Hasegawa vs. Kitamura, 538 SCRA 261, November 23, 2007
Hasegawa vs. Kitamura, 538 SCRA 261, November 23, 2007
Hasegawa vs. Kitamura, 538 SCRA 261, November 23, 2007
there are three alternatives open to the latter
Appeals (CA) in CAG.R. SP No. 60827, and the July 25, 2001 Threatened with impending unemployment, respondent, through his
Resolution denying the motion for reconsideration thereof.
2
lawyer, requested a negotiation conference and demanded that he be
On March 30, 1999, petitioner Nippon Engineering Consultants Co., assigned to the BBRI project. Nippon insisted that respondent’s contract
Ltd. (Nippon), a Japanese consultancy firm pro was for a fixed term that
_______________ _______________
1
Penned by Associate Justice Bienvenido L. Reyes, with the late Associate Justice Eubulo CA Rollo (CAG.R. SP No. 60827), p. 84.
3
G. Verzola and Associate Justice Marina L. Buzon, concurring; Rollo, pp. 3744. Id., at pp. 116120.
4
2
Id., at pp. 4647. Id., at pp. 3236.
5
Id., at p. 85.
6
263 Id., at pp. 121148.
7
viding technical and management support in the infrastructure projects of
foreign governments, entered into an Independent Contractor Agreement
3
264
(ICA) with respondent Minoru Kitamura, a Japanese national
264 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
permanently residing in the Philippines. The agreement provides that
4
starting on April 1, 1999. Nippon then assigned respondent to work as the
5
As he was not able to generate a positive response from the petitioners,
project manager of the Southern Tagalog Access Road (STAR) Project in
respondent consequently initiated on June 1, 2000 Civil Case No. 00
the Philippines, following the company’s consultancy contract with the
0264 for specific performance and damages with the Regional Trial Court
Philippine Government. 6
of Lipa City. 11
When the STAR Project was near completion, the Department of Public
For their part, petitioners, contending that the ICA had been perfected
Works and Highways (DPWH) engaged the consultancy services of
in Japan and executed by and between Japanese nationals, moved to
Nippon, on January 28, 2000, this time for the detailed engineering and
dismiss the complaint for lack of jurisdiction. They asserted that the claim
construction supervision of the BongabonBaler Road Improvement
for improper pretermination of respondent’s ICA could only be heard and
(BBRI) Project. Respondent was named as the project manager in the
7
contract’s Appendix 3.1. 8
ventilated in the proper courts of Japan following the principles of lex loci
On February 28, 2000, petitioner Kazuhiro Hasegawa, Nippon’s celebrationis and lex contractus. 12
general manager for its International Division, informed respondent that In the meantime, on June 20, 2000, the DPWH approved Nippon’s
the company had no more intention of automatically renewing his ICA. request for the replacement of Kitamura by a certain Y. Kotake as project
His services would be engaged by the company only up to the substantial manager of the BBRI Project. 13
completion of the STAR Project on March 31, 2000, just in time for the On June 29, 2000, the RTC, invoking our ruling in Insular Government
ICA’s expiry. 9
v. Frank that matters connected with the performance of contracts are
14
regulated by the law prevailing at the place of performance, denied the15
motion to dismiss. The trial court subsequently denied petitioners’ motion
16
applicable to the case, because nowhere in the pleadings was the validity
for reconsideration, prompting them to file with the appellate court, on
17
of the written agreement put in issue. The CA thus declared that the
August 14, 2000, their first Petition for Certiorari under Rule 65 _______________
Id., at p. 44. The August 23, 2000 Resolution penned by Associate Justice Delilah
19
resolved to dismiss the petition on procedural grounds—for lack of VidallonMagtolis (retired), with the concurrence of Associate Justices Eloy R. Bello, Jr.
statement of material dates and for insufficient verification and (retired) and Elvi John S. Asuncion (dismissed) pertinently provides as follows:
“A cursory reading of the petition indicates no statement as to the date when the petitioners filed their
certification against forum shop motion for reconsideration and when they received the order of denial thereof, as required in Section 3,
_______________ paragraph 2, Rule 46 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure as amended by Circular No. 3998 dated
August 18, 1998 of the Supreme Court. Moreover, the verification and certification of nonforum
Id., at pp. 3941.
