Module 3. Grow Seedlings
Module 3. Grow Seedlings
Module 3. Grow Seedlings
Courtesy to
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Introduction
Classifications of Vegetable
Lesson 1 Crops
Learning Competencies/Objectives
1. Botanical classification
2. Classification based on edible parts
3. Classification of vegetable crops according to their methods
of culture
4. Classification of vegetable crops according to their
temperature or seasonal requirements
DIAGNOSTIC/PRE-ASSESSMENT
Let us know how much you already know. By doing so, you will know
what are your weaknesses and strengths. You will determine what lesson to
give more time to study.
Directions: Read and understand very well the questions. Select the best
answer by writing only the letter in your quiz note book.
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c. Cruciferaceae family
d. Solanaceae family
2. Which among the following crops do not belong to Solanaceae
family?
a. Tomato
b. Eggplant
c. Ladies finger
d. Sweet pepper
3. Most of the vegetables under Cucurbitaceae family possess
tendrils and vines for crawling or climbing on a trellis. Which
among the following crops is not a cucurbit?
a. Squash
b. Snap beans
c. Bottle gourd
d. Bitter gourd
4. This family of vegetable crops is rich in protein and commonly
regarded as the “poor man’s meat”.
a. Leguminosae family
b. Cucurbitaceae family
c. Crucifereae family
d. Solanaceae family
5. This method of classification was developed by botanists for the
purpose of identifying plants and usually it is based on
relationships among different plants.
a. Botanical classification
b. Classification Based on Edible Parts
c. Classification of Vegetable Crops According to Their Methods
of Culture
d. Classification of Vegetable Crops According to Their
Temperature or Seasonal Requirements
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What to know
Classifications of vegetables
According to Asuncion (1983), there are several ways of classifying
vegetables such as:
1. Monocotyledonous (Examples)
Family Name Scientific Name English Name
Grass Family – Zea mays L. Corn
Gramineae Allium sativum L. Garlic
Allium cepa L. Onion
Lily Family – Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus
Liliaceae Allium fistulosum Green onions
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2. Dicotyledonous (Examples)
Mustard Family - Brassica oleracea L. Cabbage
Cruciferae Var. Capitata L.
Brassica oleracea L. Cauliflower
Var. Botrytis L.
Brassica juncea Leaf mustrad
Brassica pekinensis Pechay
Raphanus sativus Raddish
Pea Family – Dolichos lablab Egyptian bean
Leguminoseae Phaseolus vulgaris “batao"
Vigna sinensis Snap beans
Sesbania grandiflora “habichuelas”
Phaseolus lunatus Cowpea “paayap”
Pachyrrhizus erosus Sesban “katuray”
Lima bean “patani”
Yam bean “sincamas”
Nightshade Family Solanum melongena L. Eggplant
– Lycopersicon esculentum Tomato
Solanaceae Capsicum frutescene Sweet pepper
Capsicum annum Pepper
Solanum tuberosum Potato
Gourd Family – Cucumis melo Common muskmelon
Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus Cucumber
Cucurbita maxima Squash
Momordica charantia Bitter gourd
“ampalaya”
Leganaria siceraria Spaghetti sqauash
“Upo”
Vegetable gourd
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Luffa acutangula “patolang tagalog”
Luffa cylindrica Sponge gourd
“patola”
Benincasa hispida Wax gourd “condol
Morning glory Ipomea batatas Sweet potato
Family “camote”
Convolvulaceae Ipomea aquatica Swamp cabbage
“kangkong”
Parsley Family – Daucus carota L Carrot
umbelliferae Apium graveolens L. Celery
Pastinaca saiva L. parsnip
FamilyAlliaceae
Family Brassicaceae
Family Cucurbitaceae
Family Leguminosae
Family Solanaceae
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Anonymous (2011) reported that onion (Allium cepa L.) is arguably the
most important cooking ingredient in the
world. It is grown throughout the world for
its pungent bulbs and flavorful leaves.
Because of its sharp taste and pungent
aroma, onions are much sought after a
seasoning for meat, fish and vegetable
Picture courtesy of Jones Rural School, Jones, Isabela
dishes. On the other hand, onions have
also medicinal properties and used as cure
for cough, insomnia, hemorrhoid, and Picture- courtesy of Jones Rural School, Jones, Isabela
constipation.
