Feasibility Report - UD - B-Aug 02
Feasibility Report - UD - B-Aug 02
Feasibility Report - UD - B-Aug 02
GORKHA
FEASIBILITY STUDY
Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................... VI
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................... VIII
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT ......................................... X
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................1–1
1.1 GENERAL.............................................................................................. 1–1
1.2 LOCATION ............................................................................................ 1–2
1.3 ACCESSIBILITY ....................................................................................... 1–2
1.4 DRAINAGE BASIN AND CLIMATE .................................................................. 1–3
1.5 OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................... 1–3
1.6 SCOPE OF WORKS................................................................................... 1–3
1.7 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................... 1–4
1.8 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................. 1–4
2 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY AND MAPPING ....................2–1
2.1 GENERAL.............................................................................................. 2–1
2.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORKS ............................................................. 2–1
2.3 AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND DATA ............................................................ 2–1
2.4 SURVEY METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 2–1
2.5 CONTROL TRAVERSING ............................................................................. 2–2
2.6 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CONTROL .......................................................... 2–2
2.7 ACCURACY ............................................................................................ 2–3
2.8 DATA PROCESSING.................................................................................. 2–3
2.9 DETAIL TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY ................................................................ 2–3
2.10 MAPPING ........................................................................................... 2–4
2.11 RIVER CROSS-SECTIONS AND PROFILE ....................................................... 2–4
3 HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT STUDY ............................3–1
3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 3–1
3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DARAUNDI BASIN ................................... 3–1
3.2.1 The Catchment 3–1
3.2.2 The Climate 3–2
3.2.3 Precipitation Study 3–4
3.3 FIELD HYDROLOGY.................................................................................. 3–5
3.3.1 Stream flow data 3–5
3.3.2 Monthly flow 3–7
3.3.3 Adopted Mean Monthly Flow 3–10
3.4 FLOW DURATION CURVE......................................................................... 3–12
3.5 LOW FLOW ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 3–14
3.6 RIPARIAN RELEASE ............................................................................... 3–14
3.7 FLOOD FLOWS ..................................................................................... 3–14
3.7.1 General 3–14
3.7.2 Flood Frequency Analysis 3–15
3.7.3 Regional Flood Frequency Analysis (Hydro Regional) 3–16
3.7.4 Flood Frequency analysis using WECS-DHM Method. 3–17
List of Tables
Table 2-1: Co-ordinate and Elevation of Basic Control Points ........................................... 2–2
Table 3-1: Information of Precipitation Stations around Project Basin .............................. 3–2
Table 3-2: Climate Data at Station 809 Gorkha ............................................................... 3–3
Table 3-3: Mean Monthly Precipitation (at Index No 809, Gorkha) ................................... 3–4
Table 3-4: Discharge Measurements at gauge location.................................................... 3–5
Table 3-5: Mean Monthly Discharge of Chepe River at Garambeshi .................................. 3–6
Table 3-6: Mean Monthly Discharge at Intake Site .......................................................... 3–8
Table 3-7: Mean Monthly Discharge (m3/s) by MIP Method ............................................. 3–9
Table 3-8: Long-Term Mean Monthly Flow by MHSP Method ......................................... 3–10
Table 3-9: Long-Term Mean Monthly Flow by WECS/DHM Method ................................. 3–10
Table 3-10: Mean monthly discharges from various methods ........................................ 3–11
Table 3-11: Adopted Mean Monthly Flow (m3/s) at Intake Site ...................................... 3–11
Table 3-12: Numerical value of flow duration curve by different methods....................... 3–12
Table 3-13: Time Exceedance of Flows at Intake site .................................................... 3–13
Table 3-14: Low Flow Frequency Analysis (Log Normal Distribution) .............................. 3–14
Table 3-15: Flood frequency analysis using regression method at intake ........................ 3–16
Table 3-16: Results of Regional Analysis for intake ....................................................... 3–17
Table 3-17: Flood from HYDEST (WECS-DHM) Method for intake .................................. 3–17
Table 3-18: Summary of flood (m3/s) analysis by different methods for intake ............... 3–17
Table 3-19: Summary of flood (m3/s) analysis by different methods for powerhouse ...... 3–18
Table 3-20: Estimated Floods for River Diversion .......................................................... 3–18
Table 4-1: Rock quality estimation of rock based on surface mapping ............................. 4-9
Table 4-2: Orientation and characteristics of discontinuity of rock at inlet portal of headrace
tunnel .......................................................................................................................... 4-9
Table 4-3: Orientation and characteristics of discontinuity of rock at headrace tunnel from
chainage 0+000 to 1+500m .........................................................................................4-10
Table 4-4: Orientation and characteristics of discontinuity of rock at headrace tunnel from
chainage 1+500 to 2+440m .........................................................................................4-10
Table 4-5: Rock mass class and its tentative representation along the HRT ....................4-11
Table 4-6: Orientation and characteristics of discontinuity of rock at surge tank area......4-12
Table 4-7: Headrace tunnel rock support class and respective rock support ...................4-15
Table 5-1: Penstock Pipe details .................................................................................... 5-7
Table 5-2: Details of gates ............................................................................................ 5-8
List of Figures
Figure 1-1: Location Map .............................................................................................. 1–2
Figure 3-1: Catchment area of UDBSHP intake site ......................................................... 3–2
Figure 3-2: Mean Monthly Flow at intake site ............................................................... 3–11
Figure 3-3: Flow Duration Curve at Intake Site ................................................... 3–14
Figure 3-4: Rating curve at the intake location ............................................................. 3–19
Figure 3-5: Rating curve at the powerhouse location .................................................... 3–19
Figure 4-1: Regional Geological Map of Nepal................................................................. 4-3
Figure 4-2: Seismic Risk Map of Nepal ........................................................................... 4-5
Figure 4-3: Seismic Hazard Map of Nepal ....................................................................... 4-6
Figure 4-4: Geological Map of Project Area (DMG) .......................................................... 4-7
Figure 4-5: Contour density diagram at Headwork area at right bank............................... 4-8
Figure 4-6: Stereographic Projection of main joints ......................................................... 4-9
Figure 4-7: Rosette diagram showing tunnel alignment through bed rock .......................4-11
Figure 4-8: Stereographic Projection of discontinuities (Headrace Tunnel).......................4-12
Figure 4-9: NGI Q-System from Barton and Grimstad 1993 ............................................4-14
Figure 5-1: Penstock pipe optimization results .......................................................... 5-5
Figure 5-2: Turbine Selection Chart ..............................................................................5-12
Figure 5-3: Pelton Runner ............................................................................................5-14
Figure 5-4: Graphical view of turbine parts....................................................................5-16
Figure 5-5: Turbine Generator Arrangement ..................................................................5-17
Figure 5-6: Technical Data Sheet ..................................................................................5-18
Figure 5-7: Excitation System .......................................................................................5-22
Figure 5-8: Governing System Architect ........................................................................5-28
Figure 7-1: Distribution of the project cost ..................................................................... 7-6
List of Abbreviations
% Percentage
‘ Minutes
‘’ Seconds
km Kilometre
KN Kilo Newton
kV Kilovolt
kW Kilowatt
m Metre
m2 Square metre
MW Megawatt
N Newton
º Degree
WL Water Level
yr Year
Number 1
Width 1.50 m
Height 2.00 m
Slope 1 in 10
Intake
Gravel Trap
Length 67.0 m
Diameter 1.4 m
Thickness 8 mm
Settling basin
Headrace tunnel
Generator
No of Units 2
Type Synchronous with brushless excitation
Rated Capacity 5000 KVA
Rated Efficiency 96%
Power factor 0.85
Speed 428.6 rpm
Frequency 50HZ
Generation voltage 6.6kV
Transformer
No of Units 1
Type Three phase
Rated Capacity 12.5 MVA
Frequency 50 Hz
Transmission Line
Capacity 132 kV
Length 30 km (Powerhouse site to Marki Chowk
Substation)
Switch Yard 20.00 m long by 20.00 wide
Access
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Nepal is blessed with abundant water resources combined with large geographical variations
from High Himalayas to the plain of the Terai within a short distance. About six thousand
rivers and rivulets in Nepal carry about 225 billion cubic meter of water every year and flow
down to Indian Ocean via India. The ample water sources and the geographical variations
are extending immense hydropower potential in the country.
Of the estimated 83,000 MW hydropower potential of the country, it has been assessed that
42,000 MW can be exploited economically. However, Nepal has developed only 894 MW
(including isolated micro and small hydropower plants) of hydropower to date, which is
slightly more than 1% of total hydropower potential of the country. The underutilization of
these vast resources has been due to various reasons including lack of consistent policy
mechanism and project selection criteria, lack of basic infrastructure facilities, lack of
technical and financial strengths of the country etc. Still traditional source of energy such as
fuel wood, agriculture residue and animal waste is playing major role (86%) of the total
energy consumption of the country. Commercial energy sources like fossil fuel and electricity
share the remaining portion of the energy consumption, of which, electricity contributes
about 1.5% of the total energy needs.
The Hydropower can be utilized to boost up the economic growth of the country. However,
scarce resource available in the country and ever decreasing foreign assistance has made
pace of Hydropower development less than desirable. In order to expedite the pace of
development, it was felt necessary to involve private sector. The unstable politics and lack of
basic infrastructures like access road and national grid to the potential project sites are the
shortfall of private sector involvement.
In order to meet increasing demand of power, necessary steps are taken to consolidate and
strengthen existing generating facilities with a view to increase efficiency in production and
distribution of energy. The Government of Nepal (GoN) has adopted an open and free
market policy in order to attract domestic and foreign hydropower developers for expediting
hydropower development. The GoN has promulgated Water Resources Act 1992, Water
Resources Act 1992 and Water Resources Regulation 1993. In addition to this, GoN has
adopted the new Hydropower Policy 2001. These acts, regulations and policies are focusing
on easing and simplifying procedures of licenses, royalties, income taxes, customs and
excise duties, foreign currency and selling of electricity. As a result, the private entrepreneur
has developed Khimti (60 MW), BhoteKoshi (36 MW), Indrawati (7.5 MW), Sange (183 KW),
Chaku Khola (1.5 MW), Sunkoshi (2.5 MW) and Piluwa (3 MW) etc. Similarly, many other
hydropower projects are either in under construction or in pre-construction phase by private
sector like Khudi (3.45 MW), Mailun Khola (5 MW), Mardi (3.1 MW), Upper Modi (14 MW)
etc. Many hydropower projects are in different stages of studies, licensing, and development.
Upper Daraundi-B Small Hydropower Project (UDBSHP) is a run-of-river type project with
installed capacity of 8300kW that will generates 47.282 GWh energy annually. The project is
located in Gorkha District in the Western Development Region of Nepal.
The headworks and powerhouse of the project lie on the right bank of the Daraundi Khola at
Ghyachowk VDC. The surface powerhouse is located about 3 Km downstream of the
proposed weir site. Headrace tunnel is a major waterway component. The generated power
will be evacuated through 30km long 132 kV transmission line from switchyard to
Markichowk substation at Tanahun. The cost of the transmission line is proposed to be
shared with other projects in the vicinity.
1.2 Location
The project area is located between 1380m and 1150m above mean sea level in the upper
reach of Daraundi Khola of Gorkha District, Gandaki Zone of the Western Development
Region of Nepal. Geographically the project area is located between longitudes 84°43'45" to
84°44'30" and latitudes 28°13'24" to 28°15'00". The project area lies in Ghyachowk and
Barpak VDCs. The project area location map is shown in Figure 1-1.
Upper Daraudi-B
Hydropower Project
1.3 Accessibility
Highway from Kathmandu to 11 Kilo (Gorkha) is about 135km long black top road and
further about 40 km from 11 Kilo to Mandre is fair weatherd earthen road which is the main
access road from Kathmandu to the project site. Around 3 km access road is to be upgraded
to access near Tumsika Village.The project site is not accessible by vehicle at present. The
headworks and powerhouse are accessed by foot trail from Tumsika village at the moment.
New roads will need to be built from this point up to the powerhouse as well as the
headworks site. About 1.5 km access road needs to construct to link the powerhouse site.
Similarly, about 3 km long access road needs to be constructed to link the powerhouse and
headworks site.
Physiographically, the project area belongs to the Middle Mountains, and lies in between
1380m to 1150m above mean sea level. The mountains are characterized by steep to
medium sloped landscape, which varies with elevation. Fairly dense mixed forests are found
between elevation 1200m to 1500m and landscape changes to subtropical forest below
2000m. Excessive cultivation can be found up to the altitude of 1600m. The project area is
under the influence of southwest monsoon. The climate of the basin is also influenced by the
physiography of the region. The Upper Daraudi-B Small Hydropower Project has its
catchment area of 101 km2 at the proposed headwork site and 120 km2 at powerhouse site.
1.5 Objectives
The main objective of the present study is to carry out the feasibility study for the technical
and economic viability of the Project, which will be interconnected with the Integrated Nepal
Power System (INPS). The feasibility study report can be used as a basis for PPA, for
obtaining the license of generation from the government and for funding arrangement of the
construction. Following are the general objectives of this feasibility study:
To identify the headwork site and select the best option, water conveyance system
area and Powerhouse site area of the Upper Daraudi-B Small Hydropower Project.
To carryout site survey and investigation.
To obtain basic information / data through field surveys, investigation and laboratory
tests.
To prepare necessary maps and sections/ profiles as per the project requirement.
To finalize the project layout.
To conduct the hydrological and meteorological study.
To conduct the geological study to determine the overburden condition at the sites of
major hydraulic structures and to assess rock conditions.
To conduct a detailed feasibility study level design and prepare necessary drawings.
To prepare Bill of Quantity (BOQ) and make cost estimates.
To prepare construction plan and project implementation schedule.
To conduct financial evaluation.
