Electrical Machines Lab Manual Jan 2018
Electrical Machines Lab Manual Jan 2018
Electrical Machines Lab Manual Jan 2018
LABORATORY MANUAL
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
EDB 3053
CONTENTS
LAB INFORMATIONS 3
LAB SAFETY AND PROCEDURE 4
EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION 6
EXPERIMENT 1: SINGLE PHASE CAGE MOTOR 18
EXPERIMENT 2: TRANSFORMERS 26
EXPERIMENT 3: ASYNCHROUNOUS MACHINES 48
EXPERIMENT 4: SYNCHROUNOUS MACHINES 71
EXPERIMENT 5: DC MACHINES 93
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
LAB INFORMATIONS
A total of five (5) lab sessions will be given throughout the semester. Students are expected to
attempt the lab by grouping. Viva is conducted for the first 15 minutes of the lab session. Mark for
‘In Lab’ is given in individually basis. Short report needs to submit individually one week after the
respective lab is conducted. Late submission will be penalized by deducting the mark.
Punctuality is very important. The mark will be deducted to those are not punctual. Please follow
all the lab safety and procedures. The formats of the short report are as follows:
1. Short Report: Results
Analysis & Discussion
Conclusion
Rubric Assessments:
A. In Lab
B. Short Report
NOTE:
Attendance: Attendance is compulsory. A student, who is unable to attend the lab session due to
some unforeseen circumstances, can replace the lab in another lab session within the same week as
long as permission is obtained from the lecturer/technician.
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Common Sense
Good common sense is needed for safety in a laboratory. It is expected that each student will work
in a responsible manner and exercise good judgment and common sense. If at any time you are not
sure how to handle a particular situation, ask your lab assistant or tutor for advice. DO NOT TOUCH
ANYTHING WITH WHICH YOU ARE NOT COMPLETELY FAMILIAR!!! It is always better to ask questions
than to risk harm to yourself or damage to the equipment.
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
All incidents or accidents that result in or have the potential to cause serious injury or property
damage must be suitably investigated by the Contractor or UTP.
In the event of evacuation, the alarm will ring continuously. Please follow the evacuation procedure;
as follows:
1. Leave by the nearest safe exit. Proceed in calm.
2. Proceed to your assigned Emergency Assembly Area (EAA).
3. Please leave all personal belonging.
4. Choose another exit route if you detect or sense a hazard.
5. Be ready to provide management or emergency response personnel with information they need
for documentation. Security Officers are located at every building to control the situation.
6. Return to the building only after you are told it is safe to do so
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION
This manual describes the typical experiments that are conducted in University Laboratories as
practical hands-on training of a course on Electrical Machines. They are treated in detail by
explaining the objectives, discussing electrical diagrams, by showing a brief overview of the theory
and associated formulae for a thorough understanding and summarization of the results for
subsequent analysis and discussion.
The list of experiments proposed is not exhaustive: more experiments, to be implemented with the
same equipment, can be designed by teachers and students to satisfy additional training
requirements.
The components suggested, machines and accessories, are chosen from our own catalogue as they
are all designed under the same standards with the specific purpose of being easily integrated and
capable of ensuring consistent results. For the same reason the suggested Power Supply is the
ELECTRON Model A0240 of which a picture of the front panel and a brief description are given at
page 7.
The power of the electrical machines may be of three different ranges (to be specified with the
order, see ELECTRON Model Codes in our Catalogue): 200-300W, 1KW and 3KW.
4. DC Machines
- By reading the instruments and manually recording the data in the tables provided and drawing
diagrams where applicable. This manual describes these procedures.
Note: The necessary instruments are identified with each experiment. They should be
procured locally and should be of adequate rating and precision. On request, we
can provide them together with the equipment.
- By collecting and analyzing data by means of an optional Personal Computer and specifically
designed Software that are provided with a comprehensive user manual.
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
1. Objectives of the experiment: what it is about and what method will be used for its execution
2. Theoretical review: a brief discussion of the theory behind the subject being investigated
4. Components required: a list of the equipment required; ELECTRON equipment is suggested for
ensuring ease of integration and consistency of results
5. Circuit Diagrams: how the components are logically and practically connected
NOTES:
The suggested components sections contain a list of the ELECTRON machines that can be
experimented. Their theoretical connection diagrams are also shown while the execution diagrams
are only shown for one machine of each group. The others can be easily developed from that.
When exercising a DC generator with shunt excitation it is possible that no output is obtained
because the excitation current at starting is not sufficient to overcome an opposite residual
magnetism. In such a case it is sufficient to reverse the generator's rotation or to feed the excitation
independently (ex. from Section PS4 of the A0240 Power Supply).
The exercises for determining the working characteristics of motors are based on the use of a braking
DC generator Model A4430 for providing the load. The exercises can be performed in exactly the
same way, with the same setup and procedure if a different type of brake is used, such as a powder
brake Model A4410, Eddy current brake Model A4420 or hysteresis brake Model A4440.
