General Design Requirements: 4.1 Access 4.1.1 This Section Aims To Ensure Proper Access For All People, With or Without

CHAPTER 4
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
4.1 ACCESS
4.1.1 This section aims to ensure proper access for all people, with or without
disabilities to approach, enter or leave a building independently to reach and use
its facilities, such as foyers, lifts, toilets, shops, restaurants, cinemas, etc. without
undue difficulty.
MANDATORY SECTION
4.1.2 Performance Objectives
An easily identifiable continuous and relatively level path free from obstruction or
any kind of hazards shall be provided for persons with a disability to enter and
move within a building to reach the accessible facilities.
4.1.3 Obligatory Design Requirements
Orientation and Width
(a) Access shall be provided from a prominent point or points on the lot boundary,
which is accessible to a public street or pedestrian way, directly to at least
one entrance which is commonly used by the public or to a point directly
adjacent to one entrance which is commonly used by the public and to an
accessible lift, unless it is impractical to do so because of difficult terrain or
unusual characteristics of the site. The clear width of the access route shall
not be less than 1050 mm.
Free from Barriers
(b) Such access shall be free from protrusion hazards, steps, kerbs other than
dropped kerbs, steep ramps, doors or doorways which will impede the
passage of a wheelchair, or other form of barrier which will prevent access by
persons with a disability.
Tactile Guide Path
(c) For categories of buildings as required in Table 2, such access shall be

provided with a tactile guide path as illustrated in Figures 6A and 6B.
Examples of specification of tactile tile are shown in Figure 6C.
Surface
(d) The surface of the access shall be slip-resistant and firm.
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*ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
Figure 6A – Tactile Guide Paths at Building Entrances Linking up with Initial

Access on the Lot Boundary and Interior Facilities
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Figure 6B – Typical Tactile Guide Path Junction
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Three kinds of tactile tiles/blocks as shown in Figure 6C are commonly used in constructing a tactile guide path:
i) Directional Tile/Block
This has parallel raised bars for guiding the users along an intended safe path.
ii) Hazard Warning Tile/Block
This has raised big dots (35mm in diameter arranged in square grid parallel to the sides of the slab for
indication of potential hazards ahead. This type of tile/block could be used alone to form tactile warning strips
at the top and bottom of staircase or ramps, and at dropped kerb.
iii) Positional Tile/Block
This has raised small dots (23mm in diameter) placed in staggered positions for indication of possible
change in walking directions.

Figure 6C – Examples of Details of Tactile Warning Tiles / Blocks
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BEST PRACTICE SECTION
4.1.4 Design Considerations
(a) In designing an access to the building, it should be recognised that changes

in level are difficult for many people to negotiate, including wheelchair users,
people who use walking aids and persons with visual impairment.
(b) Access routes from the lot boundary to the entrance of a building should be
wide enough to allow wheelchair users and other users to pass
simultaneously.
(c) Easily identifiable access route e.g. tactile guide path for persons with visual
impairment should be provided from the lot boundary to the entrance of a
building.
(d) Indication signage for accessible entrances should be provided where more
than one entrance exists in a complex building.
4.1.5 Enhanced Design Standards
Width
(a) The clear width of the access route should not be less than 1200 mm.
Floor Space
(b) In large floor space of more than 200m2 where the cues of physical edges
such as walls and handrails are not present, tactile guide paths should be
used to facilitate orientation of persons with visual impairment.
Surface
(c) The surface of the access should be firm and slip-resistant with a static
“coefficient of friction” of not less than 0.6.
Signage
(d) Indication signage should be placed at accessible entrances.
Other Obstructions
(e) Poles, columns, seats or the like should not be placed within the access
route.
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4.2 RAMPS
4.2.1 A ramp is a sloping walkway leading from one level to another.
MANDATORY SECTION
Ramps of an appropriate design shall be provided at all changes in level

other than those served by an accessible lift or accessible lifting
mechanism accommodating the specific requirements of persons with a
disability.
Width
(a) A ramp shall not be less than 1050 mm in width.
Landing
(b) A space of not less than 1500 mm x 1500 mm shall be provided at

the head and foot of every ramp.
Running Slope and Length
(c) No ramp shall be steeper than 1 in 12 gradient except in the

following situations of minor rise : -
Maximum slope Maximum Length Maximum rise
1:10 i.e., 10% 1500mm 150mm
1:8 i.e., 12.5% 600mm 75mm
(d) Combination of ramps of minor rise as stated in Clause 4.2.3(c)

shall not be permitted.
(e) If the gradient of a ramp is 1 in 20 or steeper, the ramp shall be

provided with :-
(i) a landing of not less than 1200 mm long for each 10 m length
of horizontal run or part thereof; (Figure 7)
(ii) handrails complying with Section 4.5 on both sides; and
(iii) tactile warning strips at the head, foot and landings (Figure
7).
The above items shall not apply to ramp access to lift or ramp with
a length less than 300 mm.
(f) Any ramp with a rise greater than 200 mm, leading down towards
an area where there may be vehicular traffic, shall have a railing or
barrier across the full width of its lower end, and be not less than
1500 mm high from the foot of the ramp.
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4.2.3 Obligatory Design Requirements (Cont’d)
Surface and Protection
(g) The surface of a ramp shall be slip-resistant. Raised traction strips

shall be avoided.
(h) A kerb of at least 100 mm high, or a rail 200 mm above ramp level
shall be provided on both sides to prevent wheelchairs from
slipping over the edge.
(i) No appliances, fixtures and fittings shall project beyond 90 mm

from the surface of any wall below a level of 2000 mm above the
ramp level unless they are unavoidable, in which case they shall
also be extended downwards to the ramp level or be guided by
tactile flooring materials.
(j) The floor and wall along ramps shall be in luminous contrast.
Figure 7 - Tactile Warning Strip and Landings for Ramps
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(a) Where there is a change in level, the provision of a ramp is an

