmers are accustomed to dealing with
Many of Queensland’s species and ecosystems are
a highly variable climate, but in the future, new risk
already threatened and climate change poses a serious
management and adaptation strategies will be even
additional threat to Queensland’s unique biodiversity.
more important as the climate changes.
Sea-level rise threatens Queenslanders’ property
and lifestyle.
– Long stretches of sandy beaches in southeast
Queensland – the Gold Coast, Moreton Bay,
Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast – are threatened
by the increased coastal erosion resulting from rising
sea levels.
– The Gold Coast has more houses than any other
region in Queensland within 110 m of erodible
coastline, with more than 4,000 residential buildings
at risk.
– Moreton Bay and the Sunshine Coast follow with
around 2,000 residential buildings at risk in each
region.
Climate Commission
The Critical Decade: Queensland climate impacts and opportunities (continued)
Using energy more efficiently can provide new With thanks to the Science Advisory Panel,
opportunities for Queenslanders. Dr Paul Marshall, Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg,
Dr Mark Howden, Mr Alan Pears and Dr Steven Crimp
– Making our cities more sustainable can also make
for their comments on the report.
them healthier and more liveable, while reducing
energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions.
This report draws on the Climate Commission’s
– Improving the environmental performance of buildings reports The Critical Decade: Climate science,
– for instance, by using more energy-efficient lighting, risks and responses and The Critical Decade:
heating, cooling and refrigeration – offers opportunities Climate change and health, and is the Climate
to save energy costs and provide healthier conditions Commission’s 14th report.
for workers.
– Many businesses are already cutting energy costs
and pursuing new business opportunities, such as
using waste products to produce energy. This area
will continue to grow with a changing climate.
1
The Critical Decade: Queensland climate impacts and opportunities
1. Changes in Queensland’s climate While the observed small shift to higher average
temperatures may seem modest, sustained warming trends
– Queensland has been getting hotter over the lead to relatively large increases in the number of extreme
past 50 years. hot weather events. The average temperature across
Australia has risen by 0.9°C since 1910 and has been
associated with the number of record hot days more than
1.1 Temperature
doubling (CSIRO and BoM, 2007; Figure 2).
Temperatures are expected to continue rising this century.
The average temperature for Queensland has risen by about
1°C since early last century, with most of the warming
occurring since the 1950s (BoM, 2012a; Figure 1). The central
and southwest regions of the state have experienced the
largest increase in average temperature since the 1950s.
Figure 1. Annual average temperature anomaly for Queensland. The black line indicates the 11 year
running average and shows that the average temperature across Queensland has been increasing over the
past 60 years. Note: The annual average temperature anomaly is measured as the difference from the long-term (1961–
1990) climate average.
Source: BoM (2012a)
Figure 2. Average number of hottest-day-of-the-month records each year across Australia. Yearly average
shown by black line and 10 year average shown by purple bars. The average for the most recent 10-year
period (2002–2011) is shown in red.
Source: BoM (2012b)
2 Climate Commission
The Critical Decade: Queensland climate impacts and opportunities (continued)
Figure 3. Trend in total yearly rainfall for the periods 1900–2011 and 1970–2011.
Source: BoM (2012c)
3
The Critical Decade: Queensland climate impacts and opportunities
Global sea level rose at a rate of 1.7 mm per year over the
20th century. This rate has increased to about 3.2 mm per
year over the last two decades. Rates of sea-level rise vary
regionally, as has been observed along Queensland’s coasts.
Depending on the region, the sea level along Queensland’s
coasts is rising at, or above, the global average.
4 Climate Commission
The Critical Decade: Queensland climate impacts and opportunities (continued)
2. Impacts of climate change Rising temperatures are likely to make heatwaves more
on Queensland severe. Brisbane has already experienced the impact of
very hot days on human health. During the February 2004
This section considers issues that matter to all of us: our
heatwave, temperatures on 21 and 22 February peaked at
health, our cities, our biodiversity and industries that rely
41.7°C, resulting in a 53% increase in ambulance call-outs
on the natural environment. Many of the impacts of climate
(Steffen et al., 2006).
change are often the consequence of multiple aspects of
the changing climate system, rather than any single change
Other extreme weather events such as cyclones, storms,
in isolation, such as the higher sea levels and hotter
floods, bushfires and droughts also affect human health
temperatures described above.
through injury, disease and death. Thirty-three people died
during intense floods in December 2010 and January 2011.
2.1 Human health
The flooding, along with tropical cyclones Anthony and
Yasi, caused more than 78% of Queensland to be declared
– More frequent and/or intense extreme weather
a disaster zone (QFCI, 2012). These events demonstrate the
events pose risks to human health, both immediately
effects that extreme weather events can have on human
and after the event.
health and infrastructure.
– The geographic region suitable for transmission
of mosquito-borne diseases is expected to extend
further south.
Cotton
Queensland normally produces about 30% of the nation’s
cotton crop but drought can cut production dramatically
(QFF, 2008). In the Queensland part of the Murray-Darling
Basin, any significant reductions in average rainfall in the
winter growing period could reduce availability of water
for irrigation in spring and summer, resulting in lower
production in the region (QFF, 2008). Fibre quality and
quantity of both irrigated and dryland cotton is significantly
affected by temperature and water availability. Decreases
in the number of cold days due to climate change may
prove beneficial to cotton production in some regions, but
increasingly hot temperatures may also adversely affect
production (QFF, 2008).
Figure 5. There are two main impacts of sea level rise: flooding and erosion.