The feasibility study was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Client and
the standard practice. In line to this, the study was performed in accordance with the
requirements mentioned in the Standards for Study of Hydropower Projects published by
GoN/ DoED. The study covered all aspects of the project including:
1.7 Methodology
Review of literature related to hydropower generation is done in the project office. Previous
studies on the Project have been reviewed. A team of experts comprising of Senior
Hydropower Engineer, Hydrologist, Geologist and Surveyor visited the site. Leveling was
carried out for the alternative locations of intake and powerhouse sites to create a basis for
selection of most promising alternative among the identified alternatives.
Based on site-specific information gathered during this initial site visit, a field investigation
program for detailed survey, geological investigation and hydrological measurement as well
as gauge height recording was prepared.
The topographical survey and geological investigations carried out and preparation of
necessary scale topographical maps using CAD were completed.
The hydraulic design of structures, drawings and quantity calculation was done where the
rate analysis of the items of work was carried out on the basis of district rates and standard
norm. Financial evaluation of the project was carried out and the reports were prepared.
Upper Daraundi – B Small Hydropower Project is a run-of-river type project with weir crest
level at 1378 amsl and powerhouse level at about 1150 amsl respectively. The project is a
cascade project to Upper Daraundi C Hydropower Project and hence, the major discharge is
received from the upper project. The additional water to meet the design discharge is
diverted to the water conveyance system through intake, gravel trap, headrace pipe, settling
basin, headrace tunnel and penstock. And then water is feed into powerhouse to hit the
turbine and generate electricity which is evacuated to national grid through about 30km long
132 KV transmission line.
The diversion weir of 2.9 m high concrete weir is proposed to divert the required water. The
project utilizes design discharge and gross head of 4.7m3/s and 223.1 m (measured from
tailwater level of the upper project) respectively. Out of 4.7m3/s, the upper project
contributes 3.2m3/s flow.
The topography of the area is characterized by gentle and steep slope. Abundance
vegetation can be observed in the project area. There are not any major landslides in the
area.
The total length of waterways will be about 2873m before bifurcation. Besides, the major
components of the project can be visualized as the combination of the following hydraulic
structures:
The methodology adopted for topographical survey works of Upper Daraudi-B Small
Hydropower Project is described in this section.
The main objective of the survey works was to prepare detail topographic maps of the
project area for locating major components of the project like headwork, settling basin,
tunnel alignment, surge tank, powerhouse and tailrace in appropriate scale, which can be
used for detail design purpose.
Undertaking the survey works using coordinates and elevation of a point fixed by
DGPS within project area of Upper Daraundi B.
Establishment of ground control points by close traverse surveys.
Establishment of major ground control points by making concrete pillars or marking
on permanent boulders.
Establishment of benchmarks at various locations.
Carry out the longitudinal profile of Daraudi-B from headwork site to tailrace site.
Carry out the river cross-sections at various locations of headwork and powerhouse
sites.
Preparation of topographical sheets of intake, settling basin, tunnel, penstock line
and powerhouse sites at appropriate scales.
The information available for carrying out the surveying work of the project is as follows:
Topographical map sheet No 2884 15B (1:25000 Scale) prepared by the Department
of Survey.
Project layout plan and general layout plan produced during desk study.
Digital data of the above topographical sheet.
Prior to field survey, a desk study was carried out by using the most recent topographic map
of the project area. Detail information about the project area for the survey work was noted.
Finally all the available information and location maps prepared during identification study
were collected.
After finalization the desk study, a survey team was mobilized for the field survey. In order
to carry out the detail survey, a brief reconnaissance survey was carried out with flagging at
necessary points around the entire area to be mapped.
The survey teams established sufficient survey stations in and around the project
components. Major control points were made at boulder and rocks by enamel painting. Some
of the major control points were marked either by iron pin in the rock or fixed by cross
marks chiseled on the boulders. Chiseled marks were made conspicuous by enamel paint.
Basic ground control survey was carried out from the points established by the DGPS.
Several other required ground control stations were established by conventional traverse
survey covering the entire area to be mapped from the headwork’s site to powerhouse site.
Altogether seven control points were established at the project area, from Headworks to
Powerhouse area. The coordinates and the elevations of the established ground control
stations are given in Table 2-1.
The control points were established by the traverse method. The traverse was conducted
along the Daraundi Khola left Bank and was then closed to the same station covering the
necessary area of the Headwork to powerhouse sites topographical survey
Topcon Total Station with a least count of 5" was used for measuring horizontal and vertical
angles. One complete set of horizontal and vertical angles were observed during the control
traversing.
Altogether 8 Permanent & (approximately 75 station Survey control points) were established
in the Project area of main-traverse line. From headworks to powerhouse site. Different
offset points were established wherever necessary around the project area.
2.7 Accuracy
The closing errors are in permissible limits and distributed according to common survey
standards.
All the survey data were computed in the field as well as in the office. Similarly, some field
data were evaluated and horizontal distance and elevation were calculated reciprocally. All
the coordinates and elevations of each station and survey point were then computed with
respect to given UTM.
Proper survey and leveling works are necessary to design the components, to prepare
drawings and to calculate the quantities of the project components. The survey data greatly
affects the quality of design. Therefore, all the survey works were carried out precisely and
correctly.
All the required areas from the weir site to powerhouse site were identified by permanently
marked control points, which were made conspicuous in the field with yellow paints.
The terrain features were surveyed by means of spot surveying. Spot positions were taken
by tachometric method from different traverse points. Inaccessible points like rock faces, top
of cliff, landslide edge etc. were sighted from at least two known points reading both the
horizontal and vertical angles.
Features such as riverbanks, high flood level, landslides, cliff, house, cultivated lands, roads,
canal, embankment, boulders etc were recorded.
At the headwork area, the detailed survey covered about 150 m upstream and about 150 m
downstream of the proposed diversion structure. The survey was also conducted about 20 m
above the existing river bed level on both sides of Daraundi Khola to mark regular and
previous flood level and also to include the areas for camping site and road to intake.
2.10 Mapping
Detailed topographical mapping of Headwork’s site of rivers, settling basin, tunnel, surge
shaft, powerhouse and tailrace area were carried out in required scale.
Finally, Land development tool was used to process the survey data and to produce
topographical map in a digital format. All the important structures were produced in the
following scale.
Besides this, river profiles and cross sections were produced for both headworks and
powerhouse areas as per the needed.
Several cross-sections of the Daraundi were taken to provide river cross-sections for
computing rating curves for headwork and powerhouse sites. The sections were taken at
interval of 50 m.
The proposed Upper Daraundi-B Small Hydropower Project will utilize the flow available in
Daraundi Khola, one of the major tributaries of Marshyangdi River which originates from the
Buddha Himal. The proposed project is located at Gorkha district.
The hydrological inputs play a very vital role in planning, execution and operation of any
water resource development project. The hydrological studies are carried out with a view to
assess the quantity of available water and its time variation, estimation of design flood
usually required for the hydraulic design as well as for safety of the structure and
sedimentation studies.
This chapter describes the hydrological studies carried out for UDBSHP with a view to:
The proposed intake of Upper Daraundi-B Small Hydropower Project lies at Latitude
28°14'54" N and Longitude 84°44'00" E, at about Elevation 1380 amsl. The drainage area at
the proposed dam site is about 101km2.
The proposed powerhouse site of Upper Daraundi-B Hydropower Project lies at Latitude
28°13'27" N and Longitude 84°43'56.76" E, at about Elevation 1150 amsl and located at
about 3 km downstream of the proposed intake. The total catchment area at proposed
powerhouse site is 120km2.
Based on the topographical maps, there are no lakes within the Daraundi basin. All of the
above mentioned drainage areas have been estimated based on the latest topographical
maps compiled from 1:50000 scale aerial photography of 1996 by the Survey Dept. and also
with GIS application.
The absolute extreme temperature and relative humidity for this station are reproduced in
the Table 3-2.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
1956 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 505 420 403 123 92 8.6 12.6 N.A.
1958 8.7 0.3 41.6 60 140 190 385 395 260 93 0 11.9 1574
1960 0 1.1 54.2 31 222 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 0 0 N.A.
1963 N.A. N.A. 69.5 59 131 280 460 581 202 24 22 N.A. N.A.
1964 4.2 0.9 4.2 56 179 209 422 452 240 39 0 1.1 1605
1965 1.4 6.3 20.8 90 88 431 703 321 106 78 126 0 1973
1966 37.9 22.4 0 36 78 222 427 511 107 50 0.2 3.6 1491
1967 0 4.7 42.6 111 92 358 448 361 79 11 19.5 11.8 1526
1968 56.9 2.5 112.2 19 128 403 335 244 180 115 0 0 1595
1971 2 4.9 20.6 217 133 604 277 362 205 121 23.4 0 1970
1972 2.3 59.9 37.3 36 251 478 464 220 286 92 14.5 0 1941
1973 50.7 27.6 18.1 39 192 333 279 335 292 227 N.A. N.A. N.A.
1974 28 12.8 42.4 72 151 234 629 368 325 72 0 5.8 1933
1975 24.1 29.7 14.7 63 176 248 555 313 347 23 0 0 1794
1976 25.2 1.7 0 21 299 812 451 422 264 17 0.2 0 2312
1977 12.5 10.5 20.2 139 231 296 391 495 77 16 46.6 45.7 1734
1978 2 16 89.6 77 359 377 431 518 360 56 4.5 9.3 2289
1979 5.2 32.1 5.7 60 109 355 450 397 147 133 20.4 113 1714
1981 39.7 4.2 49.8 188 109 297 478 295 237 2 21.5 0 1721
1982 26.4 40.4 97.4 53 80 220 557 435 172 16 22 1.5 1719
1983 19 5.3 17.3 82 222 197 663 352 333 163 0 16.6 2053
1984 23.1 7.4 22.1 85 241 301 417 382 320 25 0 3.9 1823
1985 2.9 0 25.9 95 158 303 488 310 346 212 9.6 52.2 1951
1986 0 17.6 60.1 68 196 361 531 287 227 44 0 78.1 1792
1987 3.9 8.4 72.4 73 96 253 564 381 150 16 2 63.7 1620
1989 161 0 96.1 43 223 272 450 404 252 65 1 8.5 1968
1990 6 62.1 116.8 129 130 331 544 270 158 41 0.2 9.4 1789
1991 21 17.2 100.2 36 101 389 344 207 132 0 0 20.1 1347
1993 8.5 13.1 51.6 50 349 249 243 242 240 1 0 0 1448
1994 38.2 12.1 94.5 3 217 265 628 746 185 0 0 0 2190
1997 24.7 14.4 32.8 315 N.A. 353 384 127 50 10 12.7 37.8 N.A.
1999 0.2 N.A. N.A. 13 359 187 705 467 162 50 0 0 N.A.
2000 14.4 14 N.A. N.A. 251 432 282 474 154 0 0 0 N.A.
Mean 23 15.2 41.56 69 168 332 445 367 198 57 10.3 14.7 1741
The locations of the meteorological stations and the mean annual isohyetal map of the
project and adjacent basins are shown in the annex. The estimated mean annual basin
precipitation for the Daraundi Project at the weir site is about 1800mm.
The river is not gauged by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM). The
Consultant carried out spot discharge measurement around the project intake site within the
Daraundi Khola. The measured data at that location are analyzed in this study. The
catchment area at the gauging point is about 105km2.
Looking at the physiographic conditions and proximity of the gauging stations, it would be
more appropriate to use the discharge data from Garambeshi station for deriving the stream
flow at the intake site. The drainage area of Chepe at Garambeshi is 308km2. Mean monthly
discharge data are available from DHM. The period of data available for Garambeshi station
440 is 1964-2006.The historic mean monthly discharge data of Chepe at Garambeshi are
given below in Table 3.5.
Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
1964 5.66 3.91 3.07 3.24 3.85 11.6 47.5 78.8 159 52.7 12.2 6.58
1965 4.21 3.37 3.35 4.36 2.94 33.7 94.8 129 79.4 42.2 17.2 7.69
1966 5.79 4.85 4.35 3.74 2.92 8.35 134 90.4 83.6 50.1 29.6 16.3
1967 6.02 4.18 4.06 5.09 6.48 10.3 69.5 64.6 41 16.7 9.47 7.75
1968 5.96 4.67 4.67 4.85 4.88 21.1 54.3 53.7 40.4 33 12.2 7.57
1969 5.75 4.47 4.49 3.89 4.71 9.21 41.3 64.6 53.1 22.5 9.88 6.44
1970 4.86 4.44 3.72 3.43 3.49 17.7 65.1 75.8 44.5 26 10.9 6.68
1971 4.96 3.99 3.76 6.23 9.13 56.1 70.3 73.8 53.3 34.8 16.2 8.04
1972 5.45 4.83 3.85 3.71 4.69 14.4 64.4 59.1 50.7 21.2 11.8 6.7
1973 6.12 5.19 5.12 4.45 6.94 41.7 47.1 71.8 58.7 46.3 16.8 8.53
1974 6.11 4.55 3.7 4.29 4.87 15.6 77.1 79.9 49 22.2 11.8 8.26
1975 6.48 5.96 4.97 4.61 5.14 23.2 68 52.3 73.1 25.3 10.6 5.98
1976 4.23 3.6 2.64 2.82 5.34 35.7 50.8 76.3 47 17 8.85 5.75
1977 4.56 3.72 3.37 5.16 10.4 11.9 51 84.1 42.6 19.8 12.3 7.86
1978 6.08 5.1 5.34 5.54 8.53 19.9 61.3 71.9 44.6 22.3 10.8 7.06
1979 4.9 4.42 3.3 3.61 5.32 9.03 51.2 73.3 44 22.2 12.6 8.91
1980 6.64 5.61 6.14 5.15 5.67 15.2 57.9 64 47.2 20.1 10.4 7.87
1981 6.47 5.46 4.27 5.78 6.74 11.5 45 59 35.6 16.1 9.26 5.64
1982 4.2 4.28 5.42 5.54 5.63 11.7 56.2 55.5 46.5 18.7 9.68 7.15
1983 5.85 4.95 4.55 4.64 8.16 8.16 31.9 55.3 58 28.2 12.4 7.38
1984 5.43 4.08 3.24 3.11 4.93 17.4 70.6 54.5 64.6 20.9 12 7.76
1985 5.71 4.66 3.88 3.95 5.11 11.3 58.6 48.9 46.2 28.8 13.4 8.95
1986 6.21 4.51 4.35 5.06 5.33 17.1 53.2 65.9 69.7 30.7 14.4 9.71
1987 7.24 5.86 6.07 6.79 7.53 17.6 103 ... ... 18.8 11.5 7.66
1988 6.77 5.43 5.29 4.89 6.65 19.1 70.6 107 50 16.2 9.71 7.5
1989 7.34 5.75 5.11 4.76 10.2 26.5 65.6 91.3 53 23 12.1 8.32
1990 6.27 5.71 6.18 6.79 10.2 25.6 61.6 63.1 53.8 22.1 11.5 7.43
1991 6.11 4.73 4.53 4.87 5.82 15.3 36.5 66.6 59.7 18.1 9.55 6.53
1992 5.16 4.57 3.5 2.75 4.25 10.5 25 67.8 46.2 21.4 11.2 7.41
1993 5.56 4.52 4.19 4.27 5.56 10.7 41.9 92.3 58.9 25.5 12.4 7.13
1994 ... ... ... 5.78 6.24 22.8 49.1 73.8 53.8 ... ... 7.13
1995 5.66 4.68 4.56 4.12 10.3 62.4 93.2 ... ... 22.8 13.5 7.99
1996 6.79 5.96 5.45 4.76 5.23 19.3 76.3 102 71.8 31.2 12.5 7.08
1997 5.4 4.14 4.48 5.51 5.14 12.4 46.8 54.6 38.8 19.6 11.2 8.82
1998 6.23 5.04 5.93 5.96 8.38 19.1 89.1 127 65.5 28.4 12.6 7.81
1999 4.73 5.62 4.44 3.98 6.43 27.8 63.7 62.4 45.9 22.7 8.72 4.39
2000 5.84 5.51 4.87 5.05 10.1 54 90.5 101 78.8 23.5 12.2 7.68
2001 5.82 4.66 3.29 3.64 13.5 35.1 70.3 96.2 73.7 28.2 13.4 7.41
2002 6.23 4.13 3.89 4.24 9.27 29.9 128 102 52.1 28.9 16 10.7
2003 8.35 7.09 7.86 7.75 7.77 18.2 214 95.3 76.7 36.6 13.6 7.42
2004 8.8 7.03 4.41 6.12 14 31.9 86 79.3 66.6 37.9 17.8 10.8
2005 8.55 6.5 5.18 4.38 5.79 7.17 50.5 65.6 40.1 19.3 12 6.74
2006 4.81 4.07 3.04 4.09 7.62 21.1 53.1 62.7 53.1 20 12.2 6.83
AVG: 5.94 4.9 4.473 4.72 6.772 21.36 68.277 75.915 57.812 26.2 12.58 7.752
Min 4.2 3.37 2.64 2.75 2.92 7.17 25 48.9 35.6 16.1 8.72 4.39
Max 8.8 7.09 7.86 7.75 14 62.4 214 129 159 52.7 29.6 16.3
The reference hydrology for the project has been analyzed from four methods. They are
a) Correlation method
b) MIP (medium irrigation project ) method
c) Regional hydrology method
d) WECS-DHM method
Q1 P1
P2 A1
A2 Q2
Where,
The mean monthly discharge at head works are shown in the Table 3-6. As seen from the
table the lowest monthly flow occurs in the month of March. The long term mean monthly
flow at the intake site has been estimated as 8.03m3/s.
Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
1964 1.84 1.27 1 1.05 1.25 3.77 15.42 25.58 51.62 17.11 3.96 2.14
1965 1.37 1.09 1.09 1.42 0.95 10.94 30.78 41.88 25.78 13.7 5.58 2.5
1966 1.88 1.57 1.41 1.21 0.95 2.71 43.51 29.35 27.14 16.27 9.61 5.29
1967 1.95 1.36 1.32 1.65 2.1 3.34 22.56 20.97 13.31 5.42 3.07 2.52
1968 1.94 1.52 1.52 1.57 1.58 6.85 17.63 17.44 13.12 10.71 3.96 2.46
1969 1.87 1.45 1.46 1.26 1.53 2.99 13.41 20.97 17.24 7.31 3.21 2.09
1970 1.58 1.44 1.21 1.11 1.13 5.75 21.14 24.61 14.45 8.44 3.54 2.17
1971 1.61 1.3 1.22 2.02 2.96 18.21 22.82 23.96 17.31 11.3 5.26 2.61
1972 1.77 1.57 1.25 1.2 1.52 4.68 20.91 19.19 16.46 6.88 3.83 2.18
1973 1.99 1.69 1.66 1.44 2.25 13.54 15.29 23.31 19.06 15.03 5.45 2.77
1974 1.98 1.48 1.2 1.39 1.58 5.06 25.03 25.94 15.91 7.21 3.83 2.68
1975 2.1 1.94 1.61 1.5 1.67 7.53 22.08 16.98 23.73 8.21 3.44 1.94
1976 1.37 1.17 0.86 0.92 1.73 11.59 16.49 24.77 15.26 5.52 2.87 1.87
1977 1.48 1.21 1.09 1.68 3.38 3.86 16.56 27.31 13.83 6.43 3.99 2.55
1978 1.97 1.66 1.73 1.8 2.77 6.46 19.9 23.34 14.48 7.24 3.51 2.29
1979 1.59 1.44 1.07 1.17 1.73 2.93 16.62 23.8 14.29 7.21 4.09 2.89
1980 2.16 1.82 1.99 1.67 1.84 4.94 18.8 20.78 15.32 6.53 3.38 2.56
1981 2.1 1.77 1.39 1.88 2.19 3.73 14.61 19.16 11.56 5.23 3.01 1.83
1982 1.36 1.39 1.76 1.8 1.83 3.8 18.25 18.02 15.1 6.07 3.14 2.32
1983 1.9 1.61 1.48 1.51 2.65 2.65 10.36 17.95 18.83 9.16 4.03 2.4
1984 1.76 1.32 1.05 1.01 1.6 5.65 22.92 17.69 20.97 6.79 3.9 2.52
1985 1.85 1.51 1.26 1.28 1.66 3.67 19.03 15.88 15 9.35 4.35 2.91
1986 2.02 1.46 1.41 1.64 1.73 5.55 17.27 21.4 22.63 9.97 4.68 3.15
1987 2.35 1.9 1.97 2.2 2.44 5.71 33.44 6.1 3.73 2.49
1988 2.2 1.76 1.72 1.59 2.16 6.2 22.92 34.74 16.23 5.26 3.15 2.44
1989 2.38 1.87 1.66 1.55 3.31 8.6 21.3 29.64 17.21 7.47 3.93 2.7
1990 ... ... 2.01 2.2 ... ... ... 20.49 17.47 7.18 3.73 2.41
1991 1.98 1.54 1.47 1.58 1.89 4.97 11.85 21.62 19.38 5.88 3.1 2.12
1992 1.68 1.48 1.14 0.89 1.38 3.41 8.12 22.01 15 6.95 3.64 2.41
1993 1.81 1.47 1.36 1.39 1.81 3.47 13.6 29.97 19.12 8.28 4.03 2.31
1994 1.88 2.03 7.4 15.94 23.96 17.47 2.31
1995 1.84 1.52 1.48 1.34 3.34 20.26 30.26 7.4 4.38 2.59
1996 2.2 1.94 1.77 1.55 1.7 6.27 24.77 33.12 23.31 ... ... 2.3
1997 1.75 1.34 1.45 1.79 1.67 4.03 15.19 17.73 12.6 6.36 3.64 2.86
1998 2.02 1.64 1.93 1.94 2.72 6.2 28.93 41.23 21.27 9.22 4.09 2.54
1999 1.54 1.82 1.44 1.29 2.09 9.03 20.68 20.26 14.9 7.37 2.83 1.43
2000 1.9 1.79 1.58 1.64 3.28 17.53 29.38 32.79 25.58 7.63 3.96 2.49
2001 1.89 1.51 1.07 1.18 4.38 11.4 22.82 31.23 23.93 9.16 4.35 2.41
2002 2.02 1.34 1.26 1.38 3.01 9.71 41.56 33.12 16.92 9.38 5.19 3.47
2003 2.71 2.3 2.55 2.52 2.52 5.91 69.48 30.94 24.9 11.88 4.42 2.41
2004 2.86 2.28 1.43 1.99 4.55 10.36 27.92 25.75 21.62 12.31 5.78 3.51
2005 2.78 2.11 1.68 1.42 1.88 2.33 16.4 21.3 13.02 6.27 3.9 2.19
2006 1.56 1.32 0.99 1.33 2.47 6.85 17.24 20.36 17.24 6.49 3.96 2.22
AVG: 1.93 1.59 1.45 1.53 2.2 6.93 22.17 24.65 18.77 8.52 4.08 2.52
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2.19 1.65 1.19 0.91 2.38 3.51 13.26 22.86 15.09 7.32 3.75 2.83
The regression for long term average monthly flows showed that total drainage area “A” and
the monsoon wetness index “MWI” produced the statistically most significant regression
coefficients. The list below gives the formulae to be applied to ungauged basins for the
estimation of the long-term average monthly flows.
From the average monthly flows obtained by regression, the average annual flow was
developed for each of the ungauged sites. The monthly flow data from above equations are
shown in Table 3.8.The long term average flow at the intake site has been estimated as
6.375m3/s.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1.67 1.36 1.24 1.45 1.65 5.37 16.17 19.41 15.26 7.22 3.47 2.23
The results of this study are used as an alternate approach for estimation of mean monthly
discharges at the Intake site. The Table 3-9 shows the results from WECS/DHM method. The
long term average flow at the intake site has been estimated as 5.48m3/s.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1.25 1.07 0.95 0.96 1.24 4.84 14.28 17.36 13.43 5.87 2.75 1.79
reliable. Therefore, we have adopted monthly flows from CAR method for feasibility study.
The adopted mean monthly flow and hydrograph are presented in Table 3-11.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Adopted
Monthly
1.93 1.59 1.45 1.53 2.20 6.93 22.17 24.65 18.77 8.52 4.08 2.52
Flow
(m3/s)
The flow duration curve (FDC) is a probability discharge curve that shows the percentage of
time a particular flow is equaled or exceeded. As discussed above, the long term flow series
at Upper Daraundi B HPP intake has been generated from catchment correlation with Chepe
River at Garambeshi station (St no 440). The flow duration curve has been derived based on
the monthly average discharge computed using catchment area ratio method. For the
purpose of comparative study, flow duration curve was also estimated by empirical methods;
WECS/DHM, MHSP and MIP. Numerical value of flow duration curve by different methods are
presented in Table 3-12.
CAR
Probability of
(m3/sec) MHSP WECS/DHM MIP
exceedance (%)
Monthly
18.59
5 25.75 17.63 15.67
14.91
10 21.62 16.08 14.19
13.90
15 18.33 15.58 13.73
12.07
20 16.3 13.65 11.92
8.80
25 13.17 9.23 7.76
6.77
30 8.33 6.67 5.56
5.76
35 6.27 5.65 4.99
4.79
40 4.68 4.61 4.00
3.84
45 3.75 3.57 2.85
3.29
50 3.04 2.85 2.27
2.81
55 2.55 2.20 1.76
2.56
60 2.3 1.89 1.47
2.35
65 2.02 1.67 1.25
2.25
70 1.88 1.65 1.24
2.06
75 1.76 1.60 1.19
1.76
80 1.61 1.49 1.10
1.49
85 1.5 1.42 1.02
1.23
90 1.39 1.37 0.96
1.07
95 1.21 1.31 0.95
0.91
100 0.86 1.24 0.95
The value from correlation with Chepe has been adopted further analysis and these values
are presented in Table 3-13 and the flow duration curve is presented in Figure 3-3. Based on
the flow duration curve, it is observed that the flow corresponding to 40 % exceedance is
about 4.68m3/s.
5 25.75 19
10 21.62 37
15 18.33 55
20 16.3 73
25 13.17 92
30 8.33 110
35 6.27 128
40 4.68 146
45 3.75 165
50 3.04 183
55 2.55 201
60 2.3 219
65 2.02 238
70 1.88 256
75 1.76 274
80 1.61 292
85 1.5 311
90 1.39 329
95 1.21 347
100 0.86 365
Fig
ure 3-3: Flow Duration Curve at Intake Site
The low flow information is generally used to assess the reliability and the economics of the
proposed project. If the occurrence of inadequate flow is too much frequent, a particular
project might prove to be uneconomic and unreliable. Knowledge of minimum stream flow is
therefore essential in the planning of any hydropower project.
For such type of ungauged rivers, HYDEST method was used for low flow computation. For
the purpose, different durations viz: 1-day, 7-day, 30 days and monthly were adopted to
compute the low flow for different return periods. The estimated low flows from the
HYDEST method are presented in Table 3.14.
The long term mean monthly flow for the driest month, March, at the intake site is
1.45m3/sec. As a general practice, a flow equivalent to 10% of this month, i.e. 0.145m3/sec
will be released downstream as the riparian release for downstream riverine habitat.
3.7.1 General
Design flood assessment involves the computation of a set of values of various return
periods of say 10, 20, 50 and 100 years, through frequency analysis of flood series or
through hydro-meteorological approach with the help of inputs of rainfall storm parameters
provided by the Meteorologist and flood data provided by the river gauging units. These
peak flood values are required to design headworks and powerhouse complex.