Garlic (Allium sativumL.) is referred to as the king of all spices. It is a
pungent bulb that is one of the most important cooking ingredients in the
world.
In the Philippines, garlic is considered as a key commercial crop with
great potential for export. Garlic is used extensively as food, condiment,
and for medicinal purposes. It is a good source of calcium, phosphorous,
and potassium. Its leaves are rich sources of vitamins A and C. It also
contains allicin, an antibacterial compound that slows down the growth of
certain bacteria and fungi. It is often used in folk medicine to treat wounds,
toothache, sore throat, and fungal skin diseases like athlete’s foot and
ringworm.
The Brassicaceae Family
The Brassicaceae or Mustard Family is a large natural or major
economic importance containing a diverse variety of crop plants grown for
salads, vegetables, condiments, and ornamentals. INGO (2005), discusses
the two classifications of vegetable crops belonging to this family: the Cole
crops where the cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, collard, mustard,
Chinese cabbage, kohlrabi, and brussel sprouts belong, and the root crops
where turnip and radish belong.
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This family of plants has a wide variety of economic uses, most
importantly as a vegetable crop. Many cruciferous crops are used as
condiments and garnishes such as mustard and lettuce. Important crops are
propagated by seeds while the minor crops such as watercress, horseradish
and sea kale are vegetative propagated.
The Cucurbitaceae, commonly known as the gourd or melon family, includes a number
of popular and important vegetables. The most commonly known cucurbitaceous are
watermelon, summer squash, and pumpkin. Among minor crops are citron, gherkin,
and chayote.
Ampalaya (Momordicacharantia) also known
as amargoso orbitter gourd is a tropical and
sub-tropicalvine of the cucurbitaceaefamily.
This is one of the most popular and versatile
vegetable plants which caught the attention of
health scientists worldwide due to its
medicinal properties
Picture - Courtesy Jones Rural School, Jones,
Isabela
In the Philippines, ampalaya fruits, shoots, and leaves are eaten
boiled, sautéed, or pickled. This vegetable is rich in vitamin A (shoots and
leaves) and vitamin c, iron, and calcium from the fruits.
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Cucurbitaceous crops are mostly prostrate or climbing herbaceous
annuals
comprising about 90 genera and 700 species according to INGO. Other
commonly grown cucurbitaceous crops are bottle gourd (upo) and dishrag
gourd (patola).
Pole sitaoMongo
Courtesy of Jones Rural School, Jones, Isabela
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The Solanaceae Family
Tomato Eggplant
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The tomatoes, on the other hand,
contain very good levels of vitamin A,
and flavonoid anti-oxidants such as α
and ß-carotenes, xanthins, and lutein.
Altogether, these pigment compounds
are found to have antioxidant
properties and take part in vision,
maintain healthy mucus membranes
and skin, and bone health. Consumption of natural vegetables and fruits rich
in flavonoids is known to help protect from lung and oral cavity cancers.
Additionally, they are also good sources of antioxidant vitamin-C and (provide
21% of recommended daily levels per 100 g). Consumption of foods rich in
vitamin C helps the body develop resistance against infectious agents and
scavenge harmful free radicals.
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1. Root vegetables – The underground parts of these vegetables are
eaten. Examples are sweet potato, Irish potato, radish, carrots, onions,
garlic, and turnips.
2. Fruit Vegetables – The fruits and/or seeds of these vegetables are
eaten. Examples: corn, beans, eggplant, pepper, tomato, mongo,
soybeans, cowpea, okra, cucumber, chayote, wax gourd, and squash.
3. Salad Crops – The leaves of these vegetables are eaten fresh.
Included in this group are lettuce, celery, parsley, watercress, and
endive.
4. Cole Crops – Vegetables belonging to this group are closely related.
Examples: Chinese cabbage, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and
Brussels.
5. Spinach and other Greens (Potherbs) – These vegetables are among
the oldest of the vegetable garden plants grown for their leaves.
Examples: spinach, mustard, kale, collard, and chard.
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lima bean, and string beans.
What to process?
Activity 2
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What to reflect and understand
1. Get your partner. Visit your vegetable garden. See how the
vegetables are arranged. Make a vegetable garden plan where
all the classifications of vegetable plants will be presented.