Source: modified from ACE CRC
8 Climate Commission
K A L L A NG UR
WO ODY P O INT
MU R R UMB A DO WN S
G R IF F IN
B R IG HT O N
S T R AT HP INE
B A L D HIL L S
S A N DG AT E
B R E NDA L E B R A C K E N R IDG E
DE A G O N S HO R NC L IF F E
MU D IS L A ND
F IT ZG IB B O N
TA IG UM
C A R S E L DINE
ZIL L ME R E
AS P LE Y
NUDG E E
Many Torres Strait Islands are already vulnerable to
flooding, but rising sea levels will worsen this
G E E B UNG
VIR G INIA
B A NY O
E A G L E FA R M
S TA F F OR D HE IG HT S
E V E R T ON PA R K
G O R DON PA R K WO OL OO WIN
C L AY F IE L D HE N DR A islands are already very low-lying and exposed to the
G R A NG E LYT TO N
A S C OT
A L B IO N
HA MILT ON WY NNUM
R E D H IL L
K E LV IN G R O V E
HE R S T O N
B OW E N HIL L S
B UL IMB A
MU R A R R IE
HE MMA NT
WY NNUM W E S T
MA NLY average height of communities is already below highest
astronomical tide (the highest tide under average
NE W S T E A D
F OR T IT UDE VA L L E Y T E NE R IF F E B A L MO R A L
S P R ING HIL L
MO R NING S IDE
NE W FA R M MA NLY W E S T MO R E T ON B AY
B R IS B A NE L OTA
Major airports, including Brisbane airport (above) Sea level in the Torres Strait region has been rising at
E A S T B R IS B A NE T HOR NE S IDE
R A NS OME
C A R INA WE L L ING T O N P O INT
WO OL L OO NG A B B A
C A R INA HE IG HT S C A R INDA L E
B E L MONT year (Suppiah et al. 2011). An increase in average sea level
OR MIS T ON
also cause significant damage to infrastructure such will result in increased frequency and severity of high
C HA NDL E R
C A PA L A B A WE S T
HOL L A ND PA R K
MO UNT G R AVAT T E A S T
A L E XA NDR A HIL L S
sea-level events. C L E VE L A ND
MO UNT G R AVAT T
MA C K E NZIE
NAT HA N
B UR B A NK
roads, residential buildings, cultural sites and community
could rise by 110 cm over this century compared to 1990. MA C G R E G OR
This level would threaten up to 1,400 existing commercial E IG HT MIL E P L A INS facilities (Green, 2006; Green et al., 2008; J. Rainbird, pers
buildings in Queensland, with a replacement value of S HE L DON
comm. 13 September 2012). Although these flooding
$10 – $15 billion, and up to 1,800 light industrial buildings,
VIC T O R IA P OINT
and it is likely a higher number of properties would have S HA IL E R PA R K because the remoteness and small size of the islands can
beensea-level
C limate change, identified at risk if it had been (DERM, 2011b). C OR NU B IA
make recovery from storm events difficult, and because of
ris e and coastal inundation
Local government areas with the highest number of TA NA H ME R A H
the social and economic disadvantages faced by many
C A R B R O OK
Location: B R IS B A NE A ND G OL D C OA S T R E G ION, QL D
Dis c laimer properties at risk from a 110 cm sea-level rise and a high L OG A NHO L ME
islanders (DCC, 2009; TSRA, 2010).
sea-level rise. The imagetide include included here Moreton Bay, Mackay, the Gold Coast, the
This image has been developed to help communicate the risks of
and the information are not
provided as professional advice, and should not be relied upon for
Sunshine Coast,
site-specific decision-making or for making financial or any other
commitments. For decision-making purposes, appropriate
Fraser Coast and Bundaberg (DCC, 2009). E AG LE B Y
Large sea-level rises could completely inundate some
independent professional advice should be obtained.
High sea-level events can also contribute to the erosion relocate to islands with higher ground or to mainland
B E E NL E IG H
of the image. The Commonwealth expressly disclaims liability for any
loss, however caused and whether due to negligence or otherwise,
arising directly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on this image
of coastlines and eventual coastal retreat. Erosion can
or the information contained in it, by any person.
MO UNT WA R R E N PA R K
Australia (AHREOC, 2008). Forced relocation would cause
S TA P YLT ON
WO ONG OO L B A
S c enario
cause the loss of iconic beaches and damage property a variety of social, cultural and economic difficulties
This image shows a modelled high sea-level rise scenario of 1.1m G IL B E R T O N
and infrastructure.
relevant to a 2100 time period. The model combines the sea-level rise
scenario with nominal highest astronomical tide (HAT) values for inside There are around 15,200 residential because the Torres Strait Islanders’ culture relies heavily
inside bay and Brisbane, Gold Coast and the open coast, to provide two
YATA L A
buildings
inundation levels of 2.6m (IBB) and 2.2m (OCGC) .
within
The two regions are marked in the image. The inundation portrayed
110 m of erodible coastline in Queensland on connection with country (Green, 2006).
is based on a simple ‘bucket fill’ approach and should be considered
as approximate only. The (DCC,
actual impacts may2009).
NOR W E L L
P IMPA MA
0.0m AHD
and the Sunshine Coast – are a magnet for tourism and
Inundation Level
development,
S cale = 1:40,000
with the gross tourism value of the Gold
K ING S HO L ME
2.4 Plants and animals Queensland’s marine systems are among the most diverse
in the world (Box 3). Moreton Bay in southeast Queensland
– Heat and extreme weather events threaten the is one of the largest estuarine bays in Australia, covering
survival, breeding and regeneration cycles of many 3,400 square kilometres. The marine park contains an
plants and animals. enormous variety of habitats including coral reefs, mangroves,
– Climate change will increase the risk of extinction sandy beaches, saltmarshes and seagrass beds. These
for many of Queensland’s species. systems are vulnerable to rising sea level, especially in
– Many of Queensland’s iconic natural ecosystems areas where urban development prevents them taking hold
such as the Great Barrier Reef and World Heritage in new areas inland (Lovelock et al., 2011; Traill et al., 2011).
tropical rainforests will become increasingly
Many species and natural ecosystems are already stressed
threatened as the climate continues to change rapidly.
as a result of human pressures such as land clearing, urban
development and introduced species, making it harder for
Queensland is host to around 1,386 different ecosystems
them to respond to the changing climate. Reducing these
that support 70% of Australia’s native birds, 85% of its
human pressures can make these systems more resilient
mammals and just over half of the nation’s reptiles and
to the stress of climate change. One strategy, aimed at
native frogs. (DEHP, 2012a). Many of these species are only
assisting species to change their distribution in response
found in Queensland (DERM, 2011c). Many of Queensland’s
to climate change, is to connect areas of suitable habitat.
species and ecosystems are already threatened – more than
For example, the Great Eastern Ranges Initiative aims to
200 of its ecosystems are currently listed as endangered
link and protect ecosystems from the Victorian Highlands
and more than 500 as vulnerable (DERM, 2010). Climate
to the Atherton Ranges, allowing species to migrate and
change poses a serious additional threat to Queensland’s
respond to climate change.
unique biodiversity.
