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    Overview of Cognitivism

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    Marina Penelope
    Cognitivist theories focus on how the human mind processes information and learns. According to cognitivism, learning involves cognitive processes like memory, motivation, and thinking. Learning is an internal process where new information is incorporated into existing cognitive structures through information processing. In foreign language learning, cognitivism views the learner as an active information processor and emphasizes organizing content, scaffolding learning through strategies, and using technology like simulations and text reconstruction activities. Gagne's nine events of instruction correspond to cognitive processes like gaining attention, encoding information, and retrieving and applying knowledge. E-learning applications aim to support different learning styles and cognitive levels through activities that facilitate different senses and connect new and existing knowledge.

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    Overview of Cognitivism

    Uploaded by

    Marina Penelope
    125 views10 pages
    Cognitivist theories focus on how the human mind processes information and learns. According to cognitivism, learning involves cognitive processes like memory, motivation, and thinking. Learning is an internal process where new information is incorporated into existing cognitive structures through information processing. In foreign language learning, cognitivism views the learner as an active information processor and emphasizes organizing content, scaffolding learning through strategies, and using technology like simulations and text reconstruction activities. Gagne's nine events of instruction correspond to cognitive processes like gaining attention, encoding information, and retrieving and applying knowledge. E-learning applications aim to support different learning styles and cognitive levels through activities that facilitate different senses and connect new and existing knowledge.

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    Applied Linguistics

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    1. Overview of Cognitivism

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    Cognitivist theories focus on how the human mind processes information and learns. According to cognitivism, learning involves cognitive processes like memory, motivation, and thinking. Learning is an internal process where new information is incorporated into existing cognitive structures through information processing. In foreign language learning, cognitivism views the learner as an active information processor and emphasizes organizing content, scaffolding learning through strategies, and using technology like simulations and text reconstruction activities. Gagne's nine events of instruction correspond to cognitive processes like gaining attention, encoding information, and retrieving and applying knowledge. E-learning applications aim to support different learning styles and cognitive levels through activities that facilitate different senses and connect new and existing knowledge.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    125 views10 pages

    Overview of Cognitivism

    Uploaded by

    Marina Penelope
    Cognitivist theories focus on how the human mind processes information and learns. According to cognitivism, learning involves cognitive processes like memory, motivation, and thinking. Learning is an internal process where new information is incorporated into existing cognitive structures through information processing. In foreign language learning, cognitivism views the learner as an active information processor and emphasizes organizing content, scaffolding learning through strategies, and using technology like simulations and text reconstruction activities. Gagne's nine events of instruction correspond to cognitive processes like gaining attention, encoding information, and retrieving and applying knowledge. E-learning applications aim to support different learning styles and cognitive levels through activities that facilitate different senses and connect new and existing knowledge.

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    of 10

    Cognitivist theories

    of e-learning
    and foreign language learning
    An overview of Cognitivism
    (1960s and 1970s)

    Main characteristics
    Focus the ‘black box’ of the mind should be opened
    and understood; how human memory works
    Knowledge resides outside of the person and is gained
    through information processing
    Learning - an internal cognitive process and involves the
    use of memory, motivation, and thinking
    - depends on learner’s processing capacity,
    effort put in the learning process and learner’s
    existing knowledge structure

    Research Ausubel (1960): advanced organizers


    Gagne (1985): nine events of instructions
    Cognitivism in FLL

    Language Learner Language Teacher Computer programs


    The learner is viewed as Organizing content Dominant theory of
    an information processor instructional design in
    (like a computer). Scaffolding learning 1970s.
    Active role Problem solving
    Uses advanced organizers
    Reflective practitioner Breaking down complex
    Learner-centred Gagne’s nine events of problems into parts
    instruction Personal computers
    Organize information for
    successful information allowed greater
    processing through possibilities for individual
    strategies (such as work.
    planning, monitoring and Popular programs: text
    evaluating) reconstruction and
    simulations
    Gagne’s (1985) nine events
    that correspond to cognitive processes
    Mental Process Gagne Event Suggested activities
    RECEPTION Gain attention Present a problem, use multimedia
    EXPECTANCY Describe objectives Demonstrate how learners will use the
    information, what will be accomplished

    RETRIEVAL Stimulate recall of prior Revise, test, remind of prior knowledge


    learning

    SELECTIVE Present the material Through text, pictures, sounds, tutorials


    PERCEPTION

    SEMANTIC CODING Provide learner guidance Showing of tools and use of information and
    provides cues when needed

    RESPONDING Elicit performance Learner demonstrations, practice skills/


    knowledge gained

    REINFORCEMENT Provide feedback Analyze learners' skills and behaviours,


    provide step-by-step instructions

    RETRIEVAL Assess performance Create a diagram, write an essay, tests


    GENERALIZATION Enhance retention/transfer Discuss similar problems, peer teaching
    Reflection and individual differences

    • Reflection plays an important part in learning.


    • Cognitivism also recognizes the importance of individual
    differences. This leads to the development of intelligent
    learning systems and personalized agents in e-learning
    environments.
    E-learning applications

    • Online learning materials include activities for the


    different learning and cognitive styles.
    • The teaching strategy enhances the learning process by
    facilitating all sensors, focusing the learner’s attention by
    highlighting important and critical information, reasoning
    each instruction, and matching the cognitive level of the
    learner.
    • The instructional designer connects new information with
    existing information from long-term memory using advanced
    organizers to activate existing cognitive structures.
    • The learning content is broken down in small parts to prevent
    cognitive overload.
    Reflection corner

    Can you relate cognitive theories of e-learning with an


    approach or method in foreign language learning? If so, with
    which one? Assuming that you want to adopt cognitive
    theories of learning in your English class, what kinds of
    activities would you use with your students? What kind of e-
    learning programmes would you use to support your teaching?
    What role would technology play in your classroom?
    In the cognitivist tradition, which flourished in the
    1980s, the main technology used for e-learning was the
    personal computer which was mainly used as
    • tutor, and
    • as stimulus

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