What to transfer
Activity 4
CN – Eggplant
SN – Solanum melongena
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Quarter 3
Introduction
This lesson deals with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes in selecting
quality vegetable seeds to plant.
Learning Competencies/Objectives
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DIAGNOSTIC/PRE-ASSESSMENT
A. Multiple Choice. Direction: Read and understand very well the questions.
Select the best answer by writing only the letter in your test note book.
1. Almost all parts of the plant can be used as planting materials. What is that
part of the plant that develops into a young plant through the process of
germination whose primary function is for reproduction?
a. Leaf
b. Seed
c. Stem
d. Root
2. Seeds for planting purposes must be of good quality to obtain quality
seedlings and quality and quantity produce. Which is not a characteristic
of quality seeds?
a. Viable
b. Immature
c. True-to-type
d. Free from seed-borne diseases and impurities
3. It is important to test the viability of the seeds before planting them in the
field. Which is not true about seed testing?
a. Find out the percentage of germination of the seeds.
b. Determine whether or not the seeds are viable, clean, and true-
to-type.
c. Seed testing does not economize labor and expenses in
replanting.
d. Determine the amount of seeds/seedlings needed to plant a
certain area.
4. Growing seedlings requires patience and extra care. Vegetable seeds for
transplanting purposes could be grown using different materials. Which
are recycled materials for growing seedlings?
a. Seed beds
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b. Seed trays
c. Seed boxes
d. Used plastic cups/tin cans
5. You need to test the seeds for planting to attain good results. Which is
not a method of seed testing?
a. Winnowing
b. Floating in water
c. Breaking the seed coat
d. Using better storage facilities
B. Compute for the percentage germination of the seed. ( 5 points)
Problem: Mr. Cruz received free seeds of tomato from a
friend who is a vegetable grower in his community. To determine if the
seeds are viable, he sowed 50 seeds using a 50-hole-seed tray. After
a week he found out that only 40 seeds germinated. What is the
percentage germination of the tomato seeds he tested?
A seed is a fertilized and ripened ovule which may develop into a plant
by germination. Its primary function is for reproduction. Because of this, the
vegetable grower must be knowledgeable about seeds specially for planting
purposes. He must be familiar with the characteristics of good quality seeds
such as being:
Viable which is the ability of the seed to germinate and continue its
growth and development until the reserved food has been consumed
by the young plant.
Clean when there are no impurities or mixtures of any kind.
Free from seed-borne diseases
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Free from damages
Matured and plum
True–to-type which means it carries the characteristics of the mother
plant.
Securing Seeds
Usually local vegetable growers plant vegetable seeds that come their
way without realizing where they come from. This is also true of schools and
parents at home who have interests in planting.
1. Seeds can be bought from seed stores in the locality or ordered from
reliable seed producers.
2. Seeds can also be produced by farmers themselves for open
pollinated crops.
In securing seeds to plant one must consider the quality of the product
and make sure that the seeds are adapted to the locality. It would be a waste
of time if one would plant seeds that are of low quality, not viable, or not
adapted to the place.
In the early years local vegetable growers used to produce their own
seed stocks to plant because of reasons such as:
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However, there are also disadvantages of producing your own seeds.
Ordinary farmers may not possess the qualities needed to produce good
seeds. Some of the disadvantages are:
There are several ways to test seeds. These methods have been
practiced by local farmers and other crop growers according to Calacala
(1977).
Breaking the seed coat. This method is practiced with seeds that
have a hard seed coat which impermeable to water and oxygen.
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Ragdoll
Seed box Petri dish
Seed Germination
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oxygen, favorable temperature, proper amount of moisture, and correct
amount of light. The suitability of the soil should also be considered.
When the seed germinates, the radicle is the first part to emerge. It will
develop into the primary root from which root hairs and lateral roots will
develop. It will establish itself well in the ground before the other parts of the
embryo emerge above the surface of the soil so that the seedlings may not be
easily dislodged from its position and the parts which are soon to be exposed
to the drying influence of the sun and wind and may continually be supplied
with water from the soil.
The portion of the seedling between the radicle and the first leaf-like part
(plumule), are attached to a structure called the hypocotyl which becomes the
stem. The seed leaves and cotyledons encase the embryo and are usually
different in shape from the leaves that the mature plant will produce.
