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Study of Machining Parameters in EDM
Komal K. Patil1, Vijay D. Jadhav2
1
P.G. Student, Department of Mechanical-Production Engineering,
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
K.B.P. College of Engineering, Satara, Maharashtra, India.
Abstract— Since the thermal energy produced in electrical discharge machining process is due to the applied electrical
energy, it is very important to enhance the electrical process parameters to improve the process efficiency. The present study
discusses about having an overview of the EDM process and influence of process parameters such as input electrical
variables and discharge energy on performance measures such as material removal rate, radial overcut and electrode wear
rate. This study also discusses about controlling the electrical process parameters, and empirical relationships between
process parameters and optimization of process parameters in EDM process. From the review results, it has been observed
that the efficacy of the machining process can be improved by electrical process parameters, and only less attention has been
given for enhancing such parameters.
Keywords— Electro Discharge Machining, MRR, EWR, Radial Overcut, Flushing.

I. INTRODUCTION
Electro Discharge Machining is a non-conventional or non-traditional machining process which is used for machining hard
materials which are difficult to machine by conventional machining process. EDM can be used in machining difficult cavities
and contours. There are various types of products which can be produced using EDM with high precision and good surface
quality, such as dies and moulds, parts for aerospace and automotive industry and surgical components. EDM has been
replacing drilling, milling, grinding and other traditional machining operations and is now a well established machining option
in many manufacturing industries throughout the world. And is capable of machining geometrically complex or hard material
components, that are precise and difficult-tomachine such as heat treated tool steels, composites, super alloys, ceramics,
carbides, heat resistant steels etc. being widely used in die and mold making industries, aerospace, aeronautics and nuclear
industries. Electric Discharge Machining has also made its presence felt in the new fields such as sports, medical and surgical,
instruments, optical, including automotive R&D areas.

II. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF EDM

Electrical discharge machining (EDM), is one of the non-conventional machining processes, where tool and workpiece do not
come into contact with each other during the machining process. If an appropriate voltage is developed across the tool electrode
(normally cathode) and the workpiece (normally anode), the breakdown of dielectric medium between them happens due to the
growth of a strong electrostatic field. Owing to the electric field, electrons are emitted from the cathode toward the anode on the
electrode surfaces having the shortest distance between them. These electrons impinge on the dielectric molecules of the
insulating medium, breaking these dielectric fluid molecules into positive ions and electrons. These secondary electrons travel
along on the same ionization path. This event causes an increase in the electric field strength across the work surfaces and
liberates a large number of electrons. It creates an ionized column in the shortest spark gap between the tool electrode and the
workpiece, thereby decreasing the resistance of the fluid column and causing an electrical discharge in the shortest distance
point between the tool and the workpiece. The normous thermal energy melts and vaporizes the material from the workpiece,
which creates a small crater over the work surface. There happened a collapse of the ionized column with the termination of the
electrical energy by means of the switching circuit and then surrounding dielectric fluid occupies its place. The melted debris is
removed by the flushing process. The conduction of dielectric medium can be determined by the current, duration and pulse
energy.[1].

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Fig. 1 Electro Discharge Machining