effective method to ensure largely independent accessibility for
persons with a disability and the elderly. Interior ramps are
preferred as a means of egress to stairs as they accommodate a
wider range of building user, including people who use
wheelchairs.
(b) The more gradual the slope of the ramp (i.e. the less steep it is) the
more easily persons can use it without assistance. Therefore,
slopes with the ratio of 1:20 (5%) to 1:15 (6.7%) are preferred. It
can take much energy to get up ramps with steep gradients, which
also make speed control difficult when going down. Steep inclines
can put a wheelchair in danger of tipping backwards or forwards as
many users cannot lean or adjust their balance to accommodate
gradient (See Figure 8).
(c) A level resting space outside the swing of any door at the top of a
ramp should be provided to avoid the possibility of ‘roll-back’ for
wheelchair users when trying to open the door.
(d) Ramps should have handrails on both sides so that they can be
used in both directions by people with a mobility problem on one
side such as may be the case for stroke sufferers. Ramps that
surmount a major change in level have to be very long, and
required multiple ramp and landing combinations. In such
circumstances, other design solutions should be considered.
(e) Curved ramps are not a preferred design solution. Similarly a

cross fall can put a wheelchair users at risk and may adversely
affect steering, particularly on manually propelled chairs.
Figure 8 - Running Slope and Length
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(a) A ramp should have a running slope 1:12 (8.33%) to 1:20 (5%).
Maximum slope Maximum Length Maximum rise

1:20 i.e., 5.00% 10000 mm 500 mm
1:16 i.e., 6.25% 6400 mm 400 mm
1:14 i.e., 7.14% 4200 mm 300 mm
1:12 i.e., 8.33% 1800 mm 150 mm
(b) Width should be at least 1200 mm to enable a wheelchair to turn or

preferably at least 1500 mm to allow 2 wheelchairs to pass.
(c) Ramps should have slip-resistant surfaces with a minimum static

“coefficient of friction” of 0.8.
(d) Tactile warning strips at the head, foot and landing should have a
minimum luminous contrast of 70% with the adjoining surfaces.
(e) The floor and wall along ramps should have a minimum luminous
contrast of 30%.
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4.3 DROPPED KERBS
4.3.1 A dropped kerb is a ramp built on a footpath or pavement to accommodate

the change in level towards vehicular areas.
MANDATORY SECTION
Dropped kerbs shall be of appropriate design and provided with adequate

visual or tactile warning.
Dimension and Gradient
(a) Changes in level at kerbs shall be by a dropped kerb as illustrated in

Figure 9. Dropped kerbs shall be provided at pedestrian crossings and
at each end of the footpaths of a private street or access road. Kerbs
separating footpaths or ramps from vehicular areas shall also be
dropped kerbs. Dropped kerbs shall be constructed as follows: -
(i) not less than 1200 mm in length and 1200 mm in width;

(ii) with a space of at least 800 mm long at the back of the footway;
(iii) ramped at a gradient not steeper than 1:10;
(iv) with a level difference of not more than 10 mm with the vehicular
areas; and
(v) provided with a tactile warning strip at 300 mm from the vehicular
areas.
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1200 (MIN.)
Figure 9 – Dropped Kerb
Location
(b) Dropped kerbs shall be so located to enable users to have an

unobstructed view of traffic approaching from any direction.
Surface
(c) Dropped kerbs shall have slip-resistant surfaces. Raised traction strips
shall be avoided.
Tactile Warning Strip
(d) The tactile warning strip shall be in luminous contrast with the
surrounding surface.
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(a) The provision of dropped kerb is to overcome potential hazard arising

from change in level for persons with or without a disability.
(b) The tactile warning strip should be provided in order to notify the
presence of traffic.
(c) The tactile warning strip should have luminous contrast for the elderly
and low vision persons.
(d) Dropped kerbs shall have slip-resistant surfaces. Raised traction strips
shall be avoided in order to reduce the hazard to everyone.
(e) Examples of dropped kerb are shown Figures 10, 11 & 12.
Slip Resistance
(a) Dropped kerbs should have slip-resistant surfaces with a minimum static
“coefficient of friction” of 0.8.
Luminous Contrast
(b) Tactile warning strips should have a minimum luminous contrast of 70%
with the adjoining surfaces.
Conjunction with Pedestrian Crossings
(c) Dropped kerbs should be provided where necessary and in conjunction

with pedestrian crossings, which should include visible, audible and
tactile crossing devices with traffic lights.
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Figure 10 - Examples of Design of Dropped Kerb
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Figure 11 – Dropped Kerb at Street Corner
Figure 12 – Dropped Kerb for Narrow Pavement
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4.4 STEPS AND STAIRCASES
4.4.1 This section sets out requirements to help people including persons with
ambulant disabilities and persons with visual impairment to negotiate steps
and staircases.
MANDATORY SECTION
Steps and staircases shall be intended as an alternative to lift access in

buildings and shall be of adequate design to allow all people, with or without
disabilities, to travel safely and independently.
Dimension and Orientation
(a) Staircases of a building shall:
(i) be constructed with treads not less than 225 mm in width

(measured at the centre of the flight) from the face of one riser to
the face of the next riser and with risers not more than 175 mm in
height;
(ii) have risers built with vertical or receding face not more than 15
mm from the vertical, without a projecting nosing;
(iii) have not more than 16 steps in any flight without the introduction
of a landing;
(iv) be provided on both sides with continuous properly fitted handrails
except for cases where door opening or fire hydrant is in place;
(v) be provided with non-slip nosing in luminous contrast; and
(vi) have risers reduced to not more than 160 mm high and treads
increased to not less than 280 mm wide for greater ease of use for
external steps and stairs.
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Tactile Warning Strip
(b) Tactile warning strips shall be provided at landings and at both the
bottom and top ends of a staircase, regardless of the number of steps it
comprises. For landings leading to a floor or those enclosed by wall,
railing or balustrade, tactile warning strips of not less than 300 mm in
width shall be provided; for those leading to an open space or the
entrance / exit of a building, the tactile warning strips shall not be less
than 600 mm in width (see Figure 13). In this case, Braille and tactile
information signs shall be provided on the adjacent wall to indicate the
presence of an opening. For a staircase with intermediate steps
between two flights, the provision of tactile warning strips shall follow the
arrangement in Figure 13.
Luminous Contrast
(c) Treads and walls of a staircase shall be in luminous contrast.
Avoidance of Projection
(d) No appliances, fixtures and fittings shall project beyond 90 mm from the
surface of any wall in a staircase below a level of 2000 mm above the
treads of the staircase unless they are unavoidable, in which case they
shall also be extended downwards to the level of the treads or be guided
by tactile flooring materials.
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Figure 13 – Arrangement of Tactile Warning Strips and Handrails at Staircases
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(a) Where steps or stairs are in an accessible route, complementary ramps,

lifts or elevators should be provided.
(b) All steps should be uniform.
(c) Circular stairs and sloped landings should be avoided.
(d) It is necessary to provide safe and well-dimensioned staircases for the

comfort of all people, especially those with mobility problems.
(e) When ascending a stair, people who wear calipers or who have stiffness
in hip or knee joints are particularly at risk of trapping the toes of their
shoes beneath projecting nosings.
(f) Stairs should be designed with more generous dimensions, e.g. wider
tread, and shorter travel distances is recommended. Open risers
should be avoided.
(g) Unawareness of steps is dangerous to persons with visual impairment.