INDEX
User instructions for the ELECTRON Power Supply Model A0240 used in the tests.
User Instructions for the ELECTRON Torque Meter A4730 and Load Cell A4731.
User Instructions for the ELECTRON Digital Measuring Set Model A4750D.
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
EXPERIMENTS:
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Equipment required
1.3 Conducting of experiment
1.4 Question & result
5. DC MACHINES LABORATORY
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
P A A A A mA
V V V
Key POI
VAK
P VAK
Ext. Contact
P P
A Ammeters
mA Milli-Ammeter
AC Exits L1, L2, L3, N, Ground (Section PS1)
AC + DC Exits AC L1, N (Section PS2) / Ground / DC +, - (Section PS3)
DC Exits +, -, Ground (Section PS4)
Key Key-Lock
P Protections
POI Power On Indicator
AC Power Outlets 1 x Three Phase, 2 x Single Phase
Ext. Contact (Optional) A normally closed external contact may be used to control the unit,
otherwise connect a jumper
SES Start, Emergency, Stop Pushbuttons
V Voltmeters
VAK Voltage Adjust Knobs
VS Voltage to Voltmeter Selector
User Instructions
Section PS1 delivers a Three Phase plus Neutral supply voltage that can be varied with the Voltage
Adjust Knob (VAK). With Voltage Selector VS, Voltmeter V can be connected to monitor any phase-
to-phase or phase-to-neutral voltage. It is used to power single and three phase electrical machines.
Section PS2 delivers a single phase-to-neutral voltage that is adjusted with the VAK of Section 1.
Used to power single phase machines and for tests that require AC single phase supply.
Section PS3 delivers a DC voltage that is also adjusted with the VAK of Section V1: this output is
normally used to feed DC machines armatures or for tests that require a DC source.
Section PS4 delivers a low power DC voltage, normally used to feed DC and synchronous machines
excitations. Can be varied with its dedicated VAK.
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
The A4730 is a torque measuring instrument housed in a desk-top metallic enclosure that matches
the design philosophy and appearance of the other ELECTRON equipment for the Electrical
Machine Laboratory.
It operates by processing the input signal of the A4731 Load Cell that consists of a strain sensing arm
with force transducers in a bridge configuration. The Load Cell can be easily mounted on the
Electrical Machines Coupling Base A4840 by means of the accessories provided (example setting in
Fig.1) and is connected to a brake such as magnetic brake or braking generator.
The A4730 (see Fig. 2) can provide torque indications in 2 ranges (preset at the factory), respectively
up to 2 Nm (1.99) and 20 Nm (19.99).
The A4730 + A4731 system can be easily checked and calibrated by using the procedure indicated
below.
Each A4730 is pre-calibrated at the factory to work with its load cell and both are labeled with the
same identification number to prevent exchanging of units.
Before making calibrations or taking any measurement, always allow a 15-minute warm-up period in
order to reach thermal equilibrium in the gauge amplifier.
10
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When the meter has reach the operating temperature, adjust the Zero indication and Gain by
means of the FINE ADJUSTMENTS potentiometers accessible on the front panel of the unit. The Zero
adjustment is performed with the cell unloaded while for Gain adjustment follow the procedure
explained below.
In the rare case that the Fine Zero or Gain adjustment controls of the front panel do not allow the
correct indications, it may be necessary to re-calibrate the internal Coarse adjustment trimmers
located on the amplifier board (refer to Fig.3).
11
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Remove the upper cover of the cabinet. Connect the load cell on the unit. Allow a period of
time for warm-up of the unit.
Place the Zero and Gain controls of the front panel to the mid-run position.
Locate the Coarse Zero and Gain trimmers on the circuit board as shown in Fig.3.
Adjust the Coarse Zero trimmer for an indication as close as possible to 0.00
Apply the calibration weight to the load cell and adjust the Coarse Gain control for an
indication as near as possible to the calibration value.
Proceed as follows:
Hang a 5,000gr weight on the torque arm at a distance of exactly 250 mm from the brake shaft
centre, i.e. exactly at the position where the brake unit support is normally located. In order to
keep the arm in the horizontal position, it may be necessary to insert a wedge between the
arm and the brake shaft holder.
Refer to Figs.4 and 5 for the set-ups.
Remove the 5 kg weight and avoid excessive stress of the load cell so that the calibration remains
stable.
12
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Perform the final FINE ADJUSTMENTS of the Zero and Gain of the unit by operating the front panel
controls.
The A4730 and A4731 units are now ready for operation.
The calibration procedure is the same when a braking DC generator is used instead of a magnetic
Brake (see Fig. 5)
250mm
5 Kg
13
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
The torque can be measured with an arm and weight system. The brake dynamo has two pivots on
its sides on which two arm tubes are inserted: one short and the other 1 meter long with graduations.