III. LITERATURE SURVEY

T. Muthuramalingam , B. Mohan.[1] discussed about having an overview of the EDM process, modeling of process
parameters, and influence of process parameters such as input electrical variables, pulse shape, and discharge energy on
performance measures such as material removal rate, surface roughness and electrode wear rate. From the review results, it
has been observed that the efficacy of the machining process can be improved by electrical process parameters, and only
less attention has been given for enhancing such parameters.
Rajesh Choudhary, Parlad Kumar and Jagdeep Singh [2] performed the experiments by using copper silicon carbide
(CuSiCp) composite tool electrode on an EDM with selected input parameters on AISID3 die Steel workpiece. Micro
structure analysis reveals the presence of micro-holes and cavities on machined surface .Depth of re-solidified layer
increases with increase of gap current..
Singh Jaspreet, Singh Mukhtiar, Singh Harpreet [3] investigated comparision of machining characteristics of D3 Steel,EN8
Steel and EN31 Steel materials, before and after deep cryogenic treatment using taguchi L18 array in EDM. Results of study
suggested that best improvement in tool wear and surface roughness was reported by D3 Steel followed by EN8 and then by EN
31.
B.Venkatesh, Naveen.P , Maurya.B , Shanthi Priya.D [4] discussed the effect of increase in pulsed current on MRR,TWR,SR in
alloy steels viz.,EN31,EN8,HCHCr.
The electrode materials viz. copper ,brass,chromium copper .Results of study suggested that SR increases with increases in
pulse current .Chromium Copper electrode has been preferred for highest MRR ,Dimensional accuracy and surface finish.
Vikas, Shashikant, A.K.Roy and Kaushik Kumar [5] investigated comparision of
MRR for EN19 and EN41 in die sinking EDM machine using discharge current and voltage as input processing parameters.
Taguchi method with S/N ratio and ANOVA suggested that discharge current in case of the EN41 material and EN19 material
had a larger impact as compare to other processing parameters on the MRR.
Sunil. B. Mishra , Prof. J. K. Sawale [6] conducted experiments on AISID3 Steel using EDM by taguchi method for design of
experiment and Optimum values of process parameters are obtained using grey relational analysis method. Experiment showed
that process control parameters like discharge current ,pulse on time, pulse off time and spark gap affects MRR and SR in such
a way that MRR increases with the increase in discharge current and Spark on time.
Harpreet Singh, Amandeep Singh [7]compared MRR using AISID3 Steel as workpiece and tool materials as copper and brass
with pulse on /pulse off as parameters.experiment showed that MRR is increased with increase in pulse off time and MRR
decreased with increase in pulse on time in case of brass electrode and decrease in copper electrode.
Anand Prakash Dwivedi,IAENG,Sounak Kumar Choudhury [8] conducted comparative study on of Rotational and Stationary
Tool EDM, which deals with providing rotational motion to the copper tool for the machining of AISI D3 Tool Steel and the
results have been compared with stationary tool EDM. It has been found that the tool rotation substantially increases the MRR
up to 28%. The average surface finish increases around 9-10% by using the rotational tool EDM.
Harpreet Singh, Amandeep Singh [9] studied wear behavior of AISID3 Steel in EDM and compare tool wear rate of cryogenic
treated copper and brass electrode eith simple copper and brass electrode using current setting as 4A and 8A.Results obtained
as tool wear of cryogenic treated copper electrode is 50% less than copper electrode at 4 ampere current and 30% less at 8
ampere. And that of brass electrode is 8% less than brass electrode at 4 ampere and 5% less at 8 ampere.