Timely tactile or audible warning of change in level is therefore essential.
Warning should be placed sufficiently in advance of any potential
dangers.
(h) The provision of Braille and high luminous contrast signs is

recommended. For persons with low vision, high luminous contrasts,
larger fonts, more prominent and well-defined shapes of sign/signage
are recommended.
(i) Despite the design requirements of tactile guide paths and tactile
warning strips would help orientation for persons with visual impairment,
they sometimes imposed hazards to people with limited mobility, children
and older persons.
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Dimension and Orientation
(a) For any internal stairs with heavy circulation, risers should be reduced to
150 mm high and treads be increased to 280 mm wide for greater ease
of use.
(b) Individual flights should not exceed 1800 mm in height nor a total of 12
risers.
(c) The top nosing of any flight should be built not less than 300 mm from
the point at which the adjoining wall returns. (see Figure 14)
(d) Winders, spiral staircases and splayed steps should be avoided.
Figure 14 – Example of Staircase Plan for Persons with Ambulant

Disabilities
Luminous Contrast
(e) Non-slip nosing should have a minimum luminous contrast of 30% with
the adjoining surfaces.
(f) Treads of staircase should have a minimum luminous contrast of 30%

with the walls.
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4.5 HANDRAILS
4.5.1 Handrails provide support for everyone and are especially helpful for persons
with a disability and the elderly to use staircases, to pull themselves up inclines,
check themselves on declines and to assist them in moving within the building.
MANDATORY SECTION
Handrails shall be of the correct sizes, strengths and shapes and be

conveniently located to provide secure hand-grips, and be capable of taking the
entire weight of the persons using them.
Dimension
(a) Handrails to ramps and steps shall be fixed not less than 30 mm and not
more than 50 mm clear of walls and with a clear height of 70 mm from the
top of the bracket to the top of the handrail.
(b) The top of handrails shall be at a height of not less than 850 mm and not
more than 950 mm above any nosing, floor or landing.
(c) Handrails shall extend horizontally not less than 300 mm beyond the first
and last nosing of every flight of steps or beyond the end of a ramp and
terminate into a closed end which shall turn down or return fully to end
post or wall face and which shall not project into a route of travel. Where a
door opening is in place, a shortened extension of not less than 100 mm
shall be permitted.
Loading
(d) Handrails shall be installed to resist a load of not less than 1.3 kN applied
vertically or horizontally.
(e) Handrails shall not rotate within their fixing fittings.
Diameter
(f) Handrails shall be:

(i) tubular, not less than 32 mm and not greater than 50 mm in external
diameter; or
(ii) in other shapes that can provide the user a grip analogous to that
specified in the case of tubular handrails.
Typical handrail sections are shown in Figure 15.
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Figure 15 - Handrails
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Luminous Contrast
(g) Handrails shall be in luminous contrast with the surrounding wall surface.
Braille and Tactile
(h) Braille and tactile information on directional arrow and floor number shall
be provided on handrails at a designated location as illustrated in Figures
16A to facilitate persons with visual impairment. Directional arrows shall
be provided where directional signs exist. A small tactile symbol shall be
provided to inform them of the availability of additional Braille and tactile
information on the adjacent wall, if any.
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Figure 16A – Handrails of Staircase
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(a) Handrails should be designed to provide easy, firm and comfortable grip
to all users and should have no obstruction when people slide their hands
along the handrail.
(b) The installation level of the handrail and clearance dimensions should
facilitate a safer grip and prevent hand injuries especially for the elderly
and persons with visual impairment.
(c) Handrails finished in more noticeable colours with Braille and tactile
information should facilitate self-help circulation of persons with visual
impairment.
(d) The materials and shapes of handrails should be carefully designed to

suit the elderly users. In addition, handrails designed with different levels
of grab bars should be recommended for different users’ purposes.
(e) Handrails should be set at heights that are convenient for all users of the
building and should extend safely beyond the top and bottom of a flight of
steps, or a ramp, to give both stability and warning of the presence of a
change in level.
Clear Space
(a) Where the wall has a rough surface, the clear space should be not less
than 45 mm between the handrails and the wall.
(b) A recess containing a handrail should extend not less than 450 mm above
the top of the handrail as illustrated in Figure 16B.
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Figure 16B –Handrail in Recess
Double Handrail
(c) One more handrails should be provided at a height of not less than 700
mm and not more than 800 mm above any nosing, floor or landing for
school and places of public entertainment.
Luminous Contrast
(d) Handrails should have a minimum luminous contrast of 30% with the
surrounding wall surfaces.
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4.6 CORRIDORS, LOBBIES, PATHS
4.6.1 Corridors are passages providing for internal circulation within a building.
Lobbies provide interceptions at entries to staircases or lifts and connections to
corridors where appropriate.
MANDATORY SECTION
Corridors, lobbies and paths shall be designed to an appropriate standard to

allow all people to travel within a building safely and independently.
Manoeuvring Space
(a) Space shall be allowed for manoeuvring wheelchairs in corridors, lobbies,

