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 Global Technical Campus, Jaipur
GIT/GCT
B.Tech. VII Sem (IMid Term Test solution 2017)
Subject: Generation of Electrical Power(4EE4A)
Branch: Electrical

Ans 1-a

The main function of condenser is to convert gaseous form of exhaust steam into liquid form at a
pressure of below atmosphere or we can say that It is a heat sink in the thermal cycle in which
rejection of heat energy takes place on condensation of exhaust steam of turbine. Cooling
mediums are used such as water/air to convert steam into water. By converting steam into water
the back pressure of the turbine exhaust can be reduced and due to pressure difference between
inlet and outlet of turbine , there is more enthalpy drop and more work done in the turbine. Back
pressure of turbine is defined as pressure at the exhaust nozzle of the turbine.

The main function of condenser:-

i) saving on steam require per unit of electricity

ans 1-b

Thermal power plants use cooling towers to cool the circulating water used for condenser
cooling. Since water resources are limited, power plants have no other option but to adopt the
closed cooling system with cooling towers.

Cooling tower perform the release of heat from the hot water coming from the condenser. In a
power plant condenser acts as the sink and steam from the turbine is being dumped into the
condenser. Cooling water is sent into to the condenser to condense this steam. As a result, the
cooling water temperature rises. To reuse this water again for condenser cooling, the absorbed
heat has to be released and cooled. Cooling Tower does this function.

Ans 1-c
Cooling tower perform the release of heat from the hot water coming from the condenser. In a
power plant condenser acts as the sink and steam from the turbine is being dumped into the
condenser. Cooling water is sent into to the condenser to condense this steam. As a result, the
cooling water temperature rises. To reuse this water again for condenser cooling, the absorbed
heat has to be released and cooled. Cooling Tower does this function.

Ans 1-d

A common application of economizers in steam power plants is to capture the waste heat from
boiler stack gases (flue gas) and transfer it to the boiler feedwater. This raises the temperature of
the boiler feedwater, lowering the needed energyinput, in turn reducing the firing rates needed
for the rated boiler output

OR

Ans 1-a

The dam is constructed on a large river in hilly areas to ensure sufficient water storage at height.
The dam forms a large reservoir behind it. The height of water level (called as water head) in the
reservoir determines how much of potential energy is stored in it.

Control Gate: Water from the reservoir is allowed to flow through the penstock to the turbine.
The amount of water which is to be released in the penstock can be controlled by a control gate.
When the control gate is fully opened, maximum amount of water is released through the
penstock

Ans 1-b
A penstock is a huge steel pipe which carries water from the reservoir to the turbine. Potential
energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy as it flows down through the penstock due to
gravity.

Ans 1-c

Base load is the minimum level of electricity demand required over a period of 24 hours. It is
needed to provide power to components that keep running at all times (also referred
as continuous load).

Peak load is the time of high demand. These peaking demands are often for only shorter
durations. In mathematical terms, peak demand could be understood as the difference between
the base demand and the highest demand.

Now going back to the examples of household loads: microwave oven, toaster and television are
examples of peak demand, whereas refrigerator and HVAC systems are examples of base
demand.

Ans 2-a
Solar power is arguably the cleanest, most reliable form of renewable energy available, and it
can be used in several forms to help power your home or business. Solar-powered photovoltaic
(PV) panels convert the sun's rays into electricity by exciting electrons in silicon cells using the
photons of light from the sun. This electricity can then be used to supply renewable energy to
your home or business. To understand this process further, let’s look at the solar energy
components that make up a complete solar power system.

In most solar systems, solar panels are placed on the roof. An ideal site will have no shade on
the panels, especially during the prime sunlight hours of 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.; a south-
facing installation will usually provide the optimum potential for your system, but other
orientations may provide sufficient production. Trees or other factors that cause shading
during the day will cause significant decreases to power production. The importance of shading
and efficiency cannot be overstated. In a solar panel, if even just one of its 36 cells is
shaded, power production will be reduced by more than half. Experienced installation
contractors such as NW Wind & Solar use a device called a Solar Pathfinder to carefully identify
potential areas of shading prior to installation.

Not every roof has the correct orientation or angle of inclination to take advantage of the sun's
energy. Some systems are designed with pivoting panels that track the sun in its journey across
the sky. Non-tracking PV systems should be inclined at an angle equal to the site’s latitude to
absorb the maximum amount of energy year-round. Alternate orientations and/or
inclinations may be used to optimize energy production for particular times of day or for
specific seasons of the year.
Ans 2-b

Ans 3-a

The boiling water reactor (BWR) is a type of light waternuclear reactor used for the
generation of electrical power. It is the second most common type of electricity-generating
nuclear reactor after the pressurized water reactor (PWR), also a type of
light water nuclear reactor.

BWRs actually boil the water. In both types, water is converted to steam, and then recycled back
into water by a part called the condenser, to be used again in the heat process.
Since radioactive materials can be dangerous, nuclear power plants have many safety systems to
protect workers, the public, and the environment. These safety systems include shutting the
reactor down quickly and stopping the fission process, systems to cool the reactor down and
carry heat away from it, and barriers to contain the radioactivity and prevent it from escaping
into the environment. Radioactive materials, if not used properly, can damage human cells or
even cause cancer over long periods of time.

Ans 3-b

Fertile material Fertile material is a material that, although not itself fissionable by thermal
neutrons, can be converted into a fissile material by neutron absorption and subsequent nuclei
conversions In nuclear engineering, fertile material (nuclide) is material that can be converted to
fissile material by neutron transmutation and subsequent nuclear decay. The process of the
transmutation of fertile materials to fissile materials is referred to as fuel breeding. There are two
basic fertile materials: 238U and 232Th.

Fertile material consists of isotopes that are not fissionable by thermal neutrons, but can be
converted into fissile isotopes (after neutron absorption and subsequent nuclear decay). Typical
fertile materials: 238U, 232Th.Fissile material consist of fissionable isotopes that are capable of
undergoing nuclear fission only after capturing a thermal neutron. 238U is not fissile isotope,
because 238U cannot be fission by thermal neutron. 238U does not meet also alternative
requirement to fissile materials. 238U is not capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain
reaction, because neutrons produced by fission of 238U have lower energies than original
neutron (usually below the threshold energy of 1 MeV). Typical fissile materials: 235U, 233U,
239Pu, 241Pu.