Research Electric Car - Selection of Power Rating of An Electric Motor For Electric Vehicles
Research Electric Car - Selection of Power Rating of An Electric Motor For Electric Vehicles
Research Electric Car - Selection of Power Rating of An Electric Motor For Electric Vehicles
Abstract:
Due to the increase in the cost of fuels and pollution there has been a need for an alternative (electric vehicles) to conventional
Internal Co mbustion engine powered vehicles. As electric vehicles are environment friendly, they are considered as Green
Transportation. In an electric vehicle various components like motor, battery, controllers are used. While designing an electric vehicle
the first and foremost component to be selected is an electric motor, it is because t he Internal Combustion engines of conventional
vehicles are rep laced by an Electric Motor in an electric vehicle. Therefore, electric motor used in an electric vehicle must produce
appropriate power and other characteristics that are required for traction purpose. The important task is to select an approp riate rating
of motor based on the load to be carried. This paper describes the procedure for proper selection of rat ing of electric motor with an
example of Brushless DC motor for an electric car. In this paper, vehicle dynamics is considered for selecting the p roper electric
motor that would provide required power, torque for the traction purpose. Apart from this , proper selection of rating required also
contributes in using an electric motor o f appropriate size, because the size of the motor depends on the rating. Therefore, to achieve all
the traction characteristics in compact size, a proper selection of motor rat ing should be done based on the load.
Keywords: Electric motor, Electric car, Selection of Rating of motor, Electric Veh icle, Brushless DC motor.
I. INTRODUCTION sufficient power and torque to overcome the force due to load
and other opposing forces acting on the vehicle. In this paper,
Electric vehicle is one of the best future technologies for section II deals on calculating the power rating required to drive
reducing the use of fossil fuels and also to act as environmental an electric vehicle, section III explains about the different types
friendly by reducing the emission of harmful gases. The electric of motors used for traction purpose, section IV presents the
vehicle has many components like charg ing module, converters, simu lation result of Brushless DC motor for an electric car being
controllers, batteries, electric motor and the block diagram o f illustrated in this paper, section V presents the conclusion.
power flow in an electric vehicle is shown in Figure-1.
II. POWER RATING B AS ED ON VEHICLE DYNAMICS
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Where, Crr= coefficient of rolling resistance But electric motor with output power rating of 2.526 kW should
M = mass in kg not be selected. The losses due transmission of power to the
g = acceleration due to gravity= 9.81 m/s 2 wheel must be included. Therefore, the mechanical power output
(M tractive) required to drive the vehicle is given by equation (8):
For the application considered, Crr =0.01
M= 450 kg M tractive = Ptotal / η (8)
Therefore,
Frolling = 0.01*450* 9.81=44.145 N Where, η= efficiency of the transmission gear system.
Power required to overcome the rolling resistance of 44.145 N Let us consider the efficiency of the transmission system to be
is: 0.85. Therefore the mechanical power output required is:
Prolling = Frolling*V/3600= 156.96*100/3600= 1.226 kW (3)
Where, V=velocity in kmph. M tractive = Ptotal / η= 2.526/0.85=2.97= 3 kW (appro ximately).
B. GRADIENT RES ISTANCE For the illustration of selection of power rating fo r an electric car
Gradient resistance of the vehicle is the resistance offered to the of 450 kg, a motor with output power rating of 3 kW has to be
vehicle while climb ing a hill or flyover or while travelling in a selected. In this way, power rating required to drive an electric
downward slope. The angle between the ground and slope of the vehicle of part icular load is calculated.
path is represented as α, which is shown in Figure-2.
III. TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS US ED IN
EL ECTRIC VEHICL ES
A. DC S ERIES MOTOR
A DC motor is one in which the field winding is connected in
series to the armature winding [5]. Therefore it co mes under
self-excited DC motor. It has brushes and has mechanical
Figure.2. Angle between the ground and slope of a path commutation [5]. The advantage of DC series motor is that it
produces high starting torque. During this condition the motor
The formula for calculating the gradient resistance is given by draws less current and power. DC series motor is widely used in
traction because the torque produced is directly proportional to
equation (4):
the square of the current (T α I2 ) [5]. The disadvantage is that the
speed regulation is poor and the motor should be loaded before
Fgradient resistance=+ M*g*sin α (4) starting [5]. It has a periodic commutation. The lifetime is short.
