AD-R140 491 TRNSEN REPOSEOF

NON-LNA -LIER
TRNSEN REPNST FLRT PLAT AR
SHOCK UAYEMU NAVAL POSTGRADLIRTE SCHOOL MONTEVRC
J N LEE DEC 83
UNCLASSIFIED F/0 19/4 N
 11U11 11.2 2
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1111 11.1

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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART

NATION4AL
BUREAUi
OF STANDARDS
1963-A

*ez

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 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
Monterey, California

DTIC
AEECTED
L APR 5 1984

THESIS
NON-LINEAR TRANSIENT RESPONSE
OF FLAT PLATE TO AIR SHOCK WAVE

C1 by
Lee, Jae-Nam
L* December 1983

Advisor: Y. S. Shin
9i

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

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Non-Linear Transient Response of Flat Master's Thesis;

Plate to Air Shock Wave December 1983
41. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTNWQ~e S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUM@CR(.)

Lee, Jae-Nam

19 IP 1G ORG11ANIZATION MNZM AMC ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASK

AREA A WORK UNIT NUMDERS

Naval Postgraduate School

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IS S1jPPLEMNTARV NOTES

1S. Key 9OR1M (chw dogroweree si*dee m00660081F

sa bpby. * mber)
Nonlinear Transient
NASTRAN
Shock Wave
Plastic Deformation
24L ASSYRACT (CaOfuIS M rown Wd* It 0066080Vp de Idmeftif &Pb6eeb umbe)

The non-linear elasto-plastic response of a clamped flat

plate to a typical air shock wave were investigated. The
nonlinear effects to the plate responses due to the material
and geometric nonlinearity were studied.
In this study, (1) the necessity of the modification of
old armored vehicles was reviewed and (2) the NASTRAN code

DO ID W3 EDITION or INov 66 is OSSOLET 1

S/N 0102- LP6014- 6601 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (tern. Data Eft"wee

.
.... . t.*.* 'V . * * d**.*~ ~% *
 UcumlY CLASSIFICATION Or THIS PAGE euiM VM atee

was employed in this investigation, (3) the theoretical

background of the nonlinear transient analysis was described,
(4) a step by step procedure of analyzing the dynamic load
problem by shock wave using NASTRAN code was developed, and
(5) sensitivity analyses were performed and also difficulties
associated with the nonlinear analysis were described.

Accession For

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 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

NON-LINEAR TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF FLAT PLATE TO AIR SHOCK WAVE

by

Lee, Jae-Nam
Major, the Republic of Korea Army
B.S., Korean Military Academy, 1974

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

- December 1983
5 '. -

Author:

Approved by:
Thesis Advisor

Second Reader

.0. CharaDpr n fMcaia niern

k Dean of Science and Engineering

A.. %
 *\ ABSTRACT

The non-linear elasto-plastic response of a clamped

flat plate to a typical air shock wave were investigated.

The nonlinear effects to the plate responses due to the

material and geometric nonlinearity were studied.

In this study, (1) the necessity of the modification of
old armored vehicles was reviewed and (2) the NASTRAN code
was employed in this investigation, (3) the theoretical
background of the nonlinear transient analysis was described,

V. (4) a step by step procedure of analyzing the dynamic load

problem by shock wave using NASTRAN code was developed, and
(5) sensitivity analyses were performed and also difficulties
I
associated with the nonlinear analysis were described.

-.
>

Y. 4

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- ,,.
..
9 ..,,-*''"
,- d:
•~f - ' , , *. .,* ;,.
*" . ..,.,,.-,
.- . . ,..,.o
-.. . .,o,...- .. ..
,........:.-.
.. ,.. ...-..-.
. ...
* ~
....-.-
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION - 8
II. LITERATURE REVIEW - 10

A. MODERN PROJECTILES 0--------------------------1

1. Sagger Anti-Tank Guided Missile --------- 13
2. AT-4 Anti-Tank Guided Missile ----------- 14
B. CONFIGURATION OF ARMORED VEHICLES ----------- 15

1. Armor ----------------------------------- 15
2. Current Modification of Old Tanks -------- 18

3. Israel Add-On Armor --------------------- 19

C. ELEMENTARY DETONATION THEORY ---------------- 24
IrI. ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF PLATE BY
SHOCK WAVES ------------------------------------- 30
A. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ---------------------- 30
I. Nonlinear Static Analysis --------------- 30
S-.. 2. Nonlinear Transient Analysis Using
MSC/NASTRAN ----------------------------- 33

3. Factors Determining Response to

Transient Loading ----------------------- 38
4. Dynamic Plastic Deformation of Plates --- 42

B. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION AND NASTRAN DECK SETUP--- 48

1. Problem Description --------------------- 48

2. NASTRAN Input Data Deck ----------------- 51

C. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ------------------------ 60

1. General --------------------------------- 60

2. Nonlinear Transient Controls ------------ 62

D. NUMERICAL RESULTS ----------------- 66

-9v
 IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ----------------- 72

APPENDIX A: THE COMMAND TO OPERATE DATA BASE --------- 74

APPENDIX B: DATA DECK FOR PROGRAM -------------------- 75

APPENDIX C: OUTPUT OF MSC/NASTRAN I-------------------

LIST OF REFERENCES ------------------------------- 118

BIBLIOGRAPHY ------------------------------------------ 119

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST ----------------------------- 120

'p
 LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 The Effects of Current Anti-Tank Projectiles

on the Steel ------------------------------------- 12
2.2 Sectioned View of Sagger Missile ----------------- 15

2.3 The Effect of Anti-Tank Projectiles on

"Cobham" Armor ----------------------------------- 17
2.4 Applique Armor in M60 MT ------------------------ 19
.2.5 Add on Armor Blocks in 1460 21
". 2.6 Add on Armor Blocks in Centurion ----------------- 22

2.7 Explosive Shock Front----------------------------- 25

2.8 The Hugoniot Curve ------------------------------- 28

3.1 Dynamic Loading of Square Plate ------------------ 43

3.2 Dynamic Deformation of Fixed Square Plate -------- 47
3.3 Modeled Steel Square Plate ----------------------- 49
3.4 Shock Wave Applied -------------------------------- 50
3.5 Loading History ---------------------------------- 50

3.6(a) Plastic Hinge Line Formation --------------------- 68

3.6(b) Progressive Deformation of the Plate
Along Section A-A -------------------------------- 68
3.7 Time History Displacement Responses of Grid
' Points 20101, 20201, 20202 ---------------------- 69

3.8 Time History Velocity Response of Grid Point

20202 -------------------------------------------- 70
3.9 Time History Von-Mises Stress Response of
QUAD4 Element 213 -------------------------------- 71

wi

- 7
'-4.

S.CS
 1I INTRODUCTION

Conventional tanks (old tanks) which have steel armor,

can be completely defeated by one round of modern projectiles
such as anti-tank missiles. That has been proved in the 1973
Arab-Israeli war. In that war, the 40% of total Israeli
casualties were caused by armored vehicle destructions. Thus,

tank armor improvement became the first priority in the Israeli

tank corps.
If war occurs in any country, the same problem will be
faced. That is the reason why the modification of the conven-

tional tank armor is needed against modern anti-tank weapons.

To improve the armor protection, the material properties,

projectile characteristics, and explosion phenomena must be

understood well. This is a complicated and difficult problem

and is originally a nonlinear problem.

First the shock wave from an explosion imposes a dynamic

load on any object. That dynamic load is characterized by

rapidly reached peak overpressure which then decreases as the

shock wave decays. The net effects of the load depend both
on the nature of the shock wave and the geometry and construc-

tion of the object. For example, if the explosion occurs on

thin skirting plate, perforation takes place by impact load
and their impulse loading for main armor would be reduced
significantly. The typical air shock wave was characterized

% **~~-h %.~
 '.. as follows; the shock wave is supersonic and generates the

abrupt increasing overpressure.

The non-linear elasto-plastic responses of a clamped flat
plate to a typical air shock wave were investigated. The
nonlinear effects to the plate responses due to the material

and geometric nonlinearity were studied.

In this study, (1) the necessity of the modification of

old armored vehicles was reviewed, (2) the NASTRAN code was
employed, (3) the theoretical background of the nonlinear
transient analysis was described, (4) a step by step proce-
dure of analyzing the dynamic load problem by shock wave
using NASTRAN code was developed, and (5) sensitivity analy-
ses were performed and also difficulties associated with the
nonlinear analysis were described.

.,"9

"4

b,.. "
 II. LITERATURE REVIEW

A. MODERN PROJECTILES
. An important version of the AP (Armor-Piercing) round is

that known as APDS (Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot). In

this round the armour-piercing element is a hard core of
calibre significantly smaller than that of the complete

projectile and shaped for maximum anti-armour effectiveness.

This is surrounded by a much lighter casing, or sabot, which

breaks up as the projectile leaves the gun barrel. The

point of this arrangement is that the core can have a shape

which differs considerably from that of the complete projec-
tile and, not having been scored by the rifling in the barrel,

is aerodynamically clean. Moreover, since it is very much

heavier than the sabot, the core acquire a greater energy

4
wthan 7ould be imparted to it if it were fired, without sabot,
by a gun of appropriate calibre and the same chamber pressure

as that of the larger gun. A controversial refinement

involves the use of depleted uranium in the core. This
metal has an exothermic reaction with steel which aids

penetration; it is controversial because of its connection

with the other isotopes of uranium and their radioactive

properties.
"". High explosive (HE) rounds with contact fuzes can also
be used against tanks and may, if they are large enough, be

..

.p.
 ~. y i,.~ * - -!. - --- - -

.- effective against exposed portions of the tank mechanism

(such as the tracks) but will not in general be effective

against heavy armour. Two modern refinements of the HE

round may be effectively used in some circumstances: they

are the HEAP (High-Explosive Armour Piercing) and HESH

(High-Explosive Squash-Head) rounds.

The HEAP round has a projectile of relatively high
velocity, a hardened case and a high-explosive charge which

is contact fuzed with a very short delay. The effect of the

4V arrangement is that the projectile either embeds itself in

the armour or passes through it and then explodes with an

effect which is more damaging than that of the simple HE

round.

HESH rounds can be used with lower-velocity weapons, and

are so designed that the nose of the shell crumples on impact
to make a large ccntact area before the explosive is detonated.

.-. '.'. Such rounds will not, in general, pierce armour, but the

explosion sets up shock waves in the armour which in them-

selves can incapacitate the crew and may also cause pieces of

metal to break away from the surface remote from the explosion.

Such fragments fly off at high velocity and can do great

damage inside a tank turret.

Most widely used in infantry weapons, however, is the

projectile (which may be a shell, a rocket, a grenade or a
guided missile) with a shaped-charge warhead frequently
described as a HEAT (High Explosive Anti Tank) round. This
or

o.. '.
 type of projectile is designed to be effective with only a

moderate impact velocity and depends for its effect on the

4

design of the warhead and is formed round a hollow cone with

its apex to the rear. The base of the cone is of approxi-

mately the same diameter as the warhead at that point and in

front of it is an air space enclosed by the rounded or

'.'-- pointed head of the projectile on which the fuze igniter is

mounted. The operation of the fuze is critical to the success

of the charge. It has to have a set distance from the surface

of the armour when it is detonated and for this reason the

igniter is carried well in front, often giving rise to the

distinctive pointed nose of a hollow charge round.

-/ ./

-- m~4 -~~-'
N___EU-
S SCABS
&--
O~F
AC AT
IC14VELOCITY

NEAT 4 III7
JET6 ARMOUR
Z" PARTICLES
-,
-,..

Figure 2.1. The Effects of Current Anti-Tank Projectiles

6" on the Steel.

The igniter is connected to the detonator which is at the

back of the charge, this starts a detonation wave running

through the conical explosive and the result is that the

force of the explosion is concentrated into a thin jet

12

4-..

LL , .-. ,. ,: .:, . . ..-.. . . ... . .. , . . . . . . .. . . . .

 moving at a speed of over 20,000 m/s and at a great tempe-
rature. The jet takes a finite distance to form, hence the

importance of having the igniter in front and the distance

required to form a jet is known as the "stand off". For most
modern warheads the stand off distance needs to be between 2

and 3 diameters of the warhead and to provide the full dis-

tance sometimes interferes with the ballistics of the

projectile.

The effects of a hollow charge on the interior of a

vehicle can be variable. A very small jet may well not
* cause much damage apart from making a hole in the armour and
destroying whatever is in its direct path, but it is possible

to "turn" warheads so that the penetrative effect is lessened

but there is more energy left after passing through the

armour and this energy can be spread out into more of a fan-
shaped exit blast with appropriately enhanced damage. All
hollow charge jets carry a certain amount of molten metal

into the interior and some research has gone into finding

ways of carrying more through the hole.

Two examples of the Soviet anti-tank guided missiles are
described below. [Ref. 1]

1. Sagger Anti-Tank Guided Missile

Sagger is the NATO code-name for the Soviet anti-
tank missile which is also known by the US alphanumeric
designation AT-3, which is now extensively deployed in
Europe and elsewhere. Currently it is known to be used in

at least three ways:

13

I. _r

-°4

"-" " .* - " .. . .. " """ ".,*,-:." " "* . ..... " . ". < 'i- .;......-..
' ' ... ,...
% * r ,. ., .,. _ .. ,.," , .. L .... . . . . . . ..-...
 a) As a man-portable missile
b) Mounted on a bracket
c) Mounted on a vehicle
The characteristics of sagger missile is as follow.

a) Type: Wire-guided MCLOS (Manual Command to Line

of Sight)

b) Weight at launch: 11.3 kg

c) Diameter: 120 mm
d) Warhead: HEAT

e) Range: 500-3000 m

f) Penetration: 400 mm

2. AT-4 Anti-Tank Guided Missile

j. There have been reports for some years of a Soviet

SACLOS (Semi-Automatic Command to Line of Sight) system, but

it was not until 1980 that photographs and a little informa-

tion appeared in some Warsaw Pact military journals.

Characteristics:
a) Type: Wire guided SACLOS system

b) Weight at launch: 40.4 kg

c) Diameter: 120 mm

d) Warhead: HEAT
e) Range: 2000 - 2500 m

f) Penetration: 500-600 mm

.-.. 1
~14

,o.Jo
 t/ / -,..., -...

Figure 2.2. Sectioned View of Sagger Missile.

*~4 Which of these various types of projectile will be most

effective against armour which depends on the design and

thickness of the armour. Against solid armour the HEAT

round is particularly effective; but in certain circumstances

a sandwich construction is likely to be more vulnerable to an

APDS round. There is therefore a good deal to be said for

having a mix of projectiles available for satisfactory

defense against tanks.