The flood estimation at the intake and powerhouse site was estimated based on the
historical flood records observed at Chepe khola at Garambeshi (station no 440) considering
the homogeneity of this catchment to Daraundi Catchment.
The availability of limited discharge measurement data, daily water gauge readings and the
uncertainties involved in the raw and historic-reconstituted data series necessitated the
application of flood frequency analysis. This formed a basis for daily project inflow time
series at intake site and a regional flood frequency analysis.
Flood frequency analysis was performed using a customized Excel spreadsheet. Following
types of frequency distribution functions were used in the flood frequency analysis from the
generated annual maximum flood series data between 1964 and 2006. Analyses were done
separately for both Intake. Furthermore, analysis was done for the powerhouse site.
Analyses were done using different methods given below.
The study results are obtained from the frequency distribution parameter prediction method
which is a variation of multiple regression method. The independent variable which was
found to be most significant in all of the regression analysis was the area of the basin below
3,000 m elevation. This area represents the portion of the basin that is influenced by
monsoon precipitation. And the same parameters were used for Hydrological Studies of
Nepal which was done by WECS in 1982. DHM has amended the WECS DHM method in 2004
to develop “Hydrological Estimation in Nepal” also known as Modified HYDEST or DHM 2004
method. The flood flow estimations were done with the stated regional approaches taking
drainage area below 3,000 m elevation of the proposed intakes and powerhouse site.
Q = k Ab
Where,
Design flood with a return period of 100 years were evaluated using different methods
the outcomes are tabulated in Table 3-18 for intake and in
Table 3-19 for Powerhouse respectively. However, the recommended design flood values are
chosen using values obtained from Log-Pearson Type III distribution Method. So the
recommended value for headworks is 360m3/s. Similarly, using the same method for the
powerhouse site, the value obtained is 428m3/s.
Table 3-18: Summary of flood (m3/s) analysis by different methods for intake
Table 3-19: Summary of flood (m3/s) analysis by different methods for powerhouse
The value of the diversion flood for weir may be relatively lower as a higher than the
designed value could be passed safely over the partly constructed weir. The following criteria
would help in deciding the value of diversion flood.
Or
b) 20 years return period flow, calculated on the basis of non-monsoon yearly peaks.
The floods of various return periods are estimated on the basis of analysis of the transposed
non-monsoon flood peaks at Upper Daraundi Diversion site, assuming that June to October
is affected by monsoon. Non–monsoon flood peaks (November to May peak values) were
used to estimate the 20 year return period diversion flood using Gumbel's Analytical method,
Gumbel's graphical, Log-Pearson Type III and Log Lognormal distribution.
The non-monsoon flood peaks corresponding to different return period are calculated as
given in Table 3-20 below.
The cross-section at intake site and powerhouse site is acquired from the field survey. The
rating curves were developed with the Manning’s equation after estimating “n” values and
the river slope. The value of Manning’s n is 0.025 for intake and powerhouse site and the
slope are 0.032 at the intake and 0.086at powerhouse site respectively. The development of
rating curve was carried out at weir axis and powerhouse at tailrace position is shown in
Figure 3-4 and Figure 3-5 respectively.
The rating curve at weir axis is much more useful to decide the height of the protection
works with in the headworks area. Whereas the rating cure developed at the tailrace canal
position is used to set the turbine axis level and the height of the protection works with in
the power house area.
The yield from High Himalaya above Elevation 5000m, high mountain between Elevation
3000m to 5000m, and middle mountain below elevation 3000m is considered as 500ton/km2,
2500ton/km2 and 5000ton/km2 respectively.
The catchment area of Daraundi basin at the proposed intake site is 3.74km2 in high
Himalaya, 60.852km2 in high mountains and 36.75km2 in Middle Mountain.
A multiple regression equation was developed that related the physiographic and
climatologic conditions of the basins. The following is the regression equation:
Hence, from the above equation, the total annual suspended sediment yield is about 3788
parts per million by weight (ppm) at the intake site using the mean annual discharge of
8.03m3/s.
The design discharge for the project is 4.7 m3/s which is 40% exceedance flow.
The 100 year design flood is 360m3/s at intake site and 428m3/s at powerhouse site.
The 20 year construction flood at intake site is 20 m3/s.
The recommended mean annual sediment concentration at the intake site is
3788ppm.
It is recommended that daily staff gauge readings of the river at the intake will be continued.
River discharge measurements should also be taken at various gauge height so as to
develop reliable rating curves at both the sites.
Upper Daraudi B Small Hydropower Project is a run of river project. Daraudi Khola is a
perennial river which originates from middle mountain region of Gorkha District in Western
Development Region. This report summarizes a brief description of regional geology, a
detailed geological, engineering geological study in the project area and provides an
assessment of the stability conditions of headworks, tunnel alignment and powerhouse
structures as well as foundation conditions of important hydro-technical structures. A
diversion weir is proposed near confluence of Pauko Khola and Daraundi Khola. A surface
settling basin and tunnel alignment is proposed along the right bank of the Daraudi River.
4.2 Objectives
To obtain information on the regional geology of the project area and site specific
surface geological condition in order to assess the suitability and stability of the
project structures.
To carry out the detailed geological mapping
To assess the foundation condition of the weir and powerhouse.
To identify the construction material location
To assess the rock mass condition of the project area.
To produce engineering geological maps, geological sections of the major structures.
The geological maps were prepared by mapping the surface outcrops using Brunton
Compass, GPS and measuring tape and observing other surface deposit and geomorphologic
features. The Brunton compass was used to measure the dip and dip direction of structural
features such as bedding, foliation, joint, fault and shear. The statistical analysis of joints
was carried out by using DIPS software. The sampling and collection of representative
construction materials were carried-out by digging the test pits.
Geologically, Nepal Himalaya is divided into five major zones, from north to south. A brief
summary of these zones follows in order to provide the background information about
regional geological condition of the project site.
Ranimatta Formation is comprised of alteration of greenish grey, crenulated phyllite and grey
to greenish grey, fine-grained quartzite. This formation attains more than 3 km thickness.
Ghan pokhara Formation has grey meta-sandstone intercalates with dark grey phyllite
and dolomite. Total thickness of the litho unit is 800 m.
4.7 Seismicity
The Himalayan belt is characterized by four different litho-tectonic provinces, which can be
traced in a WNW-ESE direction throughout the entire length of the Himalayas.
The southernmost unit consists of folded and faulted Siwaliks. The Lesser Himalayas, north
of Siwaliks consists of meta-sediments. Further north, the Higher Himalaya is made of
crystalline rocks in the form of a tectonic slab. The Tethyan Himalaya province consists of
fossiliferous sediments of Late Precambrian to Cretaceous age.
The Main Central Thrust (MCT) system is the tectonic contact between the Higher Himalaya
and Lesser Himalaya. MCT was mainly active during the early phase of the Himalayan
Orogeny, but is considered to be inactive at present.
The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) is the active contact between the Lesser Himalaya and the
Siwaliks.
The Himalayan Frontal Fault (HFF), south of the MBT is the most active tectonic contact
between the Indian Plate in south and the Tibetan Plate in the north.
The records of seismic activities are limited in the Nepal Himalayas and hence correlation of
seismic events with the adjacent Himalayan Region would be a useful source of information
for designing the hydraulic structures. Several seismicity studies have been carried out for
various projects in the country during the study and engineering design phases.
Theoretically, Nepalese standard and Indian Standard are two basic criteria to derive the
design coefficient for the design of hydraulic structures in the absence of detailed seismicity
study of the projects. Therefore, based on seismicity study carried out for other projects and
theoretical methods, the basic design coefficient for the Upper Daraundi-C Hydropower
Project can be derived for the design of various hydraulic structures.
For the maximum acceleration of 250 gal according to Seismic Hazard Map of Nepal, Figure
3-2, (Published by DMG, National seismological Center - September 2002) and reduction
factor of 0.06 the calculated effective design seismic coefficient for the Upper Daraundi- C
Hydropower Project is approximately 0.15 according to Nepalese Standard.
A project specific seismicity study has been carried out for the Middle Marsyangdi HEP, which
is located at about 40 km west. The recommended design seismic coefficient is 0.2 for the
probable earthquake of VIII intensity MM. However, the structure of Upper Daraundi-B SHP
is small as compared to Middle Marsyangdi HEP. Therefore, based on above study, the
design seismic coefficient for Upper Daraundi-B SHP is recommended as 0.15 value.
Proposed project area lies in the Ranimatta and Ghanpokhara Formation of the Lesser
Himalaya, Central Nepal. Ranimata formation is comprised of the thick-bedded, fine-grained,
and grey to greenish grey schist and phyllite intercalated with fine to medium grained, grey
to greenish grey quartzite. Similarly Ghanpokhra Formation consists of black to grey
carbonaceous slates and green slates. The dip directions of rocks ranges from 340° to 010°
(northwest to northeast) with dip amount ranging from 20° to 50° Figure 4-4.
Right bank of Daraudi Khola within project area has mostly exposed bedrock and/or thin
veneer of colluvial deposit where left bank has mostly colluvial soils where cultivation is in
practice. Phyllite and quartzite make exposure on left bank at weir area. Proposed settling
basin lies on alluvial deposit. Proposed tunnel alignment encounters different lithology as
passes through mostly phyllite, shales and quartzite. Proposed powerhouse and tailrace lies
on colluviul alluvium deposit.
Dipping of foliation is in northwest to northeast direction with dip amount ranging from 35°
to 55°. The other two prominent joint sets dip towards southwest and southeast at average
of 60° to almost vertical. The joints are mostly tight occasionally slightly open, smooth,
planer, moderately spaced with moderate persistence. Lower hemisphere stereographic
projection in equal angle net of measured discontinuities from headworks area is shown in
Figure 4-6 .
A detailed discontinuity survey was carried out in several directions on the different rock
exposures around headworks area. Around 50 joint measurements were collected from the
rock exposures and have been statistically analyzed. The detailed joint mapping revealed
mainly three sets of joint along the tunnel with some random sets. The joints are tight to
moderately open, moderately spaced, continuity less than 5 m, rough, irregular and
occasionally smooth and filling materials as sand, silt and few are free of filling materials.
The statistical analysis of major joints has been analyzed and projected in lower hemisphere
of stereonet. The analysis gives the following major joint sets. The contour density diagram
and stereographic projection of main joints are shown in Figure 4-5 & Figure 4-6.
Rock Mass Classification using CSIR classification has been carried out in the vicinity of the
headworks area which gave the RMR values in the range of 50 to 70. Thus, the rock can be
classified as fair to good rock. Surface settling basin is proposed at the right bank of the
Daraudi River. The area lies in alluvio colluvial deposit. There is rocky slope at the proposed
inlet portal site. The rock at the vicinity is thickly jointed, medium strong phyllite with
quartzite. Rock quality is estimated and presented in Table 4-1.
Fisher
Concentrations
% of total per 1.0 % area
0.00 ~ 2.00 %
2.00 ~ 4.00 %
4.00 ~ 6.00 %
6.00 ~ 8.00 %
8.00 ~ 10.00 %
10.00 ~ 12.00 %
12.00 ~ 14.00 %
W E 14.00 ~ 16.00 %
16.00 ~ 18.00 %
18.00 ~ 20.00 %
No Bias Correction
Max. Conc. = 17.0420%
Equal Angle
Lower Hemisphere
50 Poles
50 Entries
Orientations
ID Dip / Direction
1 44 / 354
4
3 2 70 / 105
3 73 / 221
1
4 75 / 141
W E
2
3 4
only after the tunnel excavation. No other structures such as fault and thrust are noticed in
the tunnel section.
In general, the rock along the tunnel is considered to be medium strong in strength. The
rock is slightly to moderately weathered. The rock is exposed mainly in the small streams
and at higher elevation in the form of steep cliff along the tunnel route. Bedrock is mostly
covered by very thin veneer of colluvial deposit along the tunnel alignment. No major faults
and thrusts crossing the tunnel are noticed during the present mapping however several thin
bands of shear zones are noticed in the tunnel route mainly along the tributaries. This zone
is categorized as poor rock, which is to be supported properly with concrete lining. The
mapping in the river sections and hill slopes were projected to the tunnel horizon in order to
produce the required geological information along the tunnel route. The geological condition
along the tunnel alignment is mainly based on surface mapping
Properties of discontinuities measured at the outcrops along the surface of tunnel alignment
are tabulated below (Table 4-3 & Table 4-4). Presently the characteristics of the
discontinuities at the HRT are inferred on the basis of the observed discontinuities on the
outcrops which might also be differing in actual underground situation.
Based on surface mapping, HRT is found passing oblique to the major discontinuity and is
likely to passes bisecting the discontinuities along its way as shown in the rosette diagram
below (Figure 4-7). Such relation of tunnel axis to the discontinuities is favorable for
tunneling works.
N
Joint 1 Tunnel Axis
0 EX Foliation
Joint 2
0
W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E
Figure 4-7: Rosette diagram showing tunnel alignment through bed rock
The rock mass quality that may represent the rock quality along headrace tunnel is based on
Rock Mass Rating and Q-system. Tentative projected rock mass quality with respect to the
dimension of structure depicted in the geological cross section is presented in Table 4-5
Table 4-5: Rock mass class and its tentative representation along the HRT
more detailed geological condition will be achieved only after the excavation of the tunnel
section.
The stereographic projection of main joints for the headrace tunnel are shown in Figure 4-8.
Orientations
ID Dip / Direction
1 47 / 001
2 64 / 108
3 70 / 234
1 3
W E
3 2
Equal Angle
Lower Hemisphere
3 Poles
3 Entries
Table 4-6: Orientation and characteristics of discontinuity of rock at surge tank area
In the present context the rock support design is carried on the basis of rock mass quality
observed on surface outcrops, rock strength data referring from the core samples and other
assumed values of relevant engineering properties. The rock mass classification along
headrace tunnel, settling basin is made on the basis of surface manifestation of rock
discontinuities; hence it can vary in-situ at structure grade. The rock mass classification had
been done following different rating systems which are discussed below.