Follow this procedure and refer to the drawing below:
1. Insert the arm tubes on the machine pivots
2. With the dynamo stopped, locate a 5 Newton weight on Position 0 (Zero) of the long,
graduated arm
3. Put a second 5 Newton weight on the short arm in a position such as to balance the
machine
4. Operate the machine, load it and shift the 5 Newton weight along the graduated arm until
the machine is balanced and record the distance in meters from the Zero Position
5. Repeat the readings at the different load conditions
6. The Torque values in Newton’s /Meter are obtained by multiplying the load in Newtons (5) by
the distance in Meters. (see Fig. 6)
Driving Motor
Zero Position
Brake Dynamo Graduated Arm
Balancing 5N Measuring 5N
Weight Weight
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
The Digital Electrical Power Measuring Set contains three instruments that make it suitable for most
laboratory and education requirements. The instruments are:
Three Phase Power Analyzer for measuring several electrical parameters as explained below.
Front Panel
+ - + -
Current Voltage
In Out
R U X
S V Y
T W Z
N N
RS485
NOTE: The location of the instruments may be different from that illustrated above.
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Set-Up
The instrument parameters are set at the factory to default values. If so desired, they can be
changed by means of front panel pushbuttons as explained in the instrument manual provided with
it.
Voltage Inputs
Nominal input voltage is 440V (max. phase-to-phase is 600V); for higher voltages use
appropriate transformers and respect their input and output phase sequence.
Current Inputs
Maximum current input from current transformers is 5A.
Power Supply
Power requirement is max 5VA at 115/220V (+15 -20%), 50/60Hz
FRONT PANEL
1 SETUP 3
DIGITAL DISPLAY
2 ENTER 4
1-2 Keys for entering the configuration menu and changing the set-ups.
Factory settings do not normally require modifications.
3-4 Keys for scrolling up and down the displayed readings. 12 sets of readings are
available as illustrated below.
Display Readings:
The parameters are always computed, even when they are not displayed. They are
computed on 4 quadrants: this means that power may be negative.
Three connection methods are possible: single phase, 4 and 3 wires. In the latter case the
parameters are measured correctly only if there is no current on the neutral: that is if the load is
balanced.
16
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
EDB 3053
SINGLE PHASE CAGE ROTOR
Name :
Id NO. :
Group No :
Lab Session :
Date :
Lecturer :
Lab Demo. :
:
----------CUT HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME :
DATE OF SUBMITTED:
SHORT REPORT :
LAB STAMP :
17
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Successfully Performs
❑(0-1) ❑(2-5) ❑(6-9) ❑(10)
Cannot completes Successfully Successfully Successfully
Experiments
tasks and standard completes experiment completes experiment completes
Without Supervision
procedures procedure with procedures with experiment
moderate supervision minimal supervision procedures
independently
Page 18 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Conclusions
❑(0) ❑(1-2) ❑(3-4) ❑(5)
No conclusions Minimum conclusions Conclusions are Conclusions are
are deduced deduced but not deduced very
comprehensive and comprehensively and
accurate accurately
TOTAL
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
To determine by experiment, different methods of starting and running single phase induction
motors using a capacitor permanently wired in series with the auxiliary winding and an additional
capacitor paralleled with the permanent capacitor via the centrifugal switch.
1) 1 x Cage rotor-ADM109
2) 1 x Centrifugal switch-ADM113
3) 1 x Rotating mechanism - ADM113A
4) 1 x Mechanical brake drum – ADM115
5) 1 x Single phase stator (Capacitor stator) - ADM104
6) 1 x End shield with brake slot and tachometer receptacle - ADM101A
7) 1 x Endshield-ADM102
8) 1 x Set allen keys-ADM118
9) 1 x Set bolt/nut assembly - ADM 116
10) 1 x Tacho meter
11] 1 x Set connecting leads
1) Assemble the motor according to the assembly diagrams and the following instructions:
Install the rotor into the stator. Clip the centrifugal switch assembly into the end housing
and terminate the connections on the binding posts. Mount and secure the end housings
onto the stator.
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CONNECTION DIAGRAM
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3) Connect power and note the action of the rotor and the current drawn.
4) What is the current drawn at (a) start-up and (b) 5 seconds after start-
5) What is the direction of rotation?
6) Give reasons to support your observation of what the changes to the circuit have
achieved by comparing these observations to those obtained previously in fig 1.
_____________________________________________________________________
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CONCLUSION
Here the student should tabulate in point form what they have learnt from doing the experiment.