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Pravin R. Kubade, V. S. Jadhav [10] conducted and analysed experiments using taguchi method with L9 orthogonal array.It is
found that MRR is mainly influenced by peak current .TWR is influenced by peak current and pulse on time ,duty cycle and
gap voltage has very less effect on TWR.Peak current has most influence on radial overcut then followed by duty cycle and
pulse on time with almost very less influence by gap voltage.
Ajeet Bergaley, Narendra Sharma [11] performed parameter optimization for MRR and TWR considering electrical and non
electrical factors such as pulse on time, pulse off time, dielectric fluid material, flushing pressure ,tool rotation. Design of
experiment is done by using taguchi method which showed that peak current had significant effect on MRR.
P. Balasubramanian, T. Senthilvelan [12] carried out work using EN8 and D3 steel materials using EDM process. process
parameters that have been selected are peak current, pulse on time, die electric pressure and tool diameter. The outputs
responses are MRR, TWR and SR. The Cast Copper and Sintered Powder Metallurgy Copper (P/M Copper) have been
considered as tool electrodes.. Response surface methodology(RSM) has been used to analyze the parameters and analysis of
variance (ANOVA) has been applied to identify the significant process parameter.
G. Bharath Reddy, V.S.P. Vamsi [13] studied the effect of micro-sized metal powders ,when they are mixed with dielectric
fluid during EDM of different steels.MRR and SR are taken as output parameters. taguchi method is used for D.O.E .The
achieved results of work indicted that fine metal powders in dielectric increases MRR and reduces SR.
K.D.Chattopadhyay, S.Verma, P.S.Satsangi ,P.C.Sharma [14]analysed results by using taguchi method to identified significant
parameters and their degree of contribution in process output using EN8 material. Experimental results further revealed that
maximizing the MRR while minimizing EWR and improving thesurface roughness, cannot be achieved simultaneously at a
particular combination of control parameters setting.
V. Muthukuma, N. Rajesh, R. Venkatasamy, A. Sureshbabu, N. Senthilkumar[15] studied Response surface methodology is for
prediction of radial overcut in EDM process for Incoloy 800 superalloy with copper electrode. The current, pulse-ontime, pulse-
off time andvoltage are considered as input process parameters to study the ROC. The experiments were planned as per central
composite design (CCD) method. After conducting 30 experiments, a mathematical model was developed to correlate the
influences of these machining parameters and ROC. The significant coefficients were obtained by performing ANOVA at 5%
level of significance. From the obtained results ,It was found that current and voltage have significant effect on the radial
overcut.
Kumar Sandeep[16] This paper reviews the vast array of research work carried out within past decades for the development of
EDM. This study is mainly focused on aspects related to surface quality and metal removal rate which are the most important
parameters from the point of view of selecting the optimum condition of processes as well as economical aspects. It reports the
research trends in EDM.
Jeevamalar , S Ramabalan[17] studied that Most of the research work that has been carried out for improving the performances
Most of the research work that has been carried out for improving the performances. Many research works have been taken by
the optimization techniques like, Response Surface Methodology, ANNOVA, Taguchi, Scanning Electron Microscope.
Bud Guitrau[18] reviewed the fundamentals of EDM and how EDM works mainly because simply need to know this. More
importantly, is never have to be satisfied with a canned setting. The elements of on-time, off-time, spark gap, polarity, servo
voltage, etc. are all distinctly different, but all must be used together in concert to obtain the desired results. also just covered
how easy the control makes this for us, but still must know how EDM works so you can push, troubleshoot or modify any
canned setting that comes up.

III. PROCESS PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES

A. Process Parameter
1) Electrical Parameters: Electrical parameters such as the Ton, Toff, Voltage and Peak Current are playing an important role
in output performance measures. Here we discuss about the effects of electrical parameters on the various performance
measures.
a) Peak Current: This is the amount of power used in discharge machining, measured in units of amperage, and is the most
important machining parameter in EDM. During each on-time pulse, the current increases until it reaches a preset level, which
is expressed as the peak current. In both die-sinking and wire-EDM applications, the maximum amount of amperage is
governed by the surface area of the cut. Higher amperage is used in roughing operations and in cavities or details with large
surface areas. Higher currents will improve MRR, but at the cost of surface finish and tool wear. This is all more important in
EDM because the machined cavity is a replica of tool electrode and excessive wear will hamper the accuracy of machining.
New improved electrode materials, especially graphite, can work on high currents without much damage.
b) Pulse duration and pulse interval: Each cycle has an on-time and off-time that is expressed in units of microseconds. Since