4.9.1 Q System
The rock mass classification NGI Q-System (simplified from Grimstad and Barton, 1993
Figure 4-9) is one of the popular methods to classify the rock mass quality. In this system
the rock tunneling index Q-value is the key parameters in the estimation of rock support.
This Q – System considers six different parameters. The assessment of the rock mass
quality, Q, was done by rating of the six parameters.
Q= RQD/Jn* Jr/Ja*Jw/SRF,
Where,
The Barton’s rock support chart also incorporates equivalent excavation dimension, which is
the ratio between the span or height of an underground opening and an excavation support
ratio (ESR). The ESR mainly reflects degree of safety and support demand by an
underground opening. For water tunnels, shafts and penstock tunnels an ESR of 1.6 is
defined.
Barton et.al (1980) provides additional information on rock bolt length. The length L of
rockbolts can be estimated from the excavation width B and the Excavation Support Ratio
(ESR):
L = 2+ 0.15B
ESR
Therefore by the above equation length of rock bolt for headrace tunnel in Upper Daraundi B
SHP comes 1.5m.
Table 4-7: Headrace tunnel rock support class and respective rock support
Total 100
The headrace tunnel will be in hydrostatic condition during its operation. Since the designed
rock support in the table is not water tight, the concept of pre-injection grouting should be
applied at the required length of headrace tunnel to control possible water leakage during
operation.
Construction material sites are observed mostly along the both banks of Daraundi Khola
within the stretch of project area. From the field observation three major potential sites are
investigated. There is no major potential site for the fine aggregate due to high gradient
River. Major source of fine aggregate could be Baluwa area downstream from the project
area.
The project area lies in Lesser Himalayan succession. Main lithology of the project area is
phyllite/schist, slate and quartzite. Right bank of the Daraudi Khola has mostly bedrock
exposures where left bank has colluvial deposits with few landslides and river crossing.
Head works and settling basin structures will be founded on alluvial deposit. Subsurface
geology of the headrace tunnel is projected based on manifestation of surface discontinuities
data observed at different outcrops available along the HRT route. Thus the rock mass class
can vary at structure grade and specific chainage shown in drawings. Headrace Tunnel is
likely to pass through phyllitic schist with quartzite. No major weak or shear zone is observed
during surface mapping along the Tunnel axis, however the possibilities of uncertainties is
always in underground excavation. Thus those anticipated problem is assumed to be 10 %
of the total stretch of the tunnel and the respective cost is incorporated in this design phase
of study. Similarly Powerhouse and tailrace area are proposed in alluvial terrace deposit.
Rock mass in this area is categorized as fair.
Scattered boulders along the banks of the rivers can be crushed and used for coarse
aggregate. Deposits for fine aggregate might be inadequate in the project area, which are
found as scattered patches along the river section. Adequate fine aggregate can be extract
from Baluwa Area.
Recommendations
As discussed earlier, the assessment of the rock mass quality in this feasibility study at
Upper Daraundi B Hydroelectric Project is mainly based on the surface mapping and
geological traverse survey. Hence, there is a strong need for further sub-surface
investigation at critical locations of the project so that more information on the mechanical
characteristics of the rock mass is achieved. Therefore, geo physical survey and core drilling
investigations are recommended:
A brief summary of site condition, design criteria and concept for the major components of
Upper Daraundi-B Small Hydropower Project are discussed in this chapter. The major
components of the project are: Diversion weir, side intake, gravel trap, approach canal,
settling basin, headrace tunnel, surge shaft penstock, powerhouse and tailrace, electro-
mechanical equipment, and 132 kV transmission line and switchyard. All the structures of the
project is proposed on the right bank. The project’s civil structures has been broadly
classified into three groups, namely, headworks, water conveyance system and powerhouse
complex.
The overall layout of the project is prepared for the installed capacity of 8300 kW with the
design discharge of 4.7m3/s. The main civil components of the project are: diversion weir,
side intake, gravel trap, approach canal, spillway, settling basin, headrace tunnel, surge
shaft, steel penstock pipe, powerhouse and tailrace structure respectively.
The project is a cascade project to Upper Daraundi C Hydropower Project. Hence, the
discharge from the upper project is utilized by this project. From the tailrace of Upper
Daraundi C HPP, 3.2m3/s discharge is received and additional 1.5m3/s discharge is diverted
by the small diversion structure.
A 8m long free overflow weir with a sluice on the right bank shall divert the design flow. A
side intake having two orifices 1.2m x 1.0m is proposed. Gravel trap is proposed immediately
after the intake. A steel pipe of diameter 1.4m and length 67m delivers water to the settling
basin. A single bay settling basin with 26m length, 3.6m width and depth 4.1m to 4.6m is
proposed on the right bank of the river.
A 2437m long low pressure headrace tunnel on the right bank of the river delivers water to
the penstock pipe. The 1.2m and 1.1m diameter of 407m long penstock is proposed
between the surge shaft and the powerhouse on the right bank of Daraundi.
The powerhouse and the tailrace structures are placed on the right bank of the Daraundi. A
powerhouse of 38.5m x 15m x 19m size will be constructed in the plain area at an elevation
of 1150amsl from the mean sea level. Two units of horizontal axis Pelton Turbine is
proposed in the powerhouse. The tailrace water level after turbine is fixed at 1146.76amsl.
5.3.2 Headworks
Headworks consist of weir and sluiceways, intake, gravel trap, steel pipe canal, settling
basin, headrace canal and spillway. The components are described below.
5.3.3 Weir
The weir is located about 125 m u/s from the proposed powerhouse location of Upper
Daraundi C Hydropower Project and is situated just after an existing small drop in the
Daraundi River. It will be a free flow type of concrete gravity weir. The core of the weir will
be of plum concrete with an external lining of reinforced concrete.
The weir crest is 8m in length and about 2.9m above the existing river bed level. The crest is
designed to have an elevation of 1378.5 amsl. The section of the weir will have a vertical u/s
face and a sloping d/s face. The d/s face of the weir is with the slope of 1 in 1.62 (V:H).
The depth of water above the weir crest is determined considering the weir to be a broad
crested weir. This consideration is due to the fact that the upstream bed will be filled with
sediments almost till the crest elevation in the future. Thusly, the depth of flow above the
weir crest has been estimated to be 5m. The weir has been designed to safely pass flood of
100 years return period which is 360 m3/s. The water elevation during the design flood thus
estimated is 1383.5 amsl. Hence, the elevation of the operation platform for intake and
sluice is proposed at 1384.4 amsl. Notably, there will be no flood wall in the left bank. There
will be a small wall (1.4m high from the weir crest) immediate to the left end of weir.
Whenever a flood comes it will try to accommodate itself through the 8m long crest length.
But when the flow depth exceeds beyond 1.4m, then the excess flood will spill out above the
wall. Boulder lining has been proposed on the river bed beyond the wall and also on the
slopes of left bank to mitigate any chances of scouring. A 20m long stilling basin with
boulder riprap has been proposed immediately after the weir to kill of the energy of the
flowing water. A RCC apron with two cutoffs has been proposed on the u/s of the weir with
an aim of increasing the seepage path and reduce the uplift forces on the weir body.
The stability of the weir has been checked with the water elevation corresponding to the
design flood of 360 m3/s. The weir shall be constructed completely with concrete; however,
to reduce cost the core is proposed to have low grade concrete with plum.
5.3.4 Sluice
A single opening side sluice is proposed at the right end of the weir with the dimensions
1.5m width and 2m height. The sluice is designed to pass about 21.3 m3/s of flow during the
high flood condition. The primary purpose of the sluice is to flush the bed load deposited in
front of the intake. However, due to space constraints, the undersluice is also expected to
function as a passage for some amount of flood during high flood conditions. The bed of the
sluice is proposed with the slope of 1 in 10 (V:H). The sill elevation of the sluice gate is
proposed at 1376.01 amsl.
A manually operated sliding gate and a stoplog are proposed for the regulation of the flow.
5.3.5 Intake
Side intake with two orifices is proposed. The dimensions of the orifice are 1.2m length and
1m height. The orifices are designed to have flow velocity of 0.84m/s at the design flow.
Coarse trash rack is proposed in front of the intake orifices to avoid trashes during the high
flows. Two vertical sliding gates are proposed for the flow control. The operation platform is
proposed at 1384.4 amsl which is sufficiently above the designed flood elevation of 1383.5
amsl.
The flushing canal is a closed canal with a length of 5.4m, width of 0.5m and height of 0.5m.
The longitudinal slope is provided at 1:18 (V:H). The floor of the canal is to be lined with
hard stone lining for protection against abrasion. A valve will be used to regulate the
functioning of the flushing canal.
The settling basin will have a single bay. The total length of the settling zone will be 26m
with width 3.6m. The height varies from 4.1m at the beginning to 4.6m at the end. The
average flow velocity is designed to be below 0.2m/s for the design discharge. The inlet
transition is designed to have an inlet angle of 14°. The length of the inlet transition zone is
9m.
The outlet has been designed as a drop structure and there will be no outlet gates.
The flushing of the basin is proposed as conventional gravity flushing and intermittent. At
the end of the settling basin 0.6 diameter pipe is provisioned to flush the deposited
sediments back to the Daraundi Khola.
As the basin will be founded on a backfill, very good compaction with the selected material is
required for the foundation. The compaction shall be done in layers of 15cm with selected
cohesion less materials. An in-situ density tests shall be carried out to have the bearing
capacity of at least 150kN/m2.
has been proposed so that water can be passed off without affecting the tail water level of
Upper Daraundi C hydropower Project. The size of the gate opening is 2m width and 1m
height.
The first 1207m of tunnel length is provided with a negative slope of 0.1% and the later
portion is provided with the positive slope of 0.5%.
Hence, the length of pipe with diameter 1.2m is 220m and with diameter 1.1m is 187m. The
thicknesses of the pipe varies from 8mm at the beginning to 16mm and the end of the
penstock before the bifurcation.
Anchor blocks are designed to stabilize the hydraulic forces at the pipe bends. There are
altogether 10 anchor blocks in the penstock pipe alignment.
The anchor block foundation soil will be well compacted and well covered by backfill. On the
hill ridge, the anchor blocks will be founded on rock. In these location, 5 numbers of 5m long
grouted anchor bolts will be installed for additional stability of the blocks.
The shape of the blocks has been governed by the topography and the bend angle. All the
blocks will be constructed of plum concrete with C20 grade. Anchorage bars will be provided
around the bend and temperature and shrinkage bars will be provided on the surface of the
blocks.
All the blocks will be stable regarding sliding, overturning and bearing of the foundation.
Saddle plates will be placed in the saddle along with 4 mm thick HDP liner to minimize the
frictional effects and increase the useful life of the pipe.
All the saddle support will be stable regarding sliding, overturning and bearing of the
foundation.
The finished diameter of the surge shaft is 4m and the height is 40m.
For the analysis of the surge, roughness coefficients in the tunnel considered were 0.02 and
0.03 for upsurge and downsurge analysis respectively.
The powerhouse consists of a reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structure that houses the
machine floor, control section and all the mechanical and electrical equipment. The size of
the powerhouse is 38.5 m x 15.0 m x 19.0 m including the control rooms. Two generating
units of 4150 kW installed capacity each will be accommodated in the powerhouse. There
will be provision for the auxiliary plants and service area. A concrete raft foundation is
provided for the machine foundation in the powerhouse.
A rectangular concrete conduit of 2.5 m x 2.5 m has been proposed to convey water from
powerhouse to Daraundi Khola. The length of this tailrace conduit is 75 m.
Pipes
Bends
Expansion joints
Base plate
Man hole
Stiffener Plates
Anchor ring
The diameter of the pipe is determined by optimization of cost. The optimum diameter
obtained is 1400mm. However, two diameters of 1.2m and 1.1m are chosen to reduce the
cost of transportation of the pipe.
The thickness is calculated based on to be operated in isolated mode and transients traveling
all the way to setting basin in the long penstock. The opening and closing time of turbine is
considered as 10s and 60s respectively. Anchor ring, strainer pipe and stiffeners are provided
inside anchor block and these details have to be prepared during detail engineering. The
detail of pipe alignment is presented in Table 5-1:
Diameter Thickness
(mm) (mm) Weight MT
1200 8 32.6
1200 10 10.7
1200 12 12.8
1200 14 16.8
1100 14 20.9
1100 16 76.6
770 14 10.5
weight of base-plates will be 3.2MT. There is also HDPE sheets proposed between base
plate and pipe which is calculated to be total requirement of about 550 sq.ft.to be ordered in
special sizes.
3 Gravel Trap Flushing Gate Set 1 0.5 x 0.5 Vertical lift slide with guide
frame hoists and accessories
4 Settling Basin Inlet Gate set 1 1.4 x 1.4 Vertical wheel type with guide
frame hoists and accessories
5 Settling Basin Flushing set 1 0.6 x 0.6 Vertical lift slide type with guide
Gate frame hoists and accessories
6 Tailrace gates set 2 1.55 x 1.5 Vertical lift slide type with guide
frame hoists and accessories
2 Gravel Trap Flushing set 1 0.5 x 0.5 Stop logs with guide frames
hoists and accessories
The side channels in gates are extended up to the top of wall where operating platform is
provided with handle and gear arrangement. The gate is operated by a hoisting mechanism.
Main parts of the gate are side channels, skin plate, front seal, stiffener angles, lifting device
with handle.
There are inlet and outlet gates provided in settling basin to use the basin alternatively in
rainy seasons. The sluice gate and operation of settling gates shall be coordinated during the
operation.