10
shopping was executed by petitioner Kazuhiro Hasegawa for both petitioners without any indication that
Id., at p. 109.
11 the latter had authorized him to file the same.
“WHEREFORE, the [petition] is DENIED due course and DISMISSED outright.
Id., at pp. 5357.
12
“SO ORDERED.”
Id., at pp. 4243.
13
13 Phil. 236 (1909).
14
20
Id., at p. 45.
Insular Government v. Frank, id., at p. 240.
15
21
CA Rollo (CAG.R. SP No. 60827), pp. 224.
CA Rollo (CAG.R. SP No. 60827), pp. 2526.
16
22
Supra note 1.
Id., at pp. 2728.
17
CA Rollo (CAG.R. SP No. 60205), pp. 242.
18
265
VOL. 538, NOVEMBER 23, 2007 265
Hasegawa vs. Kitamura
ping. An Entry of Judgment was later issued by the appellate court on
19 266
September 20, 2000. 20 266 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Aggrieved by this development, petitioners filed with the CA, on Hasegawa vs. Kitamura
September 19, 2000, still within the reglementary period, trial court was correct in applying instead the principle of lex loci
a second Petition for Certiorari under Rule 65 already stating therein the solutionis. 23
material dates and attaching thereto the proper verification and Petitioners’ motion for reconsideration was subsequently denied by the
certification. This second petition, which substantially raised the same CA in the assailed July 25, 2001 Resolution. 24
discretion in the trial court’s denial of the motion to dismiss. The CA 1. A.THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED
ruled, among others, that the principle of lex loci celebrationis was not IN FINDING THAT THE TRIAL COURT VALIDLY EXERCISED
JURISDICTION OVER THE INSTANT CONTROVERSY,
DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE CONTRACT SUBJECT We do not agree. When the CA dismissed CAG.R. SP No. 60205 on
MATTER OF THE PROCEEDINGS A QUO WAS ENTERED account of the petition’s defective certification of nonforum shopping, it
INTO BY AND BETWEEN TWO JAPANESE NATIONALS, was a dismissal without prejudice. The same holds true in the CA’s
27
WRITTEN WHOLLY IN THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE AND dismissal of the said case due to defects in the formal requirement of
EXECUTED IN TOKYO, JAPAN. verification and in the other requirement in Rule 46 of the Rules of Court
28
_______________
IN OVERLOOKING THE NEED TO REVIEW OUR
ADHERENCE TO THE PRINCIPLE OF LEX LOCI 27
See Spouses Melo v. Court of Appeals, 376 Phil. 204, 213214; 318 SCRA 94, 102 (1999),
SOLUTIONIS IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT DEVELOPMENT[S] in which the Supreme Court ruled that compliance with the certification against forum
shopping is separate from, and independent of, the avoidance of forum shopping itself. Thus,
IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAWS. 26
there is a difference in the treatment—in terms of imposable sanctions—between failure to
comply with the certification requirement and violation of the prohibition against forum
The pivotal question that this Court is called upon to resolve is whether shopping. The former is merely a cause for the dismissal, without prejudice, of the complaint
the subject matter jurisdiction of Philippine courts in civil cases for or initiatory pleading, while the latter is a ground for summary dismissal thereof and
specific performance and damages involving contracts executed outside constitutes direct contempt. See also Philippine Radiant Products, Inc. v. Metropolitan Bank
& Trust Company, Inc., G.R. No. 163569, December 9, 2005, 477 SCRA 299, 314, in which the
the country by foreign nationals may be assailed on the principles of lex Court ruled that the dismissal due to failure to append to the petition the board resolution
loci celebrationis, lex contractus, the “state of the most significant authorizing a corporate officer to file the same for and in behalf of the corporation is without
prejudice. So is the dismissal of the petition for failure of the petitioner to append thereto the
relationship rule,” or forum non conveniens.
requisite copies of the assailed order/s.