In some cases, when seeds sown fail to germinate, the following maybe
the reasons according to Calacala (1977):
In order for the seeds to germinate apply special treatment to hasten their
germination. The methods maybe traditional but somehow effective. Treat the
seeds using the following techniques:
Break, crack, or scarify the seed coat especially seeds having hard
and thick seed coat to allow the entrance of water and oxygen.
Apply a little heat to activate the dormant seed (hot water treatment).
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This is done by dipping seeds in boiling water for an instant. Avoid over
heating so as not to kill the embryo.
Employ better storage facilities. The death of the seed embryo due to
faulty storage facilities may be prevented by improving the facilities
where seeds are kept until planting time.
Determining the Percentage Germination of Seeds
Rule 1: If you test 100 seeds, the number of seeds germinated equals the
percentage germination of the seeds.
Example: You tested 100 seeds of eggplant using the rag doll method, 85
seeds germinated. The percentage germination of the seeds then is 85%.
Rule 2. If you test less than or more than 100 seeds use the formula below in
computing the percentage germination of the seeds.
Example: Mr. X tested 125 seeds of hybrid tomato and 105 germinated. What
is the percentage germination of the tomato seeds?
Rule 3. If you found out that the percentage germination of your seeds is
below 80, you need to adjust your seed bulk. Use the formula below in
adjusting the seed bulk.
You needed 200 seedlings to plant your garden. You found out that
your seeds have only 75 % germination. How many seeds will you sow?
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Let: X = the number of seeds to sow or your adjusted seeds
What to process
Activity 2
Activity 3
A. With the use of the fish bone diagram, input ideas as follows:
1. Upper fins – write the characteristics of quality seeds
2. Lower fins – write the methods of seed testing
3. Head – effect of planting quality seeds
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Place your illustration in one whole cartolina to make your work readable.
B. Mr. Cruz tested 75 seeds of tomato which he took from the school
seed bank. He found out that only 53 seeds germinated. What is
the percentage germination of the tomato seeds? Is there a need
for Mr. Cruz to adjust his seed bulk? Why? Why not? If there is a
need to adjust, then compute for the adjusted seed bulk.
C. What happens if you planted a wide area with seeds that are not
viable because you failed to test their viability?
What to transfer
Activity 4
Have you ever tried any of the methods of seed testing? If not, then let us try
some of the methods. Go to your own groups and draw your task to perform.
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Quarter 3
Introduction
This lesson deals with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes in preparing
growing media and sowing of seeds.
Learning Competencies/Objectives
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DIAGNOSTIC/PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction:
A. Read and understand very well the questions. Select the best
answer by writing only the letter in your test note book.
1. Which is not a part of the process for preparing the growing media?
What to know
Activity 1
1. Have you ever heard about the growing media?
2. If you grow your vegetable seedlings what preparations
should you do?
3. Below is a chart. Copy it in your notebooks. In boxes 1, 2,
3, and 4 give the components of the growing media that
you know and describe each.
1. 2.
components of the
growing media
3. 4.
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Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
Teachers and students observing the production Mixing of the growing media
of carbonized rice hull (CRH)
Courtesy of the Jones Rural School, Jones, Isabela
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available commercially as a substitute for traditional soilless media,
especially for organic production”. http://extension.umass.edu/floriculture/fact-
sheets/growing-vegetable-transplants-and-bedding-plants-media-nutrition-planting-culture-pest#nutrient
The best soil medium for general nursery purposes is a friable loam,
rich in humus, with a proper percentage of clay. In cases that these are not
available, the growing media can be prepared by thoroughly mixing the
following components:
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3. Solarization
4. Bio-fumigation
5. Chemical treatment
Sowing seeds
INGO (2005), states that sowing is the most important operation in
crop production. The seed must be placed at a required depth in moist soil so
as to get the optimum condition for their germination.
Too shallow sowing results in thin germination due to inadequate soil
moisture at topsoil layer. Similarly, if the seeds are sown very deep in the soil,
the young seedlings may not be able to push their shoots above through thick
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soil layer. Seeds must be sown at proper depth and should be properly
covered with soil so as to get adequate moisture for its germination.