2 Settling basin outlet Set 1 1.5 x 1.8 Trash rack with supporting
beam and accessories
For the trash rack at the intake, clear spacing of 100mm is provided whereas for the gravel
trap and settling basin, clear spacing of 50mm is to be provided.
The trash racks have to be cleaned manually with the help of scraper periodically from the
operating platform.
a) Hydraulic Turbine
b) Governors
c) Pressure oil system
d) Main Inlet valve
e) Cooling water system
f) Drainage and Dewatering System
g) Mechanical workshop and equipment
h) Ventilation and air conditioning system
i) Fire protection system
j) Powerhouse overhead travelling crane
Prior to the discussion on the mechanical equipment, a short analysis to determine the
optimum number of generating units is carried out.
For the optimization, single unit option was discarded at the initial stage considering the
least flexibility in operation. Moreover, the transportation of a single unit would be
incomparably high compared to multiple units. On the other hand, two to three units are
sufficient for the desired flexibility in operation and their weight is not a shock to the existing
roadway system. Opting for more than three units will have almost no benefit but will incur
more cost due to increased powerhouse size, assembling duration & difficulties and added
complexity in operation.
Therefore, two units and three units’ options are taken into consideration for further
analysis. A short analysis carried out has taken consideration of energy generated, capital
investment cost of electro-mechanical component, technical aspect related with these
options, reliability aspect between these two options and concluded that two unit option is
the better one.
5.5.2 Turbine
Type Selection
The selection of type of turbine primarily depends upon the net head available and design
discharge. For the rated net head of 212.07m and design discharge of 2.35 m3/s, Horizontal
Pelton is the choice of the turbine as presented in Figure 5-2
Power Calculation
For the net head of 212.07 and design discharge of 2.35 m3/sec, the Shaft Power Output of
the each Turbine is calculated by the following relation:
Pturbine = g x Qdesign x Hnet x ηt kW
Where,
Pturbine = Turbine Output, kW
g = Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3
Qdesign = Design Discharge, m3/sec = 2.35 m3/sec
= 35.13
With two (2) turbines, the peak power is the same as with three (3) and partial load
efficiency will also be good.
The required repair and maintenance works of the power units can be performed in
the yearly dry season in such a way that with exception of a temporary reduction of
the plant power, no energy loss will occur.
The Pelton runner with two nozzles will be directly coupled to the generator's shaft. The
turbine runner and the guide vanes will be made of stainless cast or welded steel (13x4
Cr/Ni), and thus resistant to cavitation and sand erosion. In addition the turbine will be
equipped with replaceable wearing plates and labyrinth rings (rotating type on the runner
and fixed on the turbine side cover and side ring), all made of stainless steel. To facilitate
maintenance, all bearings, joints of regulating mechanism etc. will be self-lubricating type.
The turbine runner will be made of stainless steel, containing approximately 13% chromium
and 4% nickel. The material will be suitable for field weld repair. The buckets will be
integrally cast with the disc in one piece.
The runner disc is fastened to the shaft flange by bolts and nuts. The bolts are screwed in
threaded holes in the shaft flange. The fastening of the turbine runner on the turbine shaft
will be made in such a manner that the transmission of the driving torque is guaranteed
under the severest working conditions and that the runner can be easily removed. The
coupling will allow the interchange of the runners without re-machining and additional
adjustment of the coupling.
Turbine Shaft
Turbine shaft will be made of forged carbon steel as per DIN 17200 standards. Shaft will be
entirely machined and is designed to operate up to maximum runway speed, without any
detrimental vibration or distortion.
Operating at normal speed and maximum output, the stress in the highest stressed cross
section will not exceed 25% of the yield strength of the shaft material. For temporary
overloads exceeding the rated output, the unit stress will not exceed one-half of the yield
strength.
Coupling between Turbine and Generator shaft will be flexible type. A flywheel of suitable
size and weight will be mounted on one side of the Turbine.
The turbine guide bearing will be anti- friction grease lubricated taper roller bearing with
bore suitable for Turbine shaft. Bearings will be mounted on both sides of turbine casing.
Each bearing will be designed to withstand maximum radial and thrust from turbine and also
capable of operating at all speeds up to and including the maximum runaway speed without
injury or loss of oil.
Shaft Seal
The shaft seal will prevent the entering of water from the turbine housing into the guide
bearing. The shaft seal will be of the axial sliding ring type or preferably a combination of
labyrinth type and axial sliding ring type.
Turbine Casing
The geometry of the cover will be designed to guide the discharge water away from the
runner without back-splashing. The steel housing of turbine will have the following parts;
The cover will have adequate strength and rigidity to transmit safely all forces from the
guide bearing to the runner pit housing without undue stresses or deformations. The turbine
cover will be so designed that easy inspection, adjustment, maintenance and dismantling of
all parts located inside and attached to the cover are possible.
The inlet pipe and bifurcation will be made of welded steel plates. Inlet pipe connects
downstream flange of Turbine inlet valve to Nozzle flanges. Inlet pipe will support the
maximum dynamic pressure (i.e. maximum possible pressure including maximum pressure
rise).
Distributor
The distributor/manifold distributing the turbine flow to the two injectors will be in
accordance with ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VII. The inlet pipe and
bifurcation will be made of welded steel plates. Inlet pipe connects downstream flange of
Turbine inlet valve to Nozzle flanges. Inlet pipe will support the maximum dynamic pressure
(i.e. maximum possible pressure including maximum pressure rise).
Injector System
The turbine will be equipped with two nozzles with external servomotors, each operated by
pressure oil from the governor pressure oil unit. Nozzle bodies will be made of welded steel
and are connected to bifurcation pipes by means of flanged connections.
The nozzle body and nozzle head will be made of cast steel or welded steel plate, normalized
and tempered. Nozzle and Needle tips will be made of stainless steel and will be replaceable
type.
Each nozzle will be equipped with a servomotor and needle assembly. The assembly will be
spring balanced and designed to close automatically in an event of governor oil pressure
failure.
A flange connection will be provided between the nozzle pipe and nozzle body. The nozzle
pipe will be bolted to the manifold branch pipe. Provisions will be made to facilitate
alignment, inspection, maintenance and dismantling of parts (e.g. replacement of seat rings,
needle tips, etc.) and for removal of the complete nozzle without dismounting of the runner.
The injector controls will be such that the needles of all nozzles in service will operate
simultaneously and in equal increments. Provisions will be made for operation with a one
number of nozzles in the event of failure of other nozzle and under low load operating
conditions.
All injectors will be equipped with deflectors. The deflectors will be actuated by one common
deflector servomotor, with levers, adjusting ring and deflector levers, controlled by the
governor. In order to reduce the loss of energy and wear of the deflector, for small load
changes the jet will be controlled only by the needle.
The deflector will withstand safely the maximum continuous nozzle discharge at maximum
head. The deflector will be firmly attached to the deflector shaft. The shaft will be supported
by self-lubricated bearings in the turbine cover and at the nozzle body.
The servomotors will be of the double-acting type, controlled by the main distribution valve
in the governor actuator. The capacity of the servomotor will be sufficient to operate the
deflectors under all conditions of head and load with minimum oil pressure. The requirement
of self-closing of the deflectors in case of oil pressure failure will be considered in the
servomotor design
5.6.1 General
The purpose of the studies pertaining to electrical equipment is to identify and dimension the
principal components of the powerhouse electrical equipment for safe and economic plant
operation of Upper Daraundi-B Small Hydropower Project. The powerhouse electrical
equipment of the project includes generators, transformer, switchgears, protection schemes,
control systems, earthing systems, lighting systems, communication systems etc. The ratings
of the equipment are designed safely to cope with all normal and fault conditions, avoiding
any overstressing of material and equipment. Also equipment will be of standard design
(IEC/IEEE/IS/BS whichever is applicable), providing highest degree of safety, reliability,
availability and ease in operation.
5.6.2 Generator
Self-excited, self-regulated, horizontal axis, three phase, Cylindrical pole, synchronous
generators built in accordance with IEC standard is proposed to be used.
The generators will have capacity to incorporate sufficient flywheel inertia to achieve stable
frequency control when running in isolated mode. The generator shall have antifriction /
sleeve bearing.
The stator winding of the generator will be made of individually insulated stranded copper
conductors, stacked and form pressed to constitute coils or half coils with the design cross
section. Each coil will be insulated for the full generator voltage.
The rotor will be of the Cylindrical pole type and built in accordance with the best practice
and designed to withstand safely all overloads and other stresses encountered during
abnormal operating or runaway speed conditions. The poles will be built of thin steel
laminations, bolted under high pressure and furnished with dovetails for fastening to the
rotor rim. Rotor will be designed so as to allow dismantling of the poles without excessive
disassembly of the stator or rotor. The damper winding will be installed on pole faces with
interconnecting type windings in order to maintain the stable operation of the generator.
The generator will be capable of withstanding, without damage, a 30 second, 3 phase short
circuit at its terminal when operating at rated MVA, at rated power factor and at 5% over
voltage with fixed excitation.
The generator shaft will adopt single shaft structure. It will have maximum rigidity and
strength so as to guarantee no abnormal deformation and vibration at various speeds
(including maximum runaway speed) when run together with the turbine. The generator
shaft shall be made of a high quality medium carbon steel, properly heat treated and
accurately machined all over and polished at the bearing surface sand at all accessible points
for alignment checks. A complete set of test reports covering metallurgical strength, &
ultrasonic tests performed on each shaft shall be furnished.
The generators will have enough electric heaters and dehumidifiers and arranged in fan
shield of generator to protect it from moisture during shut down and to enable a start up at
any time without drying procedure. Insulation and other parts of the generator will not be
damaged when electric heater runs.
The switchgears will be provided with housing to install the required set of current
transformers and potential transformers for metering and protection.
Each Generator will be synchronized on 6.6 kV vacuum circuit breaker. All the generators
circuit breakers and fuse switches will be arranged in one continuous row accessible from
the front side with sufficient space on both side of the switchgear assembly for safe
operations. Individual Switchgear panels for each generator incomer and outgoing feeder will
be provided to complete the generation level switchgear system.
This switchgear system will work in co-ordination with the control panels accommodated in
the control room.
The protection against voltage spikes shall be provided. The AVR shall have fast response
and anti-hunting features. The AVR shall be provided with cross compensating devices for
parallel operation of generators.
The excitation transformer of sufficient size, with 6.6kV on primary side shall be used. The
Transformer shall be of dry type.
The excitation shall be suitable for maintaining the voltage for a grid voltage variation of ±
10% & for a frequency variation of ± 3%. The AVR shall be sensitive enough to track and
respond the changes up to +/- 0.5% of normal voltage (average of 3 phases) of the
Generator when operating under steady load conditions (for any load) or excitation within
operating range and shall initiate corrective action without hunting. The response time of
excitation system shall be less than 20ms.
After the initial maximum voltage following any load rejection up to 100% of rated load, the
AVR shall restore the terminal voltage to a value not more than 5% above or below the
voltage being held before load rejection and shall maintain the voltage within these limits
throughout the period of generator over speed.
a) Two auto channel with one manual mode for voltage control
e) KVAR limit
Besides these, equipment for limiting and regulating (both automatic/manual mode) on
generator rotor current shall be included. Voltage setting devices and necessary control
switches shall be included. These equipment shall be of a tropical design and shall work
satisfactorily at a temperature of maximum 40°C.
The incoming side (low voltage side) will be suitable for terminating two to three single
phase cables per phase by using XLPE type cables inside the cable terminating chamber. The
termination arrangement will include cable terminations for delta connection of the
transformer windings besides the phase cable termination. The outgoing side high voltage
terminals will be brought out through high voltage bushing for connecting to other high
voltage apparatus of the switchyard. The neutral points will be brought out on suitable
bushings installed and will be solidly grounded via appropriate conductors.
Auxiliary transformer or station supply transformers provide electrical supply to the power
house electrical equipment. The auxiliary transformer, used for station power supply, shall
be three phase, outdoor, oil immersed, and ONAN type of 150 kVA.
S. No Description Parameters
1 Number of Transformers 1x3 Phase
2 Type Outdoor
3 Cooling ONAN
4 Rating 150 kVA
5 Rated Voltage (Line to Line) Primary side – 6.6kV and Secondary Side
-0.4kV
6 Type of Tap changing Off Load
7 Tap Changing Range ±5% in Steps of 2.5
8 Principal tapping 0.4kV
9 Vector Group reference Dyn11
5.6.8 Switchgears
Upper Daraundi-B Small Hydropower Project consists of two numbers of AC generators each
rated 6.6 kV, 50 Hz, 5000 kVA, 0.85 power factor and connected to 132 kV system outdoor
switchyard through a power transformer rated 11 MVA, at 132/6.6kV. Each generator
output is connected to the 6.6 kV bus bar through a 6.6 kV switchgear consisting of vacuum
circuit breakers.
Each Generator shall be synchronized with 6.6 kV Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB). All the
generators circuit breakers and fuse switches will be arranged in one row accessible from the
front side with sufficient space on both side of the switchgear assembly for safe operations.
Cable box for incoming and outgoing XLPE insulated copper cables per phase
Current transformers
One unit of Voltage transformer sets for synchronization for each generating unit.
NGT & LAVT panels with LA,PTs and Surge protection Capacitor of appropriate
ratings
Air insulated three phase bus-bar system, extensible to make connection with the
bus-bars of other adjacent panels
S. Description Parameters
No.
1 Type Vacuum, Metal Enclosed, Cubicle
Indoor Type
2 Rated Voltage 12 KV
3 Rated Current 800 A
4 Frequency 50 Hz
5 Insulation level 28kV/75kVpK
6 Short Circuit Breaking Current 26.3 KA rms
7 Short Circuit current Duration 3 Secs
8 Operating Sequence O-0.3S-CO-3Min-CO
9 Closing Coil & Opening Coil Supply 110 VDC
Voltage
10 Motor Supply Voltage 230 VAC
S. Description Parameters
No.
1 Type Vacuum, Metal Enclosed, Cubicle Indoor
Type
2 Rated Voltage 12 KV
3 Rated Current 1250 A
4 Frequency 50 Hz
5 Insulation level 28kV/75kVpK
6 Short Circuit Breaking Current 26.3 KA rms
7 Short Circuit current Duration 3 Secs
8 Operating Sequence O-0.3S-CO-3Min-CO
9 Closing Coil & Opening Coil Supply 110 VDC
Voltage
10 Motor Supply Voltage 230 VAC
The current transformers will be designed to carry continuously a current of 120% of the
rated current. The rated current of the secondary windings will be 1 A.
The core for measuring purposes will have the following characteristics:
The rating, burden and location of current transformer shall be as specified in Single Line
Diagram (SLD).
The voltage transformers will have an additional secondary winding for earth fault
protection, connected in open delta with a resistive burden. The accuracy class will be
3P.The secondary will be provided with miniature circuit breakers with alarm contacts and
primary will be protected with a fuse.
The burdens of all windings will not be less than 125% of the overall computed (design)
burden of the connected apparatus including cables.
Particular Specifications
Type Indoor, dry synthetic resin type
Rated primary voltage 6.6kV/√3
Rated secondary voltage 0.11kV/√3
Impulse withstand voltage (peak) 60kV
Frequency 50Hz
Burden As specified in SLD
Accuracy As specified in SLD
The outdoor lightning arresters will be mounted on steel structures and will be fitted with a
pressure relief device. Surge counters shall be supplied. The earth conductor from the
arrester to the counter, as well as the terminal of the counter, will be suitably insulated or
screen protected against accidental touching.
The Lightning Arrestors for the protection of generator will be of rated voltage 7.2kV.
Particular Specifications
Type Indoor, gapless Znoarrestor
Frequency 50Hz
System voltage 6.6kV
Rated voltage 7.2 kV
Impulse withstand voltage (peak) 60kV
Power frequency withstand voltage 20kV
Nominal discharge current 10kA
5.6.12 Governor
Each turbine is controlled by an electro-hydraulic governor having a hydraulic system to
operate the turbine guide vanes for regulation of the unit. The main features of the governor
include:
For maintaining oil pressure in the system, a jockey pump is supplied. Essential controls and
piping connections to the governor relay valve and servomotors of the turbine guide vane is
also provided. The capacity of governor pumps and servomotors for wicket gate and inlet
valve shall be suitably selected. Further discussions on oil pressure unit are provided on
succeeding sections.
The governor panel and oil pressure unit will be located on the turbine floor near to the
turbine.
The crane will be complete with drives for cross travel, long travel and lifting motion,
runaway rails of adequate size, end carriages & gantry rail. All motions operated from a
pendant, operated by an operator on the machine hall floor.
The gears will be helical type and all bearing and other wearing surface will be splash oil
lubricated. The DC Electromagnetic shoe with EHT braking system will be provided.
one no. of float and float cum boost charger (SCR controlled) operating on 3 Phase,415 V,
50 Hz, AC supply of solid state design to charge the battery shall be used. The operation of
the charger shall be automatic. Normally, float charger will be feeding the load and charging
battery. In case battery requires boost charging the same shall be done automatically.
The low grounding resistance will be achieved by increasing the grounding area i.e.,
interconnecting the powerhouse ground system with the tailrace pond and other areas. The
ground resistivity measurements will be required which will be performed during the detail
design of the grounding grid.
Power House roof shall be provided with Lightning spikes properly connected to ground mat.
In the control room one or more telephone service will also be installed for trunk dialing
communications with the LDC and other substations.
An automatic PABX telephone system is envisaged for the communication between different
sections of powerhouse, offices, the residence of operational staffs, guard house and head
works area.
5.6.19 Illumination
400V/230V, 50 Hz, 4 wire star connections supply will provide single phase supply for the
illumination circuits for normal lighting.
The normal lighting in the rooms of the power house through corresponding Distribution
Boards (DBs) will be by fluorescent fixtures and energy efficient PL-S fixtures. Apart from
this arrangement, emergency DC supply circuits and fixtures will provide illuminations, in
critical areas when supply from Station auxiliary transformer fails. In the entrance
incandescent lamp lighting fixtures will be installed. The lighting level / illuminations
designed are presented below:
450 lux – for the Control room, Office room, Electrical workshop, Mechanical workshop,
service bay in the Alternator/Generator floor.
300 lux – for the LV-switchgear room, MV- switchgear room, Battery room and other
facilities.
200 lux – for the pump pits and surge tank area.
Socket outlets will be provided in the office room; control room; battery room and service
bay, alternator and turbine floor.
and interlink of system environment, which shall comply with the specifications of the open
environment recommended by international open system organizations.
The computer supervisory and control system shall have station control level and local
control unit level.
The station control level, real time supervisor and control centre of the plant shall be
responsible for automatic functions of the whole plant (AGC, AVC, generating optimization
control etc.), historical data process (various operation tables, operation archives of
important equipment and various operating parameters etc) and man machine dialogue of
whole plant (operation monitor of plant equipment, accident and failure alarm, manual
intervention of operating equipment, modifying and setting of various parameters for the
Computer Supervisory and Control System). Station control level shall be made up of the
relevant equipment located at computer room and central control room. The computer will
adopt dual computers for redundancy and hot standby. At normal condition a computer
works and the other is backing-up. When master computer receives failure, the computer is
changed-over by back-up.
The local Control unit (LCU) shall have turbine-generator local control unit. Each LCU shall
manipulate production procedures and accomplish the supervision and control functions
under controlling. LCUs will be connected with the production procedures by means of input
and output interface, with the network by communication interface and exchanging
information with control level through network. The information shall be exchanged among
LCUs. LCUs may be independent from control level relatively. They shall directly finish real
time data acquisition and pre-processing, supervision, adjustment and control etc. of unit
equipment conditions with station control level divorced.
The operator’s console in the central control room shall be equipped with CRT display that
displays operation conditions of the power station. When the power station is under normal
operation, the operator can monitor the conditions of each equipment in the power station.
The major monitoring items shall be as follow:
Particular Specifications
Type Outdoor
Frequency 50Hz
Particular Specifications
Type Outdoor
Particular Specifications
To measure import and export of energy between User and Owner’s system, Bi- directional
Energy Meters (Main and Check Meters) shall be installed at proposed Substation as shown
in SLD. The Main and Check Meters shall be able to record the followings:
Voltage (KV)
Current (A)
This chapter deals with the power generation from the project. The energy from the plant is
computed based on the available hydrological data, gross head available and head loss in
different forms (entrance loss, friction loss, transition loss, bend loss and exit loss). The
prime factor in generation of electricity is the discharge which in fact varies daily and
seasonally. Moreover, the efficiency of the turbine and hydraulic loss of head also vary with
variation of discharge. The generation of monthly energy considering the above factors has
been discussed in this chapter.
6.2 Methodology
Energy generation varies according to the available discharge in the river. There will be daily
and seasonal variation in the flow and hence will be the production of energy. The water
surface elevation (HRWL) will also be different according to the flow which however is not
considered in the estimation of energy.
The plant capacity of this project at 40% exceedance flow is 8.3 MW and the corresponding
design discharge is 4.7 m3/s. The generated energy will be sold to Nepal Electricity Authority
(NEA).
6.3.1 Hydrology
The turbine design discharge has been fixed 4.7 m3/s (2.35 m3/s for each unit) at 40%
exceedance flow. The minimum downstream release will be 10% of the driest mean monthly
flow which will be about 0.15 m3/s (according to the flow used for energy generation). The
monthly flow which has been used to calculate energy is shown in Table 6-1.
Months Bai Jes Asar Shr Bhad Asoj Kar Man Pous Magh Fal Chai
Avg 1.87 3.45 14.57 23.41 21.71 13.64 4.4 3.31 2.23 1.76 1.52 1.49
6.3.2 Headloss
The project will have a gross head of 223.1m from weir crest to tail water level. The net
head after deduction of head losses like frictional loss, turbulence loss and other singular
losses vary according to the turbine discharge. The headloss varies from 0.9m at the
minimum flow and 11.03m at the maximum flow and thus the net head available will be
222.20m to 212.07m. The summary of monthly headloss calculated for the corresponding
monthly flows are presented in Table 6-2.
Months Bai Jes Asar Shr Bhad Asoj Kar Man Pous Magh Fal Chai
Head
1.47 5.44 11.03 11.03 11.03 11.03 9.0 4.97 2.15 1.3 0.94 0.9
loss
No. of units 2
As per Rules of Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) of Nepal Electricity Authority, (NEA), the
price of the energy is NRs. 8.40 (Escalated Value NRs. 10.64 after 8 year) for the months
Mangsir 15,Paush, Magh, Falgun, Chaitra, Baisakha, Jestha 15 (December – May). The rest
of the month has the energy price of NRs 4.80 (Escalated Value NRs. 6.08 after 8 year). The
breakdowns of the energy estimate per month are given in the Table 6-3. The power output
from the plant is estimated by the following formula:
P = 9.81 x x Q x H (kW)
Where:
The net energy generation in the dry season will be 14.234 GWh and that in the wet season
will be 33.047 GWh, the total energy during a year will be 47.282 GWh including outage.
Dry Wet
Baisakh 31 1.87 0.15 0.00 1.72 1.72 223.1 1.47 221.63 85.54% 3191.27 2255589.17
Jestha 31 3.45 0.15 0.00 3.30 3.30 223.1 5.44 217.66 85.54% 6028.95 2061900.22 4261260.45
2199360.23
Asar 32 14.57 0.15 0.00 14.42 4.70 223.1 11.03 212.07 85.54% 8300.00 6055680.00
Shrawan 31 23.41 0.15 0.00 23.26 4.70 223.1 11.03 212.07 85.54% 8300.00 5866440.00
Bhadra 31 21.71 0.15 0.00 21.56 4.70 223.1 11.03 212.07 85.54% 8300.00 5866440.00
Asoj 31 13.64 0.15 0.00 13.49 4.70 223.1 11.03 212.07 85.54% 8300.00 5866440.00
Kartik 30 4.40 0.15 0.00 4.25 4.25 223.1 9.00 214.10 85.54% 7628.03 5217575.06
Mangsir 29 3.31 0.15 0.00 3.16 3.16 223.1 4.97 218.13 85.54% 5776.50 1975562.62
1843858.45 3819421.07
Poush 30 2.23 0.15 0.00 2.08 2.08 223.1 2.15 220.95 85.54% 3848.89 2632643.36
Magh 29 1.76 0.15 0.00 1.61 1.61 223.1 1.30 221.80 85.54% 2998.36 1982513.68
Falgun 30 1.52 0.15 0.00 1.37 1.37 223.1 0.94 222.16 85.54% 2555.79 1748156.96
Chaitra 30 1.49 0.15 0.00 1.34 1.34 223.1 0.90 222.20 85.54% 2500.32 1710216.71
This section of the report describes the methodology used for derivation of the project cost
and the estimated costs. This final estimate is based on the detailed layout and study of the
optimum project configuration selected from the optimization studies. The rates are based
on different projects in Nepal, Planned or under construction in the past five years. The rates
are based on 2073/2074 price level.
Quantity take offs were carried out on the final drawing with plan metering, as required. The
estimate process was carried out in parallel with Construction Planning presented in Chapter
9 as these activities are complementary to each other.
The following criteria and assumptions are the basis used for cost estimation:
a. The cost estimate and financial analysis has been based on the NPR.
b. The exchange rate US $ 1 = NPR 105.0 used
c. All costs has been first estimated on a per unit basis for each of the components and
then added to obtain the entire project cost.
d. Lump sum costs adopted where breakdown cost is not available.
e. Material costs reflect real costs incurred at other projects of similar size or having
similar scope of works.
f. Construction material obtainable from the local market whereas some of the steel
items and all of the electromechanical equipment need to be imported.
g. Some skilled and all of the semi-skilled and unskilled manpower can be obtained
locally.
h. The unit costs include profit, and overhead, which the contractor would charge.
i. VAT has been excluded for electromechanical equipment, interconnection equipment
and transmission line as VAT has been waived for hydropower projects.
j. 1% of custom tax added.
k. Contingency sum added on civil, hydro-mechanical, electromechanical and
transmission line.
It is expected that an open competitive bidding will be supposed to be for awarding the
contracts and the project will not be forced to use higher rates for any reason.
The project is divided into a number of major components for the estimating process as
follows:
For civil construction works, a contractor type estimate was prepared. The estimating
process was carried out in the following steps:
Division of the project into a number of distinct structures like headworks, settling
basin, headrace tunnel, surge tank, penstock pipe, powerhouse, switchyard and
tailrace etc.
Identification of distinct construction tasks or measurable pay items, such as
overburden excavation, rock excavation, stone masonry, and fill work, concrete
works etc.
Calculation of the appropriate quantity of each item from map and drawings
Development of unit rate construction works based on prevailing market rates
appropriately adjusted for the project area, adopted method of construction as
described in the section –Construction Planning and standard norms and practices of
the country.
Calculation of cost for each activity by multiplying quantity obtained in (c) by rates
derived in (d).
Calculation of cost for each structure by summing up costs calculated in (e) of
different works required for the structure.
Considering the overall construction requirements for the project, a 6 days X 8 hour work
week was selected as the basis for planning and estimating the major construction activities.
The costs of the electrical and mechanical equipment were estimated by a combination of
methods including:
Interpretation of budget prices supplied by potential suppliers, for the large and more
expensive equipment such as turbines, generators, power transformers, and inlet
valves.
In-house estimates using established international prices and/or relationships for
routine items. The in-house information is based on years of collection of price data,
and often eliminates the errors of variations of prices occurring due to changes in
supply and demand.
Percentage of lump sum provisions on a ratio basis based on experience, for lesser
miscellaneous items.
Unit rate have been derived for the major construction activities. Standard norms of practice
and consultant’s in-house experience have been utilized in derivation of the unit rates. The
prices of material and other equipment were obtained from local market, district rates and
also collected from projects under construction.
7.9 Contingencies
The estimated costs include contingencies which allow for unforeseen cost increases that
may become necessary as more information is obtained and evaluated. In view of the extent
of investigations carried out to date, the present stage of preliminary designs and cost
analysis performed, the following contingencies have been allowed:
An allowance of 1.5 % of the total construction cost for environmental programs have been
included.
An allowance of 2.5% of the total construction cost has been included to cover the following:
On the basis of the analysis described above, the cost of the 8.3 MW Upper Daraundi-B
Small Hydropower Project, including contingencies, engineering and administration, has been
estimated at NRs. 1,655,774,785 including IDC which is divided into following group
subheadings presented in Table 7-1. The construction period of this project is estimated to
be 2.5 years. The total expenditure on the first year will be 55% and the remaining will be
spending on the next year. These cost disbursement includes advances provided to suppliers
and contractors.
The distribution of the cost for different components is presented in Figure 7-1.
8 PROJECT EVALUATION
The ultimate aim of a power project is to produce power and energy at financially viable
cost. Financial analysis takes the view of the individual project participants. The financial
costs associated with project are based on normal accounting conventions. Thus, assets are
valued in terms of their engineering costs and are depreciated over their normal lives which
may be determined by law rather than technical or financial criteria.
Financial analysis is connected with the estimation of the financial implications of a proposed
development. It is based on the use of market prices and therefore includes any taxes or
royalties which will be levied on the factors of production and any subsidies, capital or
operating, which may be received as part of development. All costs are charged and all
revenues credited to the analysis in the actual amounts expended or received at the time of
expenditure. For this analysis the financial rate of return and cash flow is assessed from the
perspective of a utility owner/operator.
Discounted cash flow method will be used for the financial analysis. Financial internal rate of
return (FIRR) is the decision making tool. Project is considered to be feasible if the internal
rate of return on the equity is acceptable to the developer. Other decision-making tools are
benefit cost ratio (B/C) and net present value (NPV), which are calculated from the net cash
flow. A discount rate of 10% is considered for the base case analysis.
Financial analysis is done for the leased period, which is 30 years. Base year for the cost and
benefit is taken as 2017.
Debt equity ratio of 70:30 is assumed as a base case with an interest rate of 10% on debt.
It is assumed that the loan will have a grace period for three years during construction and
will be paid in twelve years from operation. Interest during construction (IDC) is capitalized.
The loan and the interest will be repaid in equal installment after the commencement of the
project. Since, all the loan amount will not be disbursed in the beginning of the year, the
interest is not calculated on the whole loan amount. The interest is calculated for 20% of the
loan amount in the first year, 40% of the loan amount in second year and 40% of the loan
amount in the third year. More detailed calculations shall be done during the financial closure
of the project regarding disbursement of loan and service charges of the bank.
Operation and maintenance (O&M) Cost including local development cost has been
calculated in capital cost estimate chapter. The O&M and insurance cost is estimated as
1.0% of construction cost and it is assumed that the cost will increased by 3% per annum
Electromechanical replacement cost is not considered for financial analysis of the project.
The electromechanical replacement cost will be managed from operation and maintenance
cost. Operation and maintenance cost is 1.25% of construction cost which is sufficient for
As royalties on installed capacity and energy are chargeable to the power plant having
capacity more than 1000 kW. The royalty on installed capacity is NRs 100/kW for first 15
years and NRs 1000/kW for remaining period. Similarly royalty on energy is 2% for first 15
years of operation and 10% for remaining period.
In addition to this, income tax is levied for the first 10 years of operation, 10% from 11 to 15
years and 20% after 15 years of operation is considered. No custom and local taxes are
considered on other items as these will be purchased from the local market.
Annual generation will be constant throughout the analysis period. Scheduled and
unscheduled outage including self-consumption and transmission loss is assumed to be 5%
of the total generation.
Financial analysis of the Project is carried out to assess the financial viability of the Project.
There are different modes of financing. In this study, the project is analyzed assuming that
the project will be developed through local private developer using local currency. The
developer will arrange the required finance through commercial bank and equity. The project
will be developed according to the prevailing hydropower policy of Nepal. The entire energy
will be sold to NEA through mutually agreed Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). Financial
parameters like FIRR, NPV, BC ratio and RoE are computed from the net cash flow of
project.
BC ratio 1.41
Table 8-2 presents the financial indicators computed for the project. Minimal criteria of
financial feasibility are net present value (NPV) must be positive, benefit cost ratio (BC ratio)
must be greater or equal to 1 and financial internal rate of return (FIRR) must be greater or
equal to opportunity cost of capital. In this case opportunity cost of capital could be
considered as prevailing interest rate of bank. From the above criteria this project is
financially feasible. Utility or operator may want to know the rate of return on his investment
after bank financing. Hence return on equity (RoE) also presented in this financial analysis so
that operator can have idea about how much return he will get on his investment.
The financial return on the project is sensitive to various parameters that are assumed
during the study. To better understand the effect of each of these parameters and their
impact on the returns, a sensitivity analysis has been carried out. The sensitivity analysis
looks at varying interest rates, project cost over the construction period and variation in
revenue generation. The different parameters considered in the sensitivity analysis for both
options have been described more in detail below.
8.8.4 Results
The result of sensitivity analysis for the selected is presented in Table 8-3. The base case
has been highlighted.
From the financial analyses of project; financially the project looks viable as the NPV is
positive. The benefit cost ration (BCR) is more than 1.0 thus on the safer side. The
sensitivity analysis reveals that the project is still feasible for a 10% reduction of the
generated dry energy.
The Project has been proposed to be constructed in a period of around three years. It has
been proposed to obtain all statutory and non-statutory
The Financial Closure shall be achieved within first 4 months. Before that various contracts
shall be awarded. The physical construction of main civil works shall be commenced from the
Oct 2018.
d) Headrace Tunnel
e) Surge Tank
h) Electro-mechanical Equipment
i) Switch Yard
l) Transmission Line
To determine the most feasible rail route for import of machinery and electro-
mechanical equipment
9.4.1 General
All the construction material like gneiss, quartz boulders and stone are available within the
area of 15 KMs of the project area. These shall be transported to the working area by tractor
/truck. Fine aggregate (sand) & course aggregate is available in various pockets of Daraundi
Khola bed in the project area. Whereas insufficient sand needs to be manage from other
quarry also. The material will be screened and transported to the project site by tractor
/truck.
The major components of works for project execution are headworks, settling basin,
Headrace Tunnel, Surge tank, penstock pipe, powerhouse, transmission line and substation.
For execution of all these components, contract packaging under different type of packaging
would be appropriate type with post or pre qualifications of contractors/ manufacturers. The
packages can be divided as presented in Table 9-1.
According to the volume, the works can be procured through National or International
bidding through pre or post qualification criteria.
A total of about 40 Ropani of land area will be required for project. The required
private/Government lands have to be purchased for permanent works. The community and
government owned land will be obtained from the concerned authority for the project life.
Other land required for the construction purpose will be taken on lease.
9.7 Mobilization
It is assumed that the tender awarding will be done within Oct 2018 so that mobilization will
be started immediately and construction works will begin. Construction works will start from
the establishment of camps, workshops, construction power lines, water supply, batching
plant and preliminary works like river diversion, earthworks, etc. Thus, mobilization of
materials, accessories, machineries and manpower shall be done as per need of the works.
Excavators, wheel loaders, dumpers, batching plants, compressors, water pumps, etc. shall
be mobilized to site at the beginning stages. Mobilization will be continued throughout the
construction period and as per specific requirement of works.
Because of lack of connectivity to INPS grid nearby, installation of a diesel plant for power
generation is seen as the only available option for supplying power to electrically powered
equipment. Major demand of construction power is for welding of penstock pipes, tunnelling
and electrification of the construction camp. Also there are two micro hydro projects (60 kW)
in operation near project area. Necessary arrangement will be done to bring power at project
site.
There will be separate temporary and permanent camp facilities. The guest house and other
permanent houses in the Upper Daraundi-B Hydropower Project will be used as permanent
camp for the staff of Employer.
Temporary camps will be established near the Headworks site for contractor’s staff and
labors. In addition, temporary office, workshop, equipment and material yard, store, water
supply and sanitation system, etc will be constructed. Such camp structures will be
temporary in nature and dismantled after the completion of construction works.
According to the scope of works, the entire site activities have been divided into two major
components: Civil Works and Electromechanical Works. The construction sequence of Upper
Daraudi-B HP has been planned in fast track basis for construction power, so two shifts of 8
hours working with two hour overtime is allocated in general construction basis. More
working hour may be required, which may be finalized during construction phase.
Motorable road is not available within the project area. Further about 7.5 KM link road has to
be planned for project site accessible. For headworks and tunnel , tipper road is proposed.
So, before the start of construction, tracks should be opened for transportation of material
and construction equipment by using excavator.
It has to be noted that, there is another project of 11.3 MW capacity planned from the
Daraudi Khola . Hence, it may be possible to construct a common access road for both
projects on a cost sharing basis.
Preparatory works
The preparatory works include establishment of camp facilities for employer's and
contractor's staff, and transportation of construction equipment by the contractor.
Employer’s camp
Site facilities like office building and staff residence are to be accommodated in rental houses
during construction, however necessary infrastructure needed for operation phase in
headworks and powerhouse site are to be constructed during the construction of
hydropower project component for which necessary provisions are allocated accordingly.
Contractor's camp
The camp will include residence for its staff, workshops/mechanical yards, laboratories,
construction materials, and equipment storage and maintenance areas.
9.11.1 Headworks
River Diversion Work
The construction works at the headworks start with construction of coffer dams and
diversion canal. Due to the nature of the river, river diversion will be done at the left bank of
the river.
The cofferdam height will be such that the average annual flood shall not overtop it. It will
comprise of GI sheets as center core for control of seepage, and gabion boxes at the outer
surface exposed to the river flow for protection against scouring. This cofferdam will prevent
water flow in the normal water course so that construction works in the weir and intake area
can be done. A downstream cofferdam, if required, will also be constructed so that back flow
of the river will not affect the work area. This downstream coffer dam will be similar in size
as of the upstream coffer dam.
River diversion will be done as explained above before the construction of the bed load
hopper, divide wall, under sluice and intake and orifice. Hard stone lining works will be done
before flow is passed through the under sluice.
Construction of these structures will be started after the completion of foundation of intake
headwall. The gravel trap works will start from the bed slab connected with the intake. The
side slopes of the excavation will be stabilized during construction and with provision of
berms. Flushing conduit will be completed after or in parallel with the gravel trap
construction. Approach Canal will be constructed in parallel with the gravel trap works.
Diversion Weir
Weir construction will be commenced after substantial completion of the under sluice. Any
seepage water in the river will be diverted through the under sluice. The diversion weir
construction requires excavation in the river bed. Thus, sufficient dewatering arrangement
will be made to make the working area free of impounding. The weir construction starts
from construction of the cutoff walls. Downstream concrete floor will also be constructed in
monolithic with the main concrete weir or providing dowels with contraction joints. Clay,
filter layer and boulder riprap will be done after the completion of weir structures.
Excavation works will be completed at required reach and in parallel with the concrete works
but fairly before. There will be separate crew for handing the construction of these works. It
will be started from the parallel sections. It will be divided into panels having expansion
joints. The transition section and the gate structures will be completed at the later stage of
the works. The bottom portion of flushing conduit works will be completed before
commencement of works of head pond. The head pond and spillway works will be completed
in parallel.
After the completion of construction work for the diversion weir, stilling basin boulder rip-rap
work will be carried out from end to the downstream. Flood wall of necessary height has
been provisioned at the upstream left bank to prevent flood effects. Bottom of the flood
walls will be protected with boulder riprap. In left bank flood wall won’t be required because
of presence of rock surface. Flood walls will also be constructed at the right bank all the way
till settling basin parallel to the main construction works.
The tunnel excavation method will be conventional drilling and blasting or any other
modified method. To meet the construction schedule it is necessary to execute the
excavation work from both the work faces at the same time.
Shotcrete lining will be carried out simultaneously with the tunnel excavation and primary
support erection. In shear zone or fault zones, steel rib support will be provided immediately
after full face drill and blast or heading and benching. Total construction time for the
completion of headrace tunnel has been estimated as 30 months.
The powerhouse works will commence from the excavation work and will progress from the
foundation concrete, followed by structural concrete and the building works. Finally, the
installation of electro-mechanical works and final finishing work will be carried out. In
parallel, the work at tailrace canal, switch yard and protection will be carried out.
In addition to this, there is another project of 11.3 MW capacity planned from the Daraudi
Khola. Hence, it may be possible to construct a common transmission line to the proposed
substation to evacuate power from both projects on a cost sharing basis.
Thus the total construction period of the project will be 30 months. About 0.5 month is
allocated for trial and commissioning of the project. Hence it is assumed that commercial
operation data (COD) will be 31st April 2021.
This feasibility study of Upper Daraundi-B Small Hydropower Project concludes the following:
10.2 Recommendation
The flow measurement and gauge reading of the river shall be continued for better flow
estimation and confirmation of the low flows.
Geophysical investigations of ERT and SRT are recommended at the important location of
the project components for the detailed engineering design. Similarly, geotechnical
investigation of core drilling is recommended at two locations along the headrace tunnel
alignment; one at surge shaft location and one at the Heau Khola crossing.
Similarly, the local material especially sand is not sufficiently available in the vicinity of the
project. Hence, the outsourcing of the sand is a must for timely construction.