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all the work is done during on-time, the duration of these pulses and the number of cycles per second (frequency) are important.
Metal removal is directly proportional to the amount of energy applied during the on-time. This energy is controlled by the peak
amperage and the length of the on-time. Pulse on-time is commonly referred to as pulse duration and pulse off-time is called
pulse interval. With longer pulse duration, more workpiece material will be melted away. The resulting crater will be broader
and deeper than a crater produced by a shorter pulse duration. These large craters will create a rougher surface finish. Extended
pulse duration also allow more heat to sink into the workpiece and spread, which means the recast layer will be larger and the
heat affected zone will be deeper.
c) Gap Voltage: The tool servo-mechanism is of considerable importance in the Efficient working of EDM, and its function is to
control responsively the working gap to the set value. Mostly electro-mechanical (DC or stepper motors) and electro-hydraulic
systems are used, and are normally designed to respond to average gap voltage. The most important requirements for good
performance are gap stability and the reaction speed of the system; the presence of backlash is particularly undesirable. The
reaction speed must be high in order to respond to short circuits or open gap conditions. Gap width is not measurable directly,
but can be inferred from the average gap voltage.
d) Duty Factor: Duty factor is a percentage of the pulse duration relative to the total cycle time. Generally, a higher duty factor
means increased cutting efficiency. It is calculated in percentage by dividing pulse duration by the total cycle time (on-time +
off-time).
e) Intensity: It points out the different levels of power that can be supplied by the generator of the EDM machine.
f) Pulse Frequency: Pulse Frequency is defined as number of cycles produced at the gap in one second.
Pulse Frequency (KHz) = 1000/Total Cycle Time ( s)
= 1000/Pulse on + Pulse off ( s)

2) Non Electrical Parameters: Non-electrical parameters such as the Rotations of electrode, flushing of dielectric fluid and tool
shape are also influencing the output performance measures. Here we discuss about the effects of non-electrical parameters on
the various performance measures.
a) Work piece Material: Workpiece material is one of the non-electrical parameters which influence the performance
characteristics of EDM. There are many materials such as die materials, alloys, super alloys and titanium alloys which are very
hard to cut.
b) Electrode Material: Generally tool materials are classified into metallic, non-metallic and combination of metallic and non-
metallic materials. Usually Copper, Brass, graphite, Copper-Tungsten, Silver Tungsten, Copper Graphite and Tungsten Carbide
are used as a tool material in EDM which have better conductivity, good resistance and wearing capacity.
c) Electrode Shape: The performance characteristics mainly depend upon the tool shape. Many shapes in electrode such as
Rectangular, Square, Cylindrical, Hexagonal and Circular are used.
d) Rotation of Tool Electrode: The rotational movement of electrode is used to increase the Metal Removal Rate in EDM due to
the centrifugal force on workpiece.
e) Type of Dielectric: Dielectric medium acts as an insulator medium which doesn’t conduct electricity and used to flush the
eroded particles. And it cools region, tool and work material. Paraffin, White Spirit, Kerosene, deionised water, hydrocarbon
Fluids and transformer oil are the different EDM dielectric fluids.
f) Flushing System and Pressure: The dielectric fluid must be circulated freely between Tool and Work Material. Eroded
particles should be flushed out at the earliest. There are many methods of flushing. They are, Pressure Flushing, Suction
Flushing and Side Flushing

3) Performance Measures: A significant number of papers have been focused on ways of yielding optimal EDM performance
measures of high Material Removal Rate, low Tool Wear Rate (TWR), satisfactory SQ, and satisfactory RO. This section
provides a study into each of the performance measures and the methods for their improvement
a) Material Removal Rate: MRR is influenced by the physical properties of the workpiece material. The melting point and the
thermal conductivity of the workpiece are important. Copper, as an example, has a low melting point, but the metal removal is
still generally low. This is due to copper being a good thermal conductor. This means heat is dissipated too quickly and
therefore interferes with efficient metal removal. Tool steel, on the other hand, has a higher melting point, but is not as good a
thermal conductor and therefore has better metal removal rates than copper. It is important to consider both properties of the
workmetal when evaluating EDM performance.
b) Tool Wear Rate: There are four different types of wear: volumetric, corner, end, and side . Corner wear is usually the most
important since it will determine the degree of accuracy of the final cut. If an electrode can successfully resist erosion at its most