In this illustration, let us consider the electric car runs on a flat The electric noise is high. The speed-torque characteristic is
road. Therefore, the angle α =0⁰ . moderately flat.
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Magnet AC motor), when the emf induced is of sinusoidal shape. TABLE.I. POWER AND LOSS ES OF MOTOR
They have high efficiency and higher torque density. The DES IGNED.
permanent magnet DC motor or Brushless DC motor is powered
by DC supply and it has electronic commutation instead of PARAMETER VALUES
mechanical co mmutation [6]. They are used in toy industries, Input Power 4.2 kW
computer drives, automobiles. The advantages are they are
Output Power 3 kW
smaller in size. They have no field windings hence the losses are
less and efficiency is high [6]. The only disadvantage is that it is Maximu m Output 4.8 kW
costlier than DC series and AC induction motors [6]. Any motor Power
fro m above mentioned types can be selected for traction purpose. Total Loss 1.21 kW
The best choice is Brushless DC motor, as it has better Fro m the Table I, it is inferred that the output power required for
characteristics required for traction when compared to DC series driving an electric car of 450 kg is achieved.
and AC Induction motor. The rated speed and no load speed of the 3 kW BLD C motor are
tabulated in Table II.
IV. SIMULATION RES ULT OF BRUS HLESS DC MOTOR
FOR AN EL ECTRIC CAR TABLE.II. NO LOAD SPEED AND RATED SPEED OF
MOTOR
Fro m section II and section III, a 3 kW Brushless DC motor is
selected as the traction motor for an electric car of load 450 kg . PARAMETER VALUES
The excitation voltage is selected as 48V for the Brushless DC
(BLDC) motor. A 48 V, 3 kW BLDC motor of 24 slot, 8 pole is No load speed 4051 rp m
designed using ANSYS Maxwell software [7]-[8]. The Rated speed 2950 rp m
simu lation results of the output parameters are shown below.
The image of the 3 kW BLDC motor designed is shown in Fro m Table II, it is seen that high rpm is obtained at the output,
Figure-3. which is one of the important traction characteristic.
PARAMETER VALUES
Rated Torque 9.710 N-m
Cogging Torque 544.719 mN-m
Starting Torque 66.914 N-m
Fro m Table III, it is clear that high starting torque like DC series
motor and a sufficient rated torque is achieved. The cogging
Figure.3. 3 kW BLDC motor designed using ANS YS torque of the motor is also very small, which is a much needed
Maxwell. characteristic of a motor.
The output power characteristic of the motor designed is shown The torque-speed characteristic is shown in Figure-5.
in Figure-4.
Figure.4. Output power versus speed curve. Figure.5. Output torque versus speed curve.
The power parameters of the motor designed are given in Table The size and weight of the motor is tabulated in Table IV.
I.
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TABLE .IV. S IZE AND WEIGHT OF THE B LDC MOTOR [5]. J.B.Gupta,“Theory and Performance of Electrical
DES IGNED. Machines”, S.K.Kataria and sons, 2014.
PARAMETER VALUES [6]. Justin Damele, “Brushless DC Motor Design and Build”,
June 2011.
Outer Diameter 210 mm
Length 100 mm [7]. A.K.Sawhney,“Electrical Machine Design”, Dhanpat Rai
Publications, 2015.
Total weight 22 kg
[8]. Tushar Waghmare, P.R.Choube, Anup Dakre,
Fro m Tab le IV, it is seen that the size of the motor is small fo r A.M.Suryawanshi, and Prabhakar Ho lambe, “Design of Internal
such a high rating of 3 kW and the weight of the motor is also Permanent Magnet Brushless Dc Motor Using Ansys”,
less. International Journal o f Research Publications in Engineering
The rated parameters of the motor designed are tabulated in and Technology [IJRPET], Volu me 2, Issue 4, April 2016.
Table V.
Parameter Dimension
Rated output power 5 kW
Rated voltage 72 V
Rated speed 2950 rp m
Rated Torque 9.710 N-m
V. CONCLUS ION
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