They should also state whether the experiment was of any value to them or not, and if so, why?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________________
Report Organization
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES
EDB 3053
TRANSFORMER EXPERIMENT
Name :
Id No. :
Group No :
Lab Session :
Date :
Lecturer :
Lab Demo. :
:
CUT HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME :
DATE OF SUBMITTED:
SHORT REPORT :
LAB STAMP :
Page 24 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Successfully Performs
❑(0-1) ❑(2-5) ❑(6-9) ❑(10)
Cannot completes Successfully Successfully Successfully
Experiments
tasks and standard completes experiment completes experiment completes
Without Supervision
procedures procedure with procedures with experiment
moderate supervision minimal supervision procedures
independently
Page 25 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Conclusions
❑(0) ❑(1-2) ❑(3-4) ❑(5)
No conclusions Minimum conclusions Conclusions are Conclusions are
are deduced deduced but not deduced very
comprehensive and comprehensively and
accurate accurately
TOTAL
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
2. TRANSFORMERS LABORATORY
2.1 MEASUREMENT OF THE TRANSFORMER WINDINGS RESISTANCE
2.1.1 OBJECTIVES
Measure the primary and secondary windings resistance of single phase transformers with the
Volt-Ampere method (Ohm's Law).
The transformers' windings resistance cause internal voltage drops that reduces their efficiency.
Therefore, it must be as low as possible. It is calculated by applying known DC voltage and
measuring the resulting current flow.
2.1.3 FORMULAE
2.1.4 COMPONENTS
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Primary Secondary
+ A
DC 0-24V
V
_
V A
A4110
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
- Measure the voltage and current for any step and enter them in the worksheet tables.
( Tables 1).
- Repeat the above steps for all primary and secondary windings and calculate their
resistance with the formulae given above.
- Now calculate the average value of the resistance for each primary and secondary winding.
Similar windings should have similar resistance.
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
2.1.7 WORKSHEETS
PRIMARY
Winding Voltage V V
Winding Current I A
Winding Resistance
R Ω
(Calculation)
SECONDARY
Winding Voltage V V
Winding Current I A
Winding Resistance
R Ω
(Calculation)
Winding Voltage V V
Winding Current I A
Winding Resistance
R Ω
(Calculation)
FORMULAE
Calculation: R=V/I for single phase transformer
Transformer Model:
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
2.2.1 OBJECTIVES
The transformation ratio is a characteristic value of every transformer and can be calculated
either as a ratio between primary and secondary windings turns or voltages. It is therefore >1 in a
step-down transformer and <1 in a step-up.
2.2.3 FORMULAE
2.2.4 COMPONENTS
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Primary Secondary
AC 0-230V V1 V2
V2
V1
A4110
- At each step measure the voltage readings of V1 and V2 and enter them in the worksheet
table. ( Table 2 ).
- At each step compute the transformation ratio with the formulae given above and enter
them in the worksheet tables. ( Table 2 ).
2.2.7 WORKSHEETS
Primary Voltage V1 V
Secondary Voltage V2 V
Transformation Ratio
K
(Calculation)
Table 2 . Measurement of the Transformation Ratio
FORMULAE
Calculation : K=V1/V2 for single and three phase transformers
Transformer Model:
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
2.3.1 OBJECTIVES
Calculate the resistance losses, determine the short circuit voltage and the short circuit power
factor, calculate the additional losses, the equivalent resistance and reactance.
With this test the transformer primary windings are fed with up to the nominal current and the
secondary windings are short-circuited. The power drawn is very low and therefore it is possible to
simulate the leakage fluxes in both primary and secondary windings because the latter depends
upon the load current in the two windings.
As the transformer is short-circuited, the input voltage must be very low, usually 5% of the nominal
rating and the mutual flux is of the same order of magnitude. Since the core losses are
approximately proportional to the square of the mutual flux, they are negligible.
This means that a wattmeter connected to measure the input power indicates only the copper
losses because there are no output power or core losses.
2.3.3 FORMULAE
Voltage V Volts
Current I Amperes
Input Power W Watts
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2.3.4 COMPONENTS
Primary Secondary
A W1
AC 0-24V V
Single Phase
Power supply Digital
Transformer
Multimeter
160v
220v
AC 110v
220v
DC
┼ ┼ ┴ V A
0v
0v
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
- At the end calculate the Equivalent Secondary Reactance, Impedance and Resistance with
the above formulae.
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2.3.7 WORKSHEETS
Winding Voltage V V
Current A A
Wattmeter W W
Power Factor
Cos
(Calculation)
Reactance
Ω
(Calculation)
Impedance
Ω
(Calculation)
Resistance
Ω
(Calculation)
FORMULAE
Calculation :
P = W
Cos = P/(V * I)
I = P/(V * Cos)
R= P/I2
Z= V/I
X= Z2 - R2
Transformer Model:
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Cos
P
V
I (Amp)
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
2.4.1 OBJECTIVES
Calculate the hysteresis losses, measure the no-load current and calculate the no load Power
Factor of single and three phase transformers.
The power absorbed by a transformer with its secondary windings open (no load) is caused by
hysteresis losses and eddy currents.
To reduce the hysteresis losses a ferromagnetic material is used that has a narrow hysteresis loop,
while to reduce the eddy currents the magnetic iron core is laminated and its sheets are
insulated by means of special resins.