B. CONFIGURATION OF ARMORED VEHICLES

1. Armor
We can define the military armor as a material

intended to protect men and installations of equipment.

46

15

... _may . . .. . , . . . . , . ,.. . . , . , ,

 Aluminum, titanium and magnesium alloy, plastic laminates,
P. .'*.,

nylon fabrics and masticstone composites have all been used,

but the most common form of armor is heat-treated alloy steel.
This comes mainly in two forms: homogeneous and face-hardened.
.- : The first has constant ballistic and mechanical quali-

ties throughout, which in modern tank armor means high tensile

strength (of the order of 150,000 lb sq in) and medium hard-

ness (i.e. Brinnell N 300); face-hardened armor consists of
a very hard first layer which resists penetration but lacks
toughness and a more elastic core to support the face. Naval

deck armor and modern tank armor are homogeneous, while face-

hardened armor is still used for some light armored vehicles

.-. : and side protection for naval vessels.

Steel armour usually means rolled or wrought plates,

but castings are used for tank turrets and even for entire

tank hulls, as in the M.48 and M.60 tanks (Steel armor is

usually a nickel-chrome-molybdenum alloy, but other alloys

including manganese-silicon-chromium-nickel steel have been

used, especially in Soviet tank armor.).

Typically, a well-designed hollow-charge warhead can

be expected to penetrate armor up to five times the diameter
of the warhead. The best defense against such attack is not
% to make thicker armor, but to dissipate the jet before it

reaches the surface. To do this a light screen is carried

'." some distance in front of the main armor, of sufficient

thickness to set off the fuze of any hollow-charge projectile.
Lp4

16

A4
 vW Quite naturally such screens do not last long, but they are

easily replaced and provide almost complete protection for

the armor behind. A common use of such a technique is the
• .thin skirting plates carried over the tracks of all modern

-. tanks. Before leaving this subject it is appropriate to

mention a recent British armor development, the 'Chobham'

.la

m~-

Figure 2.3. The Effect of Anti-Tank Projectiles on "Cobham"

Armor.

armor. This is claimed to offer greatly enhanced resistance

to all forms of projectile as is indicated by the accompanying

illustrations. Details of the construction of this armor have
not been released, but it seems probable that it is a sand-

.'...-
wich made up of two sheets of armor plate separated by a
highly dispersive, possibly granular, filling. The disad-

vantage of this armor lies in its bulk. To gain the protec-

tion, it has to be thick and fairly heavy; tanks are already
large enough and the addition of armor plating, which is 200

mm or more in thickness makes a startling difference to the

outline and bulk of the entire vehicle.

14

a.,
 -.. 2. Current Modification of Old Tanks

Determining which one should we choose, a new one

or modification of an old one usually depends on cost and

political situations.
The U.S. completed conversion of M48 tanks to M48A5

standards in 1980. This conversion basically included adding

diesel engines to M48Als and adding 105-mm guns to the tur-
rets of M48Als and M48A3s. Numerous minor changes were also
made. But little improvement in armor protection has been

made. If we want to take more modifications for M48A3s and

M48ASs tanks, a spaced applique armor should be added and

include a 1,200 hp engine, improved transmission, better

fire control, and a hydropneumatic suspension system.

The following example shows modern modifications.

The High Performance M60 MBT has been developed as a

private venture by the General Products Division of Teledyne

Continental Motors. It is essentially an M60 series MBT

fitted with a new powerpack, new suspension and, as an option,

additional armor. These modifications can be carried out on

existing M60 series. Teledyne believes that to fit an M60Al

with the new powerpack would cost under $200,000, while the

added armor would cost just $40,000.

r7

18

-a . . . . . . . . . . , . . . € , . . . . ., .
 *. * &, - 7-.4 -J -. 1 7W 77 7 N

*SPACED APPLI UE ARMOR

EQUALS 4.O4 CM RNA

11ALL

UN

M\

Figure 2.4. Applique Armor in M60 MBT.

3. Israel Add-On Armor

Israeli experience in the 1967 campaign proved that

mobility was not substitute for armor protection and they
therefore decided at an early stage that the main emphasis
would be placed on armor, with firepower and mobility second
and third priorities. After that they spent a lot of money

to figure out this protection problem. Total cost of

research, development, trials and the building of the proto-

type vehicles was about $65 million.

NIn May 1977 Israel finally announced that it had

developed a new MBT called the Merkava which was made of

19

I
0.
 cast and welded armor with a well-shaped glacis plate.

Behind the first layer of cast armor is a space filled

with diesel fuel and then another layer of armor. This

spaced armor gives the tank protection from HEAT projec-
tiles and ATGWs (anti-tank guided weapons).
They also modified their old tanks such as M60s,
Centurions, etc.

The add-on and readily detachable protective arrays

seen on Israeli M60s and Centurions contain ceramic tiles,

would also mark a first in terms of operational deployment.
The possibility cannot be excluded that armor of both kinds

is involved.
While no answers are to be found in external appear-
ance, the configurations, as seen in the accompanying Defence

Attache photographs, show obvious differences in the thick-

ness and shape of the packs provided for M60 and Centurion
respectively. The Centurion's additional armor is mainly in
the form of quite shallow panels fitted to the brow of the

turret and thicker pieces to the glacis and the mantlet

either side of the main gun; a hole is included in the left-
hand piece to permit the firing of the coaxial machine gun.

Wedge-shaped packs are mounted on top of the storage boxes

fitted forward above the track guards.

20

. .
%d

V.

Fiue25 ddo ro-lok nM0

.421

4IA
 - -- , I WT

L:.. r

_ - l

-U-

..

.. ,. I

~A

Figure 2.6. Add on Armor Blocks in Centurion.

"""I, • " ,22

The M60, partly because it lacks whatever protective

values come with the Centurion's storage bins, has been
;:,%
provided with a .'-'considerable amount of add-on armor around
... 22
 the turret. Here the packs are thick and vertically deep,

with smaller and thinner sections patched in -- with no

great concern for aesthetics -- to the upper surfaces which,

because of the turret's curvature and varying angles to the

perpendicular, not to mention obstructions such as lifting

eyes, cannot be covered by the main boxes. As with the
Centurion, panels are fitted to the front of the turret roof
.4-

and to the glacis; in the latter case, because the M60's

basic glacis is curved, it has been necessary to fit a

straightening frame to which the packs can be attached. The

M60's installation is completed by the fitting of wedge-

shaped or angled sections either side of the driver's hatch

to help protect the vulnerable area where turret meets hull,

with further angled sections each side of, and thinner plates

above, the mantlet.

Although it can be stated with a fair degree of

certainty that the add-on arrays are intended to help defeat

shaped-charge high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) attack, any
discussion of what the packs and panels consist of must, in
the absence of any word of guidance from the Israelis - who

on the contrary are happily watching, if not promoting, the

circulation of a number of often fanciful and frequently

mutually exclusive 'solutions' to the puzzle-fall short of

a definitive answer.

While one source suggested that the boxes were empty

(and the large ones on the M60 do sound quite hollow when

23

-. e:
 thumped) the probability is that there is more to it than
that. In view of solutions that have been adopted else-

where, though usually in the context of new-build tanks, it

seems quite likely that the Israelis have developed their own

ceramic tiles and that the boxes are partially filled with
them. The alternative of a form of active armor is suggested
more by the vehemence with which several sources in Israel
stated this to be the case than by any objective evidence.

A number of different types and configurations of

active armor are possible. An example is a sheet of explosive-
laid of top of a steel plate, with a covering for environmental

protection on top - which detonates when hit by the incipient

jet of a shaped-charge warhead and in the process disrupts the
jet's further formation. If the Israelis are indeed deploying

a form of active armor, such a fact would carry the implica-

tion that they have sufficiently overcome the formidable
difficulties that seem to have prevented larger and better-
endowed countries from doing likewise; the United States and
Soviet Union are among the nations that are known to have been
engaged in related research and experimentation for many years.

C. ELEMENTARY DETONATION THEORY

1. The following assumption will be taken for the

simplest analysis of a detonation: (Ref. 2]

4.0

'/

24

W. ~.v~~KV.-**'~~-
,,
L -k + A-. A .-. .. A . r. - AA- . - . 7.....
7 . 1 . . .. - .

a) The flow (motion of the shock front) is one

* ~.. dimensional

b) The plane detonation front is a jump discontinuity

at which chemical reaction is assumed to be

instantaneous.

c) The discontinuity is time-independent, so that the

product composition (at least directly behind the

shock front) is likewise time-independent.

u represents the particle velocity of blast wind, which is

that of the products behind the shock front. Subscript x

represents the initial values of the properties, y those

after shock. D is the detonation speed and p is the shock

wave overpressure.
From mass conservation across the front we can write

Px D = Py (D-u)

'- , P
-,N-.

Up

Figure 2.7. Explosive Shock Front.

..
, - . • ~ *~ % . . 4

25

V.
 I, - W 7 7- - 7 7-

and from.conservation of momentum,

P Px = p upD (2)
y x p
Eliminating up from the two equations we obtain the equation

for the Rayleigh line:

--' Px2 D2 - (py - px)/(v x - vy 0 (3)

(Observe that in part of the previous equation we replace 1/P

by the specific volume, v). Since for a detonation, p > P

y
it follows that v < vx (for real values of the detonation
velocity); and, indeed, it is observed as a rule that there
is about a one-third increase in density on detonation. If
this condition is substituted in eq (1), it follows that
"4 0 < up < d, so that the products travel toward the detonation

front, though trailing behind.

If the Rayleigh equation is solved for py we obtain

:Py =(px + PD - x 2 D2 vy (4)

wherein p is linear with v the slope of the line being

y t y
P 2 D2 The conservation conditions thus require that the

-4 Cinitial and final states of a detonation must lie at the

-.. termini of the Rayleigh line.
Conservation of energy leads to

E(P,'v X.1)+P v +l/2(D-U 2 = E (P,l/x, O)+P xv +1/2D 2 (5)

yyy y p x

in which X = the extent of chemical reaction (X =0 for no

' . reaction and 1 for complete reaction). Eliminating u and

D from Eq (5), suing Eqs (1) and (2) leads to the Hugoniot

curve:

26
 E(Py,Vyll) - (Px,V, X=O) - 1/2 (Py+Px) (Vxvy)=0 (6)

A E 1/2 (Py+Px) (Vx-Vy) (7)

AE is the internal energy of the detonation products at the

very high pressure and temperature of the detonation state
less the internal energy of the unreacted explosive at ambient

temperature and pressure. It may be written as the sum of two

terms:

AE H= AET+ AE p(8)

where AET is the internal energy change for the conversion

ST

of reactants to products isothermally, and AEp is that

required to warm and compress the products from ambient p

and T to the detonation values. AET is often symbolized

as -Q in explosive literature (Q being the heat evolved in an

. .explosion when corrected to isothermal conditions). If the

products were ideal gases, then AE would be given fcvdT,

and this approximation is often made, though the products at

pressures of hundreds of bars, are far from being ideal gases.

2. The Hugoniot curve is that of a hyperbola in the p-v

plane. For the non-reacting case (X=O) the hyperbola passes

through the initial state, p ,vx; but for the case we are
"* considering here (X=I) it does not. The conservation laws

require that the final state, however, lies on the Hugoniot

curve as well as on the Rayleigh line. We consider below

several cases:

27
 N - . - *rw~~r *UP ' . - . W.
Ty* -

For a too small D(=d 2 ) the Rayleigh line does not

intersect the Hugoniot and thus no solution exists. For

pH

° .1

Figure 2.8 Th Huo tCre

"*' Figure 2.8. The Hugoniot Curve.

large D (=D1 ), there are two intersections, called strong

(labelled S) and weak (W). For one particular value of

D (=Dcj) the Rayleigh line is tangent to the Hugoniot.

It can be shown that the relative particle velocity,

,is subsonic at S (D=up < ay), supersonic at W and

sonic at the point of tangency, called the Chapman-Jouguet

point: (D-up)cj = a (sonic velocity in the shocked medium).
p cj y
_There exist a number of computer codes based on such

non-ideal gas treatments (RUBY and TIGER are two of these) and

moderate success has been achieved in computing detonation

properties from these codes. The equations are:

28

p *M -4
 5..

PY = kp x 2 (9)

D = AOh ( + BP) (10)

= NMQ %
(11)

with k = 0.762, A = 22.3, B = 0.0013 (SI units). Q, the

heat of explosion in J/kg; N, the number of moles of gas per

kg; and M, the average molar mass of the gas (kg/mole are all
found from an assumed stoichiometry of decomposition, combined
, with thermochemical principles. Although N, M, and Q are all
strongly affected by the assumption made as to stoichiometry,
•4
it turns out that the important parameter, *, is rather

insensitive to the assumption.

-V.'.~q
- ;- i"

4.9
"VV

*. 29

• , ..: - ,-...
, ., -.
.,---
., -. . ...
,_ ;-,.:-
- ., . _, .. . . . . , . . . .,L

A- "

I"S'i*~ . .. . .... ." , " , . .-. ".",,r ,.. '.-. '_' ' -. ,. ''' ., "" .7 "-
' .'..

III. ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF PLATE BY SHOCK WAVES

A. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. Nonlinear Static Analysis

The fundamental method used to obtain a static solu-

tion is to minimize the error vector {6}, given by the

following equation: [Ref. 7]

{6} - {P}+ {Q}-{F} (12)

where {61 is the error vector of unbalanced forces acting

at all grid points, {P} is the vector of applied external

loads, which may change with displacements, {Q is the unknown
vector of constraint forces due to single and multipoint con-

straints, and {F} is the vector of grid point forces generated

by element motion and stress. The terms are functions of
displacement, temperature, and stress history.

It must be noted that degrees of freedom not involved

in constraints produce null terms in {Q} and that dependent

constraint points produce no errors. Therefore, when Eq (12)

is reduced to the solution coordinates the constraint forces,

(.., disappear. Terms in the vector {F1 are dependent on the

deformations of the finite elements. In linear static analysis

the vector {F) becomes

{Fi = [KP {u- {pT(T)} (13)

30

-a * . : * .* . -'¢ % . "'. " "' .";' "N, o; ."" .","."- . -""". "",
 • - . .. - -,, ,, a,,1, . ,*, ,, - • _
a T %

where [kP ] = The linear stiffness matrix

[P T = The "thermal load" vector, i.e., a

vector of grid point which produces the
* .hsame element strains as the temperature

distribution,

. {u} = The vector of grid point displacements.