INGO (2005), further explains that if the intention is to produce
seedlings for backyard garden, it is convenient to sow the seeds in seed
boxes, plastic cups, fruit juice containers, small polyethylene bags, or
germinating trays. However, if you intend to plant in a commercial scale, it is
logical to sow the seeds in seed beds because one hectare of solanaceous
crops requires 52,000 to 68,000 seedlings which need 10 plots each
measuring 1 X 10 square meters.
Seed trays
Seed boxes
Seed beds
Individual plastic bags
Used plastic cups/tin cans
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Vegetable seedlings
Lettuce seedlings in Pechay seedlings in Pechay seedlings grown in used plastic
seed trays seed boxes raised in seed beds cups
Pictures – Courtesy of Jones Rural School, Jones, Isabela
Fill the containers with sterilized growing media and moisten a little
before seeds are sown.
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cover the seeds.
4. Press down firmly the whole surface of the seed box or seed
bed with a flat board to ensure a compact surface.
5. Water the seed beds/seed boxes using a sprinkler with fine
holes or water hose with fine spray.
6. Protect the seeds sown in seed beds from ants by spraying
insecticides which drive away ants. In the case of seed boxes,
let the legs of the seed boxes stand in cans filled with water
and a little petroleum to prevent the ants from reaching the
seed boxes.
7. Seed boxes should be placed under the shade and should be
provided with temporary shelter.
8. Regulate watering. Too much or too little of it may prevent
germination.
What to process
Activity 2.
The first activity was an exercise of the mind. Activity 2 is a skill test.
Go to your original grouping. Secure one seed tray with 50 holes. Fill
the seed tray with sterilized growing media. Go to the nursery. Locate seed
beds with vegetable seedlings then perform the following:
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What to reflect and understand
Activity 3.
What to transfer
This time let us test your skills in producing seedlings. Again, with the
same grouping, you are going to produce your own seedlings. Take note that
you have to perform the task following the steps so that the seedlings you
grow will be of good quality. The seeds you are to sow are certified bought
from reliable seed stores to assure a high percentage of germination. These
seedlings you raise will be used in your prepared garden plots. Each group
has to gather its own growing media, mix thoroughly, and sterilize the soil
ready for sowing.
Group 2 – Prepare a seed box measuring 1.0m x 0.5m x 0.2m for use in
sowing seeds of selected leafy vegetables such as pechay,
mustard, lettuce, and the like.
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Group 3 – Prepare 2 seed trays with 100 holes for your tomato seeds.
Group 4 – Collect 100 pieces of used plastic cups from the canteen for you to
grow pepper seedlings.
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Quarter 3
Introduction
Learning Competencies/Objectives
1. Pricking
2. Thinning
3. Hardening
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PRE-/DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read and understand very well the questions. Select the best
answer by writing only the letter in your test note book.
a. Thinning
b. Roguing
c. Pricking
d. Hardening
3. Which of the following is the factor which least affects the growth of
vegetable seedlings and transplants?
a. Soil requirements
b. Water requirements
c. Nutrient requirements
d. Climatic requirements
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4. Which is not a practice of thinning?
a. Moisten the seed box or seed bed a few hours before
thinning.
b. Throw the seedlings being pulled out or bury them into the
soil.
c. Incorporate into the soil uprooted unhealthy and disease-
infected seedlings.
d. Remove the weak, unhealthy and poor-looking seedlings
and press back firmly the disturbed soil with hands
immediately.
5. Which of the following should not be done in pricking?
a. Hold the seedling on their true leaves and place the root
system in the hole previously prepared in the new
planting medium.
b. Set the seedlings even if the roots are curled.
c. Press the soil firmly around the roots after setting them.
d. Water the new transplants gently and thoroughly.
What to know
1. Pass three pieces of bond paper where the 3 activities are written.
Each group must provide one idea each. The number of students
per group equals the number of solicited ideas.
Group 1 -How do animals take care of their young? How about
human beings?
Group 2 - How do we take good care of seedlings?
Group 3 - Have you raised some seedlings? How did they grow?
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Care and management of seedlings
When seedlings are already growing, water them in the morning and not
very late in the afternoon. If two watering are necessary each day, they
should done in the early morning and mid-afternoon. Watering late in the
afternoon causes the soil surface to remain moist overnight, a condition
favoring development of fungi causing root diseases particularly damping-off.