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vulnerable points, then overall wear will be minimized and maximum electrode life achieved. The ability of an electrode
material to produce and maintain detail is directly related to its resistance to wear and its machinability.Corner wear is also
important if the electrode is to be dressed. The electrode will have to be dressed back beyond this worn area.
c) Radial Overcut: In case of die sinking EDM (or sinker EDM), a relatively soft graphite or metallic electrode can be used to
cut hardened steel, or even carbide. The EDM process produces a cavity slightly larger than the electrode. This excess
dimension on the workpiece cut out by the tool during machining is called Tool Overcut (TOC). It is calculated as half the
difference of the diameter of the hole produced on the workpiece to the tool diameter It is always desirable to achieve minimum
TOC for better performance of the EDM process. [10]
d) Wear Ratio (WR): WR is the ratio of Tool Wear Rate and Material Removal Rate. Choosing same material of tool and
workpiece improve the Material Removal Rate.
e) Average Surface Roughness (Ra): Surface roughness is an important output performance in EDM which is influences the
product quality and cost. Surface roughness is measured by surface roughness tester.
f) Surface Quality (SQ): Surface Quality is determined by two thermally affected layers. The White Layer or Recast Layer
(WL/RCL) is the layer which is formed by the unexpelled molten metal being rapidly cooled by the dielectric fluid during the
flushing process. The Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) is the layer which lies below the recast layer. This is
formed due to altering the metallurgical properties of the metal. Below the heat affected zone is the parent material and this area
is unaffected by the EDM process.

IV. THE ROLE OF THE DIELECTRIC

Regardless of electrode and work piece polarity, the electrode is advanced into the workpiece through an insulating liquid
medium, or dielectric. These are typically a hydrocarbon or silicon-based dielectric oil for sinker machines and deionized water
for wire EDM machines, although presently there are several makes of WEDM that use oil as a dielectric. The dielectric fluid is
integral to the EDM process as it provides insulation against premature discharging, cools the machined area, and is used to
flush away heat, damaged dielectric and the EDM chips and debris. The slides demonstrated as the electrode or wire nears the
work piece, an intense electromagnetic flux or “energy column” is formed around this gap. This field attracts the resistive ions
in the oil and aligns them in the direction of electrode polarity like millions of tiny compass points or bar magnets. This field
continues to increase in intensity until all the ions are polarized and aligned between the electrode and the work piece in a
manner similar to the grain of organic wood. [18]

V. EFFECT OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS ON MRR, SR,TWR,RO

A. Effect of Peak Current
At low pulse duration, the MRR is low and nearly constant as low discharge energy is produced b/w the working gap due to
insufficient heating of work-piece and low pulse duration. At high pulse duration, MRR increases with increase in peak current
because of the sufficient availability of discharge energy and heating of the work-piece material[16] The surface roughness is
function of two parameters, peak current and pulse-on time, both of which are function of power supply. A rough surface is
produced at high peak current and/or pulse-on time. The reverse is also true. A finer surface texture is produced at low value of
peak current and/or pulse duration and
vice versa. EWR increases with increase in peak current during PP. If pulse current is increased, the amount of debris in the gap
becomes too high. The particle could then form an electrically conducting path between the electrode and work material,
causing unwanted discharges, which become arcs and reduce the sparking efficiency. Since EWR is the ratio of electrode
erosion and work material removal it increases with peak current. However, EWR decreases with increase in the peak
current during NP. Radial overcut is the inherent parameter to the EDM process which is unavoidable though suitable
compensations are provided at the tool design. In order to achieve the greater accuracy in EDM process overcut should be
minimum Minimum ROC occurs for a middle level of current .[10]

B. Effect on Time Of Pulse

The MRR increases with increase in pulse duration at all value of peak current. TheMRR is a function of pulse duration but at
low value of peak current, the MRR is low due to the insufficient heating of the material and also after pulse duration, the MRR
increases less because of insufficient clearing of debris from the gap due to insufficient pulse interval[16] Surface roughness
increases with increase in pulse duration at different value of peak current but it is observed that surface roughness at low value
of pulse duration and high value of peak current is less than the at high value of pulse duration and low value of peak current.
This is due to because at low pulse duration materials remove mainly by gasifying and forms craters with ejecting morphology