paths and similar areas as follows:
(i) areas shall have a clear width of not less than 1050 mm;
(ii) a space not less than 1500 mm x 1500 mm shall be provided at or
within 3500 mm of every dead end;
(iii) any lobby in a corridor shall have a length of not less than 1200 mm,
excluding space for door swings;
(iv) a level area, extending not less than 1200 mm beyond the swings of
the doors and not less than 1500 mm in width shall be provided on
both sides of every entrance of a building; and
(v) all corridors shall have slip-resistant surfaces.
The above items shall not apply to lobbies which lead to staircases only.
For the purpose of this section, “dead end” is a corridor, lobby or path
where the means of exit for persons with a disability is in one direction
only.
Channel Covers
(b) On footpaths, covers to a channel shall be flush with the surface of the
footpath. Any hole in such cover or between such covers shall have a
dimension of not more than 20 mm.
Gratings
(c) Slots of gratings shall not have a width of more than 13 mm and shall not
be in parallel with pedestrian travel path. (see Figure 17)
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Figure 17 – Grating Size and Orientation
Protrusion
(d) No appliances, fixtures and fittings shall project beyond 90 mm from the
surface of any wall in corridors, paths and lobbies below a level of 2000
mm above the finished floor level unless they are unavoidable, in which
case they shall also be extended downwards to the finished floor level or
guided by tactile flooring materials.
Width of Controlled Passages
(e) For cashier counters, security device installed shop entrances and
turnstile controlled passages accessible to the public, each shall have at
least one path of minimum 800 mm in width for the use by wheelchair
users and clearly marked with international symbol of accessibility, unless
an alternative passage is provided. (See Figure 18 for examples)
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Figure 18 – Width of Controlled Passages
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Headroom
(f) Where the headroom is 2000 mm or less from the finished floor level, a
warning guardrail or other barrier shall be provided for detection, having its
leading edge at or below 680 mm above the finished floor level. (See
Figure 19)
Luminous Contrast
(g) Wall, floor and door surfaces shall be in luminous contrast to clearly define
between wall, door and floor.
Figure 19 – Overhead Hazard
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(a) Corridors, lobbies and paths should be designed to have appropriate

dimensions to allow people using wheelchair or other forms of mobility aids
to pass others on the access route.
(b) To facilitate the way finding for persons with visual impairment, surfaces
and finishes with luminous contrast between the wall and the ceiling, and
between the wall and the floor should be adopted. Appropriate lighting
design should also be considered.
(c) Adequate manoeuvring space for wheelchair particularly in lobbies and

corridors of domestic buildings should be provided in order to facilitate the
wheelchair users in passing through corridors especially when turning
through 180° is required.
(d) Protruding objects can be extremely hazardous to the persons with visual
impairment as well as the general public. Examples of protruding
obstructions are signs, drinking fountains, fire extinguishers, telephone
enclosures, and underside of stairways or escalators, etc. Protruding
objects should be recessed into the wall as far as possible.
Width
(See Figure 20)
(a) Path width should be more than 1200 mm to enable a wheelchair user to
pass anyone who is on the same path or preferably at least 1500 mm to
allow two wheelchairs to pass. At right angle turns, inside corners should
be splayed or rounded to at least 300 mm radius.
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Figure 20 – Dimension and Space Allowances for Corridors in Buildings
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4.6.5 Enhanced Design Standards (Cont’d)
Surfaces
(b) All corridors should have slip-resistant surfaces with a static coefficient of
friction of not less than 0.6.
(c) Surfaces paved with loose gravel or stone are hazardous and should be
avoided.
(d) Hazards on floors, caused by unnecessary projections or by unexpected

changes in level should be avoided.
Luminous Contrast
(e) A minimum luminous contrast of 30% should clearly define between wall,
floor and door surfaces
Protruding Objects
(See Figure 21)
(f) The protruding objects should not reduce the statutory required clear width
and height of access and manoeuvering space.
(g) Protruding objects should include but not limited to signs, telephone
enclosures, drinking fountains, fire extinguishers, underside of stairways
or escalators.
(h) Where it is reasonable to anticipate visits of persons with visual

impairment, protruding objects should be avoided at pedestrian areas
include walkways, halls, corridors, aisles, lobbies, malls and all areas open
to the public.
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Figure 21 – Examples of Design to Cater for Protrusion Hazards
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4.7 DOORS
4.7.1 The requirements of this section apply to doors on accessible routes.
MANDATORY SECTION
Doors and doorways shall be designed to enable all people especially

wheelchair user to enter and leave any room unaided and without undue
difficulties.
Width (see Figure 22)
(a) Doors, including one leaf of a pair of a double doors, shall have a clear
width of not less than 800 mm between the open door and opposite jamb
or the other leaf.
Unobstructed Area (see Figure 22)
(b) The unobstructed area adjacent to the door handle on the leading face of
a single door shall not be less than 330 mm in width.
(c) Doors, if less than 330 mm from the corner of a room, shall swing from the
side nearer to that corner.
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Figure 22 – Plan of Doors Suitable for Wheelchair
Double-action Self-closing Doors
(d) Double-action self-closing doors shall have a check mechanism to prevent

the doors swinging beyond the closed position and a transparent
vision-panel with a bottom edge not more than 1000 mm above the floor
and the top edge not less than 1500 mm above the finished floor level.
Handles
(e) Door handles shall not be less than 950 mm and not more than 1050 mm
above the finished floor level, measured from the top surface of the grip.
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Thresholds
(f) Door thresholds shall not exceed 20 mm in height and shall be bevelled to
facilitate passage of wheelchairs.
Closing Devices
(g) Door closing devices shall be designed to allow exterior and interior doors
to be opened with forces of not more than 30 N and 22 N respectively.
Closers for interior doors shall have a closing period of at least 3 seconds
measured from an open position of 70° to a point 75 mm from the closed
position measured from the leading edge of the door. Door closing
devices include door closers, spring hinges and floor hinges.
Frameless Glass Doors
(h) If frameless glass doors are used, they shall be prominently marked so as
to make them visible. The marking shall be placed across on the glass
doors such that at least a portion of the marking is placed between 900 mm
and 1500 mm above the finished floor.
(a) Doors may be manually operated without powered assistance, or power