If the soil is not fertilized, a soluble fertilizer (ammonium sulfate) at the
rate of one tablespoon per gallon of water is gently drenched on the
seedlings as a starter solution. It is important that after applying the
starter solution, fresh water must be applied immediately to wash-off
fertilizer residues adhered to the foliage which may cause burning of
the foliage (Bautista and Mabesa (1977).
Expose the seedlings to the morning sun not later than eight o’clock
everyday. The length of exposure depends upon the resistance of the
seedlings to heat. First exposure of seedlings to morning sun is one
hour then extended every day until whole day exposure. Exposure or
hardening of seedlings is done a week before transplanting to
acclimatize them and to reduce stress during transplanting.
Protect the seedlings from excessive heat or strong rain by placing
them under a temporary shed, in the nursery, or in the greenhouse.
If dumping-off develops, remove immediately the infected seedlings
with the soil surrounding them. Burn the disease infected seedlings
and soil to avoid further spread of the disease. To control dumping-off,
apply fungicide on the affected areas.
Pricking of seedlings
In cases where seedlings in seed boxes or seed beds are thickly
populated, pricking must be done when the seedlings have at least two
developed true leaves. This is done by transferring individual seedling to
another seed box, seed bed, seed tray, or individual plastic bag. In
pricking, use a dibbler or dibble in taking out the healthiest looking
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seedlings underneath their roots while taking care not to damage the
delicate roots. Hold the seedling on their true leaves and place the root
system in the hole previously prepared in the new planting medium
without curling their roots. Then press the soil firmly around the roots.
Water the new transplants gently and thoroughly.
Hardening of Seedlings
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physiological and morphological changes resulting to thicker, less succulent,
and harder plant tissues, hence less water is transpired. Another method of
hardening recently employed is pre-sowing hardening. In this method, the
seeds are soaked in water and removed 6 hours before the radicle emerged.
Then they are air-dried for 48 hours before sowing.
Some crops possess small seeds that are difficult to broadcast in the
field. They can be sown along a shallow drill and later on excess seedlings
can be pulled out leaving the healthy seedlings about 5 cm apart. This is
called thinning. Meanwhile, the process of pulling out disease infected or
damaged seedlings is called rogueing.
Moisten the seed box or seed bed a few hours before thinning.
Remove the weak, unhealthy and poor-looking seedlings.
Immediately press back firmly the disturbed soil with hands.
Throw the seedlings being pulled out or bury them into the soil.
Thinning accelerates the free circulation of air which makes the
seedlings sturdier and healthier. If the right amount or quality of seeds is
sown evenly, there is no need for thinning.
What to process
Activity 2.
This time you are going to do something different from your previous
activities. For the mean time you will be working alone. Compose a short
poem with two (2) stanzas about the seedlings. Select your own title.
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Write your poem on one whole sheet of white bond paper and submit it to
your teacher.
Activity 3.
Copy in your notebook the chart below. What other activities must you
do to maintain the growth of the seedlings? Write your ideas in the big box
and the reasons in the lines opposite each box.
1.
2.
3.
4.
What totransfer
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Summative assessment
This time let us find out how much you have learned.
Direction: Read and understand very well the questions. Select the best
answer by writing only the letter in your test note book.
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d. climatic requirements
4. Which is not a practice of thinning?
a. Moisten the seed box or seed bed a few hours before
thinning.
b. Throw the seedlings being pulled out or bury them into the
soil.
c. Incorporate into the soil uprooted unhealthy and disease
infected seedlings.
d. Remove the weak, unhealthy, and poor-looking seedlings
and press back firmly the disturbed soil with hands
immediately.
5. Which of the following should not be done in pricking?
a. Hold the seedling on their true leaves and place the root
system in the hole previously prepared in the new planting
medium.
b. Set the seedlings even if the roots are curled.
c. Press the soil firmly around the roots after setting them.
d. Water the new transplants gently and thoroughly.
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Summary/Feedback
References
http://extension.umass.edu/floriculture/fact-sheets/growing-vegetable-
transplants-and-bedding-plants-media-nutrition-planting-culture-
pest#nutrient. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
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