To obtain a nonlinear solution, a "tangent" matrix

i~'[K] is used in which the terms are derivatives in the form

, Kij = [ U-]u = Ur (14)

-The matrix [K] contains both geometric and material non-

linear effects. The approximation occurs because the forces
are highly variable with displacements and nonsymmetric terms
are approximated. If {ui } is a known displacement which

produces an error (6(u i)1, then Newton's method may be used

*. ui+l
to predict a new vector fu i with a smaller error. For
a displacement fu} near a known solution, {u 1 1, the non-
linear force is approximately
{F(u) n- {F(u i )} + [K]{u-uli (15)

The substitution of Eqn (15) into Eqn (12) with {6} 0

yields the result

[K]{U-U } " {P1 - (QI - {F(ui)} (16)

which can be written in terms of the error (S} to provide
.%
the format of the Newton-Raphson iteration method:
[K](ui+l-u i i {6 (u i )} (17)

31

OF.
 i..7 -. % 7-77 -7-j-7

When [K] may be inverted, Eqn (17) may be used to solve

i+l
for {u = (u)l, a new estimate of the solution.

Equation (17) provides an incremental form for solution

." iteration. Another form of the iteration equation is
obtained from Eqns (12) and (17) :
[K]{u i+l-ui} =J.Po + pT} + {Q1 - {fiI - [K] {ui} (18)

where
i i
{fi} {F(ui)} - [K] ui + {pT} - Ap(u) (19)

[Ki ] is the nonlinear "reference" matrix, available from the

--. 9
elements and Ap(u i ) is the change in loads due to grid
point motions. The advantage to this form is that the second

order "corrective" load vector (fi} equals zero when the

forces {F1 are linear and when [K] contains linear elastic
terms (see Eqn 13). Because the {f} forces are calculated
at the element level, all known linear elements and super-
elements may be bypassed in their calculation. This is very
efficient when a major portion of the structure remains linear.

However, the advantages for using Eqn (17) are that the load
error and incremental displacements {u - u } are directly

available for testing convergence. Therefore, in MSC/NASTRAN,

-. both Eqns (16) and (17) are used internally.

-, In order to avoid calculating the vector {F(u i) }

Eqn (19) is solved for {F(ui) and substituted into Eqn (12)

to obtain

= {p + pT _ f [Kr] {ui (20)

7.7,

32
J- J*

.9.
! .'"" ,' "."- "..--.>.,.",.."' ''""... ._ t,'-"v ""' ",. ,' . . . . . ..
... . .-- ,II..- ,,, -,, -< ,, .. -"• .: / 'l'. -!W2' ,.,, . ,."'.",,,~ . ,."."2 .. ' .. ''.."- ...... , - . ,. , .",- ,
 i }
Subtracting {6 for two successive values of i in
Eqn (20) to eliminate the constants a simple equation is ob-
tained for the load error in the form
{i} = { 6 i-1} _{fi - fi-1 I [k] {u i - u i-1 (21)

*iThis form provides a simple iteration procedure, namely

a) For the first iteration after a change in the load vector,

use Eqn (17) and (20). Note that the initial values for

starting from rest are {fo} = {uo } = 0: calculate

{60} = {p} + {pT} and solve (K] {u1 } = {60} (22) (23)

b) then compute f directly from the element and load

tables:
fl = F{uI } _ ,gr] (u1 } + {pT} {Ap(u 1 (24)

c) then compute {61} from Eqn (21).

{611 = 60 - if + {fo, - [Kr] {uI - u 0 } (25)

, where (fo} = 0 by assumption.

d) M~.
Use Eqn (17) with i=l again to compute {u2
2}

[K]{u - u } = 6[u 1 } (26)

e) Repeat steps b, c and d to convergence, incrementing the

' superscripts by one at each iteration loop.

2. Nonlinear Transient Analysis Using MSC/NASTRAN

SOL 99 which is a rigid format of MSC/NASTRAN code

%-w. for nonlinear transient problem, is the dynamic comparison to

nonlinear static systems, providing for combined material and

geometric nonlinear analysis in the time domain. SOL 66 which

is a rigid format for nonlinear static problem and SOL 99

share the same element computer code and solution techniques

33

•%,\., ,- , 1 %';[v ' %'II-1 1 . .\ .: . .. C-" " .-.. .

 and provide similar data storage and restart facilities.
The transient solution is performed in a stepwise manner with

- time steps replacing load steps and with effects of mass,

damping and unsymmetric matrices added to the stiffness

matrices.

Because the calculations are identical, many element

and material discussions in the previous sections also apply

to the transient analysis system. The finite elements auto-

I matically provide linear inertial forces and structural

damping, based upon the initial state, as well as nonlinear

forces due to geometry and material effects.

We will develop the basic equations for the transient

solution. The methods were chosen to be compatible with

existing MSC/NASTRAN static nonlinear solutions as well as

with the existing linear transient methods. Thus, the

Newmark Beta method for transient integration is combined

with the modifications to Newton's method for nonlinear

solutions. The additional iteration steps provide equilib-

rium solutions at each time step, thereby guaranteeing

stability and accuracy for arbitrary time step size. The

basic equations are developed below, followed by a discus-

sion of the stability limits.
a. Basic Equation

Adding dynamic loads to the basic equation given

previously, we obtain a load equilibrium error vector ( n6

at time step n by equation:

34
 •*
.-, -- M - Bun f

In where {Fn}= "Average" load over the time period

(tn-i < t n < tn+l)

{U } {Un}= Corresponding acceleration and velocity vectors.

(F= "Average" elasto-plastic element total force

vector.
The above equation is solved at the "reduced"

(ud) displacement vector size. The approximation errors due

to dynamic reduction methods are not included in the error

vector {nl. Applying Newmark's averaging method over a
finite time period, tn=l < t < tn+ 1 the "static" forces are

{Fn } = {aF(un+l) + (J-28)F(u n ) + 8F(u i)} (28)

n

where 8 = Newmark Beta operator and F(un ) is the nonlinear

force due to a generalized displacement vector {Un}. An

identical definition occurs for {pn } from the applied loads

at each time step.

_. From central finite differences, the acceleration

and velocity vectors are:

= 1 AU n+l - n}{d
n
1 } (29)
{ud n

un} {Au + Aun

AtUn+l (0
(30)

where {Aun 1 {un+ 1 - un }

for small angles and At tn+l - tn is the "time step size".

For large angle changes we require that fui, {u, and {Au}
are vectors in the global coordinate direction. The vector {u}

35

_.4 . . o . .
 _ . - -.

contains gimbal angles requiring a tranformation R(un )

such that
{Un+ = un} + {Rn} {Aun+1 (31)

the load error in terms of the current vectors estimates:

{sn} ={Pn} - [J-. M+ - -1[--t-

- {afn+l + (l-28)F n + aFn-11 (32)

and

{Au n+1= {Aun + dn} (33)

At any time step the vectors [ 1n, (AUn}, {Fn , and Fn-I1

are known. In general the vectors {d n, {UnI and f

nl n+l n+ I =
F(un+ I ) must be found either by approximating {Fn+1I or by
an iterative search.
Note that for a linear solution (Fn I equals

[K] {Un}, where [K] is the reduced stiffness matrix. In this

case Eqns (32) and (33) may be used to solve for {u+I
n+l
directly by setting {Snl = 0. With 8=1/3 this will produce
Nn
the linear SOL 27 MSC/NASTRAN results.
Nonlinear Iterations

For a nonlinear solution, Equns (32) and (33) may be

solved with Newton's method (or a modified version). Using

{dn } as the primary solution variable provides the following

iteration algorithm.

36
II,.
 First assume a linear approximation:

{Sni+l - d i} = 0 (34)
nn

" L-t n n _3T_ ldn+l "i

- {A 1 } =(35)

Then, the estimated displacement change is

id - di= (A } 1 {6 n (d) } (36)
n n n n

The algorithm is identical to the static case except that

instead of a tangent stiffness matrix, the "left hand side"

matrix, obtained from Eqns (32) and (34) is

(A1 = -. M + 2tB + ij (37)

where [K] = g is the current tangent stiffness matrix.

At a new time step the load iterations may be started by

0
assuming that (AUn+ 1 } = {AU n } and therefore:

{} ={0} (38)

However, to be consistent with displacements, we must extra-

polate the nonlinear forces:

n+ l } {Fn + (Fn Fn- l (2Fn Fn- l (39)

Substituting Eqns (38) and (39) into Eqn (32) for i=0 results

in the first estimate:

160= on) + [A2 ] {tunI -[FnI (40)

37

S," v .. -- .. '- - .. "'" """.- .Y.,

 where
.... ~ J[A
= 1 ] (41)

Here A is a precalculated matrix. {AU n }and {F n }are

".. previous results. For subsequent iterations, (i>O) Eqn (32)

becomes:

.= { n{o- [A3 ]{d nI - F 0 } (42)

n n 310n${Fn+l- n+l

where 1 M1
(A31 = [;2 M + - BI (43)

At each time step the code will iterate on Eqns

(36) and (42) until n611passes the convergence tests or

n
the number of passes reaches an iteration limit. With a

single step, i=l, calculating only 6i, the results will be

identical to the existing NOLIN results in MSC/NASTRAN. For

faster convergence the iterations may continue, the matrices

may be updated, and/or the -ime step size may be reduced.

3. Factors Determining Response to Transient Loading

4... The response of a metal to dynamic loading depends

upon three elements which are characteristic of the material:

the dynamic constitutive relation, the pressure-temperature
phase diagram, and the dynamic fracture criteria. In the

absence of phase changes or fracture, the material response

is governed completely by the constitutive relation, or

dynamic equation of state. The constitutive relation is
characterized as "elastic", "viscoelastic", "visco-elastic-

plastic", etc. It depends on macroscopic parameters such as

38

:.* 2 . -. .. .. . . _.
 Young's modulus and the viscosity coefficient which, on a
microscopic scale, arise from atomic interactions and dislo-

cation processes. The phase diagram determines whether a

given loading history will bring the metal into a pressure-
temperature regime where phase transitions are possible. If
this occurs during shock loading, multiple shock waves may
V result. Microcracks and/or voids begin to appear in a metal
under tension whenever the criteria for nucleation and growth

of damage are met. These criteria are functions of material

parameters and the stress history.

In this chapter the dynamic constitutive relations

are discussed. It is the most important element to determine
the response of a metal to dynamic loadings.

In macroscopic or rheological language, iron can be

described as a viscoelastic-plastic material, i.e., it

responds elastically until yielding (with upper and lower

yield points), and is strongly rate-dependent.

The constitutive relation, or dynamic equation of

state, thus gives the stress as a function of strain and
time, or, alternatively, can be written as a differential

equation in arOe and an important goal of present day

research is to develop the capability to derive this macro-
scopic constitutive relation by averaging the effects of

microscopic processes.
This is analogous to the way in which the thermo-
dynamic equation of state of a gas is derived by averaging

39
 the effects of the molecular collisions. Once developed,
this capability would be an extremely powerful tool, since

the response of a metal to dynamic loads could be predicted

from known microscopic material properties. Although this

goal has not been attained as yet, there has been significant

progress during the last few years in this direction for the
case of crystalline materials, in which dislocation processes

play the role of the "molecular collisions". In iron, the

2
density of mobile dislocations is of the order of 108/cm
so the number of dislocations present is certainly large
enough to make a statistical approach valid.

The basic approach is based on the relation from

dislocation theory: [Ref. 3]

jP = N by (44)
Nm

where y is the plastic shear strain rate

V! (yie = [.
(Yij (.-.-
x + .x i
ax. where Ci is the displacement in

the x. direction),
1m
Nm is the mobile disclocation density,
b is the Burgers vector, and v is the average disclocation

r velocity. This equation provides the link between microscopic

"[dislocation motion and macroscopic plastic straint rate, and

is based on the fact that it has been found possible for many
crystalline solids to express Nm and v as functions of yP

and applied macrosopic shear stress, T.

40
 -477777 *Vl7177
-7 7.1 - 7 7 -

The constitutive relation is obtained by combining

Eqn (44) with the incremental Hooke's law

da, - 2i.de . + Xde a (45)

... ,j k j

, under the assumption that the total strain is the sum of

elastic and plastic components:

ij = eij + Pj( 6
i"
1 ij9 Uj(6

where A and p are the Lame constants, 6.. is the

Kronecker delta, and a repeated index indicates summation.
The plastic strain is assumed to cause no volume change, i.e.,

C. = 0 (47)

The combination of Eqns (46)-(48) yields, after taking the

time derivative:

ij -2 Viij - 6KK.ij - 2 ijii (48)

K~ij
In order to combine Eqn (48) with Eqn (44), we must
first specify the loading geometry. In plate-slap tests

4. under conditions of uniaxial strain, all total strain com-

ponents except ex in the direction of wave propagation are
zero, and £KK= C Then equation (48) becomes

-(X+2v±) e = -2 pip (49)

x x x

Also, in this case, the plane of maximum shear stress in

isotropic media is inclined at 450 to the direction of shock

propagation, and
P 1 p i P) 3 P (0

41

* ., ."% ".' ,; - -* ~ . .o . - ,. . . . . .... . . *-. *% . .. . . . .* * .;*---* .- *..........

 The dynamic constitutive relation for this loading geometry
is thus obtained by combining Eqn (44), (49), and (50):

(A + 21) x =N
- by (51)

If, X, 4, and the right-hand side of Eqn (51) are known

as functions of macroscopic stress and strain, then the

equation can, in principle, be solved for any problem
involving uniaxial strain.

4. Dynamic Plastic Deformation of Plates

We consider cases of the impulsive loading of thin

metal plates, a simple situation in which an exponential

shock wave impinges on a clamped square plate. In this case,
the plastic deformation is supposed to be brought about by
bending only and combined bending and tension is not analy-

. tically considered. The pressure in the shock wave may be

assumed to be given by (Ref. 4].

P= Pm exp(-t/r)
where p is the peak pressure at a point at the head of the

wave, t denotes time and T is a time constant --- the time

taken for the pressure to fall to pm/e, which for high

explosives is -30 psecs. We obtain simply, some of the

results of Cox and Morland (Ref. 3], who theoretically

investigated the dynamic deformation of plates, side length

2a, position-fixed at their periphery, when subject to a

uniform constant transverse pressure p for time T. Their

detailed examination showed that two categories of load may

.42
..-.

..

"
%; ' " 4' ;4.' -' .,,". .*, , ,.' ."'. -- " .-.- .. "- .' ""..i" ' _
 2ps

."
be distinguished; medium load when p5 < p < 2p and high
"% load when 2ps < p, where Ps denotes the pressure required
just to enforce plastic collapse of the plate, statically

For p we have, see Fig. 3-1.