operated under manual or automatic control. An automatically operated
sliding door is a preferred solution for most people as it avoids the risks
associated with automatic swing doors and its use can make it possible to
reduce the length of entrance lobbies.
(b) A door fitted with a self-closing device to stand against wind forces is
difficult to be openable by many people, particularly those who are
wheelchair users or who have limited strength. Where closing devices are
needed for fire control, the use of electrically powered hold open devices
or swing-free closing devices is appropriate.
(c) All doors should be wide enough to allow unrestricted passage for different
users, including wheelchair users, people carrying luggage and parents
with pushchairs and small children.
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4.7.4 Design Considerations (Cont’d)
(d) Sufficient space alongside the leading edge of a door should be provided
to enable a wheelchair user to reach and grip the door handle, then open
the door without releasing hold on the handle and without the wheelchair
footrest colliding with the return wall.
(e) The presence of doors, whether opened or closed, should be apparent to

persons with visual impairment through the careful choice of colour and
materials for the door and its surroundings. Provision of marking on glass
doors would help persons with visual impairment to distinguish obstacles
and passages as well as for public to avoid collision.
External Doors
(a) External doors should be single-action and open outwards (to obviate high
tension in spring closers in sustaining wind pressure).
Latched Doors
(b) Where doors are latched, lever-type handles should be used.
Kickplates
(c) All doors which allow the passage of wheelchairs should have kick-plates
of not less than 200 mm high fitted on the face which swings away.
Automatic Door Openers
(d) Automatic door openers should be provided on the main entrance door
and shall:-
(i) remain open for a minimum of 5 seconds;

(ii) have a guardrail where they open into a route of travel (see Figure
23);
(iii) have a sign showing automatic door; and
(iv) be located outside of the door swing.
Sliding automatic doors with overhead sensor operating device or manual

large button control should be provided.
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Figure 23 – Guardrails at Out-swinging Automatic Doors
Vision Panels
(e) Transparent vision-panels should be provided to doors in between

accessible path. The vision-panel should be installed with bottom edge
not more than 1000 mm and top edge not less than 1500 mm above the
finished floor level.
Glass Doors
(f) The leading edge of glass doors should be marked to indicate glass.
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4.8 TOILETS AND W.C. CUBICLES
4.8.1 This section explains the requirements to enable persons with a disability,
including wheelchair users to use the facilities provided in a toilet independently
as far as possible. A typical toilet is shown in Figure 24. Different approaches
for transferring the person from a wheelchair to a watercloset are shown in
Figures B5, B6 and B7.
MANDATORY SECTION
Sufficient, properly designed and located toilet and W.C. cubicles shall be
available for use by everybody including people of either sex, people with
babies and small children, persons with a disability, wheelchair users and the
elderly and elderly with frailty, etc. with or without any assistance from others.
Space requirements are set to enable a wheelchair user to manoeuvre into
position for frontal, side or diagonal transfer to and from the W.C. seat.
Number of Accessible Toilet
(a) There shall be at least one accessible W.C. cubicle on a floor, or in that
part of a floor designed for access by the persons with a disability where
the total number of W.C. cubicles provided on that floor or in that part of a
floor is 20 or less, or 2 where the total number exceeds 20. This
sub-section shall not apply to domestic buildings and the domestic parts of
composite buildings and where there is no toilet provided on the particular
floor.
(b) When the accessible W.C. cubicles are within a toilet with multiple cubicles,
the minimum number of such accessible W.C. cubicles to be provided for
each sex shall be based on the total number of W.C. cubicles for each sex
on that floor or in that part of a floor designed for access by persons with a
disability.
(c) The W.C. cubicles required by this Design Manual shall be deemed to be
included in the number of soil fitments required under the Buildings
(Standards of Sanitary Fitments, Plumbing, Drainage Works and Latrines)
Regulations (Cap. 123 sub. leg.) and Part VII of the Education Regulations
(Cap. 279 sub. leg.)
60
Accessible Unisex Toilet
(d) If only one accessible toilet is provided on a floor, it shall be designed as

an accessible unisex sanitary facility for use by both sexes and access to
which does not necessitate traversing an area reserved for one sex only.
It shall be designed for general use and include adequate circulation
space for wheelchair users in accordance to the obligatory requirements
as set out in this section.
Location of W.C. Cubicle
(e) W.C. cubicles shall be accessible –

(i) directly from a public corridor which complies with Section 4.6; and
(ii) when situated within a toilet containing other W.C. cubicles, through a
clear space not less than 1500 mm x 1500 mm immediately in front of
the compartment to allow manoeuvrability or by direct approach
where no turning of the wheelchair is necessary.
Design of Toilet and W.C. Cubicle
(f) The accessible W.C. cubicle shall not be less than 1500 mm x 1750 mm in
area and
(i) the cubicle shall have in it a watercloset at a height not less than 450
mm and not more than 475 mm, measured to the top of the toilet seat.
Waterclosets shall be equipped with a back support such as a seat lid
and seats shall not be spring-actuated;
(ii) flushing control shall be mounted on the wide side of the cubicle at a
height between 600 mm to 1050 mm above the finished floor level
and shall be hand-operated or automatic. Hand-operated controls
shall be capable of being operated with one hand and shall not
require tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the wrist. The force
required shall not be greater than 22 N;
(iii) the toilet shall be provided with a wash basin mounted with the rim not
higher than 750 mm above the finished floor level. A clearance of 550
mm shall be maintained from the finished floor level to the bottom of
the apron; and
(iv) tap for wash basin shall be automatic or of lever control type without
spring loading, subject to the approval of the Water Supplies
Department. Tap shall not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting
of the wrist. The operating force required shall not be greater than 22
N.
61
Design of Toilet and W.C. Cubicle (Cont’d)
(g) No coin box shall be affixed to the door of the cubicle.
Toilet / Cubicle Doors
(h) Doors shall be installed with push-type or lever-type handles and capable
of being easily opened/closed by one hand. Any door fastening shall be
capable of being released from the outside in the event of an emergency.
Grab Rails
(i) There shall be at least two grab rails which shall not be less than 32 mm
and not more than 40 mm in external diameter and shall be fixed on the
wall leaving a grip space of not less than 30 mm clear of the mounting wall.
The two grab rails constructed in one continuous piece is acceptable.
(j) There shall be one grab rail fixed on each of both the inner and outer
surfaces of the cubicle door; which shall not be less than 32 mm and not
more than 40 mm in external diameter. The grab rails shall have a grip
space of not less than 30 mm clear of each door surface.
(k) There shall be one folding grab rail on the wide side of the cubicle adjacent
to the watercloset at a height between 725mm to 750mm above the
finished floor level when lowered from the wall. Simple instructions (in
English, Chinese and Braille) on how to unfold the rail should be affixed to
the wall. The grab rail, folding grab rail and wash basin shall be capable of
carrying a static load of 150 kg.
Emergency Call Bell
(l) An emergency call bell complying with Section 5.4 shall be provided in the
cubicle.
Floor Finishes
(m) The floor shall be slip-resistant.
62
Urinals
(see Figure 25)
(n) If more than one urinal is provided, at least one urinal shall
(i) have a clear levelled space of not less than 800 mm wide x 1500
mm deep in front; and
(ii) be wall hung urinal with a front rim not higher than 400 mm, and have
vertical grab rails of not less than 32 mm and not more than 40mm in
external diameter and of 600 mm length on both sides at a height of
1200 mm above the finished floor level for use by persons with
ambulant disabilities.
63
FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION
PLAN