2.4.3 FORMULAE
Voltage V Volts
Current I Amperes
Input Power P Watts
Power W Watts
Power Factor Cos
2.4.4 COMPONENTS
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Primary Secondary
A W1
AC 0-220V V
>24Vac >230Vac
0v
AC 110v
220v
DC
┼ ┼ ┴ V A
0v 0v
- At each step measure the voltage, current and power readings and enter them in the
worksheet tables.
- Calculate the no load input power, power factor and no load current with the above
formulae.
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2.4.7 WORKSHEETS
Winding Voltage V V
Current A A
Wattmeter W W
Power Factor
Cos
(Calculation)
FORMULAE
Transformer Model:
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V
Graph 2 . No Load Test
Transformer Model:
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V
Graph 3. No Load Test
Transformer Model:
Report Organization
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES
EDB 3053
ASYNCHROUNOUS MACHINES EXPERIMENT
Name :
Id No. :
Group No :
Lab Session :
Date :
Lecturer :
Tutor(s) :
Lab Demo. :
:
----------CUT HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME :
DATE OF SUBMITTED:
SHORT REPORT :
LAB STAMP :
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Successfully Performs
❑(0-1) ❑(2-5) ❑(6-9) ❑(10)
Cannot completes Successfully Successfully Successfully
Experiments
tasks and standard completes experiment completes experiment completes
Without Supervision
procedures procedure with procedures with experiment
moderate supervision minimal supervision procedures
independently
Page 45 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Conclusions
❑(0) ❑(1-2) ❑(3-4) ❑(5)
No conclusions Minimum conclusions Conclusions are Conclusions are
are deduced deduced but not deduced very
comprehensive and comprehensively and
accurate accurately
TOTAL
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
3.1.1 OBJECTIVES
The experiment is meant to compute the no-load current and the no-load power factor.
The power absorbed by an unloaded asynchronous motor is only caused by mechanical losses
(cooling and friction) and Joule losses in the stator and rotor.
The motor absorbs a low current and rotates close to the synchronism speed. Therefore the Joule
losses in the rotor are negligible and also its iron losses are low because of the low flux frequency.
3.1.3 FORMULAE
Power 1 W1 Watts
Power 2 W2 Watts
Power 3 W3 Watts
Armature Voltage V Volts
Armature Current I Amperes
No Load Power Factor Cos
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3.1.4 COMPONENTS
Three Phase M
PS1 Analyzer
3 Phases
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Connection Diagram
P A A A A mA
V V V
Key POI
VAK
P VAK
Overspeed
P P
R U X
S V Y
T W Z
N N
RS485
A4220
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Increase the supply voltage PS1 to 120% of the motor's nominal voltage (380Volt).
Gradually decrease the voltage from 120% to 20% in 20% steps (Table 1).
At each step record the values of voltage V, current I and input power W1, W2 and W3 into the
work-sheet table (Table 1).
For each step calculate power P and the no-load power factor with the above formulae and
enter the values in the work-sheet table.
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3.1.7 WORKSHEETS
Three Phase
Winding Voltage V V
Armature Current I A
Wattmeter 1 W1 W
Wattmeter 2 W2 W
Wattmeter 3 W3 W
No Load Power
P W
(Calculation)
No Load Power Factor
Cos
(Calculation)
FORMULAE
Calculation : P= W1 + W2+W3
Cos = P/( 3 * I * V)
Motor Model :
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
I
P
Cos
V
Graph 1. No Load Test
Motor Model:
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
3.2.1 OBJECTIVES
The rotor of the motor is locked and the stator is supplied with the nominal current that requires
up to 30% of nominal voltage.
The short circuit current graph is linear and can be used to determine the short circuit current at
nominal voltage. The short circuit current can also be calculated with the formulae given below.
3.2.3 FORMULAE
Power 1 W1 Watts
Power 2 W2 Watts
Power 3 W3 Watts
Armature Voltage V Volts
Armature Current I Amperes
Short Circuit Power Factor Cos
P = W1 + W2+W3 = 3 * V * I * Cos
Cos = P/ 3 *V*I
Page 53 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
3.2.4 COMPONENTS
Theoretical Diagram
Three Phase
Asynchronous
PS1 Analyzer
Motor
Page 54 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Connection Diagram
P A A A A mA
V V V
Key POI
VAK
P VAK
Overspeed
P P
R U X
S V Y
T W Z
N N
RS485
A4220
* The rotor must be locked with the Rotor Mechanical Lock device provided.
Page 55 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Adjust the stator input current PS1 to 0.6 Ampere so that nominal current flows in the stator
windings.
Gradually decrease PS1from 100% to 25% of nominal armature current in 15% steps(Table 2).