4a/7 - WV 7 • = . 4a2 *aw • P5 (52)

2
i.e. Ps = 6MP/a

For simplicity we deal only with their first case,

and for the second, more complicated one, the reader is
referred to the original source. For this medium range of
loading two sub-divisions are required: (1) when Q<t<r

. and (2) when t>T. Use is made of the results obtained

-. above for static situations using hinge lines, and we take

over whatever results may be useful. As previously, the

. •analysis pays no special attention to material rate effects.

Further, it is implicit in this approach that the static

and dynamic modes of deformation are identical.

FRONT NET ON THE

FRAME

0
0

' 16dZTIME

Figure 3.1. Dynamic Loading of Square Plate.

43

No.% *
 a. Medium Load: 0 < t < T

S..'Assume the mode of deformation of the plate is

that of Fig. 3.2 and that the plate diagonals become hinge

lines. Since p is constant and greater than ps' and

because the four equal parts of the plate act as rigid bodies

each rotating about its boundary or side, they must undergo

an angular acceleration, a. If changes in plate geometry

throughout the deformation are neglected, the resistance to

deformation, which arises from the yielding taking place in

the hinge lines, will be constant; this resistance is related

to PS, the pressure to cause static yield. Thus the excess

load is constant and hence a must be constant. The work

done by the excess load will manifest itself as kinetic

energy acquired by the four rigied regions of the plate, i.e.

, 4 T IW, where I is the moment of inertia of a triangle

--. 4 about a side of the plate and w is its current angular

velocity. Because a is constant, at the end of time the

plate centre will have descended through a distance vt/2,

where v is its current speed. Thus, an equation involving

the work available for giving rise to rotational kinetic

energy of the plate triangles is,

(Pp-) 4a2 vt/2 4 (53)

4" 3
4
Hence substituting for ps from (52), noting that I =ma /6

and simplifying,

S(p
6M
- )t = V/ or v =2 (p-ps )t (54)
-+ m
a
44

i,,,,,..._,, <, ,.. . , V , .... .. ,. .". , . .. ,..44...-.

.-....... .-.. ... ...-......- .:-.-,..:, .-...
 or directly by momentum consideration, thus,

((-p 4
* . ~a.Ma V(55)
t 6 a

The deflection w at the end of time T is,

W = vT/2 = (p - ps)T12 /m (56)

(2) Medium Load: T > t

After the removal of pressure p at t = T, further deflec-

tion, w2 , is added to w1 , because the rotational kinetic
energy of the four plate segments must be dissipated in doing
plastic work in the hinges. Let the segments rotate through

further angle 0 before coming to rest, then,

4 I *- ) = 4 a/2 -M ( /2) = 8aM •W2/a

ap
Hence

W 2
2 ma2v2
2 4 M = m 2 s 2T
(P-ps) (57)
p Ps
using Eqn (55). Thus the total central deflection is,
-

w =w + w2 p (p -ps) 2 /mp
1 (58)

If the total response time of the plate is Tt, note that

Ttps= pT. In the case of thin plates clamped at their outer

periphery it is clear that after a significant amount of
deflection there must be stretching. An analysis of the
dishing of peripherally clamped metal plates when given a

transverse initial speed of a few hundred feet per second

has been given by Hudson [Ref. 3]. Descriptively, Hudson's

45

*. .. '.. . . ",_. ,. ..
*' - ." . . -- . ., - .'"' -' ' -"
 model is easily understood by reference to Fig. 3-2. Central
portions of the plate maintain their given transverse speed

until overtaken by a bending wave propagated radially inwards

from the clamping ring. Fig. 3-2(a) shows the imagined plate
configuration at successive intervals during the deformation

process; when the plate deflection is significant, the process

is predominantly one of stretching and for many practical

purposes the technological approach is adequate.

Figure 3-2(a) shows the terminal state taken up
by a thin rectangular steel plate clamped around its periphery
VS.

after being subjected to the uniform but intense impulsive

loading, the maximum speed of the plate is a few hundred
a. feet per second, but contracting in area with time; the
dynamic situation during deformation, with plastic hinges

moving into the plate from the clamped edges and intersecting
along lines equally inclined to the sides from the corners,

is indicated diagrammatically in Fig. 3-2(b).

Now the yield criteria of metals should be con-
sidered. Two approaches to the interpretation of a yield
criterion are possible; one is Tresca's criterion, the other

is Von Mises criterion. But for most metals it is generally

found that while the experimental points fall between the two
ellipses, they incline towards Von Mises' ellipse. Experiments

were earlier performed by Lode (1925) on tubes subject to

tension and internal pressure. Bending and torsion was used
by Siebel in 1953. All results confirm the general opinion

that the best simple yield criterion for metals is that of

Von Mises (Ref. 5]. 46
.546
'4

FINAL SHAPE.
'3

FLAT TOP MOVING

UPWARDS

12

,,> STATIONARY

. , TIME.

CLAMPING RING

(13 > t2 > t1 =0)

(a)

Figure 3.2. Dynamic Deformation of Fixed Square Plate.

47
 B. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION AND NASTRAN DECK SETUP

1. Problem Description

The model is shown in Fig. 3.3. It is a 20 in. by

20 in. steel square plate model which is divided to 25 QUAD4

(NASTRAN card) elements and its boundary is clamped. Its

thickness is 0.8 inches and the engineering data as follows.
E = 3.OE+7

v = 0.3
L = 20.0 in.
3
p = 7.33E-4 lb/in
t = 0.8 in.

where E is the elastic modulus, v is the Poisson's ratio,

L is the length of the plate, p is the mass density, and
t is a thickness of the plate.

Next the shock wave applied impinges on the steel

plate in the -Z direction at time 0.0 seconds (Fig. 3.4) and
its peak overpressure is 3.OE+4 psi and the shock wave dura-

tion time (td) is 5.0E-3 secs. To find the pressure, the

following formula is used [Ref. 6]

-- p Pm(l-t/td) exp(-t/td)

;..- where pm is peak reflected overpressure at time 0.0 secs

and a is wave form parameter. But the shock wave pressure

cannot be applied as a load to the plate since the front face

shock pressure of the plate is relieved by the rear face shock

wave which is positive Z direction. The following formula is
L97 used [Ref. 4 ].

-'. "48

V.'.
 p = p exp(-t/T)

The load data as follows.

peak lateral loads (-Z direction)
p = 3.E+4 psi on the Element (213)
p = 2.2E+4 psi on the Element (207, 208, 209, 212,

214, 217, 218, 219)

Von Mises criterion would be applied for this model. The

time step (t) to be applied is 1.OE-6 secs from 0.0 sec to

7.0E-4 secs.

20 00 20501 20502 20503 20504 20505

(221) (222) (223) (224) (225)

20100 204 1 20,02 20403 2C404 20,05

(216) (217) (218) (219) (220)

20300 20=01 2ni 2 7n, 2n, n 35

(211) (212) (213) (214) (215)

20 00 20,Q1 in n7....- A5

(206) (207) (208) (209) (210)

2. ICf 1 . 1113 )nI M11 'JAI QA1 5

(201) (202) (203) (204) (205)

20000 132r0n

Figure 3.3. Modeled Steel Square Plate.

49
 ,-.-.: l psi

p
VP

:...7..,30
'p' - p Pm _t etd td
26 "'
d

20

4.!

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
10__

~INi

0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005

Figure 3.4 Shock Wave Applied.

wad
P.
3.0

SPmPre Lected

,-. - E
4.-4

(-t/)
1.0 p me

Net load
on plate
0 Z-3 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Time in Seconds

Figure 3.5. Loading History.

-led,5
0
,.,.[-.
.. . .. .. * ..*..
,U * *
.4..

2. NASTRAN Input Data Deck

Reference is made to the echo of the input data deck

which appears in the output.

a. Sol 66 (Ref. 6]

1 NASTRAN PREFOPT=2

2 ID NONLINEAR, STATIC

3 SOL 66

4 TIME 30

5 CEND

6 TITLE-NONLINEAR DEFORMATION WITH STATIC LOADS

7 SUBTITLE=TRANSIENT RESPONSE BY SHOCK WAVE LOAD.

8 ECHO=UNSORT

10 DISP=ALL
11 OLOAD=ALL

12 SPCF=ALL

13 GPFOR=ALL

14 ELST=ALL

15 SEALL=ALL

16 SPC-200

17 SUBCASE 1
18 LOAD=10

19 NLPARM=10

20 BEGIN BULK

21 $
22 $ LATERALLY LOADED FLAT PLATE

23 $

51
 24 MESHOPT ..... YES

25 $
26 $ USE MSGMESH TO GENERATE 5*5 ARRAY OF QUAD4 ELEMENTS
27 $

28 EGRID,1,,0.,0.

- ~ 29 EGRID,2,,20.,0.

*30 EGRID,3,,20.,20.

-31 EGRID,4,,0.,20.

32 GRIDG,2,,,5,-l,-2,-3,,+FLD2

33 +FLD2,5,-4

34 CGEN,QUAD4,201,200,2

35 $ REFER TO PAGE 2.18-7,APPLICATION MANUAL.

36 PSHELL,200,65,0.8, 65,,65

37 MAT1,65,3.OE+7,..3,7.33E-4

38 MATS1,65,40,PLASTIC,,1,1,2.6E+4

39 TABLES 1,40,0 ........ TAB.

40 +TAB1,0.0,O.O,0.001,3.OE+4,0.025,4.-E+4,O.05,5. 8E+4,+TAB2

41 +TAB2,0.10,6.7E+4,0.125,7.OE+4,0.2,7.5E+4,FNDT

42 PARAM,COUPMASS,l

43 PARAM,K6ROT,1.0

* 44 PARAZ4,LGDISP,1

45 PLOAD2,10,-14.7,208,212,213,214,218

46 NLPARM,10,1,,AUTO,,20,W,YES

47 $NLPARM,20,3,,ALJTO,,20,W,YES

48 SPCG,200,2,123456,A,B
49 SPCG,200,2,123456,BC

52

w,
 50 SPCG,200,2,123456,C,D
51 SPCG,200,2,123456,A,D
.. ",.

52 ENDDATA

1) Executive control card

card I - The NASTRAN card contains the keyword PREFOPT

= 2 which requests that MISGMESH be used to

generate input data.

card 3 - Request nonlinear static analysis, Rigid format

66.

2) Case control card

card 15 - Requests superelement generation and assembly
* should be set as 'all'

card 18 - Requests static load combination.

• SID should be matched to the PLOAD2 card in

.p - the bulk data deck.

card 19 - Requests nonlinear parameter selection.

* SID should be matched to the NLPARM card

in the bulk data deck.

* This card may appear above or within a

subcase.
* LOAD card is only applicable in statics,

buckling, heat transfer problems.

_3) Bulk data cards

card 24 - Requests out options control

' * An entry of YES causes the printing of the

'input card echo'.

53
"p.°

.;.-,
-U. . . .

card 28-31 - Defines vertices of quadrilateral field

using MSGMESH EGRID command.

card 33 - Defines a field of grid points and generate

grid cards.

* The grid number generated by MSGMESH starts

from the FID of GRIDG (if FID is 2, the first

grid point ID is 20000)
V * 5 means 5 elements in each direction.

card 34 - Generate element connection.

* QUAD4 is the element type which should be

generated.
* Element ID number starts from 201.

* Fifth field 200 is the PID of pshell card.

card 38 -Specifies table references and material

properties which are stress-dependent for use

in material nonlinearity applications
* Taken Von Mises yield function, isotropic

hardening rule.

card 39 - Represent stress-strain data.

card 43 - The value 1.0 suppresses singularities

* It is intended primarily for geometric

nonlinear analysis.

card 44 - The value 1 allows the nonlinear calculations.

card 45 - Request the initial condition on the elements

in the negative Z direction.

card 46 - Controls the nonlinear analysis iteration.

'I .. , 54

';
,'. ,q- , ,. ,. , ,. -.-..>.>,> .. ..-..--.. , ... ° ., , ... . , .- ,. . , .... ,
 ~
•.~~~~ . 7 7 ~ ~j • ~-. q .

* To reduce the output, use sixth field.

* For rapid convergence, increase the Error

A.. tolerance and maximum iteration and the limit

on diverging iterations.

card 48-51 - Generate spcl cards.

This card is only used to MSGMESH generation.

b. Sol 99

1 NASTRAN PREFOPT=2

2 ID NONLINEAR,TRANSIENT

3 SOL 99

4 TIME 59
5 CEND

6 TITLE=NONLINEAR DEFORMATION WITH DYNAMIC LOADS

7 SUBTITLE=TRANSIENT RESPONSE BY SHOCK WAVE LOAD.

8 ECHO=SORT
9 SET 1=20202,20203,20204,20304,20404
10 SET 2=201,208,212,213,214,219,225
11 SET 3=20000,20003,20005,20200,20400

12 SDISP=1
13 OLOAD=1
14 SPCF=3

15 ELST=2
16 SEALL=ALL
17 SPC=200

18 LOADSET=77

19 SUBCASE 1

55
 -. y-VNJ7-

20 DLOAD=37

-p-21 TSTEPNL=-45

22 SUECASE 2

23 DLOAD=37

24 TSTEPNL=-46

25 SUBCASE 3

26 DLOAJ)=37

27 TSTEPNL=47

28 OUTPrJT(XYPLOT)

29 PLOTTER NAST

30 CSCALE 1.3

31 XTITLE=TIME IN SECS

32 XGRID LINES=YES

33 YGRID LINES=YES

34 YTITLE=DISPLACEZ4ENT GRID 20202

35 XYPLOT SDISP RESP/20202(T)

36 YTITLE=VELOCITY GRID 20202

37 XYPLOT SVELO RESP/20202(T)

38 YTITLE-DISPLACEMENT GRID 20101 20102 20202

39 XYPLOT SDISP RESP/20101(T3),20102(T3),20202(T3)

40 BEGIN BULK

* *441 $
42 $ LATERALLY LOADED FLAT PLATE
43 $
44 MESHOPT ..... YES

19P1 45 $

56

%*** -. 7
 46 $ USE MSGMESH TO GENERATE 5*5 ARRAY OF QUAD4 ELEMENTS

47 $
48 EGRID,1,,O.,O.

-49 EGRID,2,,20.,Q.

50 EGRID,.3,,20.,20.

*51 EGRID,4,,O.,20.