However, before ruling on this issue, we must first dispose of the 28
See Torres v. Specialized Packaging Development Corporation, G.R. No. 149634, July 6,
procedural matters raised by the respondent. 2004, 433 SCRA 455, 463464, in which the Court made the pronouncement that the
_______________ requirement of verification is simply a condition affecting the form of pleadings, and
noncompliance therewith does not necessarily render it fatally defective.
Id., at p. 222.
23 29
Section 3, Rule 46 of the Rules of Court pertinently states that “x x x [i]n actions filed
Supra note 2.
24 under Rule 65, the petition shall further indicate the material dates showing when notice of
Rollo, pp. 335.
25 the judgment or
Id., at p. 15.
26
267
VOL. 538, NOVEMBER 23, 2007 267
Hasegawa vs. Kitamura
Kitamura contends that the finality of the appellate court’s decision 268
in CAG.R. SP No. 60205 has already barred the filing of the second 268 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
petition docketed as CAG.R. SP No. 60827 (fundamentally raising the Hasegawa vs. Kitamura
same issues as those in the first one) and the instant petition for review prejudice, petitioners can refile the petition, or file a second petition
thereof. attaching thereto the appropriate verification and certification—as they,
in fact did—and stating therein the material dates, within the prescribed Hasegawa vs. Kitamura
period in Section 4, Rule 65 of the said Rules.
30 31
and litis pendentia, as in the present case, is not a fatal defect. It will not
The dismissal of a case without prejudice signifies the absence of a warrant the dismissal and nullification of the entire proceedings,
decision on the merits and leaves the parties free to litigate the matter in considering that the evils sought to be prevented by the said certificate
a subsequent action as though the dismissed action had not been are no longer present. 34
commenced. In other words, the termination of a case not on the merits The Court also finds no merit in respondent’s contention that petitioner
does not bar another action involving the same parties, on the same Hasegawa is only authorized to verify and certify, on behalf of Nippon,
subject matter and theory. 32
the certiorari petition filed with the CA and not the instant petition. True,
Necessarily, because the said dismissal is without prejudice and has the Authorization dated September 4, 2000, which is attached to the
35
no res judicata effect, and even if petitioners still indicated in the second certiorari petition and which is also attached to the instant
verification and certification of the second certiorari petition that the first petition for review, is limited in scope—its wordings indicate that
had already been dismissed on procedural grounds, petitioners are no 33
Hasegawa is given the authority to sign for and act on behalf of the
longer required by the Rules to indicate in their certification of nonforum company only in the petition filed with the appellate court, and that
shopping in the instant petition for review of the second certiorari petition, authority cannot extend to the instant petition for review. In a plethora of 36
the status of the aforesaid first petition before the CA. In any case, an cases, however, this
omission in the certificate of nonforum shopping about any event that _______________
will not constitute res judicata
Fuentebella v. Castro, G.R. No. 150865, June 30, 2006, 494 SCRA 183, 193194;
34
_______________
see Roxas v. Court of Appeals, 415 Phil. 430; 363 SCRA 207 (2001).
final order or resolution subject thereof was received, when a motion for new trial or Rollo, p. 33; CA Rollo (CAG.R. SP No. 60827), p. 23. The Authorization dated September
35
reconsideration, if any, was filed and when notice of the denial thereof was received. x x x” 4, 2000 pertinently reads:
“I, KEN TAKAGI, President and Chief Executive Officer of NIPPON ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS
Estrera v. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. 15423536, August 16, 2006, 499 SCRA 86, 95;
30
CO., LTD., a corporation duly organized and existing in accordance with the corporation laws of Japan,
and Spouses Melo v. Court of Appeals, supra note 27, at p. 214; p. 102. with principal address at 3231 Komagome, Toshimaku Tokyo, Japan, hereby authorize its
The Rules of Court pertinently provides in Section 4, Rule 65 that “[t]he petition may be
31
International Division General Manager, Mr. Kazuhiro Hasegawa, to sign and act for and in behalf of
filed not later than sixty (60) days from notice of the judgment, order or resolution. In case a Nippon Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd., for purposes of filing a Petition for Certiorari before the
motion for reconsideration or new trial is timely filed, whether such motion is required or not, proper tribunal in the case entitled: “Kazuhiro Hasegawa and Nippon Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd.