At each step record the values of voltage, current and input power W1, W2 and W3 into the
worksheet table.( Table 2)
For each step calculate power P and the short circuit power factor with the above formulae and
enter the values in the worksheets.( Table 2)
Page 56 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
3.2.7 WORKSHEETS
Armature Voltage V V
Armature Current I A
Wattmeter 1 W1 W
Wattmeter 2 W2 W
Wattmeter 3 W3 W
No Load Power
P
(Calculation)
No Load Power Factor
Cos
(Calculation)
FORMULAE
Calculation
P = W1 + W2+W3 = 3 * V * I * Cos
Cos = P/ 3 *V*I
Motor Model:
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
I sc
Psc
Cos
V
Graph 2 . Short Circuit Test
Motor Model:
Page 58 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
3.3.1 OBJECTIVES
The motor drives a loaded brake dynamo whose stator is mounted on bearings and capable of
rotating. Since the torque between its stator and rotor is proportional to the generated electrical
power, a dynamometer installed on its stator to counteract its rotation gives a reading of the
motor's torque.
3.3.3 FORMULAE
T =G*a
Po = 2 π n T/60
Pi = W1 + W2 + W3 = 3 * V * I * Cos
Cos = Pi / ( 3 * V * I) For three phase motor
= Po / Pi
Page 59 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
3.3.4 COMPONENTS
Theoretical Diagram
Three Phase Squirrel Cage and Slip Ring Motor (on slip ring motor short circuit ring brushes)
Three Phase
PS1 M
Analyzer
3 Phase
G A2
PS4
Page 60 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Connection Diagram
Fig. 3.1 - Set-up for full scale adjustment using a magnetic brake (Example)
Hang a 5 N weight on the torque arm at a distance of exactly 110 mm from the brake shaft
centre, i.e. exactly at the position where the brake unit support is normally located. In order to
keep the arm in the horizontal position, it may be necessary to insert a wedge between the arm
and the brake shaft holder.
Remove the 5 N weights and avoid excessive stress of the load cell so that the calibration
remains stable.
Set the excitation voltage PS4 to nominal output voltage 220V and drive motor voltage PS1
380V is reached.
Step up the three resistive (A4510) load rotary switches by one position at a time.
Enter the read values in the worksheet table.( Table 3)
3.3.7 WORKSHEETS
Three Phase
Armature Current A A
Arm Length a m
Torque T Nm
Speed n rpm
Power 2 W2 W
Power 3 W3 W
Efficiency (Calculation)
FORMULAE
Calculation : T =G*a
Po = 2 π n T/60
Pi = W1 + W2 + W3 = 3 * V * I * Cos
Cos = Pi / ( 3 * V * I) For three phase motor
= Po / Pi
Machine Model:
Page 63 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
I
n
T
Pi
Graph 3 . Determination of Working Characteristics
Machine Model:
Report Organization
Page 64 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
EDB 3053
SYNCHROUNOUS MACHINES EXPERIMENT
Name :
Id No. :
Group No :
Lab Session :
Date :
Lecturer :
Lab Demo. :
:
----------CUT HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME :
DATE OF SUBMITTED:
SHORT REPORT :
LAB STAMP :
Page 65 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Successfully Performs
❑(0-1) ❑(2-5) ❑(6-9) ❑(10)
Cannot completes Successfully Successfully Successfully
Experiments
tasks and standard completes experiment completes experiment completes
Without Supervision
procedures procedure with procedures with experiment
moderate supervision minimal supervision procedures
independently
Page 66 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Conclusions
❑(0) ❑(1-2) ❑(3-4) ❑(5)
No conclusions Minimum conclusions Conclusions are Conclusions are
are deduced deduced but not deduced very
comprehensive and comprehensively and
accurate accurately
TOTAL
Page 67 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
4.1.1 OBJECTIVES
This experiment shows the electromotive force Eo against the excitation current Ie.
The resulting graph shows that for the same value of excitation current there are two different
values of electromotive force, one for the ascending and one for the descending curves. Usually
the medium value of Eo is considered.
The area enclosed in the magnetization loop represents the power losses for magnetic hysteresis
(residual magnetism) in the armature iron.
4.1.3 FORMULAE
E0/E01 = n/n1
E0 =E01 * (n/n1) = E01 * (f/F1)
n1 = (60 * f)/p
Page 68 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
4.1.4 COMPONENTS
F
A
Motor
PS1 PS1
3 Phase
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Connection Diagram
Page 70 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
- Set the excitation voltage PS4 and drive motor voltage PS1 = 0
- Switch on the power supply and adjust PS1 to nominal motor voltage (380V).
When the motor is up to speed gradually increase the excitation current (PS4) from 0% to
100% in 10% steps.
- At each step enter in the worksheet table the values of the excitation current Ie, voltage E01
and frequency F1.(Table 1)
- If during the experiment the frequency F1 varies, adjust it to the theoretical value (f) with the
above formula. Do the same for voltage E01 to the theoretical value (E0)
- To stop the machines turn back the PS 4 to ‘0’ position first and PS 1 to ‘0’ position.