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The EWR decreases with the decrease in pulse on-time during PP. The phenomenon may be attributable to long pulse on-time,
which provides better heat removal around the surface of the copper electrode, which is normally a good thermal conductor. The
decrease in temperature on the surface of the electrode causes less wear on the electrode. Radial overcut is the inherent
parameter to the EDM process which is unavoidable though suitable compensations are provided at the tool design. In order to
achieve the greater accuracy in EDM process overcut should be minimum. Therefore, parameters affecting the overcut are
essential to recognize. Minimum ROC occurs at minimum level of pulse-on time

C. Effect Of Pulse-Off Time

The MRR decreases when pulse-off time is increased as with long pulse-off time the dielectric fluid produces the cooling effect
on wire electrode and work material and hence decreases the cutting speed[16]. The surface roughness changed little even
though the pulse-off time changed corresponding to a small value of pulse-on timeThe surface roughness is high at low value of
pulse-off time, this is due to because with a too short pulse-off time there is not enough time to clear the melted small particles
from the gap b/w the tool electrode and work-piece and also not enough time for deionization of the dielectric: arcing occur and
the surfacebecomes rougher. electrode wear is also influenced by off-time. Perhaps this erroneous perception is due to the
reasoning: if 10% wear is incurred in 1 hour, if I doubled the off-time, the job would take about twice as long and the total wear
should then be 20%. Minimum ROC occurs at minimum level of pulse-off time.

D. Effect Of Servo Voltage

The MRR increases with increase in servo voltage and then it starts to decrease. This is due to increase in servo voltage
resulting higher discharge energy per spark because of large ionization of dielectric between working gap. Consequently, the
MRR increases. However, a too high voltage result in high discharge energy per spark which causes unfavorable break down of
dielectric and large amount of debris between the working gap which unable the material removal rate increases. The surface
roughness at low value of pulse duration with increase in servo voltage first increases up to 30V and then decrease with
increase in servo voltage. At high value of pulse duration the surface roughness continuously decrease with increase in servo
voltage. This is due to because at low pulse duration the discharge energy is low so melted particles cannot flow out of the
machining zone. TWR has less effect of voltage,so that it should be negligible. Minimum ROC occurs for a minimum level of
voltage.

VI. CONCLUSION
The present review paper gives a study on various machining parameters on EDM. From literature review, it is observed that,
there is lot of work done on various work pieces which are difficult to be machined by conventional machining. The electrodes
used are copper, aluminium etc. And for optimization purpose.
Following results are observed during study,
The material removal rate (MRR) is mainly affected by peak current (Ip). Pulse on time (Ton) and gap voltage (Vg) have
considerable effect on MRR. The effect of duty cycle (t) on MRR is negligible.
Electrode wear rate is mainly influenced by peak current (Ip) and pulse on time (Ton).Duty cycle (t) and gap voltage has very
less effect on electrode wear rate
Peak current (Ip) has maximum effect on radial overcut (ROC). Duty cycle (t) and pulse on time (Ton) also have considerable
effect on radial overcut. Gap voltage (Vg) has negligible effect on ROC
SR increases when the discharge current and pulse off time increases, whereas the pulse on time at higher values reduces the
SR.

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[1] T. Muthuramalingam , B. Mohan, A review on influence of .electrical process parameters in EDM process,archives of civil and mechanical
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[2] Rajesh Choudhary, Parlad Kumar and Jagdeep Singh, Analysis of Electro Discharged Machined Surfaces of AISI D3 Steel by Composite Tool Electrode,
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[7] Harpreet Singh, Amandeep Singh, Effect of Pulse On/Pulse Off Time On Machining Of AISI D3 Die Steel Using Copper And Brass Electrode In EDM ,
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