DIMENSIONS PRINTED IN BOLD FORM DENOTE OBLIGATORY REQUIREMENT
DIMENSIONS PRINTED IN ITALIC FORM DENOTE RECOMMENDED REQUIREMENT
Figure 24 – Accessible Toilet

(Opposite - Handed Layout is Acceptable)
64
Figure 25 – Accessible Urinal
(a) Adequate and convenient provision of toileting facilities

commensurate with the anticipated use by all users either with or
without assistance from others.
(b) Appropriate sanitary accommodation should be available to all

including wheelchair users, persons with ambulant disabilities, the
elderly and people of either sex with babies and small children.
(c) Provisions of a safe environment capable of accommodating the

toileting needs and requirements of persons with a disability or the
elderly.
65
4.8.4 Design Considerations (Cont’d)
(d) If there is adequate space inside the toilet or cubicle units, double
swing door open both inwards and outwards or sliding door may be
provided to enable assistance during emergency situations.
(e) Urinals should be accessible and can be easily found by persons

with visual impairment. The grab rails for aiding the elderly and
tactile surface materials for aiding persons with visual impairment
should be provided.
(f) Accessible unisex toilet facilities can serve both sexes, those with or
without assistance, and accommodates a greater number of users.
It is more easily identified than a facility in a separate-sex toilet /
washroom and more likely to be available when required, particularly
as the elderly and some persons with a disability need to use toilets
more frequently than others. In addition, a unisex facility enables
assistants of either sex to assist the user.
(g) There is a tendency for the specification of sanitary fittings and

fixtures to be in white colour to make cleanliness easily observable.
Often the fittings are set against light or white coloured tiling which
makes clear identification difficult for the persons with visual
impairment. Sanitary fittings should have luminous contrast or
colour contrast against the background finishes.
Unisex Facilities
(a) W.C. cubicles should where possible be unisex and accessible from a
corridor so that they can be used by either sex with assistance from
members of the opposite sex, if necessary.
(b) If two or more accessible unisex facilities are provided, at least one should
be of opposite handed layout to the other(s).
W.C. Cubicles
(c) The clear distance between the watercloset and the wash basin should
not be more than 600 mm for the users’ convenience after toileting.
Toilet / Compartment Doors
(d) Double swing doors which open both inwards and outwards may be
provided in any toilets or cubicles. Sliding door is equally acceptable
provided that it is not heavy or awkward to use.
66
Diaper-changing Facilities
(e) Diaper-changing facilities should be provided in all toilets unless there is

absolutely not sufficient space. (See Figure 26)
Figure 26 – Flap-type Diaper Changing Station
67
Bathroom / Shower Compartment
(f) The floor of the bathroom and the shower compartment should be
slip-resistant with a minimum static coefficient of friction of 0.6 and
self-draining.
Luminous Contrast
(g) Wall tiling should have a minimum luminous contrast of 30% with sanitary
appliances and fittings, grab rails and toilet roll holders, etc.
Avoidance of Obstruction
(h) Waste pipe, disposal bins and other fittings within the toilet should be
located to avoid any obstruction or creating a tripping hazard including
under the wash basin.
(i) Toilets and W.C. cubicles for use by persons with a disability should be
located to avoid proximity to or obstruction by exit doors to the staircase.
68
4.9 BATHROOMS AND SHOWER COMPARTMENTS
4.9.1 This section sets out requirements for accessible bathrooms and
shower compartments as required under Section 3.2.3(b).
MANDATORY SECTION
The accessible bathrooms and shower compartments shall be so

designed and equipped with sanitary fittings and installations to allow
persons with a disability and the elderly to use them without assistance
from others.
Bathtubs
(a) (i) There shall be a clear floor space of not less than 1500mm x
800 mm in front of the bathtub (see Figure 27);
(ii) The bathtub shall be provided with a seat of not less than 250
mm in width (see Figure 27);
(iii) The base of the bathtub shall be slip-resistant; and
(iv) The bathtub shall have a maximum height of 380 mm.
Grab Rails for Bathtub
(b) Grab rails shall: -

(i) be slip-resistant and not rotate within their fittings;
(ii) have a diameter between 32 mm – 40 mm and have a grip
space of not less than 30 mm clear from the wall;
(iii) be at least 900 mm long, installed horizontally or slanting at
an angle not exceeding 20 degrees along the length of the
bathtub and at a height between 150 mm to 300 mm above
the rim of the bathtub ; and
(iv) be at least 600 mm long, installed vertically at the plug end of
the bathtub adjacent to the clear floor space with the lower
end 150 mm to 300 mm above the rim of the bathtub.
Faucets and Controls
(c) Faucets and other controls shall: -

(i) have lever type handles at least 75mm long from the centre of
rotation to the handle tip;
(ii) be installed at the plug end of the bathtub preferably between
the centre line and the outer edge of the bathtub; and
(iii) be not more than 450 mm above the rim of the bathtub.
69
Shower Heads
(d) Shower heads shall: -

