Active and Passive Sentences
Active and Passive Sentences
Active and Passive Sentences
Active
In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is
the object. Most sentences are active.
Examples:
1. The wedding planner is making all the reservations. (active)
All the reservations will be made by the wedding planner. (passive)
2. Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the bake sale. (active)
For the bake sale, two dozen cookies will be baked by Susan. (passive)
3. The science class viewed the comet. (active)
The comet was viewed by the science class. (passive)
4. Who ate the last cookie? (active)
The last cookie was eaten by whom? (passive)
5. Alex posted the video on Facebook. (active)
The video was posted on Facebook by Alex. (passive)
6. The director will give you instructions. (active)
Instructions will be given to you by the director. (passive)
7. Thousands of tourists view the Grand Canyon every year. (active)
The Grand Canyon is viewed by thousands of tourists every year. (passive)
A. Relative Clauses
Relative Pronouns
relative
use example
pronoun
I told you about the woman who lives
who subject or object pronoun for people
next door.
Do you see the cat which is lying on the
which subject or object pronoun for animals and things
roof?
which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t read which surprised me.
Do you know the boy whose mother is a
whose possession for people animals and things
nurse?
object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining
I was invited by the professor whom I
whom relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we
met at the conference.
colloquially prefer who)
subject or object pronoun for people, animals and
I don’t like the table that stands in the
that things in defining relative clauses (who or which are
kitchen.
also possible)
B. Conditional Sentences
Definiton
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish
would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in
English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal
past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There
are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of
an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence
construction using "unless" instead of "if".
Type of Conditional Sentences
The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and
possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is
the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when"
without changing the meaning.
Examples :
1. If I sleep late, I am sleepy at work.
2. If you dry fruits or vegetables, they lose their nutrient and calorie.
3. If one doesn’t drink after doing exercise, one gets dehydrated.
4. If we burn paper, does it become ash?
Type 1 conditional
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1
conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is
in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
Examples :
1. If I find her address, I will give invitation
2. If the bell rings, I’ll go home.
3. If you meet Andy, ask him to call me.
4. If the volunteers do not come to help, the victims of the landslide will die
5. If she has much money, she will buy a new car for her father.
Type 2 conditional
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal.
These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical
condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past,
and the main clause uses the present conditional.
Examples :
1. If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.
2. If Nisa studied hard, she would pass.
3. If I were a millionaire, I would donate my money to charity.
4. Were She here, I would tell her that I love her.
5. I would be there now if she invited me to her wedding party.
Type 3 conditional
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The
facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal
past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and
the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
Mixed type conditional
The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing
into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type
conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In
mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the
present conditional.
Examples:
1. If he had asked you for forgiveness, would you have forgiven him?
2. If you hadn’t known the truth, you shouldn’t have spreaded the gossip.
3. Had you told her that you would marry her last year, she wouldn’t have been with him.
4. If I had given the interviewer really good answers, I might have got a higher position than you.
5. If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.