the sixty (60) day period shall be counted from notice of the denial of said motion. x x x” vs. Minoru Kitamura and Hon. Avelino C. Demetria of the Regional Trial Court, Fourth Judicial Region
Delgado v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 137881, December 21, 2004, 447 SCRA 402, 415.
32
Branch 85, Lipa City,” and to do such other things, acts and deals which may be necessary and proper for
CA Rollo (CAG.R. SP No. 60827), p. 21.
33
the attainment of the said objectives” [Italics ours].
Cf. Orbeta v. Sendiong, G.R. No. 155236, July 8, 2005, 463 SCRA 180, 199200, in which
36
the Court ruled that the agent’s signing therein of the verification and certification is already
covered by
270
269 270 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
VOL. 538, NOVEMBER 23, 2007 269 Hasegawa vs. Kitamura
Court has liberally applied the Rules or even suspended its application
whenever a satisfactory explanation and a subsequent fulfillment of the
requirements have been made. Given that petitioners herein sufficiently
37
explained their misgivings on this point and appended to their Reply an 38
updated Authorization for Hasegawa to act on behalf of the company in
39
the instant petition, the Court finds the same as sufficient compliance 271
with the Rules. VOL. 538, NOVEMBER 23, 2007 271
However, the Court cannot extend the same liberal treatment to the Hasegawa vs. Kitamura
defect in the verification and certification. As respondent pointed out, and technical rules of procedure are designed not to frustrate the ends of
to which we agree, Hasegawa is truly not authorized to act on behalf of justice, nonetheless, they are intended to effect the proper and orderly
Nippon in this case. The aforesaid September 4, 2000 Authorization and disposition of cases and effectively prevent the clogging of court dockets. 43
even the subsequent August 17, 2001 Authorization were issued only by Further, the Court has observed that petitioners incorrectly filed a
Nippon’s president and chief executive officer, not by the company’s board Rule 65 petition to question the trial court’s denial of their motion to
of directors. In not a few cases, we have ruled that corporate powers are dismiss. It is a wellestablished rule that an order denying a motion to
exercised by the board of directors; thus, no person, not even its officers, dismiss is interlocutory, and cannot be the subject of the extraordinary
can bind the corporation, in the absence of authority from the petition for certiorari or mandamus. The appropriate recourse is to file an
board. Considering that Hasegawa verified and certified the petition only
40
answer and to interpose as defenses the objections raised in the motion, to
on his behalf and not on behalf of the other petitioner, the petition has to
proceed to trial, and, in case of an adverse decision, to elevate the entire
be denied pursuant to Loquias v. Office of the Ombudsman. Substantial 41
case by appeal in due course. While there are recognized exceptions to
44
the Rules. While
42
This brings us to the discussion of the substantive issue of the case.
_______________
Asserting that the RTC of Lipa City is an inconvenient forum,
the provisions of the general power of attorney issued by the principal. petitioners question its jurisdiction to hear and resolve the civil case for
Barcenas v. Tomas, G.R. No. 150321, March 31, 2005, 454 SCRA 593, 604.
37 specific performance and damages filed by the respondent. The ICA
Dated October 11, 2001; Rollo, pp. 192203.
38
subject of the litigation was entered
Dated August 17, 2001, id., at p. 202.
39 _______________
San Pablo Manufacturing Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, G.R. No.
