SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF SPECIFIC HEAT

‹ Suppose ΔQ is a small amount of heat energy required to raise the

temperature of a certain mass (m) of a substance through a small
range of temperature (ΔT). It is found that

Chapter ΔQ ∝ m
ΔQ ∝ ΔT
∴ ΔQ ∝ m (ΔT)
ΔQ = m s (ΔT)

CALORIMETRY ‹

‹
s is a constant of proportionality and is called specific heat capacity
or simply specific heat of the material of the substance.
specific heat of a substance may be defined as the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the substance
through unit degree.
‹ Specific heat of water = 1 cal g–1 K–1
= 1000 cal kg–1 K–1
= 1000 × 4.18 J kg–1 K–1
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Molar Specific Heat or Molar Heat Capacity HEAT CAPACITY OR THERMAL CAPACITY
‹ Molar specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of heat
‹ Thermal capacity of a body is defined as the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of one gram mole of the substance
through a unit degree required to raise the temperature of the (whole) body through 1°C or
1K.
‹ It is represented by C, and is measured in cal. G mole–1 °C–1 or cal. g
ΔQ = sm (ΔT)
mole–1 K–1 or J g mole–1 K–1.
thermal capacity, S = s × m × 1
C=Ms
‹ Hence thermal capacity
p y of a body y is the pproduct of mass and
ΔQ ΔQ specific heat of the body. It is measured in JK–1 or cal °C–1.
s= =
m ( Δ T) n M ( Δ T)
ΔQ ⎞
C = Ms = 1 ⎛
n ⎝ ΔT ⎠

1 ΔQ ⎞
C= ⎛
n ⎝ ΔT ⎠

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 z There are three states of a matter : solid, liquid and gas. The
WATER EQUIVALENT conversion of one of these states of matter to another is called the
change of state.
‹ Water equivalent of a body is defined as the mass of water which
would absorb or evolve the same amount of heat as is done by the z There are two common changes of
body in rising or falling through the same range of temperature. states of matter
(i) solid to liquid or liquid to solid.
‹ To raise the temperature of m gram of a body through temperature (ii) liquid to gas or gas to liquid
range ΔT, amount of heat required is
ΔQ = sm (ΔT) z The process of change of state from
solid to liquid is called melting and
‹ The same amount of heat (ΔQ) is required to raise the temperature from liquid to solid is called fusion.
of w gram of water through the same range (ΔT), then
ΔQ = w (ΔT) z Both the solid and the liquid states of
the substance coexist in thermal
‹ ΔQ = w (ΔT) = s m (ΔT) equilibrium during the change of states
w=sm from solid to liquid. The temperature at
which the solid and liquid states of the
‹ Water equivalent of the body is equal to the product of mass of the
substance are in thermal equilibrium
body and specific heat of the body.
with each other is called melting point
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z The change of state, from liquid to vapour or gas, is called

vaporisation.
z both the liquid and vapour states of the substance coexist in the
thermal equilibrium, during the change of states from liquid to
vapour.
z The temperature at which the liquid and vapour states of substance
are in thermal equilibrium with each other is called boiling point of
the substance.

z The changeg from solid state to vapourp state without p

passingg
through the liquid state is called sublimation. Examples are solid
carbon dioxide and iodine.

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 LATENT HEAT
z Latent heat of a substance is the amount of heat energy required to
change the state of unit mass of the substance from solid to liquid
or form liquid to gas/vapour without any change in temperature.
z To change state of a substance from solid to liquid or liquid to solid,
amount of heat exchange required is
Q = m Lf
where Lf is Latent heat of fusion.
z To change state of a substance from liquid to gas or gas to liquid,
amount of heat exchange required is
Q = m Lv
where Lv is Latent heat of vaporization.
z To change state of a substance from solid to gas or gas to solid,
amount of heat exchange required is
Q = m Ls
where Ls is Latent heat of sublimation.

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