52 GRIDG,2,...5,-l,-2,-3,,+FLD2
53 +FLD2,5,-4

54 CGEN,QUAD4,201,200,2
55 $ REFER TO PAGE 2.18-7,APPLICATION MANUAL
56 PSHELL,200,65,O.8,65,,65

* 57 MAT1,65,3.OE+7, ,.3,7.33E-4,.. 0.O01

58 MATSI,65,40,PLASTIC,,1,1,2.6E+4

59 TABLES1,40,O,,
..... ,TAB1

60 +TAB1,O.O,0.0,O.OO1,3.OE+4,O.o25,4.OE+4,O.o5,5.SE+4,+TAB2

61 +TAB2,O.J.O,6 .7E+4,O.125,7.OE+4,O.2,7.5E+4,ENDT

62 PARAM,COUPMASSP1

63 $PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES

64 PARAMW4,.616E43

65 PARAM,K6ROT,.O

66 PARAM, LGDISP,1.

67 PARAM, SLOOPID,l

68 PARAM,LOOPID,1

69 PARAM, STIME,0.000450

70 PARAM,MAXLP,7
71. DLOAD,37,1.O,1.O,7,1.0,6,1.O,5

K 57
 72 TLOAD1,7,61,,0,22
*73 LSEQ,77,61,71
74 PLOAD2,71,3.2E+4,213
75 TLOAD1,6,62,,0,22

76 LSEQ,77,62,81
77 PLOAD,81,2.5E+4,207,208,209,212,214

78 TLOAD1,5,63,,0,22

79 LSEQ,77,63,91

80 PLOAD2,91,2.5E+4,217,218,219
81 TABLED1,22 ........ +NEXT1

82 +NEXT1,-1. ,0.0,0.O,-0.OOl,O.001,-1.O,O.O01O,-0.560,+NEXT2
83 4NEXT2,0.004,-0.OO1,ENDT

84 TSTEPNL,45,150,1.OE-6,20,AUTO, ,20,W,+LL1
85 +LL1,l.OE-7,1.OE-7,1.OE-7,20,20,1O
86 TSTEPNL,46,200,l.OE-6,20,AUTO,,20,W,+LL2

87 +LL2,1.OE-5,1.OE-5,1.OE-5,20,20,10
88 TSTEPNL,47,120,3.OE-6,20,AUTO,,20,W,+LL2

89 +LL2,1.OE-4,1.OE-4, 1.OE-4,20,20,1O

90 SPCG,200,2,123456,A,B
91 SPCG,200,2,123456,B,C
92 SC,0,2135,,

92 SPCG,200,2,123456,C,D

94 ENDDATA
1) Executive control cards
card 3 :Requests nonlinear transient analysis, Rigid
1'4 format 99.

58
2) Case control cards
card 18: Selects a static load set for use in dynamics.
Thus this may be referenced by dynamic loads.

card 20: This card selects a dynamic load for nonlinear

transient problem.

card 22-24: Requests restart at time 0.00015 secs.

card 25-27: Requests restart at time 0.00035 secs.
card 28-39: Requests the xy plotting which is
corresponding to the time step.

3) Bulk data cards

card 64: This gives damping effects for transient

analysis.
• Sometimes, more rapid convergence effects

can be obtained by this damping factor with

damping coefficient in MAT1 card (GE).
card 67: This card identifies the initial conditions
from a previous SOL 66 nonlinear static

solution.
* Refer to the param card, SLOOPID.

card 68,69: Request these two cards when we taken more

than one subcase.
card 70: Requests more internal calculation.
• We can reduce iteration steps and prevents

the overprinting due to iteration steps.

59
 card 71: Defines a dynamic loading condition for

transient response problems as a linear

combination of load sets
* See the remarks 5, 7, 9 of DLOAD card in

bulk data.

card 72, 75, 78: Defines time dependent dynamic load.

* Requests a static load card set (LESQ).
'Cl card 73, 76, 79: Defines a sequence of static load sets.

This load sets may be referenced by dynamic

load card (TLOADl)

* This card should be used when we want to

apply area pressure on elements than a point
pressure on grid point.
card 74, 77, 80: Defines a uniform static pressure load

on the plate elements.

card 81-83: Defines a tabular function for use in
generating a time-dependent dynamic loads.
* In this card the peak pressure (3.OE+4 psi)

occurred at 0.0001 sec.

card 84, 86, 88: This card control the nonlinear
transient analysis.
* This card is expalined in the sensitivity

analysis.

C. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
1. General
In transient analysis, two types of instability could
occur. The first is the familiar nonlinear load iteration
divergence which also occurs in static analysis. The second
60
L7 77

W! is the divergence which grows with time in the transient

integration. Both instabilities are caused by uncorrected

nonlinear equilibrium errors.

A convenient method, from Von Neumann, for analyzing

the stability limits is to assume that the nonlinear forces

are nearly linear and the error vector has a constant conver-
gence. It is assumed that the nonlinearity has a first order

approximation: [Ref. 7]

{F( -
-) ,r + AKNL (59)

where KN L is the difference between the tangent stiffness

matrix and its approximation Kr The error vectors, {6},

are assumed to grow at the rate X, defined as:

{6i+ { (60)

Note that if J(X > 1 the system will be defined as unstable.

After lengthy calculations we may summarize the various

criteria, assuming that the matrices are reduced to equivalent

scalar modal quantities, the criterian for stable solutions

are:
* 1) For time steps with converged "static" iterations:
1/2 > 0 > 1/4
This is the same criteria as linear analysis.

2) For "static load" iterations:

K L < r
A INL
0 < 8$ Kr + 1 M 1 B +
at
This states that the mass and damping add to the effective

linear stiffness [Kr] and improve the stability.

61

C *hC . . . . * ~
 3) For time step integration with no intermediate static
iterations, as in the standard Newmark Beta method:

A KN L < (48 -1) K r + -L M

At 2

This restriction is more severe than criteria b above,

proving that the internal iterations are more stable

than the Newmark integration.

In summary, the Von Neumann method will have fewer

divergence problems than either the static nonlinear solu-

tion or the single step transient nonlinear methods. The

better stability of the method and the capability to use

larger time steps outweighs the cost of a few internal

iterations on the static element forces.

2. Nonlinear Transient Controls

The input data required for SOL 99 is a combination

of transient control data, similar to SOL 69 (Direct Transient,

superelements), and nonlinear modeling data similar to SOL 66

(Nonlinear Statics). The nonlinear properties are defined by

- nonlinear material data (MATS1), gap elements (GAP), and

large displacement effects (parameter LGDISP). The transient

effects are produced by loading functions (TLOADi, DAREA, etc.),

damping (parameters, elements, and material data), and element

mass properties.
The only unique data required for SOL 99 is supplied

on the TSTEPNL data cards. (Several optional parameters are

provided for tuning the method and for use in restarts.) The

TSTEPNL card in itself is an amalgam of the normal transient

TSTEP card and the nonlinear control card, NLPARM.

62

I:.. . .. . . . . .. .
 a. Case Control
The significant rules for nonlinear transient are:

1) Each subcase defines a time interval starting from the

last time step of the previous subcase which is subdivided

into small time steps. The output TIME printout will be

labeled by the net time, including all previous subcases.
2) The input loading functions may be changed for each sub-

case or continued by repeating the same DLOAD request.

The bulk functions are evaluated at the net model time,

which starts at the last time step of the previous subcase.

' 3) Each subcase may have a different time step size, time

interval, and iteration control selected by the TSTEPNL

request. The case control requests which may not be

changed after the first subcase are: SPC, MPC, DMIG, and
TF.

4) Output requests for each subcase are processed indepen-

dently and the output for each case are generated before
the next subcase is processed. Separate XYPLOT ouputs will
4
,.d occur for each subcase. Available outputs are DISPLACEMENT,
VELOCITY, ACCELERATION, OLOAD, STRESS, FORCE, SDISPLACEENT,

SVELOCITY, and, SACCELERATION. Note that NONLINEAR and

SPCFORCE outputs are not provided.
5) Initial conditions are not explicitly provided for user

%." input in SOL 99. The reason is that the nonlinear element
configuration and equilibrium state must be known at every

time step. If initial conditions were given, all of the

nonlinear element forces and plastic stresses, as well as
the past history, must be given. Therefore, the initial

63

V q ' -. > ,-. ' '. . ' '-.--.' .-.. . .... " - • - .. . .- . . . . .. , . .. .. -
 P 7 .Z **

conditions become part of the analysis and are generated

by initial transient subcase or by restarts from a previous

static solution.

6) All normal superelement model generation options and

matrix reduction options are allowed for the linear portion

of the structure. General Dynamic Reduction, Component

Mode Synthesis, and Guyan Reduction may be performed for

nonresidual superelements. Therefore, the residual super-

element may contain scalar degrees of freedom representing

linear model formulations.

b. TSTEPNL Data

The TSTEPNL data card description is provided in

Section 2 of the MSC/NASTRAN User's Manual. The input fields

specify the time step size, the number of steps, and the out-

put interval as well as the nonlinear iteration options.

The nonlinear iteration data are provided for

controlling the accuracy and stability of the nonlinear

calculations and they will not effect linear solutions. The

controls are similar to those on the NLPARM bulk data used in

static nonlinear analysis.

As discussed above two types of errors or insta-
bility are encountered in the transient solution. The load

iterations are similar to static load analysis and may diverge

at one or more time steps when large nonlinear stiffness
changes occur. Load iteration divergence may be cured by

smaller time steps or by stiffness matrix updates. The

64
 diagnostic output value LAMBDA-I (from DIAG 50) indicates

the rate of growth of this error.

The second type of divergence occurs in the time

domain when the load iterations do not converge, or are limi-

ted by the user. The errors may increase for each new time
* step until they cause the code to abort. This problem may be

cured by allowing more load iterations or by using smaller

time steps. The diagnostic output value LAMBDA-T (from DIAG

50) indicates the rate of growth of this error.
The size of the time step is of primary importance

in transient analysis to control accuracy and avoid diverging

solutions. The use of several subcases with different time

step sizes to correspond with nonlinear activity is recommended
as a normal procedure. When the user wishes to avoid overly-

small time steps for highly nonlinear zones, he may increase

the iteration limits and/or the error tolerance and the diver-
gence limits.
c. Restarts and Data Base

Solutions 66 and 99 share the same data base/

superelement file storage logic for the nonlinear tables and

matrices. Therefore, the restart system for transient analysis

is allowed to use either a previous static or transient non-

linear analysis as initial conditions.
For restarting from previous static analysis only

the first subcase is affected. Simply provide a data base

created in SOL 66 and specify the parameter.

'.4 65

ae, ~ ., . , - : J - ' ! .: , " -_. "" " ""'". '""" " . ." ." ' '."."." ' ..- •" ' .. '''

~~. . ... ..
... .... '.
.. . -:
'...... .. '........... ............... .................. . . . ...
 'L7 wr printed ore -7lue

*." "PARAM, SLOPPID, N

where N was the printed value of LOOP for the desired
static solution. Constraint sets, direct input matrices,

mass, and damping may be changed.

Restarts from a previous transient execution are

available for a number of cases. If the same model is to be

reexecuted, only the residual superelement needs to be re-

Itransient run are to be used for the initial conditions At

t=O, add the parameter LOOPID=N where N corresponds to the

Nth subcase of the previous run and N dummy SUBCASE commands

to start the residual case control execution.

The normal restart for a transient run is to

continue from the last step of a previous subcase with

different loads and/or TSTEPNL data. Provide the following

.%.e
parameters:
LOOPID = N - Start from the Nth subcase

Stime = t - Start from time t.

Note that constraint sets should not be changed

to avoid incompatible matrix sizes.

/%4

D. NUMERICAL RESULTS

The progressive deformations of the plate are plotted

along the x-axis at five different time locations as shown
in Fig. 3.6(b). At the early time (1.5E-4 secs), the response
of the plate is in the elastic region. During the deformation,

plastic hinge lines are formed along the clamped edges and the

66

.*'* ...- ..-.. . .. ... . ., . . , . . . , .. .-.-. . . . ., .. . . . .

 - '.%... - - . - .- - -. .. -. - _- -

N. diagonals of the plate as indicated in Fig. 3.6(a). This

response phenomenon agrees well with Hudson's studies
I... [Ref. 4]. As described in Section A-4 of Chapter 3, when

the plate deflection is significant, the plate experiences

in-plane stretching.
Time history displacement responses of Grid points

20101, 20201, and 20202 are plotted in Fig. 3.7. As shown

in the figure, for the short duration impulse, the maximum
displacement occurs at the center of the plate after termi-

nation of shock loading. The rate of increase in displacement

is the maximum at the termination of shock loading as shown
in Fig. 3.8. During the application of the shock loading,
the acceleration level is high, implying the high inertia

force in the system. At the termination of the inertia

force in the system, the acceleration stays in the constant

level until the plate displacement reaches the maximum.

Time hisotry Von-Mises stress of QUAD4 element 213 (plate
center) is plotted in Fig. 3.7. The stress variation is

highly non-linear due to the material non-linearity.

- 67

% %
 ~~7 7, -7.-

...-. ' - . .

,/ N

* A
-. \/

'"3._ 4 See 3.6(a).

Figure I, Plastic Hinge Line Formation.Sac
CnrlPit474,

z
022020201 20202 20203204 nO

-e, 1.
* 4

:-3.0
S-4

"I__
Figure 3.6(b). Progressive Deformation of the Plate
Along Section A-A.

68
 - ( sqL VO )PROI 1O04S

- N cu
0

00
00

.4

444
0

C4

c'0

4--4
c0

0 C
4-,0

IVI

04

in 0.

(S40 L)aW32Ld

U6
 cJ
0
0
CJ

00

00

4.. 1

011

Ui 0
v-4 I- r4

Ci 0
r4

EE

do -
I.-70

WON'
4L.5
 sqL, Io)peol ,po04S

4-4
0

00

-pr

4n r4
_ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0C
02

2i/- VO SOW O a)JS

if.

71.

P,=
'I? .%
 IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

- The state-of-the-art literature review revealed that the

-. skirt plate is very effective to absorb initial explosion

-- S
energy before the shock loading reaches the main armor. The

material of the armor must possess the high hardness to prevent

the severe damage and the high ductility to minimize the

spalling. The composite materials may serve more effectively

than the conventional material to minimize the damages against

the powerful modern projectiles.

The non-linear finite element analysis of the plate sub-

jected to the air shock loading verifies the plastic hinge

line formation and in-plane stretching inducing snap-through

collapse. For the short duration shock loading, the maximum

* deformation occurs after the termination of loading, and the

velocity reaches the maximum at the termination of shock.

The Von-Mises stress is highly non-linear due to the material
9 non-linearity. For the non-linear analysis using MSC/NASTRAN,
TSTEPNL bulk data card is found to be the most important card

which controls the accuracy and the stability of non-linear

calculation.
To insure the convergence of solutions, convergence limit
_ in the TSTEPNL card in the bulk data deck should be considered.