40
147749, June 22, 2006, 492 SCRA 192, 197; LDP Marketing, Inc. v. Monter, G.R. No. 159653, Santos v. Court of Appeals, 413 Phil. 41, 54; 360 SCRA 521, 528 (2001).
43
January 25, 2006, 480 SCRA 137, 142; Expertravel & Tours, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. Yutingco v. Court of Appeals, 435 Phil. 83, 92; 386 SCRA 85, 9293 (2002).
44
152392, May 26, 2005, 459 SCRA 147, 160. Bank of America NT & SA v. Court of Appeals, 448 Phil. 181, 193; 400 SCRA 156, 166
45
392 Phil. 596, 603604; 338 SCRA 62, 6768 (2000).
41
(2003). As stated herein, under certain situations resort to certiorari is considered appropriate
Loquias v. Office of the Ombudsman, Id., at p. 604; p. 68.
42 when: (1) the trial court issued the order without or in excess of jurisdiction; (2) there is
patent grave abuse of discretion by the trial court; or (3) appeal would not prove to be a
speedy and adequate remedy as when an appeal would not promptly relieve a defendant from
the injurious effects of the patently mistaken order maintaining the plaintiff’s baseless action
and compelling the defendants needlessly to go through a protracted trial and clogging the To elucidate, in the judicial resolution of conflicts problems, three
court dockets with another futile case.
consecutive phases are involved: jurisdiction, choice of
_______________
Rollo, p. 228.
46
Id., at pp. 234245.
47
Dated June 5, 2000; CA Rollo (CAG.R. SP No. 60827), pp. 5357.
48
Id., at p. 55.
49
Id., at p. 14.
50
Rollo, pp. 1928.
51
272 453 Phil. 927, 934; 406 SCRA 88, 93 (2003).
52
litigation be initiated? (2) Which law will the court apply? and (3) Where
RTC is an inconvenient forum. They merely argued that the applicable
can the resulting judgment be enforced? 53
law which will determine the validity or invalidity of respondent’s claim is
Analytically, jurisdiction and choice of law are two distinct
that of Japan, following the principles of lex loci celebrationis and lex
concepts. Jurisdiction considers whether it is fair to cause a defendant to
54
contractus. While not abandoning this stance in their petition before the
49
travel to this state; choice of law asks the further question whether the
appellate court, petitioners on certiorari significantly invoked the defense application of a substantive law which will determine the merits of the
of forum non conveniens. On petition for review before this Court,
50 case is fair to both parties. The power to exercise jurisdiction does not
petitioners dropped their other arguments, maintained the forum non automatically give a state constitutional authority to apply forum law.
conveniens defense, and introduced their new argument that the While jurisdiction and the choice of the lex fori will often coincide, the
applicable principle is the [state of the] most significant relationship rule. 51 “minimum contacts” for one do not always provide the necessary
Be that as it may, this Court is not inclined to deny this petition merely “significant contacts” for the other. The question of whether the law of a
55
Authority v. City of Iloilo. We only pointed out petitioners’ inconstancy in
52
In this case, only the first phase is at issue—jurisdiction. Jurisdiction,
their arguments to emphasize their incorrect assertion of conflict of laws
however, has various aspects. For a court to validly exercise its power to
principles.
adjudicate a controversy, it must have jurisdiction over the plaintiff or the
petitioner, over the defendant or the respondent, over the subject matter, performance and damages is one not capable of pecuniary estimation and
over the issues of the case and, in cases involving property, over the is properly cognizable by the RTC of Lipa City. What they rather raise as
62
Dissenting Opinion in Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 258; 78 S. Ct. 1228, 1242 (1958). See Regalado, Remedial Law Compendium, Vol. 1, 8th Revised Ed., pp. 78.
57
U.S. v. De La Santa, 9 Phil. 22, 2526 (1907).
58
Bokingo v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 161739, May 4, 2006, 489 SCRA 521, 530; Tomas
59
Claudio Memorial College, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 374 Phil. 859, 864; 316 SCRA 502, 508
(1999).
See RULES OF COURT, Rule 16, Sec. 1.