(i) be of the hand-held type;
(ii) be provided with a hose not less than 1500 mm in length; and
(iii) be provided with a wall mounting bracket to allow use in a
fixed position.
Where shower heads are mounted on a vertical bar, the bar shall:-
(iv) have a minimum length of 500 mm with the lower end not less
than 450 mm above the finished floor level; and
(v) be installed so as not to obstruct the use of grab rails and be
so mounted to be able to carry a static load of 150kg in case
they are mistakenly used as a grab rail.
Shower Compartments
(e) Shower compartments shall have internal dimensions of not less

than 1500 mm x 900 mm. The minimum clear floor space in front of
the shower entrance shall be 1500 mm x 800 mm with the 1500
mm dimension parallel to the shower entrance. The floor shall be
slip-resistant.
Grab Rails for Shower Compartments
(f) Grab rails for shower compartments shall: -

(i) comply with Section 4.9.3(b)(i)and (ii);
(ii) be L-shaped or two bars arranged in L-shaped
configuration and not be less than 750 mm by 900 mm in
length;
(iii) be installed at a height between 700 mm and 800 mm from
the shower floor; and
(iv) be capable of carrying a static load of 150kg.
Thresholds
(g) Thresholds for roll-in shower compartments shall: -

(i) not be more than 13mm high; and
(ii) be in luminous contrast with the floor finish to improve
visibility.
70
Shower Seats
(h) The shower seats shall: -

(i) have a rounded edge, be self-draining and slip-resistant;
(ii) be installed on the wall next to the taps and controls;
(iii) not be less than 550 mm in width and 400 mm in depth; and
(iv) be installed at a height between 430 mm and 480 mm from
the top of the seat to the finished floor level.
(a) Wheelchair users generally require larger space and access to the
en-suite bathrooms. A proportion of guest rooms should be
designed to accommodate the need of wheelchair users.
71
(b) SHOWER COMPARTMENT
Figure 27 - Example of Bathroom and Shower Compartment
72
4.10 SIGNS
4.10.1 It is essential that suitable signs are erected at prominent positions inside and
outside a building to indicate clearly the exact locations of facilities that are
available for use by persons with a disability. To design an effective signage
system, the needs of different types of users in a building and the complexity of
the building layout must be considered.
MANDATORY SECTION
Signs should give clear directions, information and instructions for the users of
the building.
The International Symbol
(a) The international symbol of accessibility shall be the wheelchair figure in

white on a blue background as shown in Figure 28 for the purposes of
identifying/advertising/signifying:
(i) accessible entrance(s) to the building;

(ii) accessible exit(s) from the building;
(iii) reserved car parking facilities;
(iv) the location of toilets for persons with a disability;
(v) usable vertical circulation facilities;
(vi) usable cloakroom facilities; and
(vii) the availability of special services of information / service counter,
telephone in the building
GRIDLINES
Gridlines areARE SHOWN TO DEFINE
THE PROPORTION
provided to how ONLY
the proportion onl
Figure 28 – Proportional Layout for International Symbol of Accessibility
73
Directional Signs
(b) Directional arrows and visual information shall be used in conjunction with
the international symbol for accessibility to guide people with disabilities to
the exact locations of the accessible facilities. For illustration, see Figure
29.
DIRECTION IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION
(A) EXAMPLE OF A SIGN IDENTIFYING A FACILITY AND INDICATING ITS

DIRECTION USING A STANDARD SYMBOL [LIFT]
戲院
Theatre
DIRECTION IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION
(B) EXAMPLE OF A SIGN IDENTIFYING A FACILITY AND INDICATING ITS

DIRECTION USING A WORD
Figure 29 – Directional Signs
Size
(c) The height of signs shall be not less than the following :
60 mm for doors
110 mm for corridors
200 mm for external use
74
Sign for Persons with Hearing Impairment
(d) International symbol of access for hearing loss as shown in Figure 30

shall be provided if there is an assistive listening system provided for
persons with hearing impairment.
GRIDLINES ARE SHOWN TO DEFINE

THE PROPORTION ONLY
Figure 30 – Proportional Layout for International Symbol of Access for

Hearing Loss
75
Braille and Tactile Signs
(e) Braille and tactile signs shall be installed on doors of public toilets to
indicate whether the toilets are for male, female or unisex. The signs shall
be placed at 900 mm to 1500 mm above the finished floor level.
Specification of Braille cells is shown in Figure 31.
(f) If there is no door, the sign should be provided on the wall in front of the
washrooms.
(g) A Braille and tactile fire exit map as shown in Figure 32 shall be provided
directly above the call button(s) of the accessible lift(s) in a building if a fire
exit map for the use of the public is provided.
Figure 31 – Specification of Braille Cells
76
Note: The 2m and 5m as shown on the Map are hypothetical figures only, they
shall be subject to actual site condition.
Braille information
Figure 32 – Braille and Tactile Fire Exit Map
4.10.4 Special Obligatory Design Requirements to Assist Persons with

Visual/Hearing Impairment to Various Uses of Buildings in Table 2
(a) If a floor plan for the use of the public is provided, Braille and tactile floor
plan showing the main entrance(s), public toilets and major common
facilities shall be provided in a place in that building which is conspicuous
to persons with visual impairment.
(b) Tactile guide path shall be installed from a point of access at the lot
boundary in compliance with Clause 4.1.3 (c) to the main entrance(s) of
the building and from the main entrance(s) to lift zone(s), the nearest
accessible toilet(s), information/service counters, Braille and tactile floor
plans and staircases/escalators as illustrated in Figures 33, 34, 35, 36
respectively.
(c) Visual display boards (such as LED) shall be provided which shall be able
to display the essence of the information broadcasted by the public
address system in the building. Examples include display boards to inform
travellers of the arrival and destination of the MTR trains.
77
Figure 33 – Tactile Guide Path to Lift Zone
78
Figure 34 – Tactile Guide Path to Information / Service Counter

Figure 35 – Tactile Guide Path to Tactile / Braille Directory Map / Floor Plan
79
Figure 36 – Tactile Warning Strip to Escalator / Travelator
80
(a) Signs should be clear and easy to read and understand in order to assist
people with intellectual, cognitive and sensory disabilities.
(b) International symbols are to be used for purpose of standardization and

apprehension by all persons with a disability residing in H.K. or visiting
from overseas. Examples of standard public information symbols are
shown in Figure 37.
(c) Prominent signs with high color and luminous contrasts as well as special
shapes are recommended to be used for the elderly.
(d) Safety for persons with visual impairment should be considered.