If a program was run with big convergence limit, the solution

will be gotten rapidly with small iteration steps but it is

72

..
 not accurate and large time steps can't be taken. On the
contrary, if the program was run with small convergence

limit, the solution will be accurate but it is gotten slowly

with large iteration steps. Thus, it is expensive and anyway

large time steps can't be taken too. Thus, compromise should

be taken to run a large time steps. For example, if one non-

S linear transient problem is needed total 700 time steps to get

the solutions, the following procedure is recommended. In the

first subcase, the program is iterated with smaller conver-

gence limit, 10*E-7 to get more accurate solution and in the
second subcase, the program is run with limit, 10*E-5, and in

the third subcase, the program is iterated with convergence

'limit, 10*E-4.

Consequently, the total 700 time step will be calculated

successively.
The sensitivity studies on shock period and amplitude is

suggested to understand their effects on plate responses.

*73

..

A o " " •• • • • • • o o

"' ,,r-, . .•4 % . . . . - , " " -. ". " -, " - " '.' o ' ', ' ' .' , ' . - , '
 W-.

APPENDIX A

- 4 THE COMMAND TO OPERATE DATA BASE

****THE COMMAND TO ERASE THE DATA BASE NAMED "MSS.S2770P.NODE"

//ERASE JOB (2770,0252),NASTRAN,CLASS=A

//*MIN ORG=NPGVM1.2770P
* // EXEC PGM=IEFER14
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A
//DDI DD DSN=MSS .S2770 .NODE,DISP=(OLD,DELETE)

****THE COMMAND TO FLOT FROM THE DATABASE NAMED "MSS.S2770.PPLOT'

//LEEPLCT JOB (2770,0252) ,NASTRAN,CLASS=C

//*MAIN ORG=-NPGVM41. 2770P
//*FORMAT PR, DDNAME-SYSVECTR, DEST=LOCAL
1/ EXEC NASTPLOT,PLTDSN='MSS.S2770.PPLOT'

7
...

4 z *
YL
 AA
PENDIX B

DATA DECK FOR PROGRAM

GENERALOESCRIPTIO0 OF DATA DECK

The inut deck begins with the required resident operating system control cards. The type
.. and umber of these cards will vary with the Installation. Instructions for the preparation of
these control cards are given In Section 7.5 of the MSC/NASTRAN Application Manual.
The operating system control cards are followed by the MSC/NASTRAN Data Deck, which consists
of the following three sections:

1. Executive Control Deck

2. Case Control Deck
•.3. Bulk Data Deck

The Executive Control Deck and the Case Control Deck both have free-field formats. Only
columns L through 72 arke used for data. Any Information in columns 73 through 80 may appear in
the printed echo, but the data will net be used by the program. As explained in Section 2.4.1.
limited use is made of the data in columns 73 through 80 for the Bulk Data Deck. If the last
.*. character on a card is a coma (not necessarily in column 72), the next card Is a continuation of
this physical card. Any nuber of continuation cards may be specified, and together they form a
logical card.
The NASTRAN card Is used to change the default values for certain operational parameters,
such as buffer jize or the numer of data lines printed per page. More than one NASTRAN card may
be present. MASTRAIS cards are optional, but, If present, they must be the first cards of the data
deck. The NASTRAI card is a fr e-field card (similar to cards in the Executive Control Deck).
Its format Is as follows:

RASTRAI keyword1 * value, keyword2 0 value,

An alternate format Is:

NASTRAN keyword a value

NASTRAN keyword2 a value
75

_ ..... .... ...- •*S*a

,...-.,-aa'. *'a ~ *.,,9S~' ; -'-
 Input Data Card EGRID G;rid Point Position

iI. Description: Defines the position of a geometric grid point of the structural model

Format and Example:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fi el d Contents
i
Grd pont n
dentficato number (Integer > )

CP t dentification nmoer of gn coordinate systam which sthe positon

rd of the pomnt
os defaned (Integer )t.0 or blank)

XIX2,X3 Position of the grid point in-coordinate system CP (Real or glank)

Remarks: 1. The meaning of XI. X2, and X3 depends on the type of coordinate system, CP, as
follows: (see COR~t card descriptions)

Type X1. X2 X3

Rectangul1ar
Cylindrical RX I(degrees) Y z
z
Spherical R @ (degJrees) #(degrees)

. Th EGRtD card tis usedtin MS ESH to define curved edges and fo other special
purCposes (see Pari 1c Sectton 3.0). t is scmdlar to a GRID card, except hai it
not be processed by
wildnCeASTeAn .

3. Entres in fields 7, 8 and 9 are ot checked by o d sESH.

. olw: (e IDIcr ecitos

76
 Input Data Card GRIG Linear and Higher Order Interpolation

Description: Defines a field of grid points and generates GRID cards

*6% Format and ECample:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10
GRIMG FIC CD/CI PS L GA I GC SEID
GIO -1- --- - -

NGO 1 GE GF GG GH CI

_1 9 -4_8(A _

(WAS) E2(A$) I (BC) E2(C) E1(CO) E2(CC) EOM E(DA) _

GII 6 S 8 7

E(EF) EEF) J (FG) J FG) E(GH) E2(GH) 1 HO E2(HE)

T El(AE) EZtAE) EM(BF) EZ(BF) El( cG) E2(CG) El(oH)H M M)

Field Contents
FID 10 number of a GRIOG field (Integer, I < FIO < 99). Must be unique for all GRIOG
cards. When entry is negative, internal EGRID cards are generated.
CD/Cl Prescribes displacement and/or interpolation coordinate systems (Integer or
blank). See Remarks 4 and S.
PS PS entry on generated GRID cards (any of the digits 1-6 with no Imbedded blanks)
(Integer > 0 or blank)
L.M,N Grid field dimensions when an entry, L, M, and/or M4Is positive. (See Figure 3.)
Absolute value is a LID entry on a LIST Input card, when an entry is negative.
SEID SEID entry on generated GRID cards (Integer > 0 or blank)
GA,...,GH Grid point identification numbers, Glids, of grid field vertex points (Integer # 0 or
blank). See Remarks 3 and 6.

CI CP entry on generated GRID cardi (Integer > 0 or blank), and grid field Inter-
polation coordinate system definition. See Rgiarks 4 and 5.

E1(XT) ID number of edge grid point (closer to X) on side XY (Integer A 0 or blank). See
Remarks 3 and 6.
E2(XY) ID number of edge grid point (closer to Y) on side XY (Integer A 0 or blank). See
Remarks 3 and 6.
(Continued)

77

.I'.. ,: ''' , - . . ,, . ) . .; . ., ,. ., . . . . ... .. , . .• . . . .,%. .

,"
-. . ._ *, ,.W1 % V. ~ .. -.- i-Y rr7 7
-.. T

-k

GRIMS (Cont.)

Remarks: 1. See Part 1. Sections 2 and 3 for discussions on the GRIDG Input card.
2. Required data by type of field

Type Required Data

LIE FrD, L, GA, GO

TRIA FID, L. GA. GB, GC
QUAD FID, L. M. GA. GB, GC. GO

HEX FID, L. M. ", GA thru GH

Only the parent and first continuation card ate applicable for linear
Interpolati on.

3. Vertex and edge points are defined on GRID or EGRID input cards, or on GRID cards
generated by previously processed GRIDG input cards. Field vertex points are
automatically equivalenced to corresponding entries GA, ... , G14,when these entries
are Positive. GRID cards are generated only for active field grid points. See
Part I, Section 10.1.
4. Co/Cr entry may be used to prescribe bot the displacement coordinate system, CD,
and the interpolation coordinate system. C1. Both CO and CI are prescribed when
the entry is positively signed. Only CO is prescribed when the entry is
unsigned. Only CI is prescribed when the entry is negatively signed. The CI entry
on the first continuation card may be used when both C and C1 exist and are
different.

S. CI references a CID entry on a coordinate system definition input card. When CI is

entered as 0, Interpolation is in basic rectangular coordinates. When CI is not
entered, interpolation is in the coordinate system that positions the field vertex
and edge points. In this case, all vertex and edge points must be defined in the
same coordinate system (CP entries on GRID and/or EGRIO cards). See Part 1,
Section 3.1 and Table 2.
6. The # interpolation point components, In spherical coordinate systems, or
the $ interpolation point components, In cylindrical coordinate systems, may be
offset by a t3601 by appending a tS or a tC to grid point entries.

7. If an entry for GO is present in a TRIA field, grid point 0 replaces grid point C
in fnterpolatnq grid point positions from side CA. Grid point 0 is usually
defined by an EGRIO card. M must be blank. See Part I, Section 3.5.
8. If both EI(XY) and EZ(XY) are entered, the positions of generated grid points are
determined by cubic interpolation from edge XY. If E2(XY) is blank, positions are
determined by quadratic interpolation. If both E1(XY) and EZ(XY) are blank,
positions are determined by linear interpolation. Either none or one edge point,
E(XY) may be specified for each edge of a TRIA field. EL(CO) positions a grid
point on edge CA of TRIA fields. See Part 1, Section 3.7.

9. Intermediate continuation cards cannot be omitted even if all entries are blank.-

78

'.-
 -7-77 7 - . . V

Input Data Card CGEN Generate Element Connection Bulk Data Cards, Form 1

Description: Generate element connection cards for element types listed under Remark I

Format and Examle:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
%' CGEN TYPE FEID PID 1)
FD DR 1"1 V]OL EIDH

CGEM QUAD4 100 10 1iLc

aTA TBr- -w TOr
:+C2 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001
C2 -

Field Contents
TYPE Any of the mnemonics listed under Remark I
FEW The absolute value of FEID is the element identification number, EID, of first
element in element set (Integer # 01. See Remark 4.
PTO 1D of an element property card or PGEN card (Integer > 0 or blank). Must be unique
with respect to all other property card IDS and PGEN lOs. See Remark S.

FID 10 of associated grid point field defined on a GRIG or GRIOU card

DIR One of the entries L. 14. or Nl (Default entry Is L). Direction of elements in the
field. See Table 4 of Part 1, Section 7.1.
TH Material prooerty orientation specification (Real or Blank; or Integer > 0 and less
than 1,000,000). If Real or Blank, specifies the material property-orientation
angle in degrees. If integer, the orientation of the material x-axis is along the
projection onto the plane of the element of the x-axis of the co-ordinate system
specified by the Integer value.
EIDL ID of element, below which no element connection cards are generated (Integer > 0
oi blank)

EIDH 1D of element, above which no element connection cards are generated (Integer > 0
or blank)
TA,TI,TC,TD Thickness of corner points of QUAD and TRIA fields when TYPE is TRIA3, TRIA6, qUAO4
or QUAD8 (Real or Blank). See Remark 6.

Remarks: 1. Element types: RIO, PLOTEL, CFTUBE, TUBE, TRA3, TRAPRG, TRIARG, TRIA6, TRIM6,
TRIAX6, QUAO4, SHEAR, QUAD8. HEXA, HEXA2, HEXAB, HEXAZO and HEX2O. The mnemonics
HEXAI and HEXAZO refer to HEXA elements with 8 or 9 through 20 nodes, respectively.

(Continued)

Ip.
79

I 1
 CGEN (Cont.)

" 2. Elements are tabulated by class In Table 3, of Part 1, Section 7.0. Line class
elements may be generated in all field types. Tria3 and Tria6 class elements may
be generated in TRIA and QUAD fields. Quad4 and QuadS class elements may be
generated in TRIA, QUAD and HEX fields. Only QUAO4 and QUAD8 element types are
valid in TRIA fields. TRIA3 and TRIA6 elements are generated, In this case, along
the field edge corresponding to the element direction. Hex8 and Hex20 class
elements may only be generated in HEX fields.

3. MSGESH automatically generates PENTA elements in place of HEXA and HEXZO elements,
when adjacent element edges would have the same grid point identifiers. TRIA6
elements replace QUAG8 elements and TRIA3 elements replace QUAO4 elements, when
* adjacent element vertices would have the same grid point Identifiers. Otherwise,
MS-VESH suppresses the generation of an element which would reference identical
grid point identifiers. Elements are generated only when all vertex points
exist. Deleted midside nodes suppress the generation fo TRIM6 and TRIAX6 elements.
4. EIDs are incremented when the FEID entry is positive and decremented when the FEED
entry is negative.
S. The PID entry may be blank for those elements whose element connection card permit
a blank property ID.

6. Element thicknesses may be generated for TRIA3, TRIA6, QUA4 and UA08 elements
located in TRIA and QUAD fields. Interpolation from the thicknesses at the field
vertices is based on field topologies with equal spacings of thicknesses for both
GRWOG and GR[OJ fields. Unequal spacings of thicknesses are defined for GRIDG
fields specified with unequal spacings of grid points.

"J. -%

V.-,

V.
.:

-. ,* *, . v
V,. . v .;...
. . '..' ..... . .. ... .... -........... . .. ....
 input Data Card MATI Material Property Definition, Form I

% Description: Defines the material properties !or linear, temperature-independent, isotropic

• ..'- materi alIs

For-at and Examle:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

MATI MD E a NJ RHO A TREF GE

MAT1 17 3.47 0.33 4.28 6.5-6 S.37-2 0.23 ABC

""ST SC SS 'MCSID

4C20.4 15.4 12.4 1003_

Field Contents

..
1D Material identification number (Integer 0)
E Young's modulus (Real or blank)

G Shear modulus (Real or blank)

NU Poisson's ratio (-1.0 < Real < 0.5 or blank)

RHO Mass density (Real)

A Thermal expansion coefficient (Real)

TREF Thermal expansion reference temoerature (Real)

GE Structural element damping coefficient (Real)

ST,SC,SS Stress limits for tension. compression, and shear (Real). (Used only to coumute
margins of safety in certain elements; they have no effect on the comutational
procedures.)

MCSID Material Coordinate System Identification number (Integer > 0 or blank)

Remarks: 1. The material identification number must be unique for all MATI, MATZ, MAT3 and ,Ar9

cards.

2. MATI materials may be made temperature dependent by use of the MATTI card.

3. The mass density, RHg, will be used to automatically compute mass for all
. ... structural elements.
L 4. Weight density may be used in field 6 if the value I/g is entered on the PARAM card
WTMASS, where 9 is the acceleration of gravity (see Section 3.1.5).

S. MCSID must be nonzero If the CURV module is used to calculate stresses or strains
at grid points on plate and shell elements only.
6. To obtain the damping coefficient, GE, multiply the critical damping ratio CICe. by

(Continued)

*%.*.
-'- 81
'f .
 *. w.-r-.'-.r~rW7C y -r. -7. rrw . .