60
See In Re: Calloway, 1 Phil. 11, 12 (1901).
61
Bokingo v. Court of Appeals, supra note 59, at pp. 531533; Radio Communications of the
62
Phils. Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 435 Phil. 62, 6869; 386 SCRA 67, 7172 (2002).
274
274 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Hasegawa vs. Kitamura
res or the thing which is the subject of the litigation. In assailing the
57
given only by law and in the manner prescribed by law. It is further
58 the law of the place where a contract is made. The doctrine of lex
64
over the subject matter of the claim, the movant must show that the court
60
voluntarily agreed upon by the parties or the law intended by them either
or tribunal cannot act on the matter submitted to it because no law grants expressly or implicitly. Under the “state of the most significant
67
it the power to adjudicate the claims. 61
relationship rule,” to ascertain what state law to apply to a dispute, the
In the instant case, petitioners, in their motion to dismiss, do not claim court should determine which state has the most substantial connection to
that the trial court is not properly vested by law with jurisdiction to hear the occurrence and the parties. In a case involving a contract, the court
the subject controversy for, indeed, Civil Case No. 000264 for specific
should consider where the contract was made, was negotiated, was to be only issue in this case is that of jurisdiction, choiceoflaw rules are not
performed, and the domicile, place of business, or place of incorporation of only inapplicable but also not yet called for.
the parties. This rule takes into account several contacts and
68
Further, petitioners’ premature invocation of choiceoflaw rules is
_______________ exposed by the fact that they have not yet pointed out any conflict
between the laws of Japan and ours. Before determining which law should
63
Garcia v. Recio, 418 Phil. 723, 729; 366 SCRA 437, 446 (2001); Board of Commissioners
apply, first there should exist a conflict of laws situation requiring the
(CID) v. Dela Rosa, G.R. Nos. 9512223, May 31, 1991, 197 SCRA 853, 888.
64
<http://web2.westlaw.com/search/default.wl? application of the conflict of laws rules. Also, when the law of a foreign
72
rs=WLW7.10&action=Search&fn=_top&sv=Split&method=TNC&query=CA(+lex+loci+celebra country is invoked to provide the proper rules for the solution of a case,
tionis+)&db=DIBLACK&utid=%7bD0AE3BEE91BC4B2BB7883FB4D963677B the existence of such law must be pleaded and proved. 73
%7d&vr=2.0&rp=%2fsearch%2fdefault.wl&mt=WLIGeneralSubscription> (visited October 22,
It should be noted that when a conflicts case, one involving a foreign
2007).
65
<http://web2.westlaw.com/search/default.wl? element, is brought before a court or administrative agency, there are
rs=WLW7.10&action=Search&fn=_top&sv=Split&method=TNC&query=CA(+lex+loci+contrac three alternatives open to the latter in disposing of it: (1) dismiss the case,
tus+)&db=DIBLACK&utid=%7bD0AE3BEE91BC4B2BB7883FB4D963677B either because of lack of jurisdiction or refusal to assume jurisdiction over
%7d&vr=2.0&rp=%2fsearch%2fdefault.wl&mt=WLIGeneralSubscription>(visited October 22,
2007).
the case; (2) assume jurisdiction over the case and apply the internal law
_______________
66
Id.
67
Philippine Export and Foreign Loan Guarantee Corporation v. V.P. Eusebio
Saudi Arabian Airlines v. Court of Appeals, 358 Phil. 105, 127; 297 SCRA 469, 493
69
Construction, Inc., G.R. No. 140047, July 13, 2004, 434 SCRA 202, 214215. (1998). The contacts which were taken into account in this case are the following: (a) the place
68
<http://web2.westlaw.com/search/default.wl? where the injury occurred; (b) the place where the conduct causing the injury occurred; (c) the
rs=WLW7.10&action=Search&fn=_top&sv=Split&method=TNC&query=CA(+most+significan domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of business of the parties;
t+relationship+)&db=DIBLACK&utid=%7bD0AE3BEE91BC4B2BB7883FB4D963677B and (d) the place where the relationship, if any, between the parties is centered.
