Assessment of The Toxicity of Waste Water From A Textile Industry To Cyprinus Carpio
Assessment of The Toxicity of Waste Water From A Textile Industry To Cyprinus Carpio
Assessment of The Toxicity of Waste Water From A Textile Industry To Cyprinus Carpio
Abstract
Static, short-term, acute toxicity tests were performed over a period of 96 hrs using different concentrations of
Publication Data influent and effluent of textile industry waste water with the objective of evaluating their acute toxicity on fresh
water fish, Cyprinus carpio (common carp). The LC50 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr of influent and effluent were 25.9,
Paper received:
21.10, 15.66, 11.11% (v/v) and 63.18, 54.89, 48.62, 36.04% (v/v), respectively. The acute toxic unit TUa
1 October 2010
values for 24, 48, 72, 96 hr for influent and effluent are 3.85, 4.73, 6.38, 8.99 and 1.58, 1.82, 2.05, 2.77,
respectively. Correspondingly, the TF was found to be 1, 1.22, 1.65 and 2.33 for influent, and for effluent 1,
Revised received:
1.15, 1.29 and 1.75. Total efficiency of the treatment was 69.16% and the safe concentration of effluent is set
10 December 2010
to be 3.60%. These data are highly useful in establishing limits of acceptability by the aquatic animals. The
need to introduce toxicity evaluation assay for confirming the quality of effluent from the point view of effective
Accepted:
environmental safe limits and to ensure integrity of aquatic environment, is stressed.
21 April 2011
Key words
Cyprinus carpio, Toxicity evaluation, Textile effluent, Toxicity factor, Acute toxic unit
Table - 1: Physico-chemical parameters of influent and effluent from Sri Srinivasa Textile Industry
Standard limits
Parameters Influent Effluent
EPA (1986)* FEPA (1991)**
Temperature (oC) 39 28 - -
Colour Dark blue Grey - -
Odour Pungent Unpleasant - -
pH 11.2 8.1 5.5-9 6-9
COD (mg l-1) 993 539 - -
BOD (mg l-1) 780 144 150 50
Suspended solids (mg l-1) 328 114 100 30
Dissolved solids (mg l-1) 5682 3938 - -
Conductivity (mmhoscm-1) 8.4 5.9 - -
Cr (mg l-1) 0.38 0.32 2 -
Cd (mg l-1) 0.01 BDL - <1.0
Zn (mg l-1) 0.05 0.05 - <1.0
Cu (mg l-1) 0.31 0.02 - <1.0
Pb (mg l-1) 0.09 0.09 - <1.0
Chloride (mg l-1) 2600 1200 - -
Total residual chlorine (mg l-1) Nil Nil - -
Sulphide (mg l-1) 8.0 Nil 2 -
Phosphate (mg l-1) 0.15 Nil - -
Oil and grease (mg l-1) Nil Nil 10 10
Bioassay Not confirmed Not confirmed 90% survival of fish -
*Environment Protection Act, 1986, India.
**Federal Environmental Protection Agency, 1991.
Values are the average of triplicate samples.
Table - 2: Mortality details of common carp C. carpio exposed to various concentrations of influent and effluent at different duration
Concentration 24 hr 48 hr 72 hr 96 hr
(%) R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
Influent
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
10 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 4
15 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5
20 3 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 6 6 7
25 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8
30 8 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10
Effluent
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 1
30 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 3 3 3
40 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 4 4 5 4
50 3 2 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 8 8 7
60 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 9 9 9
70 7 7 6 9 9 9 9 10 9 10 10 10
R = Replicate
hr occurred at higher concentrations viz., 30 and 70% of influent The responses recorded for the fish in this study are similar to
and effluent, respectively. This could be a consequence of those reported by Danielly de paiva magalhaes et al. (2007)
depletion of energy in the body of the exposed animals and an and Chukwuand and Okhumale (2009). Such an anomaly was
indication of impairment of carbohydrate metabolism wherein not observed in the control set maintained under identical
organisms that could not tolerate the contaminants enter into a experimental condition and the fish did not show symptoms of
state of coma and subsequent death (Ogundiran et al., 2010). restless behaviors.
Table - 3: Relative acute toxicity of influent and effluent of textile industry on Cyprinus carpio
Exposure LC50 Safe Total
duration (95% confidence Slope ± S.E DF Probit equation TUa TF concentration efficiency
(hr) limit v/v) (%)
Influent
24 25.907 (19.297 – 63.413) 3.597±0.640 4 -5.085+3.597x 3.859 1.00 2.59 -
48 21.104 (14.950 – 38.975) 3.392±0.538 4 -4.492+3.392x 4.738 1.22 2.11
72 15.663 ( 08.296 – 29.902) 2.432±0.415 4 -2.905+2.432x 6.384 1.65 1.56
96 11.117 ( 03.333 – 17.994) 2.383±0.403 4 -2.492+2.382x 8.995 2.33 1.11
Effluent
24 63.189 (58.052 – 71.649) 6.792±1.213 4 -12.231+6.792x 1.582 1.00 6.31 59.00
48 54.895 (42.794 – 89.919) 6.051±0.901 4 -10.526+6.051x 1.821 1.15 5.48 61.56
72 48.625 (39.168 – 63.512) 5.146±0.736 4 -08.681+5.146x 2.056 1.29 4.86 67.79
96 36.044 (27.830 – 43.832) 5.268±0.682 4 -08.201+5.268x 2.774 1.75 3.60 69.16
S.E = Standard error, D.F = Degree of freedom, TUa = Acute toxicity unit, TF = Toxicity factor
The results of mortality analysis of influent against Cyprinus lazera) exposed to dyestuff and chemical wastewater. Int. J. Zool.
Res., 4, 189-202 (2008).
carpio yielded the derived toxicity indices values (LC50) ranging
Adewoye, S.O., O.O. Fawole and O.D. Owolabi: Toxicity of cassava a
from 11.11% (v/v) at 96 hr to 25.90% (v/v) at 24 hr, while for the waste water effluents to African catfish: Clarias gariepinus. Ethiop.
final treated effluent, the values ranged between 36.04% (v/v) J. Sci., 28, 189-194 (2005).
and 63.18% (v/v) at 96 and 24 hr, respectively (Table 3). The Adewoye and A. Lateef: Evaluation of the microbiological characteristics of
Oyun river – A polluted river in North-central Nigeria. Pollut. Res.,
lethal concentrations (LC50) were inversely proportional to 23, 587-591 (2004).
duration of exposure. The TF for the treated effluent for 96 hr Anonymous: The Environment protection and pollution control manual.
(with LC50 value of 36.04%) was 1.33 times less than the influent Karnataka law journal publication, Bangalore, India, 30-50, (2000).
for 96 hr (with LC50 value of 11.11%). The mortality rate of C. APHA: Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.
20th Edn. APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington, USA (2005).
carpio remained directly proportional to duration of exposure, Bobmanuel, N.O.K., U.U. Gabriel and I.K.E. Edweozor: Direct toxic
concentration and toxicity factor as observed in Catfish hybrid by assessment of treated fertilizer effluent to Oriochromis niloticus,
Gabriel and Okey (2009) and TUa (Pool et al., 2009). The acute Clarias gariepinus and Catfish hybrid (Heterobranchus bidorsalis
toxicity units (Pool et al., 2009) obtained for influent were higher X Clarias garepinus ). African J. Biotech., 5, 635-642 (2006).
Bryan, G.W. and W.J. Langston: Bioavailability, accumulation and effects
than effluent, thus showing that influent is more toxic to Carp as of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom
compared to effluent. Influent had mildly acute toxic (2-10 acute estuaries: A review. Environ. Pollut., 76, 89-131 (1992).
toxic unit)) at all exposed duration. On the other hand effluent was Chukwu, L.O. and H.A Okpe: Differential response of Tilapia guineensis
negligibly acute toxic (1-2 acute toxic unit) at 24 and 48 hr and fingerlings to inorganic fertilizer under various salinity regimes. J.
Environ. Biol., 27, 687-690 (2006).
mildly acute toxic (2-10 acute toxic unit) at 72 and 96 hr. The TUa Chukwuand, L.O. and B.O. Okhumale: Mode of joint action response to
obtained for effluent at 96 hr (2.77) was 3.24 times less than the binary mixtures of three refined petroleum products by Nile tilapia,
influent for 96 hr (8.99) which indicates, the effluent was 2.77 Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Sci. Res. Essay, 4, 806-811 (2009).
times and influent was 8.99 times more toxic than an acceptable Danielly de paiva magalhaes, Rodolfo Armando da cunha, Jose Augusto
Albuquerque Dos Santos, Daniel For sin buss and Darcilio Fernandez
discharged effluent under US-EPA (2000) NPDES permitted Batista: Behavioral response of Zebra fish, Danio rerio, Hamilton
discharges. The total efficiency of the treatment was 69.16%, the 1822 to sub lethal stress by sodium hypo chloride ecotoxicological
safe dischargeable concentration of effluent was set to be 1.11% assay using an image analysis biomonitoring system. Ecotoxicol.,
16, 417-422 (2007).
(v/v) for influent and for effluent, 3.60% (v/v) which is highly
Das, M.K.: Fish health management in inland fisheries-A comprehensive
useful in establishing limits of acceptability by the aquatic animals. study. Environ. Ecol., 21, 72-78 (2003).
It is observed that the treated textile effluents impart toxicity in FEPA: Federal Environmental Protection Agency. S.1.8 Nat ional
common carp and therefore the present level of treatment of effluent environmental Protection [Effluent discharge Limitation]. (1991).
Gabriel, U.U. and I.B.Okey: Effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Lepidagathis
prior to discharge appears insufficient. alopecuroides on the behaviours and mortality of hybrid cat fish
(Heterobranchus bidorsalis X Clarias gariepinus ) fingerlings.
Acknowledgments Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Tech., 1, 116-120 (2009).
The first author thanks the Karnataka State Pollution Control ISO 7346/1: Water quality- Determination of acute lethal toxicity of substances
to a freshwater fish (Brachydanio rerio Hamilton-Buchanan (Teleostei,
Board for deputation to higher studies and laboratory facilities.
Cypinidae) – Part 1: Static method (1984).
Karthikeyan, S., M. Jambulingam, P. Sivakumar, A.P. Shekhar and J.
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