~MATI (Cont.)

7. Either E or G must be specified (i.e., nonolank).

! S. If any one of E, G. or NU is blank. it will be computed to sat~isfy the identity
E a Z(I+NU)G; otherwise, values supplied by th~e user will be used. This
- calculation is only nlde f'or initial values of E, G, and NU.

..'.*i9. If E and NUJor G and NU are boath b~lank, they will both be given the value 0.0.

" ; .-. 10. Implausible data on one or more MATI cards will result in a warning message.
i-"
mplausible data is defined as any of E < 0.0, G < 0.0, 0.5 < 4U1< 0.0. or
11 - T+r4U I > 0.01 (except for cases covered by Remark 9).

5..-

-.. ]. Cant2

7. EterCo I uteseife I,. onln)

See

S..-8

**..-
 -w% 7

Input Data Card MATS1 Material Stress Dependence

Descripotion: Specifies table references and material properties whicth are stress-dependent for
use in mat'rial nor linearity applications. This card will be activated if ,MATI with the same MIO
Is being used in the material nonlinear solution sequence (66).

Format and Examole:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

MATS1 MID R1 TYPE 8 YF HR LIMITI

MATS1 17 Z8_ PLASTIC 2 1 3 2.I4 1ABC

LIMITZ

Field Contents

oMI Identification number of a MATI card (Integer 0)

R1 Identification number of a TABLES1 card (Integer 0)

. TYPE Type of material nonlinearity (BCO) NLELAST (Nonlinear elastic) or PLASTIC

(Plasticity theory)

S Work hardening slope (slope of stress vs. plastic strain) in units of stress
(Real). For elastic-perfectly plastic cases, 8 - o.0. For more than a single
slope in the plastic range, the stress-strain data must be supplied in a TASLES1
card referenced in field 3. See Remarks I and 2.

YF Yield function (Integer); one of the following values: (Default - 1)

"-" I (von Mises)

2 (Tresca)
3 (Mohr-Coulo,,)
4 (Drucker-Prager)

HR Hardening Rule (Integer); one of the following values: (Default a 1)

I (isotropic)
2 (Kinematic)
3 (Combined isotropic and kinematic hardening)

LIMITI Parameter used in the yield function specification (Real). See Remark 4.

. LIMIT? Parameter used in the yield function specification for yield functions 3 and 4
(Real). See Remark 4.

Vl°

*l,
--.

".... . . . . .. . . . . .
83
.. . . . : d
***.**-***---o-** V..+.-
 MATS1 (Cant.)

Remarks: 1. If type - NLELAST, the stress-strain data given in the TABLES1 card will be use,
determine the stress for a given value of strain. The values B, YF, HR. LIM'
and LI!ITZ will not be used in this case.
2. If type a PLASTIC, either the table identification, R1, or the work harder
slope, 8, may be given but not both. If the table 10 is omitted, the
hardening slope, B, speciled in rFtelea Is defined as

fa
Its a
"
U..---... or

where E is the elastic modulus and V is the slope of the uniaxial stress-str
curve Ir the plastic region.

3. If Ri is given, TABLES1 entries of stress-strain data must conform to the follow

rules:
a. If type s ILELAST, the curve must pass through origin (xi-O., y|-O., for s
value of 1). This option is valid only for line elements.
b. If type a PUASTIC, only data for the first quadrant need be supplied. Th.
are two options available to specify the data. In case L (defined as FIRI
in the TA8LES1 card) the first point Is at the origin, the second point is
4 the yield stress given in field 8 of the MATS1 card. The slope of the 1
joining the origin to the yield stress must be equal to the value of E gi'
on the MATI Bulk Data card. In case 2 (defined as FORM-L in the TABLI
card) the slopes of the curve In the plastic range are supplied. See
TABLES1 card description for additional details.
4. LIMITI and LIMIT2 are parameters used in the yield function definition as follows

Yield Function LIMITI LIMIT2

von Mises (1) Yield stress In tension, ay Not used

or Tresca (2)

.ahr-Coulomb (3) Cohesion,c (In stress units) Angle of internal

or Drucker-Prager (4) friction # (in degree

S. Set Section 2.14.1.2 in the MSC/NASTRAN Application Manual for a detail

description of yield function and hardening rules.

84
 ~.o . ... . ... ..... ... ... ... .. ........
. ... .. :.. . - .. .. * . P -..

'.N
HATSI (Cont.)

;/b 7
-3

- - T

a.. I _

NLLS a y / .x PASI

E'I -IN.

d.Urn°a

-
85" .""
 Input Data Card TABLES1 Material Property Table, Form I.

Description: Defines a tabular function for st ress-dependent material properties sucn as the
stress-strain curve and creep parameters
% Format and Example:

123 4 56 7 89 10
TASLES1 to I
TASLESI 32 LA1C
"X_ Y I x2 Y2 x3 3 x4 Y

46C 0.0 .01 10000. .02 15000. ENOT

(etc.)

[' Field Contents

to Table identification number (Integer > 0).

1 Not used
Zljv t Tabular entries (Real)

Remarks: 1. The xi must be In either ascending or descending order but not both.
2. Jumps between two Points (xi - xiL) are allowed, but not at the end points.

3. At least two entries must be present.

.. 4. Any x-y entry may be ignored by placing the BCO string SKIP In either of the two
fields used for that entry.
S. The end of the table is Indicated by the existence of the BCO string ENOT in either
of the two fields following the last entry. An error is detected if any
continuation cards follow the card containing the end-of-table flag SNOT.
6. TABLESI is used to input a curve In the form of

Y aYT(X T

r"
%. where X is input to the table and Y is returned. The table look-up YT(x), x X,
Is performed using linear interpolation within the table and linear extrapolation
-% outside the table using the last two end points at the appropriate table end. At
Jump points the average YT(x) is used.

86

.0° q
 Input Data Card PLIADZ Pressure Load on a Two-Ofmensional Structural Element

Description: Defines a uniform static pressure load applied to two-dimensional elements. Only
' TRIA3, or TRIAX6 elements may have a pressure load applied to them via this card.

Format and Example:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PLIA02 SI0 P E13~ EI0 EID EIDl E~IiD-- EI_________
PLA2 21 -3.5 4 16 - 2

Alternate Form:

jPLOAD2 SID P £101 I THRU- EI02

,PLOA02 1 30.4 1 THRU 48

Field Contents

SID Load set fdentification number (Integer > 0)

P Pressure value (Real)

E101 Element identification number (Integer > 0; EID1 < E102)

E102,

Remarks: 1. £10 must be 0 or blank for omitted entries.

2. Load sets must be selected in the Case Control Deck (LAD-SID) to be used oy
1SC/NASTRAN.
3. At least one positive EID must be present on each PLOAD2 card.

4. If the alternate form is used, all elements £101 through E102 must be to-
dimensional.
5. The direction of the pressure is computed according to the right-hand rule using
the grid point sequence specified on the element card. Refer to the PLAO card.
6. All elements referenced must exist.

7. Continuation cards are not allowed.

.%J0

041

87

0 . °° °° * .
"
' P '' " ' °% " % %'6 ' ". % '' , "" , " . * " "Z" % , " . "• " " ' '. q q , , . .
 *Input Data Card NLPAR?4 Parameters for Nonlinear Analysis Control

Descriotion: Defines a set of parameters for nonlinear analysis iteration strategy

Format and Examole:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10

NLPARM 1I)D INC I OT j XETNODI KSTEPj MAXITERI C014V I VITOUTI

1 - 9 -4AR AUO -5 - - - _

. EPSU EPSP EPSWd MAXD IV _ MAIQN MAXLS FSTRESS

-"NLI 1.02-3 1.0-4 10-5 1 20 8 .02

Field Contents

I0 Identification Number (Integer ) 0)

INC Number of increments (Integer > 0)

OT Incremental time interval for creep analysis (Real > 0) (Default 0.; no creep)
I

KMETHOV Method for controlling tangent stiffness updates (BCO AUTO, ITERSEMI LSON.AUTOQN,
or SEMIQN) (No default). See Remark 5.

KSTEP Number of iterations before a matrix update. Used only for ITER and LSQN
methods. (Integer > 0 or blank) (Default a 1)
4JIv63 MAXITER Limit on total iterations for each load increment (Integer )h 0) (Default •O)

CDNV Flags to select convergence tests (BCD a U, P, W, or any combination of the

• , letters) (Default a W). See Remarks 3 and 4.

. 4 INTOjT Intermediate output flag (8CD a YES or NO) (Default a YES). See Remark 6.

EPSUEPSP, Error tolerance limits for determining convergence (Real > 0.0) (Defaults - I.O-2,
EPSW 1.02-3. 1.OE-4. respectively)

MAXDIY Limit on diverging iterations (Integer ) 0) (Default a 1)

MAXQN Maximu number of Ouasi-Newton correction vectors to fe saved on the data base
(Integer )-O) (Default - 10)

1AXLS Maximum number of linear search operations per vector iteration (Integer > 0)
(Default - 8)
FSTRESS Frar.tion of effective stress (7) used to determine the subincrement size in the
material routines (0. < Real < 1.0) (Default * 0.15). See Remark 9.

(Continued)

21
1%%
 ,:.

NLPAR14 (Cant.)

Remarks: 1. The NLPARM Bulk Oata card Is requested by the Case Control card NLPARM a [0. Each
solution subcase requires a loading condition and an LPARM request.

2. In case of static analysis (OT - blank), [NC is the number of equal subdivisions of
the net load change defined for the SUBCASE. Applied loads, gravity loads,
temperature sets, enforced displacements, etc., define the new loading condition.
The differences from the previous case are divided by INC to define the incremental
values. In case of creep analysis (OT > 0.), INC is the number of time step
Increments.

3. The test flags (U.P,W) and the error limits (EPSU, etc.) define the convergence
criteria (U - Displacement error test, P a Load equilibrium error test, W W-ork
, error test). If the internally calculated error fractions are less than the
requested limits, the iteration stops, ti e results are processed, and the program
continues to the next load increment or subcase. All requested error criteria must
be satisfied for a "convergent solution'.

4. If convergence does not occur for a particular load Increment, the number of
iterations is limited to ?AXITER. If MAXITER is a positive number, the results
will be processed and the program will continue with the next load increment. If
MAXITER is a negative value, the solution will terminate if convergence is not
achi eyed.

S. The basic nonlinear solution methods are the "QFGS Quasi-Newton and modified
"Newton-Raphson' processes whereby the out-of-balance nonlinear loads are measured
., and recycled to solve for improved displacements. The convergence of this
iteration process is generally improved by either performing 'line searches" or by
frequent updates to the 'tangent stiffness matrix' to account for current plastic
and geometric effects. However, the matrix updates may be relatively costly and
may be detrimental if the estimates are far from the correct answer. Thus, the
user is given the following KMETHIO options to provide control over a large range
"'V . of problem types.

Na. If the AUTO option is selected, the program wfll automatically select the most
efficient strategy based upon convergence rates. At each step the number of
iterations required to converge is estimated. If this exceeds the MAXrTER
limit, or if the CPU time exceeds the time to perform a stiffness matrix
update. the module will perform a stiffness update. If divergence occurs for
MAXOIV successive iterations, a stiffness update is also performed.

b. If the SE1M1 option Is selected, for each load increment the program will: (1)
perform a single displacement iteration based upon the new load; (2) update
the stiffness matrix for the estimated geometry and material properties; and
(3) resume the normal AUTO iteration method.

c. If the ITER option is selected, the stiffness matrix will be updated only
after each KSTEP iteration. The count is reset to zero for each new matrix or
load step.

d. If one of the AUTOQN, SEMIQN, or the LSQN options is selected the "Quasi-
Newton' and 'Line Search' procedures are used. Basically the line search (LS)
will scale the displacement increment vector to minimize the error at each
Iteration. If the line search provides a substantial Improvement, the Quasi-
Newton (QN) operations use the local tangent of the error to correct the
tangent matrix solution for subsequent iterations. Otherwise the operations
behave much like the AUTI, SEMI, and ITER options.

(Continued)

89
 NLPARM (Cont.)

6. Output requests for ELFORCE and STRESS made in Case Control will be processed If
'INTPUT - YES (the default value). If INTgUT - NO. these output requests are
processed for only the last load factor In a subcase. Requests for OISP printout
and structure plots are also processed during the nonlinear iteration if PARAI,
NLDISP, I ts provided in the Bulk Data deck.
7. If a diverging solution is encountered for MAXOIV successful iterations, the AUTO,
AUTgQN, SEMI, and SE141QN options will perform a tangent stiffness update. If,
. after the stiffness update, the solution is still diverging, the program
terminates. For ITER and LSQN options, diverging cases cause imediate
termination.
8. The unit of the Incremental time Interval under OT field must be consistent with
the unit used on the CREEP card to define the creep characteristics. Total creep
time for the subcase Nay be found from DT multiplied by the value in the INC.
9. The number of subincrements In the fwterial routines (elastoplastic and creep) are
determined such that the subincrement size Is approximateTy FSTRESS .

FSTRESS is also used to establish a tolerance for elastoplastic material in the

material routine, i.e.,

" In yield function < FSTRESS * yield stress

If the limit is exceeded at the converging state, the program will exit with a
fatal error message. Otherwise the stress stae fisadjusted to tfe current yield
P..., surface, resulting in 6 0.

41.

90

4•
 Input Data Card SPCG Constraint Set Generator, Standard Form

Description: Generates SPC1 cards that constrain a subset of grid points in a grid point field

"5-' IFormt and Example:

, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

SPC SI FID0Pl C 01 02
SPCG 15 3 246 0002 0312

Field Contents
SID I number of single-point constraint set (Integer > 0)

FI IO'number of a GRIOG or GRIDtJ field

C Component numbers (any combination of the digits 1-6 with no lIbedded blanks) in
the displacement coordinate system (CO entry on GRIDG card)
01,02 Location number pair of order-independent pivot points that define a subset of grid
points In FIO. See Part 1. Section 2.5.

Remarks: 1. See Part I, Section 5.0 for a discussion on the SPCG input card.
w 2. SPC entries on generated SPCI cards are made only for active grid points. See
Part 1. Section 10.1.

I 91
.'..

, ."t

•.5.' ""' ... .. '" """"""""'""""""" . .". '

._ '' '",L, "-' . , . .,.",' ' .. ,..
".5.. 2 ,,,*' %- ','''" '''...,,.
 .p Input Data Card OLOAD Dynamic Load Combination (Superposition)

escriptiton: Defines a dynamic loading condition for frequency response or transient response
probiem as a linear combination of load sets defined via RLOAD1 or RLPAD2 cards (for frequency
response) or TLOAOI or TLOAD2 cards (for transient response)

Format and Examples:

1 2 3 4 S I 7 a 9 10
OLOAD SI S S1 Li 52 L2 S3 L3
OL.AD 17 1.0 2.0 6 -2.0 7 2. 8 [A

S4 L4 -etc,.

S-2.0 K
-etc.-

Field Contents

SID Load set identification number (Integer > 0)

S Scale factor (Real)

Si Scale Factors (Real)

Li Load set identftcation numbers defined via card types enumerated above
(Integer ) 0)

* '. Remarks: 1. The load vector being defined by this card is given by

2. The Li must be unique.

7 .- 4 3. SWD must be unique from all Li.
4. Nonlinear transient loads may not be included; they are selected separately in the

Case Control Doeck.

5. Linear load sets must be selected in the Case Control Deck (OL9AO-SID) to be used
by MSC/NASTRAN.
6. A OLOAD card may not rference a set identification number defined by another OLVA0
card.

7. TLOAO1 and TL.AD2 loads =y be combined only through the use of the OLOAD card.

- 8. RLOAO1 and RLOA02 loads may be combined only through the use of the OLOAD card.

.%- 9. SID must be unique for all TLOAD1, TLVAO2. RLPAD and RLOA02 cards.

92
4-4,9%
". IV

""" 9 2*.j -4.

 Input Data Card TLOADI Transient Response Dynamic'Load, Form I

Description: Defines a time dependent dynamic load or enforced motion of the form

I.' P(t (AF(t

( -

for use in a transient response problem

Format and Examole:

1 234' S 6 789 10
.TLgADI SID L N TYPE TID

TLAO 5 7 9 0 13

Field Contents

SID Set Identification number (Integer ) 0)

L Identification number of DAREA card set or a static load card set or a thermal load
set (in heat transfer analysis) which defines A (Integer > 0)

- N Identification number of DELAY card set which defines T (Integer > 0)

. TYPE Defines the nature of the dynamic excitation (Integer 0, 1. 2, 3 or blank). (See
Renmark 2.)
TIO Identification number of TABLEDi card which gives F(t - T) (Integer > 0)

Remarks: 1. If M 1S zerO, T Will be zero.

2. The nature of the dynamic excitation is defined In field 5 in accordance with the
L following table.

~l*Integer Excitation Function

0 or blank Force or Moment

I Enforced Displacement
2 Enforced Velocity

3 Enforced Acceleration

See Section 2.7 of the MSC/IIASTRAN Application ,anual regarding the use of the
enforced motion options. Note that "large asses* must be used for enforced
motion. For heat transfer problems, Field 5 must be blank.

(Continued)

93

... .a.**. I.. d.. ....

I . . . . . .-. .. . ./.._.. . .. ... -..... °.. .. ... -..-..... .. .;. .. '.% . -. . :.'. . .1.
 TLOADI (Cont.)

3. Dynamic load sets must be selected in the Case Control Deck CDLOAO-SWD) to be used
by MSC/NASTRAN.

4. TLAOI loads may be combined with T1A02 loads only by specification on a OLOAO
card. That Is, the SID on a TLOAO card may not be the same as that on a TL9AD2
card.

S. SID must be unique for all TLgAO1, TLAOZ, RLOAO1 and RLOADZ cards.

6. Field 3 may reference sets containing QHBOY, QBOY1, QBOYZ, QVECT, and OVOL cards
when using the heat transfer option.
7. If the heat transfer option is used, the referenced QVECT data card may also

contain references to functions of time, and therefore A may be a function of time,

S. Fourier analysis will be used if this is selected In an aeroelastic response

problem.

494

% %

"...
 %

Input Data Card LSEQ Static Load Sot Definition

Description: Defines a sequence of static load sets to be applied to the structural model. The
Toad sietsmay be referenced by dynamic load cards.

Format and Examole:

' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

"LSEQ SID OAREA LID TID ,

.SEO 100 200 1000 1001

Field Contents

SI Set identification of the set of LSEQ cards (Integer> 0)

DAREA The 0AREA set identification assigned to this static load vector (Integer > 0)

- LID Load set Identification number of a set of static load cards (Any card that may be
referenced by the LOAD Case Control card) (Integer > 0 or blank)

TID Set identfifcatfon of a thermal load set (Any card that may be referenced by the
TEMP(LOAO) Case Control card) (Integer > 0 or blank)

Remarks: 1. The above cards will not be used unless selected in the Case Control Deck with a
-" LOAOSET card.
2. This card is available only in sucerelements and In Solution Sequences 26, 27, 30
and 3.

3. The number of static load vectors created for each superelement is the number of
unique OAREA 1Os on all LSEQ cards in the bulk data.

4. The OAREA identification assigned to the static load vectors may be referenced by
RLOAD1, RLOA02, TL AD1 and TLOA02 cards.

S. Element data recovery for thermal loads is not currently implemented in dynamics.

6. OAREA set identification numbers should be unique with resoect to all static loaa
set identification numbers.

P :•

'...

99

V %,9

v %%k. ,*.,' *.' ,- 95 ~ .. *..*f.~

[ ° *° ... ,*-*.
AD-Ri40 491 NON-LINEAR TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF FLAT PLATE TO AIR /
SHOCK URYE(U) NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CR
J N LEE DEC893
UNCLASSIFIED F/6 19/4 NI

EELmEEEE
 1111110 L5.0
L6
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111125 11114m .

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART

NATIONAL.BUR&A&JOF STANDARDS 1963-A

04

eliN- I1
 ..-
,k-,..

Input Data Card TABLEDI Dynamic Load Tabular Function, Form I'

Description: Defines
loads a tabular function for use in generating frequency-dependent and time-
+ i o ependent dynamic

Format and Examole:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 To

STASLEDI to
TALEDI 32 ABC

""x 12 YZ
________J x3 Y3

+GC -3.0 6.9 2 .0 5.6 _3.0 .6 ENOT

- etc.-

Field Contents

1 Table identification number (Integer ) 0)

1i yi. Tabular entries (Real)

Remarts: 1. The x, must be in either ascending or descending order but not both.

2. Jumps betoeen two points (xi - x,.,) are allowed, but not at the end points.

3. At least two entries must be present.

4. Any x-y entry nay be ignored by placing the BCD string "SKIP' in either of tile two
fields used for that entry.
5. The end of the table is indicated by the existence of the BCD string *ENOT* in
either of the two fields following the last entry. An error is detected if any
continuation cards follow the card containing the end-of-table flag "ENOT".

% S. Each TABLEMi mnemonic infers the use of a specific algorithm. For TABLE01 type
% tables, tits algorithm Is

..._,' Y a.y(X)

where X is input to the table and Y is returned. The table look-up yT(EX, X - X,
is performed using linear interpolation within the table and linear extrapolation
outside the table using the last two end points at the appropriate taole end. At
jump points the average YT(x) is used. There are no error returns from this table
look-up procedure.
7. Linear extrapolation Is not used for Fourier Transform methods. The function is
zero outside the range.

96

-- o;...
. . :;
.
-',,"-:-.:..
 Input Data Card TSTEPML Time Step and Nonlinear Solution Controls

Description: Provides parametric controls and data for Nonlinear Transient Analysis

* - Format and Example:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 10
TSTEPNL I ID i NDT I OT _ NO IMETHOD KSTEP MAXITER I CgNV
"TSTPNL 250 40 .0015 5 AUTO 5 P 4N1

EPSU EPSP EPSW MAXOV MAXQN MAXLS FSTRESS

t .01 1 20 6 .02

Field Contents
ID Identification number (Integer > 0)

NOT Number of time steps of value DT(I) (Integer > 2)

OT Time Increment (Real > 0.0)
NO Skip factor for output (every NOth step will be saved for output) (Integer > 0)

METHOD Method for controlling Iterations and tangent matrix updates (BCD - AUTO or TSTEP)
(No default)
KSTEP Number of steps before a matrix update (Integer > 0) (Default - 0)
MAXI£TR Limit on total Iterations for each time increment (Integer > 0) (Default a 2)

CNV Flags to select convergence tests (UCO - U, P, W, or any combination of the

*.i letters or *lank)

EPSU,EPSPEPSW Error tolerance limits for determining convergence (Real > 0.0)
(Defaults - L.OE-Z, 1.01-3, 1.0-4, respectively)
MAXIV Limit an the number of diverging iterations at each ti e and on diverging time
steps (Integer > 0) (Default a 2)
MAXQN Maximum number of Quasi-Newton correction vectors to be saved on the data base
(Integer > 0) (Default = 20)
MAXLS Maximum number of Line Search Iterations for LSQN option (Integer > 0)
(Default - 2)
FSTRESS Fraction of effective stress (a) used to determine the subincrement size in the
material routines (0. ( Real ( 1.0) (Default * 0.15). See Remark 10.

(Continued)

97

,** ,*.- *
*', , '...._."
• :._1 .'.' - '..
• , - . •,.. .~ .,. •. -. ,-,•, •.-• .- • ••,., . , •,:-'
)*. . :.
.:.. 4%
, . •. .x...
 NASTRAN DATA OECX

TSTEPNL (Cont.)

Remarks: 1. The TSTEPNIL Sulk Data card is selected by the Case Control card TSTEPNIL - ID. Each
subcase (residual superelement solutions only) requires a TSTEPML card and either
applied loads via TLVA0i data or initial values from a previous subcase. Multiple
subcases are assumed to occur sequentially in time with the initial values of time
and displacement conditions of each subcase dafined by the end conditions of the
previous subcase.

2. oT, NOT, NO are the time Increments, At, the total number of steps Pit, and the out-
put interval. no. respectively. The value of time, Tn, at each increment n will be

t at t0 nat n .0,0 ,...,N,

where t o is the initial value of time which corresponds to the last step from the
previ ous subcase.

3. For printing and plotting the solution, data will be output at steps n a 0. no,
2no,...N. The Case Control card OTIME may also be used to control the output
points.

4. The basic solution method Is the "?ewiark Bata* transient numerical method along
with the *Newton-Raphson* method for controlling nonlinear effects. Equilibrium
solutions with respect to Inertial, damping, elastic, and nonlinear loads are
obtained at each time step much the sam as in the statics case.

The ETHOD options provide the user with three optional nonlinear iteration
methods. These are:

AUTO provides for automatic stiffness matrix updates to improve poor

convergence. The KSTEP value is ignored.

TSTEP provides for a matrix update at every KSTEPth increment of time

(typcally a large number).
S. The stiffness matrix Is always updated for a new subcase or restart. Only one
update Is allowed for eacn time step and the iteration process returns to the
% previous time step after an update.

6. MAXITER defines the number of static nonlinear load iterations (corrections) to be

performed at each time step. At least two iterations are necessary to determine
the convergence of the displacements (see below).

7. The test flags (U,P,W) and the error limits (EPSU, etc.) define the convergence
criteria (U a Displacement error test, P '- Load equilibrium error test, W a Work
error test). If the internally calculated error fractions are less than the
requested limits, the iteration stops, the results are processed, and the program
continues to the next time step or subcase.

98

.1"k' '-'. , : . '. . , . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . , • . , , - . _ -

 TSTEPRL (Cont.)

8. If no tests are requested or no convergence occurs, the number of Iterations Is

limited to MAXITER. The results will be processed and the program.will continue
with the next time stop.
9. HAXQN provides the control over diverging solutions. At each time step, the
solution is allowed to diverge until, at the MAXOY iteration, a matrix update is
requested. If the average convergence parameter " indicates divergence for AXO[V
successive time steps, the transient solution stops and exits for data rtcovery.

10. The number of subincrements in the material routines (elastoplastic and creep) are
determined such that the subincrement size is approximately FSTRESS * a.
FSTRESS is also used to establish a tolerance for elastoplastic material In the
material routine, i.e.,

-e

8 in yield function ( FSTRESS * yield stress

If the limit is exceeded at the c6nverging state. the program will EXIT with a
fatal error message. Otherwise the stress state Is adjusted to the current yield
surface, resulting in S - 0.

.i

4.. -- : ,, .:-'';:.- :.:. ::.: : .;.; .&z. .?. .

4••.
• ,

99

-. N
. dud..
 APPEN4DIX C

2 OUTPUT OF MSC/NASTRAN

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LIST OF REFERENCES

n. Foss, C.F., Jane's Armour and Artillery, Jane's Yearbooks,

Jane's Publishing Company, 1983, ISBN 0-716-0747-4.
2. Kinney, G.F., and Graham, K.J., Explosive Shocks in Air,
the MacMillan Company, 1983.
3. John, J.B., and Volker, W., Shock Waves and the Mechanical
Properties of Solids, Sagamore Army Materials Research
Conference Center, 1971.
U.%'

4. Johnson, W., Impact Strength of Materials, Crane, Russak

Company, 1972, 72-80109.
5. Johnson, W. and Mellor, P.B., Engineering Plasticity,
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1973, 72-186765.

6. McCormick, C.W., MSC/NASTRAN User's Manual, The MacNeal-

Schwendler Corporation, L.A., 1983.
7. Joseph, J.A., MSC/NASTRAN Application Manual, The Macneal-
.. Schwendler Corporati n, L.A., 1983.

a, 4

, '

...

a,, 118

N
 ---- S............ .. ..... ...........

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chen, P.C. and Alan, K.H., "Dynamic Response of Materials

to Intense Impulsive Loading", 1973, 73-600247.
Marvin, E. B., "Terminal Ballistics", Research Department,
Naval Weapons Center, 1976, NWC TP 5780.
Norris, J.H., "Materials Under Dynamic Loading", ASME, 1965.

Schaeffer, H.G., "MSC/NASTRAN Primer", Schaeffer Analysis,

Inc., Mt. Vernon, 1982.

..,'o1

.5'%

..

% '5

*119

*5•.. . ."
• " ' '" •" 'I '" w- ."o.-. ' "'': ''' ... "" .; ,•'' .'' .; .'.'.""" """' 71 ""-"" " ' " " "
 -" INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

No. Copies
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2. Library, Code 0142 2
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4. Professor Y. S. Shin, Code 69Sq 7
4;
Department of Mechnical Engineering
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5. Professor D. Salinas, Code 69

Department of Mechnical Engineering
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6. Dr. S. H. Lee 1
4-' The MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation
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Department of Mechnical Engineering
Naval Postgraduate School
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70-18 6 Ban, Yang-Gak-Ri
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Jun-Ra-Nam-Do, Seoul, KOREA, 510
10. Mr. Wing Cheng 1
FMC Corporation
Central Engineering Labs
1185 Coleman Ave., Box 580
Santa Clara, Californa 95051
120

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