TURTLES
The sex of turtles is determined by the temperatures of
the nest – at about 30oC only female turtles are born,
endangering future successful breeding.
CORAL REEFS Nest sites may also be affected by any increase in intensity
Sea temperatures 1–2°C above normal can cause mass of tropical cyclones, and rising sea level could flood
coral bleaching. important nesting beaches (Fuentes et al., 2011; GBRMPA, 2009).
11
The Critical Decade: Queensland climate impacts and opportunities
$17.7
46%
of tourists visiting
Australia come to
billion
to the Queensland
economy – or about
7% of Queensland’s
Queensland (TA, 2012). Gross State Product
(TQ, 2012b).
18%
end of the century
(Liddell, 2010).
4,750
Gold Coast residential
buildings are within 110 m
of erodible coastline.
Preparing for the impacts of climate change can build Acting on climate change by reducing greenhouse gas
resilience in the tourism industry. For example, on the Gold emissions is critical to limit the impacts. Box 6 has
Coast sand is pumped onto beaches to support the tourist examples of how tourist destinations and operators are
experience. However, these responses have costs; Gold already playing their part by reducing emissions.
Coast City Council spends between $2.5 and $3.5 million
replenishing sand stocks each year (Westthorp, 2012).
13
The Critical Decade: Queensland climate impacts and opportunities
Built environment
Box 6. Sustainability initiatives in the Queensland
Inefficient cooling, lighting and refrigeration in commercial
tourism industry
and residential buildings results in significant greenhouse
gas emissions and wasted money. There are many ways to Many destinations and operators in Queensland are
design buildings for the efficient use of electricity. Examples already acting to reduce their energy use and greenhouse
of innovative buildings in Queensland include: gas emissions. For example, 88% of Tourism Queensland
operators have installed energy saving light bulbs and
– The Green Square South Tower has attained a rating of 69% have purchased energy saving appliances (TQ, 2010).
6 stars, the highest awarded under the National
Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS). The Sheraton Noosa Heads Resort and Spa hotel on the
The building features a number of automated systems Sunshine Coast has a target of reducing energy use by
to regulate air temperature as well as lighting to 30% before 2020 (Starwood, 2012). Actions taken to date
minimise emissions, supporting the council’s goal to help meet the target include installing solar heating for
of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 50% before the outdoor spa, LED lights and variable speed fans
2026 (NABERS, 2012). (saving $24,000 per year), reducing daily room cleaning
– Rio Tinto moved into the most energy efficient building in (saving $68,000 each year), and waste composting (saving
Brisbane, 123 Albert St, in 2011. The building features a $80,000 each year in reduced council rates) (Phillips, 2011).
trigeneration system (generates electricity, heating and
Some tourism destinations in Queensland are beginning
cooling at the same time) which reduces the building’s
to use climate action as a selling point. Pumpkin Island,
peak electricity consumption by 25 per cent and a chilled
situated within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Reserve,
beam electricity system (Dexus, 2012). The building has a
is certified as a Climate Action Leader, an initiative set
6-star Green Star rating and a 5 Star NABERS Energy
up by Sustainable Tourism Australia. The island has
Rating (Dexus, 2012).
implemented initiatives including using only solar and
– The iseek Data Centre in Brisbane has a Targeted Power wind energy and LED lighting (Pumpkin Island, 2012).
Usage Effectiveness rating of 1.3, making it the most
energy-efficient data centre in Australia (iseek, 2012).
The building provides state-of-the-art facilities and
sets a new industry standard for green data centres in
Australia (PCA, 2012).
– The River Quay building in Brisbane’s South Bank has
recently won two design awards for sustainable design.
The building’s features include glazed walls to maximise
natural lighting, bi-fold doors to maximise natural
ventilation, glass that minimises heat loads and very
efficient air conditioning (South Bank Corporation, 2012).
19
The Critical Decade: Queensland climate impacts and opportunities
3.3 Transport
10–19%
a large proportion of this total (DERM, 2011a). Transport
emissions are 70% higher than in 1990, reflecting the state’s
growing population (DERM, 2011a). Cars produce more than
six times the greenhouse gas emissions of buses and trains reduction of ischaemic
in peak periods of travel to the city (Garnaut, 2008).
heart disease
In southeast Queensland’s growing population centres,
there are opportunities to further develop transport systems
12–13%
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and meet travel needs.
Brisbane’s current travel patterns rely heavily on fossil-
fuelled transport (BCC, 2007). Current estimates suggest
that approximately 600,000 more people will need to use
reduction of
Brisbane’s transport system before 2026. This growth in
demand for public transport provides an opportunity to
breast cancer
encourage more sustainable choices. Brisbane City Council
4–6%
has identified the need for delivery of infrastructure,
behaviour change programs and service improvements
to help reduce emissions from transport (BCC, 2008).
7–8%
reduction of dementia
Public transport
Existing public transport options in Brisbane include
trains, buses and ferries. Brisbane has about 25 km of
dedicated busways with more than 20 stations moving
about 70 million people in and out of the CBD each year
(BMTMC, 2012).
Active transport
Brisbane has 760 km of on- and off-road bikeways
(BCC, 2008). The council plans to promote more cycling
and has set a target of 1,700 new kilometres of bikeway
networks by 2026 (BCC, 2011a).
21
The Critical Decade: Queensland climate impacts and opportunities
References BCC (2011a). Brisbane City Council, Cycling Plans and Resources.