4.1.7 WORKSHEETS
Excitation current Ie A
Voltage Eo1 V
Frequency F1 Hz
Excitation Current Ie A
Voltage Eo1 V
Frequency F1 Hz
Eo1
Ie
Graph 1. No Load Test
Machine Model:
Page 72 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
4.2.1 OBJECTIVES
Plot the short circuit characteristics of a synchronous generator. The short circuit diagram shows
the output current versus the excitation current when the armature windings are short circuited.
This test is performed by driving the generator to a speed close to nominal and by measuring the
short circuit current while stepping up the excitation current. It is not necessary to measure the
output frequency as the short circuit current is largely independent from speed when the
generator is running close to nominal RPM.
4.2.3 MEASUREMENTS
Page 73 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
4.2.4 COMPONENTS
Theoretical Diagram
A1
A4
Motor
PS1
3 Phase
Page 74 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Connection Diagram
Page 75 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
The components must be connected as shown in the in the connection diagrams (Fig. 2) and
must be grounded. The synchronous machine is mechanically coupled to the driving
asynchronous motor.
- Set the excitation voltage PS4 and motor supply voltage PS1 = 0
- When the motor reaches nominal speed by adjusting (PS1 to 380V), step up the excitation
current (PS4) Ie until nominal current (0.2Amp) is reached.
- At each step enter in the worksheet table the values of the excitation and generator
currents.(Table 2)
- Calculate the short circuit current as the average of the generator currents.
NOTE: Since the short circuit test graph is linear, short circuit current (Isc) can be drawn by
measuring only two points.
Page 76 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
4.2.7 WORKSHEETS
Current 1 A1 A
Current 2 A2 A
Current 3 A3 A
Short Circuit Curr.
Isc A
(Calculation)
Current 1 A1 A
Current 2 A2 A
Current 3 A3 A
Short Circuit Curr.
Isc A
(Calculation)
Machine Model:
Page 77 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Isc
Ie
Machine Model:
Page 78 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
4.3.1 OBJECTIVES
Plot the external characteristics of a synchronous generator with constant excitation current and
constant power factor.
The load of an alternator affects its output voltage. How it is affected depends on the kind of
load.
With a resistive load the power factor is "1" and the output voltage may drop 8 to 20% from its no-
load value.
An inductive load such as induction motors causes a lagging power factor and an output
voltage drop as much as 25 to 50% below its no-load value.
A capacitive load causes a leading power factor and an increase in output voltage above the
no-load value.
In fact, when the load current is capacitive the reaction ampere-turns increase the
magnetization while when the load current is inductive they decrease it.
4.3.3 FORMULAE
P=V*I
Page 79 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
4.3.4 COMPONENTS
Theoretical Diagram
PS1 M G Three-
phase
analyzer
F
R C L
Load Load Load
A2
PS4
Page 80 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Connection Diagram
Page 81 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
The components must be connected as shown in the in the connection diagrams (Fig. 3) and
must be grounded. The synchronous machine is mechanically coupled to the driving motor.
1. Reset the three loads and power supplies PS1 and PS4 to the 0 position.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Adjust the motor's speed to about nominal speed by adjusting PS1 to 380V.
4. Adjust the excitation voltage until the no-load alternator (Synchronous Generator)
nominal output voltage Vo is reached (PS4 to 220V).
5. Step up the three resistive (A4510)load rotary switches by one position at a time
6. At each step enter in the worksheet table the output voltage V and current A1.( Table 3 )
7. When full load is reached, repeat step no 5 & 6 with the capacitive (A4520) and inductive
(A4530) loads.
8. Plot the graph.(Graph 3)
NOTE: The experiment must be performed with constant alternator excitation current.
Page 82 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
4.3.7 WORKSHEETS
Load R Step 1 2 3 4 5 6
Line Voltage V V
Excitation Current Ie A
Line Current I A
Load C Step 1 2 3 4 5 6
Line Voltage V V
Excitation Current Ie A
Line Current I A
Load L Step 1 2 3 4 5 6
Line Voltage V V
Excitation Current Ie A
Line Current I A
Machine Model:
Page 83 of 98
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ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
(R/C/L)
Graph 3 . Determination of the external characteristics
Machine Model:
Report Organization
Page 84 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
EDB 3053
DC MACHINES EXPERIMENT
Name :
Id No. :
Group No :
Lab Session :
Date :
Lecturer :
Lab Demo. :
:
----------CUT HERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAME :
DATE OF SUBMITTED:
SHORT REPORT :
LAB STAMP :
Page 85 of 98
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Successfully Performs
❑(0-1) ❑(2-5) ❑(6-9) ❑(10)
Cannot completes Successfully Successfully Successfully
Experiments
tasks and standard completes experiment completes experiment completes
Without Supervision
procedures procedure with procedures with experiment
moderate supervision minimal supervision procedures
independently
86
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Conclusions
❑(0) ❑(1-2) ❑(3-4) ❑(5)
No conclusions Minimum conclusions Conclusions are Conclusions are
are deduced deduced but not deduced very
comprehensive and comprehensively and
accurate accurately
TOTAL
87
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
5. DC MACHINES LABORATORY
5.1 MEASUREMENT OF THE WINDINGS RESISTANCE
5.1.1 OBJECTIVES
Calculate the winding resistance of shunt DC machines with the Volt-Ampere method
(Ohm's Law).