%7d&vr=2.0&rp=%2fsearch%2fdefault.wl&mt=WLIGeneralSubscription> (visited October 22,
See Auten v. Auten, 308 N.Y 155, 159160 (1954).
70
2007).
Supra note 53, at pp. 117118; supra note 54, at pp. 6465.
71
Laurel v. Garcia, G.R. Nos. 92013 and 92047, July 25, 1990, 187 SCRA 797, 810811.
72
855 (1918).
276
276 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Hasegawa vs. Kitamura
evaluates them according to their relative importance with respect to the
particular issue to be resolved. 69 277
Since these three principles in conflict of laws make reference to the VOL. 538, NOVEMBER 23, 2007 277
law applicable to a dispute, they are rules proper for the second phase, the Hasegawa vs. Kitamura
choice of law. They determine which state’s law is to be applied in
70 of the forum; or (3) assume jurisdiction over the case and take into
resolving the substantive issues of a conflicts problem. Necessarily, as the
71 account or apply the law of some other State or States. The court’s power 74
to hear cases and controversies is derived from the Constitution and the
laws. While it may choose to recognize laws of foreign nations, the court is Hasegawa vs. Kitamura
not limited by foreign sovereign law short of treaties or other formal addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court. In this case, the RTC
78
deprive the trial court of its jurisdiction herein. First, it is not a proper Accordingly, since the RTC is vested by law with the power to entertain
basis for a motion to dismiss because Section 1, Rule 16 of the Rules of and hear the civil case filed by respondent and the grounds raised by
Court does not include it as a ground. Second, whether a suit should be
77 petitioners to assail that jurisdiction are inappropriate, the trial and
entertained or dismissed on the basis of the said doctrine depends largely appellate courts correctly denied the petitioners’ motion to dismiss.
upon the facts of the particular case and is WHEREFORE, premises considered, the petition for review
_______________ on certiorari is DENIED.
SO ORDERED.
Salonga, Private International Law, 1995 ed., p. 44.
74
YnaresSantiago (Chairperson), AustriaMartinez, ChicoNazario a
Veitz, Jr. v. Unisys Corporation, 676 F. Supp. 99, 101 (1987), citing Randall v. Arabian
75
Am. Oil. Co., 778 F. 2d 1146 (1985). nd Reyes, JJ., concur.
Under this rule, a court, in conflicts cases, may refuse impositions on its jurisdiction
76
where it is not the most “convenient” or available forum and the parties are not precluded Petition denied.
from seeking remedies elsewhere (Bank of America NT & SA v. Court of Appeals, supra note
Note.—The doctrine of forum non conveniens, literally meaning “the
45, at p. 196). The court may refuse to entertain a case for any of the following practical
reasons: (1) the belief that the matter can be better tried and decided elsewhere, either forum is convenient,” emerged in private international law to deter the
because the main aspects of the case transpired in a foreign jurisdiction or the material practice of global forum shopping. (Bank of America NT & SA vs. Court of
witnesses have their residence there; (2) the belief that the nonresident plaintiff sought the
forum, a practice known as forum shopping, merely to secure procedural advantages or to Appeals, 400 SCRA 156 [2003])
convey or harass the defendant; (3) the unwillingness to extend local judicial facilities to non
residents or aliens when the docket may already be overcrowded; (4) the inadequacy of the ——o0o——
local judicial machinery for effectuating the right sought to be maintained; and (5) the
difficulty of ascertaining foreign law (Puyat v. Zabarte, 405 Phil. 413, 432; 352 SCRA 738, 751 _______________
[2001]).
Philsec Investment Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 103493, June 19, 1997, 274
77 Bank of America NT & SA v. Court of Appeals, supra note 45, at p. 196; p. 169.
78
SCRA 102, 113. Bank of America NT & SA v. Court of Appeals, supra note 45, at p. 197; pp. 169170.
79
279
278
278 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED