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Warning
This document (see summary) was achieved from an experience on the power transmission network
of the "Electricité de France", but the principles shown have a general scope and the particularities of
the French network are only mentioned as examples.
It does not claim to supply direct, concrete solutions to all problems of network protections, but only
the way to approach these problems.
This document could be used to analyse standards and instructions, and to elaborate internal
guidelines. It could also be used by non - specialists who would like to have a qualitative idea of the
problems treated.
Among the equipment noticed, you can find as well old-fashioned equipment as new or experimental
equipment, to show the evolution of principles and technologies.
Michel LAMI
graduated from Grenoble University
4, allée des poiriers,
54520 Laxou
tel 03 8341 1315
06 6241 4513
E.mail [email protected]
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
PREFACE
Importance of the high voltage transmission network protective relays and automatic
control devices for energy supply
In a power plant the aim of relays protecting electrical power equipment is to avoid any deterioration
of this equipment in case of operation in bad condition, due to internal failures as insulation
shortcomings, or regulation misworking. On well designed, well manufactured, well installed, well
maintained, and well used power equipment they have to work very rarely. More, if a protective relay
fails when a fault occurs, the damages caused to the protected generator or transformer may have
important financial consequence for the utility, i. e. damaged power equipment repairing, and loss of
production which must be replaced by generation from another plant, maybe more expensive, but
generally have no consequence outside of the utility.
On the high voltage transmission network, the issue is quite different. Firstly an overhead line, which
flies over the public property, undergoes periodically short circuits, due to lightning, unpruned trees,
cranes, wind, pollution, ... .A good design of the line may minimise, but not suppress them. On the
high voltage EDF network, we notice an average of 7 short circuits per year, and per 100 km.
Afterwards, a line which becomes more hot becomes longer, and its lowest point, between two
towers, gets lower. It becomes dangerous for the neighbourhood. The consequences may then be
calculated not only in financial losses, but in human lives. And that is the reason why all protective
systems involve back-up dispositions, so as, in case of protective relay failure, the faulty high voltage
equipment be led out of voltage in any case, whatever the consequences would be for the supply of a
region.
A faulty behaviour of a protective relay may lead therefore to the outage of one or several customers,
even of a whole town, including customers having priority (hospitals, fire brigade, ...). Now, when a
manufacturer using a power supply of 10 MW is cut during e. g. 6 minutes, this does not mean only a
non sold amount of energy of 1 MWh, but also a non - sold energy during maybe the several hours the
manufacturer needs to work again; but it corresponds mainly to a displeased customer, who lost
several hours of his production, and sometimes suffered some deterioration of his manufacturing
equipment. If it concerns a big town, EDF must acknowledge, as a public service, to local and even
national authorities.
At last, protective relays against network abnormal situations have a leading position to prevent
network collapses, and the main effort of network controllers is done on these systems, as well as on
the generator regulators.
These different considerations show that the activity "protection and control" is at EDF as at any
electrical energy supplier, a strategic activity, of which depends the legitimacy of the utility towards
the group of people, nation, region, town, it supplies.
(speech that I pronounced on October 30th, 1993, at the intention of two bosses having recently in
charge the protection and control of the high voltage network of the east of France, to explain them,
vainly, why it was important.
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
SUMMARY
VOLUME 1
Warning page
1
Preface 3
Summary 5
Bibliography 13
Addresses 17
Index 19
1 - Current transformers 33
2 - Wound voltage transformers 47
3 - Capacitive voltage transformers 49
4 - Safety problems concerning measurement reducers 51
5 - Commissioning 53
6 - Optical reducers 55
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
FOURTH PART:
PROTECTION FROM ABNORMAL SITUATIONS ON THE NETWORK , AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL DEVICES 157
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
1- Sensors 247
2 - Counters 251
21 - Countering installation by most important customers 251
22 - Countering installation by other customers 254
23 - International links and power plants with foreign participation 254
24 - Supply of utilities that do not belong to EDF 254
25 - Supply of distribution centres (≤ 20 kV) belonging to EDF 254
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
1 - Harmonics 287
11 - Definition 287
12 - Origin of harmonics 287
13 - disadvantages due to harmonic distortions 290
14 - How may harmonic voltages be limited? 292
2 - Flicker 295
21 - Deviations inside the 0.5 to 25 Hz bandwidth 295
22 - Surges with several seconds interval 298
23 - Application: connection of an electric arc furnace to a network 300
3 - Unbalance 305
4 - Voltage holes and short interruptions
307
41 - Waveform of a customer's voltage supply 307
42 - Behaviour of a customer's installation 311
5 - Contractualisation of energy supply 319
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
VOLUME 2
Appendix 2 - Determination of the apparent impedance and of the load reports during one phase and
three phase automatic reclosure cycles.
Appendix 2-1 : Maximum transit current in case of three phase load report.
Appendix 2-2: Reckoning of the currents during a single phase reclosing cycle.
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[11] Non conventionnal current and voltage transformers, CIGRE CE/SE 34.
[12] Dispositif de protection par détection d'émission de gaz à deux contacts Buchholz - NFC 52-108.
[13] BS 142 - Electrical protective relay
[14] Relais de détection de gaz pour transformateur à bain d'huile - notice ABB.
[15] Les techniques de diagnostic et la maintenance - symposium CIGRE, BERLIN, Mai 93.
[16] Protection d'antenne passive - notice ICE.
[17] Protection masse - câble PMCS 1 - notice ICE
[18] NFC 54 - 100 - Condensateurs de puissance
[19] Protection interne de transformateur PTP 3 000 - GEC-Alsthom
[20] Etude des différentes causes d'erreur de mesure susceptibles d'apparaître dans les protections
statiques type PDS 1 100 -Michel Lami - DEPT - EDF
[21] Généralité sur la protection des réseaux électriques - Marcel Pétard - Centre de formation des
Mureaux - EDF.
[22] La protection du réseau français - Marcel Pétard - Revue Générale d'électricité (RGE) n° 21,
Septembre 1961.
[23] Protections et automatismes de réseau - René Sardin - CRTT Est - EDF.
[24] Protection de distance RXAP - notice Enertec .
[25] Protections de distance PD3A 6000 et PDS - notice Enertec .
[26] Protection de distance LZ 95 et RAZOA - notice ABB.
[27] Protections de distance PXLC et PXLP - notice GEC-Alsthom.
[28] Protection de distance numérique PXLN - notice Enertec .
[29] Protection de distance numérique 7SA 511 - notice Siemens.
[30] Protections de distance numériques REZ1, REL 100 et REL 316 - notice ABB.
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
[51] Evolution des protections du réseau de transport, journée d'étude SEE (voir RGE) du 3/10/85.
[52] Circuits très haute tension et basse tension de liaison d'évacuation d'énergie des centrales
thermiques classiques et nucléaires, DEPT EDF, février 90, (dite brochure rouge)
[53] conduite en régime dégradé, note explicative associée à la règle 90-04, Service des mouvements
d'énergie, (SME), EDF.
[54] Maquette du plan de défense coordonné, Direction des Etudes et recherches EDF, Ph. Denis, J.C.
Bastide, M. Huchet, 20/3/92
[55] Cours de fonctionnement dynamique des réseaux, Direction des Etudes et Recherches EDF,
Service Etudes de réseau, Département Fonctionnement et Conduite des Réseaux.
[56] Protection contre les défauts extérieurs des centrales hydrauliques, notes de doctrines XEL 02 10
et XEL 02 11, Direction Production Transport (DEPT), Jacques Lecouturier, 06/92.
[57] Guide de réglage des protections - DEPT EDF, 1993.(régulièrement remis à jour)
et notamment: Etude du comportement des protections de distance sur les lignes à trois
extrémités D 633.91/BD/LB/n° 3002 de Bernard Duchêne.
[58] PSPT, user's book GEC Alsthom.
[59] RAKZB user's book ABB.
[80] Perturbations électriques et électromagnétiques des circuits basse tension des postes et centrales,
Janvier 1980, distributed by the " division Instrumentation d'exploitation" of the DER.
[81] Guide de l'ingénierie électrique, by Gérard Solignac, éditions Lavoisier.
[82] Contrat pour la fourniture d'énergie au tarif vert, called contrat Emeraude, EDF, Service National.
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
[83] Les moyens d'action et les téléinformations nécessaires pour la conduite du système production -
transport - consommation, called "brochure Saumon", DEPT, EDF.
[84] Perturbations électriques, comportement des installations industrielles, Claude Mongars,
CRTT Est, EDF.
[85] Guide des erreurs à ne pas commettre, Michel Lami, CRTT Est, EDF (projet)
[86] Exposé sur les réducteurs de mesure présenté lors des assises "plan de protection 225 kV"
organisées par la DEPT, D63/603 - Benjamin Gaillet - 29/5/1980.
[87] Les techniques de l'Ingénieur, D 135, mesures à très haute tension, Pascal Gayet and Jacques
Jouaire, 1979.
[88] Les techniques de l'Ingénieur, D 4805, protection des réseaux de transport et de répartition,
Claude Corroyer and Pierre Duveau, 1995.
[89] Les techniques de l'Ingénieur, D 69, réseaux électriques linéaires à constantes réparties,
Robert Bonnefille.
[90] Les techniques de l'ingénieur, D 4421, contraintes de conception des lignes aériennes,
Yves Porcheron.
[91] Protective relays, their theory and practice, Van Warrigton, Chapman and Hall, 1962
[92] Protective relay application guide, GEC, 1975
[93] Utilisation des protections contre les surtensions et la ferrorésonance dans les tranches des postes
400 kV en piquage existant sur une ligne double terne, EDF, DEPT, D 564/91-100 C du 9/8/94 -
Pierre Duveau
[94] Exploitation d'un poste en antenne, calcul des surtensions en cas d'ouverture d'un poste à la
source, EDF, DER, HM/15-1152 JcK/CB du 12/3/87
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
[111] Guide de mise en service, Centre National d'ingénierie Réseau (CNIR), DEPT
[112] draft D 6120 / 09 / n° 69 - SCE / HC / MCD "fonctionnement du réseau pendant un cycle de
réenclenchement monophasé, dec 72, CNIR (département essais) - DEPT
[113] draft 4002 / 54.FDQ 94 / JLL / n° 3045 " réglage des systèmes de protection des réseaux à 400
kV" , janvier 1996 - DEPT
[114] draft 6100 - 06 - 80 - 1572 LB - BGR / CM " programme CELINE" du 11 janvier 1988 - DER
[115] règles générales d"'exploitation - DEPT
[116] user's book Siemens 7 UM 511 generator protection relay (version V3)
[117] user's book Siemens 7 UM 512 generator protection relay (version V3)
[118] user's book Siemens 7 UM 516 generator protection relay (version V3)
[119] user's book Siemens protection numérique de surintensité et de surcharge SIPROTEC 7SJ600
[120] user's book Siemens 7 UT 512 / 513 differential protection relay (version V3) for transformers,
generators, motors ans short lines
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
ADDRESSES
Standards DIN - Deutsche Elektrotechnische Kommission im DIN und VDE, Burggrafenstrasse 4,Postfach
1107, D1000 Berlin 30
Standards ANSI - American National Standards Insitute, 1819L Street, NW, 6th FI. Washington DC 20036
Standards NF: AFNOR - Gestion des ventes, tour Europe, Cedex 7, 92 049 Paris la Défense.
All standards may be afforded at this address.
EDF, Service National et Service des Mouvements d'énergie (SME), Rue Louis Murat, 75 384 Paris Cedex
08.
EDF, CRTT Est (ou USI Est), 8, Rue de Versigny, 54 521 Villers lès Nancy.
EDF, Service Ingénierie Rhône Alpes(SIRA), 15, rue des Cuirassiers, BP 3074, 69399 Lyon Cedex 03
EDF, USI Ile de France, 32, avenue Pierre Grenier, BP 401, 92 103 Boulogne Billancourt Cedex
Direction des Etudes et Recherches (DER) - EDF - 1, Avenue du Général De Gaulle, 92 141 Clamart
Manufacturers:
ALSTOM, alias GEC Alsthom, alias Enertec, alias Compagnie des Compteurs -
Lotissement du fond de la Banquière, 34 970 Lattes.
GEC Measurement: voir même adresse, et aussi Saint Leonard's work, Stafford ST 174 LX, England
ICE 41 Rue Crozatier, 75 012 Paris
Techniphone - 31 Rue de l'Union, 78 600 Maisons Laffitte.
ABB - S 72 171 Västerås, Sverige. ; CH 5401 Baden, Suisse; 6, Rue des Peupliers, 92 004 Nanterre
Siemens - Humboldstrasse 59, EVSV PO BOX 4806, 8500 Nürnberg, Deutschland.
Anpico - 82 Rue du Quesnoy, 59 236 Frelinghien - représenté par Ecodime, zone des entrepôts Juliette,
94 310 Orly.
Chauvin- Arnoux, 190 Rue Championnet, 75 018 Paris.
Schlumberger Industrie, BP 620 02, 50 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 92 542 Montrouge Cedex.
Landis et Gyr Energy, 30, Avenue Pré Auriol, 03 100 Montluçon.(adresse en France)
Techniphone, Boite Postale 22, 13 610 Le Puy Sainte Réparade.
CETT ( Compagnie Européenne de télétransmision), 3, Parc des Grillons,
Artus, 6, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, 91 420 Morangis.
Schweitzer Engineering laboratories, 2350 NE Hopkins Court, Pullmann, WA 99163-5603, Washington, USA.
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
INDEX
Carrier aided distance schemes 3rd part,§ 215 / 4th part, § 523; 8 / 5th part, § 141 / 6th part, §
2 / 8th part, § 32 / 9th part, § 53
Comparator 3th part, § 213; § 222
Compounding 4th part, § 72
Configurator 7th part, § 32
Creep 4th part, § 113
Delay 3rd part, § 12; § 2123; 2133; § 21541; § 21543 / 4th part, § 82 / 5th part, ,§ 4 / 6th part, § 38;
§ 61; § 823
Derivator 3rd part, § 2135
Directional relay 3rd part, § 2124; 21313
Disturbance recorder 1st part, § 3 / 3rd part, § 214 / 8th part, § 32; § 7
displayed constant line appendix 1 / appendix 3
Double phase - to - earth fault 3rd part, § 2153; § 2131
Impedance 2nd part, § 3 / 3rd part, § 11; § 2111; § 2112; § 2123; § 2133; § 21516 /
5th part, § 111 / 6th part, § 13 / 9th part, § 121; § 22; § 231; § 234
/ appendix 2
Inductance 2nd part, § 1; § 2;§ 3 / 3rd part, § 2121; § 2123; § 2127 / appendix 1, § 11
Integrator 3rd part, § 2135 / 7th part, § 12; § 15
Isolators 1st part, § 1 / 3rd part, § 234 / 8th part, § 2
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Protection and monitoring of the electrical energy transmission networks - Volume 1
Wiring 1st part, § 3 / 3rd part, § 2343 / 6th part, § 511 / 8th part, § 2
Zero sequence 3rd part, § 15; § 18; § 2112; § 2121; § 2127; § 21321; § 21521; § 21524; § 24 /
4th part, § 52122 / 5th part, § 142 / 6th part, § 13 / 8th part, § 7 / 9th part, §
131; § 134; 3 / appendix 1, § 23 / appendix 2
Zero sequence mutual inductance 3rd part, § 2127
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