Information such as distance to the destination, name of building etc.
should be conveyed to the persons with visual impairment. The
suggested provisions are voice message, Braille and signs with high
luminous contrast.
(e) To account for persons with visual impairment, larger fonts, more
prominent and well-defined shapes of signs are recommended.
(f) For categories of buildings as required in Table 2, tactile guide paths

should be provided for persons with visual impairment from the main
entrances to lift zones, information/service counters, Braille and tactile
floor plans, and staircases/escalators. Braille and tactile floor plans
showing the locations of major common facilities should be provided in a
location in that building which is conspicuous to persons with visual
impairment.
81
Figure 37 — Examples of Public Information Symbols
Location
(a) Signs should be erected to indicate clearly the locations of accessible

routes through the building.
(b) Signs to indicate the presence of accessible facilities should be provided in

a conspicuous location at the building entrances to guide persons with a
disability to the facilities.
Luminous Contrast
(c) Luminous contrast of not less than 70% should be provided to differentiate
the international symbol of accessibility from the background, either
light-on-dark or dark-on-light. The commonly employed colours are white
for the wheelchair figure and blue for the background.
82
Lettering and Colour
(d) Lettering should be plain and legible, e.g. Helvetica (medium) using lower
case letters except for initial capitals.
(e) Corners of signs should be rounded.
(f) Chinese characters should be legible e.g. “Haak Tai” style.
(g) Signs should be in raised characters.
(h) The system of signs used should be clear and consistent.
Braille and Tactile Sign / Audible Sign
(i) Braille and tactile building names and addresses (i.e., street names with
numbers) or a device which when activated will provide the same
information in audible form should be provided on both sides of the
building entrance at a height of between 900 mm and 1500 mm above the
finished floor level.
(j) If public address systems are provided to convey information to the public
in a building, then a means of conveying the same or equivalent
information to a persons with hearing impairment should also be provided.
Visual Sign
(k) Visual display boards (such as LED) should be provided in public waiting
areas other than those required in Table 2 and where there is an
announcer installed to regularly convey information to the people inside.
The visual display board should be able to display the essence of the
information so announced.
83
4.11 INFORMATION / SERVICE COUNTERS
4.11.1 Information/service counters refer to provisions for assistance in a building

where the public or a section of the public is likely to approach to seek services
and/or information.
MANDATORY SECTION
Where information/service counters are provided, they shall be accessible and

easily identifiable from a building entrance by all people with or without
disabilities.
(a) Public information/service counters shall be provided to various uses of

buildings in Table 2, and there shall be at least one public
information/service counter built with a portion not higher than 750mm
above the finished floor level and not less than 750 mm wide to assist
wheelchair users (see Figures 38 & 39).
(b) There shall be at least one information/service counter provided with an

assistive listening system.
(c) Leg space of a depth between 400 mm – 600 mm and a height of not less
than 680 mm above finished floor level shall be provided.
84
Figure 38 - Front View of Information / Service Counter for Wheelchair Users
85
Figure 39 – Key Heights of Counters and Reception Desks
(a) The approach to the counter should be direct, clear and

unobstructed.
(b) Signs associated with counters should be located and visible to

wheelchair users.
(c) Counters should be located away from the entrance if

disturbance of noise from external is anticipated.
(d) Provision of permanent or temporary control barriers for

queueing should allow space for manoeuvring of wheelchairs.
86

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CHAPTER 4

GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

4.1.2 Performance Objectives

4.1.3 Obligatory Design Requirements

Orientation and Width

Free from Barriers

Tactile Guide Path

(c) For categories of buildings as required in Table 2, such access shall be

(d) The surface of the access shall be slip-resistant and firm.

Figure 6A – Tactile Guide Paths at Building Entrances Linking up with Initial

Figure 6B – Typical Tactile Guide Path Junction

*ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

4.1.4 Design Considerations

(a) In designing an access to the building, it should be recognised that changes

4.1.5 Enhanced Design Standards

(d) Indication signage should be placed at accessible entrances.

4.2.1 A ramp is a sloping walkway leading from one level to another.

4.2.2 Performance Objectives

Ramps of an appropriate design shall be provided at all changes in level

4.2.3 Obligatory Design Requirements

(a) A ramp shall not be less than 1050 mm in width.

(b) A space of not less than 1500 mm x 1500 mm shall be provided at

Running Slope and Length

(c) No ramp shall be steeper than 1 in 12 gradient except in the

(d) Combination of ramps of minor rise as stated in Clause 4.2.3(c)

(e) If the gradient of a ramp is 1 in 20 or steeper, the ramp shall be

Surface and Protection

(g) The surface of a ramp shall be slip-resistant. Raised traction strips

(i) No appliances, fixtures and fittings shall project beyond 90 mm

*ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

Figure 7 - Tactile Warning Strip and Landings for Ramps

4.2.4 Design Considerations

(a) Where there is a change in level, the provision of a ramp is an

(e) Curved ramps are not a preferred design solution. Similarly a

Figure 8 - Running Slope and Length

Maximum slope Maximum Length Maximum rise

(b) Width should be at least 1200 mm to enable a wheelchair to turn or

(c) Ramps should have slip-resistant surfaces with a minimum static

4.3.1 A dropped kerb is a ramp built on a footpath or pavement to accommodate

4.3.2 Performance Objectives

Dropped kerbs shall be of appropriate design and provided with adequate

4.3.3 Obligatory Design Requirements

Dimension and Gradient

(a) Changes in level at kerbs shall be by a dropped kerb as illustrated in

(i) not less than 1200 mm in length and 1200 mm in width;

*ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

Figure 9 – Dropped Kerb

(b) Dropped kerbs shall be so located to enable users to have an

Tactile Warning Strip

4.3.4 Design Considerations

(a) The provision of dropped kerb is to overcome potential hazard arising

4.3.5 Enhanced Design Standards

Conjunction with Pedestrian Crossings

(c) Dropped kerbs should be provided where necessary and in conjunction

Figure 10 - Examples of Design of Dropped Kerb

Figure 11 – Dropped Kerb at Street Corner

*ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm

Figure 12 – Dropped Kerb for Narrow Pavement