Retrieved 5 September 2012 from http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/
ABARE (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics) facilities-recreation/sports-and-leisure/cycling/cycling-plans-resources/
(2007). Australian Commodities December 2007. Australian Bureau of index.htm.
Agricultural and Resource Economics.
BCC (2011b). Brisbane City Council Annual Report 2010-2011, Progress &
ABARES (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Performance Business Units. Brisbane City Council.
Sciences) (2011). Energy in Australia 2011. Australian Bureau of
BMTMC (Brisbane Metropolitan Transport Management Centre) (2012).
Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences.
Busway Operations Centre. Retrieved from http://www.bmtmc.com.au/
Abbs, D. (2012). The Impact of Climate Change on the Climatology of index.php/entry/4.
Tropical Cyclones in the Australian Region. CSIRO Climate Adaptation
BNEF (Bloomberg New Energy Finance) (2012). China Stars as Quarter
Flagship Working paper No. 11, retrieved from: http://www.csiro.au/~/
Clean Energy Investment Numbers Rebound 24% Over Q1. Retrieved 11
Media/CSIROau/Flagships/Climate%20Adaptation/WP11%20CAF%20
July 2012 from http://www.bnef.com/PressReleases/view/234.
climchange%20tropcyclones.pdf.
BoM (Bureau of Meteorology) (2012a). Australian Climate Variability and
Access Economics (2008). Economic Contribution of the GBRMP 2006-07.
Change – Time Series Graph Average Mean Anomaly – Queensland.
Research Publication No. 98. Proposal by Access Economics Pty Limited
Retrieved from http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/change/
for Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
timeseries.cgi?graph=tmean&area=qld&season=0112&ave _ yr=11.
ACE CRC (Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research
BoM (2012b). State of the Climate – 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.csiro.
Centre) (2008). Introductions to Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise.
au/Outcomes/Climate/Understanding/State-of-the-Climate-2012.aspx.
Retrieved from: http://www.sealevelrise.info/online _ training/merged-
1x2 _ 1.pdf. BoM (2012c). Australian Climate Variability & Change – Trend Maps.
Retrieved from: http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/change/
Adams-Hosking, C., Grantham, H. S., Rhodes, J. R., McAlpine, C. and
trendmaps.cgi?map=rain&area=aus&season=0112&period=1970.
Moss, P. T. (2011). Modelling climate-change-induced shifts in the
distribution of the koala. Wildlife Research 38: 122-130. BREE (Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics) (2012). Australian
Energy Technology Assessment.
AEMO (Australian Energy Market Operator) (2012a). Rooftop PV
Information Paper, National Energy Forecasting. Retrieved from: http:// Brodie, J. E., Kroon, F. J., Schaffelke, B., Wolanski, E. C., Lewis, S. E.,
www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/~/media/Files/Other/forecasting/ Devlin, M. J., Bohnet, I. C., Bainbridge, Z. T., Waterhouse, J. and Davis,
Rooftop _ PV _ Information _ Paper.ashx. A.M. (2012). Terrestrial Pollutant Runoff to the Great Barrier Reef: An
Update of Issues, Priorities and Management Responses. Marine Pollution
AEMO (2012b). Generation Information. Retrieved from: http://www.aemo.
Bulletin, 65: 81-100.
com.au/en/Electricity/NEM-Data/Generation-Information.
CAHA (Climate and Health Alliance) (2012). Our Uncashed Divided, the
AHREOC (Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunities
Health Benefits of Climate action.
Commission) (2008). Native Title Report 2008, Case study 1: Climate
change and the human rights of Torres Strait Islanders. AHREOC, CEC (Clean Energy Council). (2011a). Clean Energy Australia Report 2011.
Australia. Retrieved from http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/resourcecentre/
reports.html.
Allen, R.J., Sherwood, S.C., Norris, J.R., and Zender, C.S. (2012). Recent
Northern Hemisphere Tropical Expansion Primarily Driven by Black CEC. (2011b). Solar Hot Water and Heat Pump Study. Retrieved from http://
Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone. Nature 485: 350-354. www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/resourcecentre/reports.html.
Anthony, R. N. and Marshall, P. (2012). Coral Reefs under Climate Change Chapman, R. (2008). Transitioning to Low Carbon Urban Form and
and Ocean Acidification. Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Transport in New Zealand. Political Science: 60-89.
Report Card for Australia, CSIRO.
City Cycle (2012). CityCycle hits 200,000 Trips! Retrieved 5 September
ASI (Australian Solar Institute) (2012). Realising the Potential for 2012: http://www.citycycle.com.au/News/CityCycle-Updates/CityCycle-
Concentrating Solar Power in Australia. Retrieved from: http://www. hits-200-000-Trips.
austela.com.au/docs/20120606 _ Realising%20the%20Potential%20of%20
CSP%20in%20Australia _ npsB8.tmp.pdf. Crimp, S.J., Flood, N.R., Carter, J.O., Conroy, J.P., and McKeon, G.M.
(2002). Evaluation of the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Native
Bambrick, H., Dear, K., Woodruff, R., Hanigan, I. and McMichael, A. Pasture Production – Implications for Livestock Carrying Capacity. A report
(2008). The Impacts on Climate Change on Three Health Outcomes: to the Australian Greenhouse Office, Canberra.
Temperature-related Mortality and Hospitalisations, Salmonellosis and
other Bacterial Gastroenteritis and Population at Risk from Dengue. CS Energy (2012). Kogan Creek Solar Boost Project. Retrieved from http://
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. kogansolarboost.com.au/about/.
Bazilian, M., IjeomaOnyejia, B., Liebreichc M., MacGilld, Ian., Chasec, J., CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation)
Shahe, J., Gielenf, D., Arentg, D., Landfearh, D. and Shi, Z. (2012). (2008). Projections of Days Over 35°C to 2100 For All Capital Cities Under a
Reconsidering the Economics of Photovoltaic Power. Bloomberg New No-Mitigation Case: Data Prepared for the Garnaut Climate Change
Energy Finance. Review. CSIRO, Aspendale, Victoria.
BCC (Brisbane City Council) (2007). Brisbane’s Plan for Action on Climate CSIRO and BoM (2007). Climate Change in Australia – Technical Report.
Change and Energy 2007. Brisbane City Council. Chambers, L.E, Hughes, L., & Weston, M. A. (2005).
BCC (2008). Transport Plan for Brisbane 2008-2026. Brisbane City Council. Climate change and its impact on Australia’s avifauna. Emu 105: 1-20.
Currumbin RSL (2012). The Club’s Environmental Journey, June 2012.
Retrieved from http://www.currumbinrsl.com.au/news/read/the-clubs-
environmental-journey/4073/.
Dairy Australia (2012). Latest Production and Sales Statistics. Retrieved Dolman, B. and Gruen, D. (2012). Productivity and Structural Change.
from: http://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/Statistics-and-markets/ Retrieved from http://www.treasury.gov.au/PublicationsAndMedia/
Production-and-sales/Latest-Statistics.aspx. Speeches/2012/Productivity-and-Structural-Change.
DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) (2012). DRET (Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism) (2012). Energy
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry. Prospects for Queensland’s Efficiency Opportunities Program- Continuing Opportunities 2011, Results
Primary Industries, March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012 http://www. of EEO Assessments Reported by Participating Corporations. Retrieved
daff.qld.gov.au/documents/BusinessAndTrade _ IndustryTrends/1507- from: http://www.ret.gov.au/energy/Documents/energyefficiencyopps/
prospects-update-mar-2012.pdf. res-material/continuing-opportunities-for-2011.pdf.
DCC (Department of Climate Change). (2009). Climate Change Risks to DSEWPAC (Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population
Australia’s Coast: A First Pass National Assessment. Canberra: Australian and Communities) 2006. Australia State of the Environment 2006,
Government. Indicator: BD-15 Examples of Impacts of Climate Variability on Selected
Species, Habitats or Ecosystems. Retrieved from: http://www.environment.
DCCEE (Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency). (2011).
gov.au/soe/2006/publications/drs/indicator/105/index.html.
Climate Change Risks to Coastal Buildings and Infrastructure. A
Supplement to the First Pass National Assessment. Canberra: Australian Ecobiz (2008). ecoBiz Partner Biography. Retrieved from: http://www.ehp.
Government. qld.gov.au/ecobiz/partners/pac _ foundry _ partner _ bio.html.
De’Ath, G., Lough, J. M., and Fabricius, K. E. (2009). Declining Coral Evans, J. P. and Boyer-Souchet, I. (2012). Local Sea Surface Temperatures
Calcification on the Great Barrier Reef. Science 323: 116-119. Add to Extreme Precipitation in Northeast Australia During La Niña.
Geophysical Research Letters 39: L10803, doi:10.1029/2012GL052014.
DEEDI (Department of Employment, Economic Development &
Innovation) (2010). The Queensland Beef Industry: Current trends and Frankfurt School (Frankfurt School – UNEP Collaborating Centre for
Future Projections. Retrieved from http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/documents/ Climate Change & Sustainable Energy Finance and Bloomberg New
BusinessAndTrade _ IndustryTrends/Beef-situation-analysis-2010.pdf. Energy Finance) (2012). Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment
2012. Frankfurt School of Finance and Management GmbH. Frankfurt,
DEEDI (2011). Prospects Update, March 2011. Retrieved on
Germany.
28 August 2012 from: www.dpi.qld.gov.au/.../Prospects-Update-
March-2011.pdf. Fuentes, M., Bateman, B. L., and Hamann, M. (2011). Relationship
between tropical cyclones and the distribution of sea turtle nesting
DEHP (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection) (2011).
grounds. Journal of Biogeography 38: 1886-1896.
Case Studies – The Sustainable Industry Associations Program. Retrieved
from: http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/sustainability/industry-associations/ Garnaut, R. (2008). The Garnaut Climate Change Review, Final Report,
csba _ case _ studies.html. Melbourne Australia: Cambridge University Press.
DEHP (2012). Sustainable Industry Associations. Retrieved from http:// GBRMPA (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority) (2009). Great Barrier
www.ehp.qld.gov.au/sustainability/industry-associations/index.html. Reef Tourism Climate Change Action Strategy 2009-2012. Great Barrier
Reef Marine Park Authority, Australia.
DERM (Department of Environment and Resource Management) (2010).
Regional Ecosystems Database. Retrieved from http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/ GBRMPA (2011). Climate Change Impacts on the Tourism Industry.
ecosystems/biodiversity/regional-ecosystems/index.php. GBRMPA website, visited 5 September 2012: http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/
outlook-for-the-reef/climate-change/what-does-this-mean-for-
DERM (2011a). Queensland’s Emissions Profile – National Greenhouse Gas
communities-and-industries/tourism.
Inventory. Retrieved from http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/climatechange/pdf/
qld-emission-profile.pdf. Green, D. (2006). How Might Climate Change Affect Island Culture in the
Torres Strait? CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper 011, p 1.
DERM (2011b). Queensland Coastal Processes and Climate Change.
Retrieved from: http://www.cmar.csiro.au/e-print/open/greendl _ 2006a.
Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, Brisbane.
pdf.
DERM (2011c). Queensland Herbarium. Queensland Government.
Green, D., Alexander, L., McInnes, K., Church, J., Nicholls, N., and White,
Retrieved from: http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/wildlife-ecosystems/plants/
N. (2008). An Assessment of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for
queensland _ herbarium/index.html.
the Torres Strait Islands, Australia. Climatic Change, DOI 10.1007/
Deuter, P.L., Howden, M. and Webb, L. (2006). Climate Change – Risks and s10584-009-9756-2.
Opportunities for the Australian Vegetable Industry. Australian Vegetable
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P.J., Hooten, A.,J., Steneck, R.S., Greenfield,
Industry Conference, Brisbane, May 2006.