The windings resistance cause internal voltage drops that reduce the machine’s efficiency.
Therefore it must be as low as possible. It is calculated by applying known DC voltages and
measuring the resulting current flows.
5.1.3 FORMULAE
R=V/ I
5.1.4 COMPONENTS
PS3 DC
V Machine
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Connection Diagram
P A A A A mA
V V V
Key POI
VAK
P VAK
Overspeed
P P
A V
A4244
A1 A2
G
B1 B2
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
- Measure the voltage and current for any step and enter them in the worksheet tables.
( Table 1)
- Repeat the above steps for field winding and calculate their resistance with the
formula given above. ( Table 2 )
5.1.7 WORKSHEETS
Winding Voltage V V
Winding Current I A
Winding Resistance
R Ω
(Calculation)
Table 1 . Measurement of the windings resistance
Winding Voltage V V
Winding Current I A
Winding Resistance
R Ω
(Calculation)
Table 2 . Measurement of the windings resistance
90
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
5.2.1 OBJECTIVES
This experiment shows the electromotive force Eo against the excitation current Ie.
The resulting graph shows that for the same value of excitation current there are two
different values of electromotive force, one for the ascending and one for the descending
curves. Usually the medium value of Eo is considered.
The area enclosed in the magnetization loop represents the power losses for magnetic
hysteresis (residual magnetism) in the armature iron.
5.2.3 MEASUREMENTS
5.2.4 COMPONENTS
91
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
A +
M DC
PS1 3 Phase Machine PS4 V
Connection Diagram
A0240 Section PS1 Section PS2 - 3 Section PS4
P A A A A mA
V V V
Key POI
VAK
P VAK
Overspeed
P P
V A
A4222 A4244
A1 A2
G
B1 B2
92
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
The components must be connected as shown in the in the connection diagrams (Fig. 2)
and must be grounded. The DC machine is mechanically coupled to the driving motor (3
Phase squirrel cage motor or single phase split phase/capacitor motor).
- Set the excitation voltage PS4 and drive motor supply voltage PS1 = 0
- Switch on the power supply and adjust PS1 to nominal motor voltage 380V.
- When the motor is up to speed gradually increase the excitation current from 0% to
100% in 10% steps by adjusting PS4.
- At each step enter in the worksheet table the values of voltage and excitation current.
( Table 2 )
- Repeat the above steps while decreasing the excitation current from 100% to 10%
5.2.7 WORKSHEETS
Excitation current Ie A
Voltage V V
Speed n rpm
Excitation Current Ie A
Voltage V VA
Speed n rpm
Machine Model:
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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Ie
Graph 1 . Magnetic characteristics
Machine Model:
94
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
5.3.1 OBJECTIVES
The mechanical losses are caused by friction on bearings, brushes and ventilation.
They are not affected by the load and depend only on rotation speed. Copper losses may
be disregarded due to the low current absorbed in these conditions.
When in rotation, the rotor is subject to the alternating flux generated by the
excitation winding on the stator and this causes the iron losses due to hysteresis and Eddy
currents.
5.3.3 FORMULAE
P = Va * Ia = Pm + PFe
5.3.4 COMPONENTS
Shunt Excitation
PS4 PS3 V M
95
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Connection Diagram
P A A A A mA
V V V
Key POI
VAK
P VAK
Overspeed
P P
A V
A4244
A1 A2
M
B1 B2
96
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
The components must be connected as shown in the in the connection diagrams (Fig. 3)
and must be grounded.
- Switch on the power supply and adjust PS4 to nominal voltage (220V).
Start the motor by gradually increasing the armature voltage PS3 until reach speed
3000 rpm by using tachometer.
- When the motor is at speed 3000 rpm , measure the current at the Ammeter and
voltage at voltmeter and enter the values in the worksheet table. (Table 3)
- Decrease PS4 and make sure the motor is still at nominal speed of 3000 rpm. Avoid
making the excitation (PS4) current (voltage) too small or zero!!!.
- The experiment is completed when the armature voltage is so low that the motor
begins to slow down.
- To stop the motor, adjust PS3=0, then after the motor stop, adjust PS4=0.
5.3.7 WORKSHEETS
Armature Voltage Va V
Armature Current Ia A
No Load Losses P W
Machine Model:
97
ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB EDB 3053
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENG. PROG.
Va
Machine Model:
Report Organization
98