P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C.D., Sale, P.F., Edwards, A.J., Caldeira, K.,
Deuter, P., White, N., & Putland, D. (2010a). Critical Temperature Knowlton, N., Eakin, C.M., Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R.H.,
Thresholds Case Study: Tomato. Agricscience Queensland. Retrieved 12 Dubi, A., and Hatziolos, M.E. (2007). Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate
September 2012, from http://www.managingclimate.gov.au/wp-content/ Change and Ocean Acidification. Science 318: 1737-1742.
uploads/2012/04/Critical-temperature-thresholds _ Tomato _ V2.pdf.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2012). The Adaptation of Coral Reefs to Climate
Deuter, P., White, N., & Putland, D. (2010b) Critical Temperature Thresholds Change: Is the Red Queen Being Outpaced? Scientia Marina 76: 403-408.
Case Study: Lettuce. Agricscience Queensland. Retrieved 12 September
Howard, W.R., Nash, M., Anthony, K., Schmutter, K., Bostock, H.,
2012, from http://www.managingclimate.gov.au/wp-content/
Bromhead, D., Byrne, M., Currie, K. Diaz-Pulido, G., Eggins, S., Ellwood,
uploads/2012/02/Critical-temperature-thresholds _ Lettuce _ V2.pdf.
M., Eyre, B., Haese, R., Hallegraeff, G., Hill,K., Hurd, C., Law, C., Lenton,
Dexus (2012). Sustainability Features’. Retrieved from: A., Matear, R., McNeil, B., McCulloch, M., Müller, M. N., Munday, P.,
http://www.123albert.com.au/sustainability-features. Opdyke, B., Pandolfi, J.M., Richards, R., Roberts, D., Russell, B.D., Smith,
A.M., Tilbrook, B., Waite, A., and Williamson, J. (2012). Ocean
De Hartog, J.J., Boogaard, H., Nijland, H. And Hoek, G. (2010). Do the Acidification. Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card
Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks? Environmental Health for Australia. CSIRO, Australia.
Perspectives 8:8.
23
The Critical Decade: Queensland climate impacts and opportunities
Hughes, T. P., Rodrigues, M. J., Bellwood, D. R., Ceccarelli, D., Hoegh- Munday P. L., Cheal, A. J., Graham, N. A. J, Meekan, M., Pratchett, M.S.,
Guldberg, O., McCook, L., Moltschaniwskyj, N., Pratchett, M. S., Steneck, Sheaves, M., Sweatman, H., and Wilson S.K. (2012). Tropical Coastal Fish.
R. S., and Willis, B. (2007). Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card, CSIRO.
coral reefs to climate change. Current Biology 17: 360-365.
NABERS (National Australian Built Environment Rating System) (2012).
IAPT (International Association of Public Transport) (2012). Introduction. Green Square South Tower, Brisbane. Retrieved 6 September 2012 from:
Retrieved from: http://www.uitp.org/Public-Transport/why-public- http://www.nabers.gov.au/public/WebPages/ContentStandard.aspx?modu
transport/index.cfm. le=50&include=CaseStudy5.htm.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007). Climate OCC (Office of Climate Change) (2010). Climate Change in Queensland.
Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I
Oxford Economics (2009). Valuing the Effects of Great Barrier Reef
to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Bleaching. Great Barrier Reef Foundation, Australia.
Change. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt,
K., Tignor, M.M.B., Miller, H.L. Jr and Chen, Z. (eds). Cambridge, UK and Park, S.E., Crimp, S.J., Inman-Bamber, N.G., and Everingham, Y.L. (2010).
New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. Sugarcane. In: Stokes, C.J., and Howden, S.M. (Eds). Climate Change
Adaptation in Australia: Preparing Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for
IPCC (2012). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to
the Future. CSIRO Publishing. Melbourne, Australia.
Advance Climate Change Adaptation. Retrieved from http://ipcc-wg2.gov/
SREX/images/uploads/SREX-All _ FINAL.pdf. Parsons Brinckerhoff (2010). Queensland Concentrates Solar Power –
Pre-feasibility Report December 2009.
iseek (2012). Award Winning Data Centres. iseek website, retrieved 6
September 2012 from: http://iseek.com.au/data-centres. PCA (Property Council of Australia) (2012). WSP Award for Best
Sustainable Development – New Buildings. Retrieved 6 September 2012
Johnson, J. and Marshall, P.A. (2007). The Great Barrier Reef and Climate
from: http://propertyozevents.com.au/award/2011/08/award-for-best-
Change: A Vulnerability Assessment. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
sustainable-development-%E2%80%93-new-buildings/.
Authority, Townsville.
PET (Pew Environmental Trust) (2012). Who’s Winning the Clean Energy
Kanowski, J. (2001). Effects of Elevated CO2 on the Foliar Chemistry of
Race? The Clean Energy Economy and Pew Charitable Trusts.
Seedlings of Two Rainforest Trees from North-East Australia: Implications
for Folivorous Marsupials. Austral Ecology, 26, 165-172. Phillips, R. (2011). 5 Star Sustainability Practices Presentation, August 2011.
QWESTNet and Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage
Liddell, M. (2010). Marine and Tropical Sciences Research facility – Annual
Protection website. Retrieved 6 September 2012: http://www.ehp.qld.gov.
Report 2009-2010. Retrieved from: http://rrrc.org.au/publications/
au/ecobiz/network/previous-forums/swf/sunshine-coast-2011/richard-
downloads/mtsrf _ annual _ 2009-10.pdf.
phillips.swf.
Lough, J.M., Gupta, A.S., and Hobday, A. (2012). Temperature. Marine
Potgieter, A., Meinke, H., Doherty, A., Sadras, V.O., Hammer, G.L., Crimp,
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia. CSIRO.
S., and Rodriquez, D. (2012). Spatial Impact of Projected Changes in
Lovegrove, K., Watt, M., Passey, R., Pollock, G., Wyder, J. and Dowse, J. Rainfall and Temperature on Wheat Yields in Australia. Climatic Change,
(2012). Realising the Potential of Concentrating Solar Power in Australia. ISSN 0165-0009.
Australian Solar Institute.
Pumpkin Island (2012). Pumpkin Island Resort – About Us. Retrieved 6
Lovelock, C.E., Bennion, V., Grinham, A., and Cahoon, D.R. (2011). The September 2012: http://www.pumpkinisland.com.au/About-Us.
Role of Surface and Subsurface Processes in Keeping Pace with Sea Level
QFCI (Queensland Floods Commission of Inquiry) (2012). Queensland
Rise in Intertidal Wetlands of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.
Floods Commission of Inquiry: Final Report. Brisbane. Retrieved from:
Ecosystems 14: 745-757.
http://www.floodcommission.qld.gov.au/ _ _ data/assets/pdf _
Lucas, C., Nguyen, H., and Timbal, B. (2012). An Observational Analysis of file/0007/11698/QFCI-Final-Report-March-2012.pdf
Southern Hemisphere Tropical Expansion. Journal of Geophysical
QFF (Queensland Farmers’ Federation) (2008). A Farmer’s Guide to
Research 117:pp.18.
Climate Change in Queensland. Queensland Farmer’s Federation.
Mackay Sugar Limited (2012). Environmental Report 20 December 2011. Retrieved from: http://qff.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/
Retrieved from: http://www.mackaysugar.com.au/environment/Pages/ ClimateChangeReport _ lowres1.pdf.
Environmental-Reports.aspx.
QG (Queensland Government) (2010). Building Large-Scale Solar in
McLeod, R.S. (1995). Costs of Major Parasites to the Australian Livestock Queensland. Queensland Government.
Industries. International Journal of Parasitology 25 (11): 1363-1367.
QG (2012a). Investing in Queensland’s Renewable Energy Supply Chain.
MEA (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment) (2005). Millenium Ecosystem Retrieved from http://www.business.qld.gov.au/trade/investing-
Assessment. Island Press. queenslands-industries/investing-renewable-energy-industry.
Metricon (2012). Metricon Stadium and the Environment. Retrieved from: QG (2012b). The Queensland Renewable Energy Plan 2012. Queensland
http://www.metriconstadium.com.au/the-stadium/metricon-stadium- Government.
and-the-environment/.
QSL (Queensland Sugar Limited) (2012). Key Facts. Retrieved from http://
Metricon Stadium (2012). Metricon Stadium and the Environment. www.queenslandsugar.com/about-qsl/key-facts.
Retrieved from http://www.metriconstadium.com.au/the-stadium/
Rainbird, J. (2012). Torres Strait Regional Authority.
metricon-stadium-and-the-environment/.
Ritchie, S.A., Rapley, L.P., Williams, C.W., Johnson, P.H., Larkman, M.,
Meynecke, J.O., and Lee, S.Y. (2011). Climate-Coastal Fisheries
Silcock, R.M., Long, S.A., and Russell, R.C. (2009). A lethal Ovitrap-Based
Relationships and Their Spatial Variation in Queensland, Australia.
Mass Trapping Scheme for Dengue Control in Australia: I. Public
Fisheries Research 110: 365-376.
Acceptability and Performance of Lethal Ovitraps. Medical and Veterinary
Entomology 23: 295-302.
Russell, R.C., Currie, B.J., Lindsay, M.D., Mackenzie, J.S., Ritchie, S.A., and Townsville Queensland Solar City (2008). Townsville RSL Stadium.
Whelan, P.I. (2009). Dengue and Climate Change in Australia: Predictions Townsville Queensland Solar City. Retrieved from: http://www.
for the Future Should Incorporate Knowledge From the Past. Medical townsvillesolarcity.com.au/ProjectOverview/
Journal of Australia 190 (5): 265-268. TownsvilleRSLStadiumIconicSolar/tabid/155/Default.aspx.
Seabrook, L., McAlpine, C., Baxter, G., Rhodes, J., Bradley, A., and Lunney, TQ (Tourism Queensland) (2010). Tourism Operators Environmental
D. (2011). Drought-Driven Change in Wildlife Distribution and Numbers: Benchmark 2010. Tourism Queensland website. Retrieved 6 September
A Case Study of Koalas in South West Queensland. Wildlife Research 38: 2012: http://www.tq.com.au/fms/tq _ corporate/research/
509-524. destinationsresearch/queensland/FINAL%20REPORT%20
Queensland%20Tourism%20Operator%20Environment%20Indicators%20
Shoo, L.P., Storlie, C., Vanderwal, J., Little, J., and Williams, S.E. (2011).
Study%202010.pdf.
Targeted Protection and Restoration to Conserve Tropical Biodiversity in a
Warming World. Global Change Biology 17: 186-193. TQ (2012a). International Tourism Snapshot. Retrieved from: http://www.
tq.com.au/fms/tq _ corporate/research%20%28NEW%29/Summary%20
Smithers, B. V., Peck, D.R., Krockenberger, A.K., and Congdon, B.C. (2003).
Visitor%20Statistics/12%20March%20International%20Tourism%20
‘Elevated Sea-Surface Temperature, Reduced Provisioning and
Snapshot%20PDF.pdf.
Reproductive Failure of Wedge-Tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus) in
the Southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine and Freshwater TQ (2012b). Tourism Facts and Figures – Year ended March 2012. Retrieved
Research 54: 973-977. on 5 September 2012, from: http://www.tq.com.au/fms/tq _ corporate/
research%20%28NEW%29/Summary%20Visitor%20Statistics/11%20
South Bank Corporation (2012). Community Sustainability Strategy. South
December%20Tourism%20Facts%20and%20Figures.pdf.
Bank Corporation. Retrieved, 21 June 2012: http://www.
southbankcorporation.com.au/files/attachments/EarthCheck%20-%20 TQ (2012c). Gold Coast Regional Snapshot. Retrieved from: http://www.
Community%20Sustainability%20Strategy.pdf. tq.com.au/fms/tq _ corporate/research/destinationsresearch/gold _
coast/12%20March%20Regional%20Snapshot%20Gold%20Coast.pdf.
Starwood (2012). Company Overview, Starwood Hotels and Resorts Group.
Retrieved 6 September 2012: http://www.starwoodhotels.com/corporate/ TQ (2012d). Tropical North Queensland Regional Snapshot- Year ended
company _ info.html. March 2012. Retrieved on 18 September 2012 from: http://www.tq.com.au/
fms/tq _ corporate/research/destinationsresearch/tropical _ north _
Steffen, W., Love, G., and Whetton, P. (2006). Approaches to Defining
qld/12%20March%20Regional%20Snapshot%20TNQ.PDF.
Dangerous Climate Change: A Southern Hemisphere Perspective. In:
Schellnhuber, H.J., Cramer, W., Nakicenovic, N., Wigley, T., and Yohe, G. Traill, L. W., Perhans, K., Lovelock, C.E., Prohaska, A., McFallan, S.,
(eds). Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Rhodes, J.R. and Wilson, K.A. (2011). Managing for Change: Wetland
pp. 219-225. Transitions Under Sea-Level Rise and Outcomes for Threatened Species.
Diversity and Distributions 17: 1225-1233.
Steffen, W., Burbidge, A., Hughes, L., Kitching, R., Lindenmayer, D.,
Musgrave, W., Stafford Smith, M., and Werner, P. (2009). Australia’s TSRA (Torres Strait Regional Authority) (2010). Torres Strait: Climate
biodiversity and climate change. Collingwood: CSIRO. Change Strategy, 2010-2013.
Stern, N. (2007). The Economics of Climate Change. Cabinet Office HM Tully Sugar (2012). Energy Efficiency. Retrieved from http://www.
Treasury. tullysugar.com/processes/energy-efficiency.
Stockland (2012). A Guide to Saving Money and Living More Sustainably. UQ Solar (2012). About. University of Queensland Solar. Retrieved from:
Retrieved from: https://www.stockland.com.au/residential/images/ http://www.uq.edu.au/solarenergy/about.
North%20Shore/STQ _ 0598 _ sustainable _ living _ brochure _ FINAL.
Veron, J.E.N., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Lenton, T.M., Lough, J.M., Obura, D.O.,
pdf.
Pearce-Kelly, P., Sheppard, C.R.C., Spalding, M., Stafford Smith, M.G., and
Stoeckl, N., Hicks, C. C., Mills, M., Fabricius, K., Esparon, M., Kroon, F., Rogers, A.D. (2009). The Coral Reef Crisis: The Critical Importance of
Kaur, K., and Costanza, R. (2011). The Economic Value of Ecosystem <350 ppm CO2. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58: 1428-1436.
Services in the Great Barrier Reef: Our State of Knowledge. Ecological
Westthorp, T. (2012). Fears Erosion Could Destroy Our Beaches. Retrieved 6
Economics Reviews 1219: 113-133.
September 2012 from: http://www.goldcoast.com.au/
Suppiah, R., Bathols, J., Collier, M., Kent, D. and O’Grady, J. (2011). article/2012/08/03/435755 _ weather-news.html.
Observed and Future Climates of the Torres Strait Region. CSIRO report for
White, N., Sutherst, R.W., Hall, N. and Whish-Wilson, P. (2003). The
Torres Strait Regional Authority.
Vulnerability of the Australian Beef Cattle Industry to Impacts of the
TA (Tourism Australia) (2012). International Visitors in Australia – Cattle Tick (Boophilus microplus) Under Climate Change. Climatic Change
December 2011 Quarterly Results of the International Visitors Survey. 61: 157-190.
Retrieved 5 September 2012 from: http://www.ret.gov.au/tourism/
WHO (World Health Organisation) (2011). Health in the Green Economy:
Documents/tra/International%20Visitor%20Survey/
Co-benefits to Health of Climate Change Mitigation – Transport Sector.
InternationalVisitorsAustraliaDecember2011.pdf.
Wills, R. (2012). Over ¾ Million Homes in Australia Now Have Solar.
Taub, D.R., Miller, B., and Allen, H. (2008). Effects of Elevated CO2 on the
Sustainable Energy Association. Retrieved from: http://www.seaaus.com.
Protein Concentration of Food Crops: a Meta-Analysis. Global Change
au/content/view/497/145/.
Biology 14: 565–575.
Wooldridge, S., Done, T., Thomas, C., Gordon, I., Marshall, P., and Jones, R.
Thiess Services (2012). Swanbank Renewable Energy and Waste
(2012). Safeguarding Coastal Coral Communities on the Central Great
Management Facility, Ipswich, QLD. Thiess Services. Retrieved from
Barrier Reef (Australia) Against Climate Change: Realizable Local and
http://www.thiess.com.au/capabilities/projects/swanbank-renewable-
Global Actions. Climatic Change 112: 945-961.
energy-and-waste-management-facility.
The Compass (2005). PAC Foundry Maryborough. The Compass May 2005
Issue 2 retrieved from: http://www.northstatecarpets.com.au/files/F39 _
ecobizmayissue2.pdf.
25
Written by Will Steffen, Lesley Hughes, Veena Sahajwalla © Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Climate Change
and Gerry Hueston. and Energy Efficiency) 2012.
Published by the Climate Commission Secretariat Permission to use third party copyright content in this publication
(Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency) can be sought from the relevant third party copyright owner/s.
ISBN: 978-1-922003-74-4 (print) This document is produced for general information only and does
978-1-922003-75-1 (web) not represent a statement of the policy of the Commonwealth of
Australia. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the
© Commonwealth of Australia 2012
accuracy, completeness and reliability of the material contained
This work is copyright Commonwealth of Australia. All material in this document, the Commonwealth of Australia and all persons
contained in this work is copyright the Commonwealth of Australia, acting for the Commonwealth preparing this report accept no liability
except where a third party source is indicated. for the accuracy of or inferences from the material contained in this
publication, or for any action as a result of any person’s or group’s
Commonwealth copyright material is licensed under the Creative
interpretations, deductions, conclusions or actions in relying on
Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence. To view a copy of this
this material.
license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/